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BloodBlood
Blood - IntroductionBlood - Introduction
Connective Tissue inside blood Connective Tissue inside blood vesselsvessels
Blood - IntroductionBlood - Introduction
Composed of plasma and formed Composed of plasma and formed elements (rbc, wbc, and platelets)elements (rbc, wbc, and platelets)
Blood - PlasmaBlood - Plasma
Plasma is obtained by centrifuging Plasma is obtained by centrifuging the bloodthe blood
Blood - SerumBlood - Serum
Serum is obtained by letting the Serum is obtained by letting the blood clot in a test tube. blood clot in a test tube.
Blood - SerumBlood - Serum
Fluid that lacks clotting factors such Fluid that lacks clotting factors such as fibrinogenas fibrinogen
Interstitial FluidInterstitial Fluid
• Fluid outside the vascular system Fluid outside the vascular system that bathes body cellsthat bathes body cells
Functions of bloodFunctions of blood
Transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, Transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, heat, wastes, and nutrients, heat, wastes, and hormoneshormones
Functions of bloodFunctions of blood
Regulates pH, body temperature, Regulates pH, body temperature, and water content of cellsand water content of cells
Functions of bloodFunctions of blood
Prevents blood loss through clottingPrevents blood loss through clotting
Functions of bloodFunctions of blood
Combats toxins and microbes Combats toxins and microbes through certain phagocytic white through certain phagocytic white blood cells and plasma proteinsblood cells and plasma proteins
Physical Characteristics of Physical Characteristics of BloodBlood
viscosity greater than that of waterviscosity greater than that of water
Physical Characteristics of Physical Characteristics of BloodBlood
Temperature 38 degrees C (100.4)Temperature 38 degrees C (100.4)
Physical Characteristics of Physical Characteristics of BloodBlood
ph of 7.35 to 7.45ph of 7.35 to 7.45
Physical Characteristics of Physical Characteristics of BloodBlood
8% of body weight8% of body weight
Physical Characteristics of Physical Characteristics of BloodBlood
Volume = 4 to 6 litersVolume = 4 to 6 liters
Components of BloodComponents of Blood
Blood consists of Blood consists of
1.1. 55% plasma55% plasma
2.2. 45% Formed elements45% Formed elements
PlasmaPlasma
Consists of 91.5% water and 8.5% Consists of 91.5% water and 8.5% solutessolutes
PlasmaPlasma
Principal solutes include proteins Principal solutes include proteins (albumins, globulins, fibrinogen), (albumins, globulins, fibrinogen), nutrients, enzymes, hormones, nutrients, enzymes, hormones, respiratory gases, electrolytes, and respiratory gases, electrolytes, and waste products such as urea and waste products such as urea and bilirubinbilirubin
PlasmaPlasma
Albumin is a transport protein for Albumin is a transport protein for steroidssteroids
PlasmaPlasma
Gamma globulins are antibodiesGamma globulins are antibodies Alpa and Beta globulins transport Alpa and Beta globulins transport
iron and fatsiron and fats
PlasmaPlasma
Fibrinogen has a role in clottingFibrinogen has a role in clotting
Formed ElementsFormed Elements
Composed of;Composed of;
1. Erythrocytes (RBCs)1. Erythrocytes (RBCs)
2.2. Leukocytes (WBCs)Leukocytes (WBCs)
3.3. Thrombocytes (platelets)Thrombocytes (platelets)
Formed ElementsFormed Elements
Hematocrit – percentage of total Hematocrit – percentage of total blood volume occupied by red blood blood volume occupied by red blood cells cells
Formed ElementsFormed Elements
Normal hematocrit for;Normal hematocrit for;
1.1. Male – 42-52%Male – 42-52%
2.2. Female – 37-48%Female – 37-48%
AnemiaAnemia
A significant drop in hematocritA significant drop in hematocrit
AnemiaAnemia
• Symptoms include;Symptoms include;
1.1. HeadachesHeadaches
2.2. WeaknessWeakness
3.3. A feeling like your heart is poundingA feeling like your heart is pounding
4.4. FatigueFatigue
5.5. Shortness of breathShortness of breath
AgglutinationAgglutination
• This process involves antibodies This process involves antibodies joining red cells together and form joining red cells together and form clumpsclumps
Formation of Blood CellsFormation of Blood Cells
• All blood cells are formed from All blood cells are formed from pluripotent hematopoietic pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells stem cells
