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Blutkreislauf und Herzen
Branchiostoma Blutkreislauf
Aorta dorsalisCarotide
KiemenbogengefäßeVena portae
V. hepatica
Caudalvene
Sinus venosusEndostylarterie
Cardinalvene Ductus cuvieri
Kapillarnetz des Darmes
Blutkreislauf bei kiemenatmendem Fisch
Single Circulation
Double Circulation
from: Hicks 2002. News Physiol. Sci., 17:241–245.
Blutkreislauf bei Säugetier
Aortic arches and circulation of Africanlungfish.
Frosch-Herz
Blutkreislauf bei Squamata
=> central shunting
Aortic arches of birds and mammals compared.
Herz
Herz
Thorax-Situs Hund
Herz-Situs HundAorta thoracica
ZwerchfellTruncus pulmonalis
Art. subclavia sinistra
Art. brachiocephalica
Hundeherz - Ultraschallanatomie
Binnenräume des Herzens
linke Hälfte rechte HälfteSeptum interventriculare
rechterVentrikel
ArcusaortaeArcus
aortae
Lungen-arterien
linker Ventrikel linker Ventrikel
linkerVorhof
linkerVorhof
Vena cava cranialisTruncus brachiochephalicus
Chordaetendinae
rechterVorhof
Single Circulation
Double Circulation
Cardiovascular Circuits in Sauropsids
Campen and Starck 2012. in McCue (Ed) Intermittent feeding. Springer Verlag
External anatomy of a Python heart
left systemic artery
right systemic artery
common carotid
right atrium
pulmonary artery left lung
right lung
Vena cava
left pulmonaryartery
muscular ridge
Cavum arteriosum
horizontal septum
Cavum pulmonale
Cavum venosum
Cardiovascular Circuits in Sauropsids
Campen and Starck 2012. in McCue (Ed) Intermittent feeding. Springer Verlag
Central caradiac shunt in squamates and turtles
from: Hicks 2002. News Physiol. Sci., 17:241–245.
Webb‘s functional hypothesis
Modified from: Webb et al. 1971. J. Morphology 134, 355 - 350
LA RA
LA RA
LAoRAo
LAoRAo
PulPul
CPCA
CV
atrio-ventricular valve
Diastole Systole
right
left
caud
al
cranial
Longitudinal ultrasonograph
LA
RA
LARA
CA
CP
CV
CA
CPCV
Interventricular canal and muscular ridge
Openings of major arteries
common trunk of pulmonary arteries
left systemic
right systemic
CIV early diastole
right atriumCV
CA
CP
right atrium CV
CACP
CIV late diastole
CP
CV
CP
CV
CIV early systole
CV
CP
CV
CP
CA CA
CIV middle systole
CV
CACV
CACP CP
CIV late systole
CP CPCA
CV
CA
CV
lAo
rAo
lAo
rAo
Squamata und Testudines
Cardiac shuntFunctional hypotheses
Pulmonary bypass• R-L saves cardiac energy• R-L reduces CO2 flux into lungs• R-L faciliates warming• R-L triggers hypometabolism
Systemic bybass• L-R faciliates CO2 elimination in lungs• L-R improves systemic O2 transport• L-R myocardial oxygenation
Central cardiac shuntHypotheses and Predictions
• No shunt => Qpul = Qsys => Qpul/Qsys 1
• R-L shunt => Qpul < Qsys => Qpul/Qsys < 1
• L-R shunt => Qpul > Qsys => Qpul/Qsys > 1
right atrium
left atriumventricle
left systemic artery
right systemic artery
pulmonary artery
Right systemic artery
Krokodil
Cardiovascular Circuits in Sauropsids
Campen and Starck 2012. in McCue (Ed) Intermittent feeding. Springer Verlag
Foramen of Panizza
• Foramen Panizzae* • Bicuspidalklappen > <
Axelson et al. 1996. JEB 199; 359 – 365.
Foramen of Panizza
Axelson et al. 1996. JEB 199; 359 – 365.
Axelson et al. 1996. JEB 199; 359 – 365.
Krokodil-HerzUltraschallanatomie
Entering diving bradycardyventral
dorsal
caud
al
cranial
Diving bradycardy (4 min)ventral
dorsal
caud
al
cranial
right aorta (air breathing)ventral
dorsal
caud
al
cranial
Right aorta (diving)ventral
dorsal
caud
al
cranial
card
iac
outp
ut [m
l / m
inut
e]
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
card
iac
outp
ut [m
l / s
ysto
le]
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
Crocodylus – cardiac outputRight aorta
per beat minute volume
HF (breathing) = 30 – 40 bpm; HF (diving) = 2 – 4 bpm
left aorta (air breathing)ventral
dorsal
caud
al
cranial
left aorta (diving)ventral
dorsal
caud
al
cranial
card
iac
outp
ut [m
l / s
ysto
le]
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
card
iac
outp
ut [m
l / m
inut
e]
0
500
1000
1500
2000
Crocodylus – cardiac outputleft aorta
per beat minute volume
HF (breathing) = 30 – 40 bpm; HF (diving) = 2 – 4 bpm
Truncus pulmonalis(air breathing)
ventral
dorsal
caud
al
cranial
Truncus pulmonalis (diving)ventral
dorsal
caud
al
cranial
Crocodylus – cardiac outputTruncus pulmonalis
per beat minute volume
card
iac
outp
ut [m
l / s
ysto
le]
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
card
iac
outp
ut [m
l /m
inut
e]
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
HF (breathing) = 30 – 40 bpm; HF (diving) = 2 – 4 bpm
Foramen Panizzae(air breathing)
ventral
dorsalca
udal
cranial
Foramen Panizzae (diving)ventral
dorsalca
udal
cranial
Fluss durch Foramen Panizzae
Atmend Tauchend
Cardiovascular Circuits in Sauropsids
Campen and Starck 2012. in McCue (Ed) Intermittent feeding. Springer Verlag
Farmer et al. 2008. Physiol. Biochem. Zool. 81. DOI: 10.1086/524150
Farmer et al. 2008. Physiol. Biochem. Zool. 81. DOI: 10.1086/524150
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