Blood: Structure and function · 2019. 10. 23. · RBC Protein: Hemoglobin Iron: About 70 percent...

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Blood: Structure and function

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Bell Work

Define Hematology.

What does a Hematologist do?

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StandardOutline the in-depth normal structure and function of blood and related components. Summarize appropriate medical texts in order to list signs and symptoms of common blood diseases and disorders associated with each. Define the following common laboratory procedure, both normal and abnormal, and provide the reasoning for why the test should be obtained:

complete blood count

Complete metabolic panel

Fasting lipid panel

Hgb A1C

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At the conclusion of class today I CAN:

Outline the normal structure and function of blood components by observing and recording a visual representation of each

Work with small group to describe the functions of plasma proteins

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Blood Facts

The average adult has about FIVE liters of blood inside of

their body, which makes up 7-8% of their body weight.

Blood is living tissue that carries oxygen and nutrients to

all parts of the body, and carries carbon dioxide and other

waste products back to the lungs, kidneys and liver for

disposal. It also fights against infection and helps heal

wounds, so we can stay healthy.

There are about one billion red blood cells in two to three

drops of blood. For every 600 red blood cells, there are

about 40 platelets and one white cell.

http://www.bloodbankofalaska.org/about_blood/index.html

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Hematologist

A medical doctor who applies this specialized knowledge to treat patients with blood conditions.

http://www.hematology.org/Patients/Blood-Disorders.aspx

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What makes up our blood?

RED BLOOD CELLS (Erythrocytes) – The most abundantcells in our blood; they are produced in the bone marrow andcontain a protein called hemoglobin that carries oxygen to ourcells.

WHITE BLOOD CELLS (Leukocytes) – They are part ofthe immune system and destroy infectious agents calledpathogens.

PLASMA – This is the yellowish liquid portion of blood thatcontains electrolytes, nutrients and vitamins, hormones,clotting factors, and proteins such as antibodies to fightinfection.

PLATELETS (Thrombocytes) – The clotting factors that arecarried in the plasma; they clot together in a process calledcoagulation to seal a wound and prevent a loss of blood.

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Blood Video

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vVOzKrcTNis

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Blood Cells

Erythrocytes (RBC)

Leukocytes (WBC)

Thrombocytes (platelets)

Make up 45% of total volume of blood

Hematopoiesis: Process of blood formation, occurs in bone marrow

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Erythrocytes

What is the other name for Erythrocytes?

Live about 120 days

Make up 99% of blood cells

Are formed in bone marrow

Carry oxygen and nutrients to tissues

Carry carbon dioxide and waste away from tissues

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Iron

is an essential element for blood production.

About 70 percent of your body's iron is found in the red blood cells of your blood called hemoglobin and in muscle cells called myoglobin.

Hemoglobin is essential for transferring oxygen in your blood from the lungs to the tissues.

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Think-Pair-Share

What protein is contained in RBCs that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide?

What is another important role of this protein?

What happens when there is not enough of this protein?

What mineral is lacking?

What is the shape of erythrocytes?

Why is the shape important?

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RBC Protein: Hemoglobin

Iron: About 70 percent of your body's iron is found in the red blood cells

Shape of Red Blood Cells Erythrocytes are biconcave discs with very shallow centers. This shape optimizes the ratio of surface area to volume, facilitating gas exchange. It also enables them to fold up as they move through narrow blood vessels

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Leukocytes (?)

What is another name for leukocytes?

Five different types

Formed in bone marrow

Help to fight off infection

Phagocytosis: engulf and destroy microorganisms and cellular debris

Classified as: Granulocytes and Agranulocytes

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Granulocyte vs Agranulocyte?

Agranulocytes: one-lobed nucleus. They are characterized by the absence of granules in their cytoplasm.

Granulocytes: have granules in their cytoplasm (jelly-like fluid that fills a cell)

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Neutrophils

Granulocyte

40–60% of WBC; most numerous

Phagocytosis

Mainly bacteria

Many-lobed nucleus

Increase numbers in bacterial infections

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Eosinophils

Granulocyte

0–4% of WBC

Assist inflammatory response

Increase numbers in allergic reactions, skin infections, and parasitic infections

Phagocytosis

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Basophils

Granulocyte

0–1% of WBC; least common

Assist in inflammatory response by releasing substances such as histamine and heparin

Phagocytosis

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Lymphocytes Agranulocyte

20–40% of WBC

Produce antibodies

Increase numbers in viral infections

B cells: Produce antibiodies

T cells: aid the immune system What organ produces

these?