Formation of Blood CellsFormation of Blood Cells
• Pluripotent stem cells divide into Pluripotent stem cells divide into myeloid stem cells myeloid stem cells and and lymphoid stem cellslymphoid stem cells
Formation of Blood CellsFormation of Blood Cells
• Myeloid stem cells give rise to;Myeloid stem cells give rise to;
1.1. RBCsRBCs
2.2. PlateletesPlateletes
3.3. All WBCs except for lymphocytesAll WBCs except for lymphocytes
Formation of Blood CellsFormation of Blood Cells
• Lymphoid stem cells give rise to Lymphoid stem cells give rise to lymphoctyeslymphoctyes
Formation of Blood CellsFormation of Blood Cells
• In order to become mature In order to become mature lymphocytes, the precursor cells lymphocytes, the precursor cells leave the marrow and go to the leave the marrow and go to the thymus, lymph nodes, and spleenthymus, lymph nodes, and spleen
Red Blood CellsRed Blood Cells
• Contain the oxygen-carrying protein Contain the oxygen-carrying protein hemoglobinhemoglobin
Red Blood CellsRed Blood Cells
• Lack nucleiLack nuclei
Red Blood CellsRed Blood Cells
• Each cell contains 280 million Each cell contains 280 million hemoglobin moleculeshemoglobin molecules
Red Blood CellsRed Blood Cells
• Live 120 daysLive 120 days
• Splenic macrophages remove them Splenic macrophages remove them from circulationfrom circulation
Red Blood CellsRed Blood Cells
• Produce about 2 million red Produce about 2 million red cells/secondcells/second
Red Blood CellsRed Blood Cells
• Hemoglobin’s function is to carry Hemoglobin’s function is to carry oxygen and carbon dioxideoxygen and carbon dioxide
Red Blood CellsRed Blood Cells
• Hemoglobin is composed of four Hemoglobin is composed of four polypeptide subunits (two alpha and polypeptide subunits (two alpha and two beta)two beta)
Red Blood CellsRed Blood Cells
• Each polypeptide chain contains a Each polypeptide chain contains a central, iron-containig heme group central, iron-containig heme group that combines with oxygen that combines with oxygen
Red Blood CellsRed Blood Cells
• Hemoglobin picks up CO2 in the Hemoglobin picks up CO2 in the tissues, which it releases in the lungstissues, which it releases in the lungs
Red Blood CellsRed Blood Cells
• 23% of CO2 is hemoglobin-bound23% of CO2 is hemoglobin-bound
Red Blood CellsRed Blood Cells
• 70% of CO2 is dissolved in the 70% of CO2 is dissolved in the plasma as bicarbonateplasma as bicarbonate
Red Blood CellsRed Blood Cells
• 7% is dissolved in the plasma as CO27% is dissolved in the plasma as CO2
Red Blood CellsRed Blood Cells
• Hemoglobin picks up O2 in the lungs Hemoglobin picks up O2 in the lungs and releases it in body tissuesand releases it in body tissues
Red Blood CellsRed Blood Cells
• 97% of O2 is carried by hemoglobin97% of O2 is carried by hemoglobin
Red Blood CellsRed Blood Cells
• 3% of O2 is dissolved in the plasma3% of O2 is dissolved in the plasma
RBC Life CycleRBC Life Cycle
• RBCs undergo phagocytosis by RBCs undergo phagocytosis by macrophagesmacrophages
RBC Life CycleRBC Life Cycle
• Hemoglobin is recycledHemoglobin is recycled
RBC Life CycleRBC Life Cycle
• The amino acids of hemoglobin are The amino acids of hemoglobin are reused for protein synthesisreused for protein synthesis
RBC Life CycleRBC Life Cycle
• The iron portion of the heme group is The iron portion of the heme group is carried in the blood by carried in the blood by transferrin transferrin and delivered to muscles or the and delivered to muscles or the marrow to be incorporated into new marrow to be incorporated into new red cellsred cells
RBC Life CycleRBC Life Cycle
• The rest of the heme group is The rest of the heme group is converted into bilirubin and excreted converted into bilirubin and excreted into bileinto bile
RBC Life CycleRBC Life Cycle
• Bile is stored and concentrated into Bile is stored and concentrated into the gall bladderthe gall bladder
RBC Life CycleRBC Life Cycle
• After fatty meals it is secreted into After fatty meals it is secreted into the small intestinethe small intestine
RBC Life CycleRBC Life Cycle
• Bilirubin is then converted into Bilirubin is then converted into urobilinogenurobilinogen
RBC Life CycleRBC Life Cycle
• Some urobilinogen is reabsorbed into Some urobilinogen is reabsorbed into the blood stream, and the pigment is the blood stream, and the pigment is secreted into the urine as urobilin.secreted into the urine as urobilin.
