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BIT COMPETITORS
Reed-Hycalog Hughes Christensen Smith-Geodiamond Security-DBS OTHERS
1998 ROLLER CONE WORLDWIDECOMPETITOR MARKET SHARE
TOTALROLLER CONE
REVENUE$718
MILLION
Source : Price Waterhouse plus Reed-Hycalog estimate
Other6%
Smith-Geodiamond18%
Security DBS22%
Hughes Christensen27%
Reed-Hycalog27%
1998 FIXED CUTTER WORLDWIDECOMPETITOR MARKET SHARE
TOTALFIXED CUTTER
REVENUE$370
MILLION
Source : Price Waterhouse plus Reed-Hycalog estimate
THE BIT BUSINESS
TECHNICAL
PROFITABLE
COMPETITIVE
COMPLEX
UNIQUE TECHNOLOGIES
Drilling Demands
Design Concepts
Materials Tungsten Carbide PDC Inserts / Cutters Bearing Materials Elastomer Materials Grease
Manufacturing
Patents
Focus on High Cost Drilling MarketsInternationalHorizontal Drilling/Re-entryOffshore
Maintain Technology LeadershipFocused R&DPatented DesignsCustomer Specific DesignsExpert Applications Technology
Business Strategy
Insert Bits Carbide Bits Button Bits
Tooth Bits Steel Tooth Bits Mill Tooth Bits
BIT TYPESBIT TYPES
GENERAL ROLLER CONE TERMSGENERAL ROLLER CONE TERMS
GENERAL PDC TERMSGENERAL PDC TERMS
BLADE
NOZZLE
JUNK SLOT AREA
BIT BODYBIT BODYMATERIALMATERIAL
STEEL BODIED BITS
MATRIX (TUNGSTEN CARBIDE) BODIED BITS
PDC BIT TERMINOLOGYPDC BIT TERMINOLOGY
INTERCHANGEABLE NOZZLE
CUTTERS FACE GAUGE UPREAMING
FIXED PORT
STEEL BLANK
WELD GROOVE
BEVEL
BIT BREAKER SLOT
MAKE UP FACE
API PIN CONNECTION
SHANK BORE
SHANK
CONE
TUNGSTENCARBIDEMATRIX
NOSE
TAPER OR FLANK
SHOULDER
DIAMONDGAGE PAD
PowerSteeringPowerSteeringTMTM
Solutions for Demanding
Directional Drilling
Combination of Reed-Hycalogs
What is What is PowerSteeringPowerSteeringTMTM??
Advanced Technology Broad line of Products Field Experience
Spiraled wall
PowerSteeringTM is...PowerSteeringPowerSteeringTMTM is...is...
Technology
PowerSteeringTM is...PowerSteeringPowerSteeringTM TM is...is...
Products
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
Mar 31 May 16 May 31 June 16 Sept 14
PowerSteeringTM is...PowerSteeringPowerSteeringTM TM is...is...
Experience
Directional IssuesDirectional Issues
Build/Turn Rates
Torque Control
Torque Fluctuations
BHA Design
PowerSteering StrategiesPowerSteering Strategies
Bit Length Cutters/Components Bearings Gauge Designs Directional Database
THE CUSTOMERSTHE CUSTOMERSEXPECTATIONSEXPECTATIONS
l Drill the Interval
l Drill It Faster
l Low Cost
l Good Dull Condition
l Directional Accuracy
NATURAL DIAMOND BIT:NATURAL DIAMOND BIT:PLOUGHING/GRINDINGPLOUGHING/GRINDING
PDC BIT:PDC BIT:SHEARINGSHEARING
FF
ROLLER CONE BIT:ROLLER CONE BIT:COMPRESSION/CRUSHINGCOMPRESSION/CRUSHING
FORMATION FAILURE METHODSFORMATION FAILURE METHODS
FF
LUG DRAWINGLUG DRAWING
BIT DESIGNBIT DESIGN
Hydraulics
Seals
Cutting Structure
Bearings
CHIP FORMATIONCHIP FORMATION
Tooth load overcomes rock compressivestrength, generates crater.
