Blood

BloodBlood

White blood cells

Platelets

Red blood cells

Artery

• Deliver O2

• Remove metabolic wastes

• Maintain temperature, pH, and fluid volume

• Protection from blood loss- platelets

• Prevent infection- antibodies and WBC

• Transport hormones

Function of Blood

plasma

formed elements

The BloodThe Blood

55%

45%

Blood Plasma Blood Plasma Components- 55%Components- 55%

90% Water8% Solutes: Proteins

Albumin (60 %)Alpha and Beta GlobulinsGamma Globulinsfibrinogens

Gas Electrolytes

Blood Plasma Blood Plasma ComponentsComponents

Organic NutrientsCarbohydratesAmino AcidsLipidsVitamins

Hormones Metabolic waste

CO2

Urea

Formed Elements of the Formed Elements of the Blood- 45%Blood- 45%

Erythrocytes (red blood cells)Leukocytes (white blood cells)Thrombocytes (platelets)

Erythrocytes

Erythrocyte7.5m in dia    Anucleate- so can't reproduce; however, repro

in red bone marrow   Hematopoiesis- production of RBC   Function- transport respiratory gases   Hemoglobin- quaternary structure, 2 chains

and 2 chains   Lack mitochondria. Why?   1 RBC contains 250 million hemoglobin

molecules   Men- 5 million cells/mm3

   Women- 4.5 million cells/mm3

   Life span 100-120 days and then destroyed in spleen (RBC graveyard)

HemoglobinHemoglobin

Anemia- when blood has low O2 carrying capacity; insufficient RBC or iron deficiency.Factors that can cause anemia- exercise, B12 deficiency

RBC DiseasesRBC Diseases

Sickle-cell anemia-

• HbS results from a change in just one of the 287 amino acids in the chain in the globin molecule.

• Found in 1 out of 400 African Americans.

• Homozygous for sickle-cell is deadly, but in malaria infested countries, the heterozygous condition is beneficial.

RBC DiseasesRBC Diseases

Genetics of Sickle Cell AnemiaGenetics of Sickle Cell Anemia

Genetics of Sickle Cell AnemiaGenetics of Sickle Cell AnemiaGenetics of Sickle Cell AnemiaGenetics of Sickle Cell Anemia

• Polycythemia- excess of erythrocytes, viscosity of blood;

8-11 million cells/mm3

Usually caused by cancer; however, naturally occurs at high elevations

• Blood doping- in athletesremove blood 2 days before event and then replace it- banned by Olympics.

RBC DiseasesRBC Diseases

Types of LeukocytesTypes of Leukocytes

GranulocytesGranulocytesNeutrophils- 40-70%Neutrophils- 40-70%Eosinophils- 1-4%Eosinophils- 1-4%Basophils- <1%Basophils- <1%

AgranulocytesAgranulocytesMonocytes- 4-8%Monocytes- 4-8%

Lymphocytes- 20-45%Lymphocytes- 20-45%

Never let monkeys eat bananas

4,000-11,000 cells/mm 3

Basophil Eosinophil

Neutrophil

Lymphocyte

Monocyte

platelet

ID WBC’s

Blood Cell Production

Leukocyte Squeezing Through Leukocyte Squeezing Through Capillary WallCapillary Wall

Lukemia- too high WBC

Leukocytosis- suppresses normal bone marrow function; abnormally high WBC

Leukopenia- too few WBC; commonly induced by drugs, and anticancer agents

Mononucleosis- highly contagious viral disease caused by Epstein-Barr virus; excessive # of agranulocytes; fatigue, sore throat, recover in a few weeks

WBC DiseasesWBC Diseases

Hemostasis- stoppage of Hemostasis- stoppage of bleedingbleeding

Tissue Damage

Platelet Plug

Clotting Factors

Platelets: 250,000-500,000 cells/mm3

Hemostasis:

4. Coagulation

1. Vessel injury

2. Vascular spasm

3. Platelet plug formation

HemostasisHemostasis(+ feedback)(+ feedback)

Prothrombin

Thrombin

Fibrinogen Fibrin

Clotting Factorsthromboplastin

Traps RBC & platelets

Platelets release thromboplastin

Blood Blood ClotClot

Fibrin thread

Platelet

RBC

Type AType AType BType BType ABType ABType OType O

Blood type is based on the presence of 2 major antigens in RBC membranes-- A and BBlood type Antigen Antibody

A A anti-BB B anti-A

A & B AB no anti bodyNeither A or B O anti-A and anti-B Antigen- protein on the surface of a RBC membrane

Antibody- proteins made by lymphocytes in plasma which are made in response to the presence of antigens.They attack foreign antigens, which result in clumping (agglutination)

Blood TypingBlood Typing

Type AType A

b

bb

bb

b

b

Y

Y

YY

Y

YY

Type BType B

a

aa

aa

a

aY

Y

YY

YY

Y

Type OType O

b

b

ba

a

b

a

b

bb

a

a a aY

Y

Y

Y

YY

Y

Y

Y

YY

Y

Y

Y

Type ABType AB

Rh Factor and PregnancyRh Factor and Pregnancy

RH- indicates no protein

RH+ indicates proteinRH+ indicates protein

Rh Factor Rh Factor and and

PregnancyPregnancy

Rh+ mother w/Rh- baby– no problemRh- mother w/Rh+ baby– problemRh- mother w/Rh- father– no problemRh- mother w/Rh- baby-- no problem

RhoGAM used @ 28 weeks

Blood Type & Rh How Many Have It Frequency

O Rh Positive 1 person in 3 37.4%

O Rh Negative 1 person in 15 6.6%

A Rh Positive 1 person in 3 35.7%

A Rh Negative 1 person in 16 6.3%

B Rh Positive 1 person in 12 8.5%

B Rh Negative 1 person in 67 1.5%

AB Rh Positive 1 person in 29 3.4%

AB Rh Negative 1 person in 167 .6%

INQUIRY1. What is an erythrocyte, leukocyte, and thrombocyte?2. What 2 things do red cells lack compared to white

cells?3. What dietary component is needed for the production

of red blood cells?4. The largest cells in the blood that leave the

bloodstream to become macrophages are ____.5. In an acute infection, the white cell count would show

as ______.6. Erythroblastosis fetalis , also known as hemolytic

newborn disease, occurs in ____ mothers carrying ____ fetuses.

7. What antigens and antibodies found on AB red cells?8. In a transfusion, what type blood can you give a type

O person?