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BLACK START RESTORATION. “Aropyate Shila Shale Yatnena mahata Yatha Nipatyate Kshanena dhasta Thatatma Gunadoshayo”. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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““A large piece of stone could be taken A large piece of stone could be taken to the top of hill with Combined efforts to the top of hill with Combined efforts of many people successfully but the of many people successfully but the same could roll down in no time with a same could roll down in no time with a small mistake on the part of an small mistake on the part of an individual”individual”
““Aropyate Shila ShaleAropyate Shila Shale
Yatnena mahata YathaYatnena mahata Yatha
Nipatyate Kshanena dhastaNipatyate Kshanena dhasta
Thatatma Gunadoshayo”Thatatma Gunadoshayo”
Integrated Power SystemIntegrated Power SystemSpreads over thousands of square kilometers Spreads over thousands of square kilometers
Hundreds of Generating UnitsHundreds of Generating Units
Thousands of Circuit Kilometers of LinesThousands of Circuit Kilometers of Lines
Tens of Thousands of DevicesTens of Thousands of Devices
SINGLE LARGEST COMPLEX MACHINESINGLE LARGEST COMPLEX MACHINE
100% Reliability IMPOSSIBLE100% Reliability IMPOSSIBLE
YEAR NO. OF DISTURBANCES
1991-92 3
1992-93 2
1993-94 7
1994-95 14
1995-96 6
1996-97 10
1997-98 9
1998-99 14
1999-20 14
2000-01 16
2001-02 9
AVERAGE 10
DISTURBANCES IN SR
LINKSMODES OF OPERATION RESTORATION
PROBLEMSRESTORATION OBJECTIVES
RESTORATION TASKS BUILD DOWNRESTORATIONSTRATEGIES
BUILD UP SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS
RESTORATION PLANNING
FORMULATIONOF ASSUMPTIONS
LOGISTICS ANDCOMMUNICATIONS
ESTABLISHMENT OF GOALS
COMMANDOGROUP
TRAININGAUDITS AND
UPDATES
DOCUMENTAION THUMB RULESPHILOSOPHY OF
ISLANDING
RESTORATION LINKSBLACK START
RESTORATION IN SRSC LEVELS
MAPTYPICAL
PROBLEMS
23 JAN 02 DISTURBANCEPOWER SWING SPARE
SYNCH FREQ CURVE14TH MAY DIST
PROCEDURES FOR SOUTHERN REGION
RESTORATIONPROCEDURE:MAPS
GENERALGUIDELINES SR
RESTORATIONPROCEDURE:KAPS START UP FOR
NTPCRESTORATION
PROCEDURE:NLC
LIST OF SUBSTATIONS WITH BS
CAPABILITYCURVE GEN
LIST OF GENERATORSWITH BLACK START
NTPC STARTUPSCENARIOS
STARTUP DIAGRAMKARNATAKA
STARTUP DIAGRAMAP
NORMAL
A L E R T
EMERGENCY
RESTORATIVE
RESTORING NORMAL SYSTEM OPERATION AS QUICKLY AS POSSIBLE
SYNCHRONISING OF AT LEAST ONE UNIT AT ALL POWER STATION
RESTORING ESSENTIAL LOADS
ESTABLISHING ALL INTERCONNECTIONS
STARTING ECONOMIC DISPATCH
STARTING ALLOCATION OF C. S SHARE
MINIMIZING AMOUNT OF UNSERVED ENERGY
RESTORATION OBJECTIVES
IMPAIRED COMMUNICATIONS, LIMITED
INFORMATION.
RE-ASSEMBLING TIE ELEMENTS OF
POWER SYSTEM.