Scraping helps to remove chips fromcraters.
CutterCutter
FormationFormation
CHIP REMOVALCHIP REMOVAL
Removal of chips is required toallow for new chip formation
FormationFormation
CutterCutter
Hydraulics Help to Remove Chips
CHIP REMOVALCHIP REMOVAL
WOB ResponseWOB ResponseR
OP
WEIGHT on BIT0
0
CHIP CREATION CHIP REMOVAL
RPM ResponseRPM ResponseR
OP
RPM0
0
CHIP CREATION CHIP REMOVAL
BOTTOMBOTTOMHOLEHOLEPATTERNPATTERN
JOURNAL ANGLEJOURNAL ANGLE
OFFSETOFFSET
EFFECTS OF OFFSETEFFECTS OF OFFSET(SKEW)(SKEW)
0Reduced Gage ScrapingMore DurableSlower Drilling
Reduced Offset
3Increased Gage ScrapingLess DurableFaster Drilling
Increased Offset
OFFSET & SKEWOFFSET & SKEW
Offset adds scraping at the gageand a little on the inner rows.
Skew is a way to compare offsetacross different bit sizes.
CONE PROFILESCONE PROFILES
FLAT CONE PROFILEMinimum Bottom ScrapingMore DurableSlower Drilling
ROUND CONEPROFILE
Increased Bottom ScrapingLess DurableFaster Drilling
INSERT CUTTERINSERT CUTTERDESIGNDESIGN
HP83HP51
Faster DrillingLess Durable
Slower DrillingMore Durable
INSERT SHAPES BY FORMATIONINSERT SHAPES BY FORMATION
CARBIDE GRADECARBIDE GRADEBY FORMATIONBY FORMATION
TOOTH & INSERTTOOTH & INSERTCUTTER DESIGNSCUTTER DESIGNS
SOFT FORMATION HARD FORMATION - Fewer Teeth - More Teeth - Longer Teeth - Shorter Teeth - Bigger Teeth - Smaller Teeth - Sharper Teeth - Duller Teeth - Round Profile - Flat Profile - Fracture-Resistant - Wear-Resistant Tooth Material Tooth Material
- Faster Drilling - Slower Drilling - Less Durable - More Durable
CUTTING STRUCTURECUTTING STRUCTUREDESIGN DECISIONSDESIGN DECISIONS
APPLICATION DESIGN
Formation PropertiesRun ParametersMud CharacteristicsHydraulic ConditionsWell ProfileCompetitorsPerformanceRisk / Cost
Tooth CountTooth Geometry
ShapeTip SharpnessProtrusionDiameter
Tooth MaterialTooth PlacementCone ProfileOffset
GAGE PROTECTIONGAGE PROTECTION
Shirttail Hardmetal Heel Pacs in Gage Face Inserts in Shirttail Lug Pads PDC Layered Inserts
CHIP REMOVALCHIP REMOVAL
BIT BALLINGBIT BALLING
Cuttings adhere to cutter surface and to hole bottom. Reduces effective length of teeth. Occurs in many formations, not just gumbo shales. Balling reduces penetration rate.