RBC Life CycleRBC Life Cycle
• The rest of the urobilinogen in the The rest of the urobilinogen in the intestines is coverted into stercobilin, intestines is coverted into stercobilin, which colors the stool brownwhich colors the stool brown
White Blood CellsWhite Blood Cells
• LeukocytesLeukocytes
White Blood CellsWhite Blood Cells
• Nucleated and doesn’t contain Nucleated and doesn’t contain hemoglobinhemoglobin
White Blood CellsWhite Blood Cells
• Two types;Two types;
1.1. Granular (neutrophils, eosinophils, Granular (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)basophils)
2.2. Agranular (lymphocytes and Agranular (lymphocytes and monocytes)monocytes)
White Blood CellsWhite Blood Cells
• Monocytes differentiate into Monocytes differentiate into macrophagesmacrophages
White Blood CellsWhite Blood Cells
• WBCs contain surface proteins called WBCs contain surface proteins called major histocompatibility major histocompatibility antigens (MHC)antigens (MHC)
• Unique for each person except for Unique for each person except for identical siblingsidentical siblings
White Blood CellsWhite Blood Cells
• Live for a few hours or a few daysLive for a few hours or a few days
White Blood CellsWhite Blood Cells
• 5000 – 10000 leukocytes/mm35000 – 10000 leukocytes/mm3
White Blood CellsWhite Blood Cells
• Leukocytosis – increase in the Leukocytosis – increase in the number of WBCsnumber of WBCs
White Blood CellsWhite Blood Cells
• Leukopenia – abnormally low number Leukopenia – abnormally low number of WBCsof WBCs
White Blood CellsWhite Blood Cells
• Neutropenia – low neutrophil countNeutropenia – low neutrophil count
White Blood CellsWhite Blood Cells
• General function of WBCs is to General function of WBCs is to combat inflammation and infectioncombat inflammation and infection
NeutrophilsNeutrophils
• Kill bacteria by phagocytosisKill bacteria by phagocytosis
NeutrophilsNeutrophils
• Neutrophil count is elevated during Neutrophil count is elevated during bacterial infectionsbacterial infections
EosinophilsEosinophils
• Secrete histaminase to combat the Secrete histaminase to combat the effects of histamine in allergic effects of histamine in allergic reactionsreactions
EosinophilsEosinophils
• Combat parasitic wormsCombat parasitic worms
EosinophilsEosinophils
• Eosinophil count is elevated during Eosinophil count is elevated during parasitic infections and allergiesparasitic infections and allergies
BasophilsBasophils
• Develop into mast cells that liberate Develop into mast cells that liberate heparin and histamine in allergic heparin and histamine in allergic reactionsreactions
B lymphocytesB lymphocytes
• Differentiate into tissue plasma cells Differentiate into tissue plasma cells that produce antibodiesthat produce antibodies
T lympocytesT lympocytes
• Destroy foreign invadors directlyDestroy foreign invadors directly
LymphocytesLymphocytes
• Elevated during viral infectionElevated during viral infection
MonocytesMonocytes
• Main function phagocytosisMain function phagocytosis
MonocyteMonocyte
• Develops into macrophagesDevelops into macrophages
Blood Groups and Blood Blood Groups and Blood TypesTypes
• The surface of red blood cells contain The surface of red blood cells contain genetically determined blood group genetically determined blood group antigens, called agglutinogensantigens, called agglutinogens
Blood Groups and Blood Blood Groups and Blood TypesTypes
• Blood is categorized into different Blood is categorized into different blood groups based on the presence blood groups based on the presence or absence of various agglutinogensor absence of various agglutinogens
ABO GroupABO Group
• Agglutinogens (antigens) A and B Agglutinogens (antigens) A and B determine blood typesdetermine blood types
ABO GroupABO Group
• These antigens are located on the These antigens are located on the surface of red blood cellssurface of red blood cells
ABO GroupABO Group
•Plasma Plasma contains agglutins contains agglutins (antibodies), a and b, that react with (antibodies), a and b, that react with agglutinogens that are foreign to the agglutinogens that are foreign to the individualindividual
ABO GroupABO Group
• Type A blood has A antigens on the Type A blood has A antigens on the red cells. red cells.