UNFAMILIARITY WITH THE SITUATION
(DOES NOT OCCUR REGULARLY)
TIME CONSTRAINTS
INFORMATION TO BE FURNISHED TO
AUTHORITIES- PRESSURE ON OPERATOR
RESTORATION PROBLEMS
RESTORATION TASKS
SYSTEM STATUS DETERMINATION
PLANT PREPARATION SERVICES/START-UP
NETWORK PREPARATION
NETWORK ENERGISATION
LOAD RESTORATION
SYSTEM REBUILDING
EXTENT OF BLACK OUT AND ACTUAL REQUIREMENT
IDENTIFICATION OF BOUNDARIES OF ENERGISED AREAS
ASCERTAINING FREQUENCY & VOLTAGE OF ENERGISED
AREA
STATUS OF GENERATING PLANTS(HOT/COLD/HOUSELOAD )
NON AVAILABILITY OF ELEMENTS(LC/FAULT ETC)
OVERLOADING OF ELEMENTS
LOADS INTERRUPTED BY UNDER- FREQUENCY RELAY
OPERATION OR DIRECT TRIPPING
STATUS OF BREAKERS
SYSTEM STATUS DETERMINATION
CONSIDERATION OF TIME-CRITICAL BOILER- TURBINE START-UP CHARACTERISTICS (FOR PREDOMINANTLY THERMAL SYSTEMS)
SURVIVAL POWER SUPPLY TO THE PLANTS AT THE EARLIEST WITH AVAILABLE ARRANGEMENT (DG SETS) FOR
Turbine emergency oil pump
. Jacking oil pumps
. Barring gear of the turbine
. Lubricating oil pumps
. Emergency lighting
. Battery charger
Compressor for CB
PLANT SURVIVAL AND START UP
THUMB RULES
THUMB RULES
ALL DG/GT’S TO RUN TO PROVIDE START UP POWER.
ESTIMATION OF TOTAL START UP POWER REQUIRED TO RUN AT LEAST ONE MACHINE OF EACH POWER STATIONS.
TAKING CARE NOT TO LOAD THE GENERATOR SUPPLYING START-UP POWER BEYOND 80% OF ITS CAPACITY.
RELEASING AUXILIARY POWER IN STEPS.
THE CAPACITY (I.E. FAULT LEVEL) OF ISLAND (SUPPLYING START UP POWER) TO SUSTAIN- STARTING CURRENT 0F BFP ETC. TO BE CHECKED.
PLANT SURVIVAL AND START UP
CLEARING ALL DE-ENERGISED BUSES
GLOBAL OPENING OF ALL THE BREAKERS
ELSE:-SELECTIVE BREAKER OPERATION AFTER CAREFUL CONSIDERATION
SECTIONALISING A SYSTEM INTO SUB-SYSTEMS TO ENABLE PARALLEL RESTORATION OF ISLANDS
AUTOMATICALLY SWITCHED CAPACITORS AND UNDER FREQUENCY RELAYS MAY HAVE TO BE KEPT OUT OF SERVICE AT THE INITIAL STAGE
NETWORK PREPARATION
NETWORK ENERGISATION • IDENTIFY THE IMPORTANT AND
ESSENTIAL LOADS TO BE RESTORED FIRST• AT EVERY STAGE WE SHOULD BE ABLE
TO SATISFY– REACTIVE POWER BALANCE– LOAD GENERATION BALANCE– PROTECTION AND PLANT CONTROL SYSTEM
REQUIREMENTS• HVDC IMPORT – ONLY WHEN MIN FAULT
LEVEL IS AVAILABLE.• AVOID PARALLELING ISLANDS THROUGH
WEAK LINKS
THUMB RULES
THUMB RULES
NETWORK ENERGISATION
PLANT CONTROL SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS
A) MECHANICAL CONSIDERATIONS
REGULATION OF RATE OF CHANGE OF TEMPERATURE TO BE
KEPT MANUAL
CONTROL FEED WATER WITH THE SOLE OBJECTIVE OF
MAINTAINING DRUM LEVEL AT SET POINT
PLANTS HAVING FEED WATER REGULATING VALVES
PREFERABLE TO THOSE HAVING TURBINE-DRIVEN FEED PUMPS
TWO FUEL SUPPLY SYSTEMS - ONE (OR NONE) AUTOMATIC
AND ONE (OR BOTH) IN MANUAL.