MUDPICK II HYDRAULICSMUDPICK II HYDRAULICS
Cleans Gage & Inner Teeth Cleans Rock at Cutting Zone Stagnant Flow Removed From Cutting
Zone
MUDPICK II, BLANKS,MUDPICK II, BLANKS,ASYMMETRICASYMMETRIC
Complimentary With Mudpick II
Always Blank Nozzle Pointing to
Cutter With Fewer Gage Inserts
Always Point Big Nozzles Toward
Cutter With Most Gage Inserts
BEARINGS &SEALS
SEALED BEARING SYSTEMSEALED BEARING SYSTEM
ROCK BIT BEARINGSROCK BIT BEARINGS
Main Bearing Retention Bearing Thrust Bearing Pin Bearing
AVGWOB
Drilling Forces
Bearing StructuresBearing Structures
Roller Friction / Journal
ROCK BIT BEARINGROCK BIT BEARINGDESIGNSDESIGNS
THREADED RINGTHREADED RINGDULL AFTER ABUSEDULL AFTER ABUSE
CONE RETENTIONCONE RETENTIONCOMPARISONCOMPARISON
BALL BEARING RETENTION Concentrated Point Loads Cyclic Point Loading Causes Spalling
THREADED RING RETENTION Surface Contact No Spalling Reduces Lost Cone Rate by Two-Thirds Optional Cutter Materials
SEALS
HNBR RADIAL SEALHNBR RADIAL SEAL
TEXTURIZEDTEXTURIZEDHNBR RADIAL SEALHNBR RADIAL SEAL
OTHER SEAL OPTIONSOTHER SEAL OPTIONS
Reed Metal Seal
Hughes Metal Seal
Security Wave / Double
BIT BODY / LENGTH
NUMBER OF BLADES / EXPOSURE
CUTTER SIZE
CUTTER COUNT
CUTTER TYPE
BACK RAKE / SIDE RAKE
FORCE BALANCE
HYDRAULIC CONFIGURATION
GAGE PROTECTION
DESIGN OPTIONS
A COMPROMISE IS GENERALLY REQUIRED
DESIGN PROCESS
BIT BODYFUNCTIONS
RETAIN AND SUPPORT CUTTERS AND NOZZLES
STRENGTH DOWNHOLE
FLOW CONTROL
ATTACHMENT TO DRILLSTRING
FACTORS DICTATINGBODY MATERIAL
LIFE
STRENGTH
ACCURACY
REPAIR
BIT LENGTH
BIT LENGTH
SHORT RADIUS WELL PATH
GET THE MOTOR CLOSER TO THE BIT
STABILIZATION REQUIRED CLOSE TOTHE BIT
HORIZONTAL DRILLING
WHEN BIT LENGTH IS IMPORTANT
BIT LENGTHBIT LENGTH
BLADES PRIMARYFUNCTIONS
SUPPORT CUTTERS AND HYBRIDS
DIRECT FLUID FLOW
INCREASE CUTTERS EXPOSURE
CHAMFERED BLADES
RESIST AXIAL/LATERAL LOADS
SUPPORT CUTTERS
INCREASE CUTTERS EXPOSURE
RESIST LOADS
DIRECT FLUIDFLOW
DIRECT FLUID FLOWDIRECT FLUID FLOW
DRILL BROAD RANGE OF FORMATIONS
CONSISTENTLY HIGH ROP
LONG BIT LIFE
LOW COST
CUTTER SELECTIONCUTTER SELECTION
DESIGN OBJECTIVES
A COMPROMISE IS GENERALLY REQUIRED
CUTTER COUNT Vs. ROCK HARDNESS
INCREASING ROCK HARDNESS
INC
RE
AS
ING
CU
TT
ER
CO
UN
T
CUTTER SELECTIONCUTTER SELECTION
1
2
Ex.: 1. SOFTER ROCK, FEWER CUTTERS 2. HARDER ROCK, MORE CUTTERS
CUTTER SIZECUTTER SIZE
8 mm11 mm
13 mm16 mm
19 mm
CUTTER SIZE Vs. ROCK HARDNESS
CUTTER SELECTIONCUTTER SELECTION
INCREASING ROCK HARDNESS
INC
RE
AS
ING
CU
TT
ER
SIZ
E
1
2
Ex.: 1. SOFTER ROCK, LARGER CUTTERS 2. HARDER ROCK, SMALLER CUTTERS
INCREASING ROCK HARDNESS