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Monocytes

Agranulocyte

3–8% of WBC

Phagocytosis

Largest in size

Effective against chronic infection

Leaves bloodstream and travels to tissues

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Apply what you have learned…

Which type of WBC would you expect to find in large numbers in a patient with bacterial meningitis?

Which type of WBC would you expect to find in large numbers in a patient with the flu?

Which type of WBC would you expect to find in large numbers in a patient with hay fever?

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Platelets

Small, irregular-shaped cell fragments

Life span 5–12 days

Necessary for blood-clotting process

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Plasma

Yellowish liquid portion of blood

92% water, constitutes 55 percent of blood volume.

Supplies critical proteins for blood clotting (fibrinogen) and immunity

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Activity

Make sure you have an image drawn for each blood component.

Next you will work with your small group to describe the proteins found in plasma and their functions.

Day 2

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Bell Work 3-13

1. What mineral is lacking if you have a low erythrocyte (RBC) count?

2. What is a type of WBC that produces antibodies and increases in viral infections.

3. What type of WBC leaves bloodstream and travels to tissues?

4. Which type of WBC would be high due to a bacterial infection?

5. What are the main components of blood?

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Bell Work Answers

1. IRON

2. Lymphocytes

3. Monocytes

4. Neutrophils

5. RBC (erythrocytes), WBC (leukocytes), Plasma and Platelets

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Hematology and Coagulation

Hematology—is the study of blood in health and disease.

includes problems with the RBCs, WBCs, platelets, blood vessels, bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen.

Proteins involved in bleeding and clotting (hemostasis and thrombosis).

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What is Hemostasis

Hemostasis is the process which stops bleeding after an injury.

Creates a clot.

Opposite of hemorrhage

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Hemostasis

Primary: Platelet plug formed

Secondary: platelet plug is reinforced by fibrin. Coagulation factors convert fibrinogen to fibrin

Process is called the Coagulation Cascade

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rLIEeUP_e-Y

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Coagulation

Coagulation the process by which a blood clot is formed

involves the interaction of numerous blood components called coagulation factors.

Secondary phase of hemostasis

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Thrombosis

Thrombosis occurs when blood clots block your blood vessels. There are 2 main types of thrombosis:

Venous thrombosis is when the blood clot blocks a vein. Veins carry blood from the body back into the heart.

Arterial thrombosis is when the blood clot blocks an artery. Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to the body.

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What causes Thrombosis

Disease or injury to the leg veins

Not being able to move around (immobility) for any reason

A broken bone (fracture)

Certain medicines

Obesity

Inherited disorders

Autoimmune disorders

Medicines that increase your risk of clotting

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Blood

Transports nutrients, gases, medications, wastes, and other substances throughout the body

Average adult has 5–6 liters of blood Females have less blood than males

Blood samples classified 3 ways: Whole blood

Plasma

Serum

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Whole Blood

Mixture of blood cells and plasma

When obtaining a sample there must be an anticoagulant present to prevent the blood from clotting

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Centrifuge

Centrifugation is a technique used for the separation of particles from a solution according to their size, shape, density, viscosity of the medium and rotor speed.

The particles are suspended in a liquid medium and placed in a centrifuge tube.

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Centrifuge Machine

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Blood Donation and Centrifuge

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UWwM71SNpJ8

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Diagnostic Medicine StandardStandard 18, Outline the in-depth normal structure and function of blood and related components. Summarize appropriate medical texts in order to list signs and symptoms of common blood diseases and disorders associated with each. Define the following common laboratory procedure, both normal and abnormal, and provide the reasoning for why the test should be obtained:

complete blood count

Complete metabolic panel

Fasting lipid panel

Hgb A1C

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Blood Types Are the categories which define the

differences in human blood due to the presence or absence of certain protein molecules called antigens and antibodies

antigens are located on the surface of the red blood cells

antibodies are in the blood plasma

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Genetics of Blood Types

Your blood type is established before you are BORN,by specific GENES inherited from your parents.

You inherit one gene from your MOTHER and onefrom your FATHER.

These genes determine your blood type

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What are blood types?

http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/units/basics/blood/types.cfm

There are 3 alleles or genes for blood

type: A, B, & O. Since we have 2 genes,

there are 6 possible combinations.