NETWORK ENERGISATION B) ELECTRICAL CONSIDERATIONS
VOLTAGE REGULATOR TO BE SWITCHED TO
AUTOMATIC CONTROL (FROM MANUAL) ONLY WHEN
THE UNIT REACHES A MIN. OPERATING POINT AND A
SUFFICIENT VAR GENERATION 1S ESTABLISHED
PROTECTIVE RELAYS SUCH AS VOLTS PER HZ,
OUT OF STEP, UNDER EXCITATION, DISTANCE,
FREQUENCY & FIELD. FORCING CAN INITIATE AN
UNDESIRABLE REGULATOR RESPONSE OR
GENERATOR TRIP DURING START UP
NETWORK ENERGISATION STRUCTURAL
SYSTEM SIZE
METROPOLITAN OR RURAL
COMPACT OR EXTENSIVE GENERATION
TRANSMISSION VOLTAGE LEVELS
TYPES AND SIZES OF LOAD BLOCKS
AVAILABILITY OF INTERCONNECTION
ASSISTANCE
NETWORK ENERGISATION DYNAMICS
REACTIVE CAPABILITIES OF GENERATORS /SYNCHRONOUS CONDENSERS UNDER NORMAL AND EMERGENCY OPERATING CONDITIONS.
SHUNT REACTOR AND CAPACITOR SIZES, LOCATIONS AND MODES OF CONTROL.
CHARGING CURRENTS AND MAXIMUM SUSTAINABLE OVERVOLTAGE, TRANSFORMER REACTANCES, TAP RANGES AND MODES OF CONTROL
GENERATOR MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM OUTPUTS UNDER DIFFERENT CONDITIONS
REACTIVE POWER BALANCESOURCE GENERATION ABSORPTION
GENERATOR YES YES
LINE CHARGING YES
SHUNT CAPACITOR YES
SHUNT REACTOR YES
SYN CONDENSOR YES YES
STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR
YES YES
NETWORK ENERGISATION
THUMB RULESTHUMB RULES
LOAD GENERATION BALANCE
• TYPE OF THE LOAD– PEAK OR OFF PEAK– COLD LOAD INRUSH
• GENERATOR CAPACITY
• MINIMUM LOADING OF GENERATOR
• RESPONSE TO SUDDEN LOAD PICKUP
• TIME ELAPSED(HOT START)
NETWORK ENERGISATION
LOAD RESTORATION • DURING RESTORATION EFFECT OF EACH
RESTORATION ACTION ON FOLLOWING TO BE CONSIDERED– GENERATOR LOADING– TRANSMISSION LINE LOADING– LOAD ANGLE– RATE OF LOADING– RESPONSE OF THE GEN TO LOAD CHANGE– CHANGE IN SYSTEM FREQ AND OPERATION OF
UFR’S– FLUCTUATING LOADS- EX. TRACTION,
FURNACE ETC.
THUMB RULES
THUMB RULES
RESTORATION STRATEGIES
BUILD DOWN OR
SEQUENTIAL STRATEGY
BUILD UP OR
PARALLEL STRATEGY
RE-ENERGIZATION OF BULK POWER NETWORK
BALANCED STEP-BY-STEP RESTORATION OF LOADS AND GENERATION
SUITABLE FOR
SMALL SYSTEMS NOT HAVING LONG EHV LINES
OR PREDOMINANTLY HYDRO SYSTEMS WITH HIGH REACTIVE ABSORPTION CAPABILITY
OR FOR LARGE SYSTEMS WITH VERY COMPACT SERVICE TERRITORIES
USUALLY SELECTED WHEN STRONG NEIGHBOURING INTERCONNECTION ASSISTANCE 1S AVAILABLE
INTERCONNECTION STATUS IS TO BE ASSESSED, HENCE TIME CONSUMING AND TASKING.