INC
RE
AS
ING
CU
TT
ER
CO
UN
T
INCREASING NUMBER OF BLADES
INC
RE
AS
ING
CU
TT
ER
SIZ
E
CUTTER COUNT/ CUTTER SIZE /BLADE COUNTVs. ROCK HARDNESS
CUTTER SELECTIONCUTTER SELECTION
1
2
Ex.: 1. SOFTER ROCK, FEWER CUTTERS, LARGER CUTTERS, FEWER BLADES 2. HARDER ROCK, MORE CUTTERS, SMALLER CUTTERS, MORE BLADES
PLANAR INTERFACE) First design used
NPI (NON-PLANAR INTERFACE) More surface area for bonding, thus
better mechanical bond Reduced stress at bond 25% to 40% more diamond
available Thicker diamond rim
PDC CUTTER TYPESPDC CUTTER TYPES
0123456789
10
1979 1984 1986 1987 1988 1993 1994 1996 1998
*1994 - patent for PDC production ended
Relative Abrasion Resistance ofRelative Abrasion Resistance ofPDC CuttersPDC Cutters
Materials DevelopmentMaterials Development
Abrasion Resistance
ImpactResistance
Trade-off line
PDC CUTTER PDC CUTTER
DESIGNDESIGNCOMPROMISECOMPROMISE
FEWER CUTTERS
LARGERCUTTERS
FEWERBLADES
SOFTSOFT
MORECUTTERS
SMALLERCUTTERS
MOREBLADES
HARDHARDFORMATION
PDC CUTTER
BLADE
g
BACK RAKEBACK RAKE
SIDE RAKESIDE RAKE
SIDE RAKESIDE RAKE
DRILLING SEQUENCE THROUGH HARD STRINGERS
STAGE 1 STAGE 2 STAGE 3
HYBRID BITSHYBRID BITS
GAUGE PROTECTIONGAUGE PROTECTION
STEEL BODIED BITSSTEEL BODIED BITS
GAUGE PROTECTIONGAUGE PROTECTION
MATRIX BODIED BITSMATRIX BODIED BITS
Reed-Hycalog Roller ConeReed-Hycalog Roller ConeBit NomenclatureBit Nomenclature
12 1/4 EHP 51 H DLK
SizeSize
17 1/2 EMS 51 A CLK
ProductProductLineLine
IADCIADCCuttingCutting
StructureStructure
AddedAddedFeaturesFeatures
DesignDesignVariantVariant
REED-HYCALOGREED-HYCALOGROLLER CONEROLLER CONE
PRODUCT LINESPRODUCT LINES
ROLLERBEARING
Y MS EMS ETS
JOURNALBEARING
HP EHT MHT EHP MHP
Reed-Hycalog Fixed CutterReed-Hycalog Fixed CutterBit NomenclatureBit Nomenclature
12 1/4 DS 107 A1 HGN
SizeSize
17 1/2 4XX A1 GSU
ProductProductLineLine
DesignDesignNumberNumber
AddedAddedFeaturesFeatures
DesignDesignVariantVariant
3XX
REED-HYCALOGREED-HYCALOGFIXED CUTTERFIXED CUTTER
PRODUCT LINESPRODUCT LINES
NATURAL DIAMOND& IMPREG
DURADIAMOND 300 SERIE 400 SERIE
PDC
HYBRID-PDC
BICENTRIX
STEERING WHEEL
TRANSFORMATION(SWITCHBLADE)
OBJECTIVES OF DULLOBJECTIVES OF DULLBIT GRADINGBIT GRADING
l Improve Rock Bit Selectionl Enhance Drilling Performancel Improve Bit Pulling Procedures for
Minimum Cost Drillingl Improve Historical Data for
Application and Design
GOAL OF DULL BITGOAL OF DULL BITGRADING SYSTEMSGRADING SYSTEMS
l Develop a system for roller and fixedcutter bits to Paint a Mental Picture ofthe worn bits physical condition.
l System must be convenient enough thatthe drilling community will use it.