• Their plasma has anti-B antibodies.Their plasma has anti-B antibodies.
ABO GroupABO Group
• Type B blood has B antigens on their Type B blood has B antigens on their red cells and their plasma has anti-A red cells and their plasma has anti-A antibodiesantibodies
ABO GroupABO Group
• Type AB blood has A and B antigens Type AB blood has A and B antigens on their red cells and their plasma on their red cells and their plasma has no anti-A or anti-B antibodieshas no anti-A or anti-B antibodies
ABO GroupABO Group
• Type O has neither A nor B antigens Type O has neither A nor B antigens on their red cells.on their red cells.
• Their plasma has anti-A and anti-B Their plasma has anti-A and anti-B antibodies.antibodies.
ABO GroupABO Group
• How can Type O blood be the How can Type O blood be the universal donor?universal donor?
ABO GroupABO Group
• Cell pack transfusion Cell pack transfusion
Rh Blood TypesRh Blood Types
• In the Rh system, individuals whose In the Rh system, individuals whose erythrocytes have Rh antigens are erythrocytes have Rh antigens are classified as Rh+classified as Rh+
Rh Blood TypesRh Blood Types
• If your are Rh- you do not develop If your are Rh- you do not develop anti-Rh antibodies.anti-Rh antibodies.
• You need to be exposed to them.You need to be exposed to them.
Hemolytic disease of the Hemolytic disease of the newbornnewborn
• If a mother is pregnant for her first If a mother is pregnant for her first time, the circulation of the mother’s time, the circulation of the mother’s blood & the fetal blood is kept blood & the fetal blood is kept separate in the placenta.separate in the placenta.
Hemolytic disease of the Hemolytic disease of the newbornnewborn
• Mixing occurs during placental Mixing occurs during placental separation at childbirthseparation at childbirth
Hemolytic disease of the Hemolytic disease of the newbornnewborn
• A tiny amount of fetal blood gets into A tiny amount of fetal blood gets into the motherthe mother
Hemolytic disease of the Hemolytic disease of the newbornnewborn
• If the mother is Rh- and the fetus is If the mother is Rh- and the fetus is Rh+, she will develop anti-D Rh+, she will develop anti-D antibodiesantibodies
Hemolytic disease of the Hemolytic disease of the newbornnewborn
• During the next pregnancy, if the During the next pregnancy, if the fetus is Rh+ and the mother is Rh-, fetus is Rh+ and the mother is Rh-, her anti-D antibodies will cross the her anti-D antibodies will cross the placenta into the fetal bloodstream & placenta into the fetal bloodstream & cause a hemolytic anemiacause a hemolytic anemia
Hemolytic disease of the Hemolytic disease of the newbornnewborn
• To prevent development of these To prevent development of these antibodies, RhoGam is given around antibodies, RhoGam is given around delivery of the first child to “hide” its delivery of the first child to “hide” its Rh antigens form the mother’s Rh antigens form the mother’s immune systemimmune system
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