BUILD DOWN OR SEQUENTIAL STRATEGY
SIMULTANEOUS RESTORATION OF ISLANDS/ SUBSYSTEMS FOLLOWED BY THEIR MUTUAL SYNCHRONIZATION
USUALLY SELECTED IN CASE OF A COMPLETE SYSTEM COLLAPSE AND LACK OF INTERCONNECTION ASSISTANCE
RELATIVELY QUICK PROCESS
REQUIRES SEVERAL OPERATING TEAMS AND ADEQUATE COMMUNICATION FACILITIES FOR MUTUAL COORDINATION
BUILD UP STRATEGY
BUILD UP EXAMPLE- AP SYSTEM RESTORATION
VTS+GAS
NSR+SSLM
RyTPP+ CUDDAPAH RADIAL ON TN
SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS
FIRM TRANSMISSION IN THE INTERCONNECTION BETWEEN SUBSYSTEMS AND FIRM GENERATION CAPACITY IN EACH SUB SYSTEM TO BE ENSURED DURING EARLY STAGES OF RESTORATION
DEACTIVATION OF AUTOMATIC LOAD SHEDDING AND AUTOMATIC SWITCHED CAPACITORS DURING INITIAL STAGES,
RESTORATION OF SMALLER RADIAL LOADS FOLLOWED BY LOW VOLTAGE AC NETWORK LOADS WHILE MAINTAINING REASONABLY CONSTANT REAL TO REACTIVE POWER RATIO
PICKING UP SMALL BLOCKS OF LOADS FOLLOWED BY AS LARGE AS POSSIBLE, WITHOUT RISKING DANGEROUS DECLINE OF FREQUENCY, AS RESTORATION PROCEEDS.
KEEPING GENERATOR TERMINAL VOLTAGES RELATIVELY LOW INITIALLY, AND ADJUSTING TRANSFORMER TAPS, SUBSEQUENTLY AS RESTORATION
PROCEEDS
RESTORATION PLANNING
GENERAL GUIDELINES
FORMATION OF A PLANNING TEAMFORMATION OF A PLANNING TEAM
• PARTICIPATION OF EXPERIENCED/KNOWLEDGEABLE
PERSONNEL FROM RESPECTIVE FIELDS LIKE
PROTECTION, COMMUNICATION, OPERATIONS,
SYSTEM ANALYSIS ETC.
• REVIEW OF SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS (RELEVANT
TO RESTORATION)
RESTORATION PLANNING
COMMON CONCERNS
• TIME CONSUMING NATURE OF SWITCHING OPERATION
• START-UP TIMINGS OF THERMAL UNITS
• FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF PRIME MOVERS TO SUDDEN LOAD PICK UP
• COLD LOAD INRUSH, POWER FACTORS AND COINCIDENT DEMAND FACTORS
• AVAILABILITY OF GOVERNOR FACILITIES OF UNITS
FORMULATION OF ASSUMPTIONS
WORST POSSIBLE SCENARIO TO BE CONSIDERED USING
SYSTEM OPERATORS EXPERIENCE AND JUDGEMENT
CONSTRAINTS MAY DIFFER WIDELY FOR PEAK AND LEAN
CONDITIONS
COORDINATION OF LOAD PICKUP WITH GENERATOR
RESPONSE AND ARRESTING FALL OF FRFQUFNCY, BEYOND
PRIME MOVER RECOVERY CAPABILITY UNDER PEAK
CONDITION
BLACK-START FACILITIES MAY NOT BE AVAILABLE DURING
WEEK END LEAN PERIOD
ESTABLISHMENT OF GOALS
LOCAL CONDITIONS LIKE GENERATIOR MIX TYPE OF LOAD AND
CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS PLAY A DECISIVE ROLE
IMMEDIATE OBJECTIVE (SYSTEM SPECIFIC) COULD BE.
RE-ENERGIZING THE BULK POWER NETWORK
OR ATTAINING A CERTAIN LEVEL OF ACTIVE AND REACTIVE
CAPABILITY
OR PICKING UP A DOWNTOWN LOAD
OR SUPPLYING TIME-CRITICAL INDUSTRIAL LOADS
OR ENERGIZING EHV LINE TO A REMOTE, LARGE GENERATING
STATION
VALIDATION OF ASSUMPTIONS
• PROPER MODELLING OF STEADY STATE AND DYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR OF
POWER SYSTEM
• CONFIRMING THE FEASIBILITY AND SECURITY OF PROPOSED ACTIONS
USING A VARIETY OF ANALYSIS AND SIIMULATION TOOLS LIKE STEADY-
STATE POWER FLOW, TRANSIENT AND DYNAMIC STABILITY ANALYSIS AND
ELECTROMAGNETIC TRANSIENT SIMULATIONS
• LOAD DATA, GENERATION DATA ETC. TO BE PREPARED CAREFULLY
ITERATION
TWO ITERATIONS ARE INVOLVED -
1. MODELS HAVE TO BE VALIDATED AGAINST MEASURED AND TELEMETERED
DATA
2. THE RESTORATION PLAN (TACTICS) DEVELOPED TO BE CHECKED AGAINST
THE INITIAL STRATEGY FOR CONFORMITY AND FEASIBILITY
LOGISTICS AND COMMUNICATION
CLOSE AND CONTINUAL CO-ORDINATION AMONG POWER
SYSTEM POWER PLANT AND FIELD OPERATORS
NEIGHBOURING UTILITIES, AUTHORITIES TO BE
INFORMED TIME TO TIME ABOUT THE PROGRESS OF
RESTORATION.