Blood Types

AA or AO = Type A

BB or BO = Type B

OO = Type O

AB = Type AB

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Blood Types

Depend on the antigens and antibodies an individual inherits from their parents

Can be determined by the:

ABO grouping system

Rh factor blood grouping system

Heart Smarts: antigens are substances which trigger an immune

response; antibodies are molecules produced by the body to attach

to and destroy antigens

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The ABO Grouping System Categorizes blood into one of four

types:

type A- has A antigens on the surface of the red blood cells and B antibodies in the blood plasma

type B- has B antigens on the surface of the red blood cells and A antibodies in the blood plasma

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The ABO Grouping System

Categorizes blood into one of four types:

type AB- has both A and B antigens on the surface of the red blood cells and no A or B antibodies at all in the blood plasma

type O- has neither A or B antigens on the surface of the red blood cells but has both A and B antibodies in the blood plasma

Heart Smarts: transfusion is the transfer of blood or blood

components from one individual to another; infusion is the

introduction of a fluid other than blood to the body such as saline or

glucose solution

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How common is your blood type?

46.1%

38.8%

11.1%

3.9%

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Blood Transfusions

A blood transfusion is a procedure in which blood is given to a patient through an

intravenous (IV) line in one of the blood vessels. Blood transfusions are done to replace

blood lost during surgery or a serious injury. A transfusion also may be done if a person’s

body can't make blood properly because of an illness.

Who can give you blood?

People with TYPE O- blood are called

Universal Donors, because they can give

blood to any blood type.

People with TYPE AB+

blood are called Universal Recipients,

because they can receive any blood type.

Rh + Can receive + or -

Rh - Can only receive -

Universal Donor

Universal Recipient

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Put your thinking caps on!!

If a type A+ recipient receives blood from a type O+ donor, why do the A and B antibodies in the type O+ blood not attack the recipient’s blood?

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Blood Type Compatibility

Is extremely important to know in order to avoid agglutination

agglutination

is the clumping of particles

results when incompatible blood types are mixed within the body and the antibodies of one blood type react against the antigens of the other

can result in kidney failure and death

Heart Smarts: agglutination would occur if a person with Type A

blood received a Type B blood transfusion; agglutination would be

the result of the antibody Anti-B attacking the antigen B found in

Type B blood

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Blood TypesBlood

Type

Antigen on

RBC

Antibodies in

Plasma

Can Give

Blood To

Can Receive

Blood From

A A Anti- B A and AB A and O

B B Anti- A B and AB B and O

AB AB Neither AB AB, O,

A and B

O Neither Anti- A or

Anti- B

A, B,

AB, or O

O

Heart Smarts: blood donor gives blood and a recipient receives

blood

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Rh Factors

Scientists sometimes study Rhesus monkeysto learn more about the human anatomybecause there are certain similarities betweenthe two species. While studying Rhesusmonkeys, a certain blood protein wasdiscovered. This protein is also present in theblood of some people. Other people, however,do not have the protein.

The presence of the protein, or lack of it, isreferred to as the Rh (for Rhesus) factor.

If your blood does contain the protein, yourblood is said to be Rh positive (Rh+). If yourblood does not contain the protein, your bloodis said to be Rh negative (Rh-).

A+ A-

B+ B-

AB+ AB-

O+ O-

http://www.fi.edu/biosci/blood/rh.html

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Rh Grouping System

Involves the presence or absence of the Rh factor, another antigen, on the red blood cell's surface if Rh factor is present the blood is Rh+

if Rh factor is not present the blood is Rh- person with Rh- blood does not have Rh antibodies

naturally in the blood plasma (as one can have A or B antibodies, for instance)

person with Rh- blood can develop Rh antibodies in the blood plasma if he or she receives blood from a person with Rh+ blood

person with Rh+ blood can receive blood from a person with Rh- blood without any problems

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Giving Blood

Take 15 minutes to do an Internet Search

1. What is whole blood donation?

2. What is whole blood used for?

3. How long does donating take?

4. What are the requirements for donating WB?

5. How often can I donate?

https://bloodcenter.stanford.edu/learn/types-of-donations-blood-products/

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Answers1. 1 pint of blood/ most common

2. Blood Transfusions/separated by blood type and sometimes components like plasma

3. 7 minutes for procedure. About an hour to answer extensive health questions.

4. Age, no tattoos/piercings in 6-12 mos, no pregnant, no blood thinner, sexual history, travel limitations

5. Donate q56 days

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Use the whiteboard to record your answers and we’ll compare.

1. Ivan is in surgery and needing to receive a blood transfusion. The doctor gives Ivan Type B blood. Based on this information, which blood types could Ivan be?

2. 2. Ella is donating blood at a local blood drive. She has Type O blood. Based on this information, which blood types could be recipients of her blood?

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3. June wants to know her blood type. She knows the antigens on her red blood cells (RBC) are A and the antibodies in her plasma are Anti- B. What blood type is June?

4. John received a blood transfusion and became extremely sick. He has Type O blood and received Type A blood as his transfusion. What could be the cause of his sickness?