TO DEPEND MORE ON THE UTILITIES’ OWN
COMMUNICATION FACILITIES
FALL BACK ARRANGEMENT IN CASE OF
COMMUNICATION FAILURE.
EXPERT / COMMANDO GROUP
COMMANDO GROUP TO BE FORMED AS THE
SYSTEM COMPLEXITY GROWS.
GROUP SHOULD CONSIST OF ENGINEERS FROM
DIFFERENT FIELDS AND BELONGING TO DIFFERENT
UTIILITIES.
PERFECT UNDERSTANDING IN THIS CORE GROUP
IT ENCHANCES THE MORAL STRENGTH OF FIELD
OFFICERS AS WELL AS REDUCES RESTORATION TIME
AUIDITS AND UPDATES
A TECHNICAL PERSON OUTSIDE THE RESTORATION
TEAM SHOULD AUDIT THE ACTIVITIES.
AUDITED RESTORATION PLAN MUST BE UPDATED.
DOCUMENTS MUST BE REVISED REGULARLY TO
REFLECT THE LATEST CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SYSTEM.
CHANGES IN THE SCADA/EMS INSTALLATION OR
MAJOR PLANT CONTROL, AVAILABLE TOOLS ALSO TO BE
INCORPORATED.
TRAINING
INSTRUCTION MANUALS OR AUDIO –VISUAL TAPES, FOR INDEPENDENT STUDY
CLASSROOM INSTRUCTIONS
LEARNING FROM PAST EXPERIENCE DURING RESTORATION.
OPERATOR TRAINING SIMULATOR.
ROLE PLAY
OPERATOR’ S PROBLEM SOLVING CAPABILITY CAN ALSO BE EXPLORED AND DEVELOPED.
ALTERNATIVE, SOURCE OF FINDING NEW IDEAS.
DETAILED INTERACTION WITH THE PERSONS INVOLVED IN RESTORATION
DOCUMENTATION
PURPOSE: TRAINING- REFERENCE, IMPROVEMENT OF
RESTORATION PROCEDURES.
SHOULD BE READILY ACCESSIBLE AND EASILY
UNDERSTOOD.
SHOULD BE STORED IN A CONVENIENT MEDIA FOR
QUICK PROCESSING.
SHOULD BE ILLUSTRATED WITH FAMILIAR DIAGRAMS
AND CHARTS
ACTIONS REJECTED AND INCORPORATED IN THE
PLAN MUST BE RECORDED
BLACK START RESTORATION
IN SOUTHERN REGION
BLACK START RESTORATIONIN SOUTHERN REGION
SUMMARY
• MOSTLY PARALLEL APPROACH FOLLOWED.
• ASSISTANCE FROM WR FOR START UP OF RAMAGUNDAM UNITS ON AC BYPASS MODE
• ISTS USED FOR INTEGRATION OF SYSTEM
BLACK START RESTORATIONIN SOUTHERN REGION:
PROBLEMS
47.7
HZ
51.5
HZ• LOW INERTIA OF ISLANDS-
FREQUENCY FLUCTUATION• LOW SC LEVELS- LARGE VOLTAGE
EXCURSIONS• CHARGING LONG LINES – HIGH
VOLTAGES AND MVAR ABSORBTION BY GENERATORS
• V/f SETTING OF TRANSFORMERSSC LEVELSSC LEVELS
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