KEYS TO DULLKEYS TO DULLGRADINGGRADING
l Know What a Sharp Bit Looks Like
l Normal Dull Conditions
l Sequence of Events
l Paint Mental Picture of Dull
l Consistency
IADC 1992 IADC 1992 Dull Bit GradingDull Bit Grading
Outer
Cutting Structure
Inner Dull Char. Location
Bearings/Seals
GageOtherDull
Char.
ReasonPulled
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 Inner Cutting Structure (All Inner Rows)
2 Outer Cutting Structure (Gage Row Only)
3 Dull Characteristic (Use Codes, Cutting Structure Only)
4 Location (Where Dull Characteristic Occurs)
5 Bearing / Seals (Condition of Roller Cone)
6 Gage (What is the Final Gage Diameter)
7 Other Dull Characteristic (Use Codes, not limited to CS)
8 Reason Pulled (Use Codes, Termination of Bit Run)
EIGHTFIELDS
1 Inner Cutting Structure (All Inner Rows)
2 Outer Cutting Structure (Gage Row Only)
Tooth Height Measurement
Cutting Structure
Inner Outer Dull Char. Location
Bearings/Seals
GageOtherDull
Char.
ReasonPulled
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Tooth Height Measurement
Cutting Structure
Inner Outer Dull Char. Location
Bearings/Seals
GageOtherDull
Char.
ReasonPulled
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
8
2/3 D 1/3 D
12
3 4 5
6
70
2/3 D 1/3 D
8
1. INNER ROWS 2. OUTER ROWS
Cutting Structure
Inner Outer Dull Char. Location
Bearings/Seals
GageOtherDull
Char.
ReasonPulled
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
3 Major Dull Characteristics (Use only Cutting Structure Related Codes)*BC - Broken Cone
BF - LS Bond Failure
BT - Broken Teeth/Cutters
BU - Balled Up Bit
*CC - Cracked Cone
*CD - Cone Dragged
CI - Cone Interface
CR - Cored
CT - Chipped Teeth/Cutters
ER - Erosion
FC - Flat Crested Wear
HC - Heat Checking
*LC - Lost Cone
LN - Lost Nozzle
LT - Lost Teeth/Cutters
OC - Off Center Wear
PB - Pinched Bit
PN - PluggedNozzle/Flow Passage
RG - Rounded Gage
RO - Ring Out
SD - Shirrtail Damage
SS - Self Sharpening Wear
TR - Tracking
WO - Washed Out Bit
WT - WornTeeth/Cutters
NO - No Dull Characteristics
* Show Cone #s under Location (4)
Cutting Structure
Inner Outer Dull Char. Location
Bearings/Seals
GageOtherDull
Char.
ReasonPulled
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
4 LOCATION
N - Nose Row Cone #
M - Middle Row 1
G - Gage Row 2
A - All Rows 3
Cutting Structure
Inner Outer Dull Char. Location
Bearings/Seals
GageOtherDull
Char.
ReasonPulled
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
4 LOCATION
C - Cone
N - Nose
T - Taper
S - Shoulder
G - Gage
A - All Areas
C NTSG
C NS
G
C NSG
T
CN
S
G
T
Cutting Structure
Inner Outer Dull Char. Location
Bearings/Seals Gage
OtherDull
Char.
ReasonPulled
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
5 BEARINGS / SEALS
Non-Sealed Bearing Sealed Bearings
0 - No Life Used E - Seals Effective 8 - All Life Used F - Seals Failed
X - Fixed Cutter BitN - Not Able to Grade
Cutting Structure
Inner Outer Dull Char. Location
Bearings/Seals Gage
OtherDull
Char.
ReasonPulled
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
6 GAGE Measure in fractions of an inch.
I - In Gage
1/16 - 1/16 Out of Gage
2/16 - 1/8 Out of Gage
4/16 - 1/4 Out of Gage
Cutting Structure
Inner Outer Dull Char. Location
Bearings/Seals
GageOtherDull
Char.
ReasonPulled
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
7 Other Dull Characteristics (Use all Related Codes)
* Show Cone #s under Location (4)
*BC - Broken Cone
BF - LS Bond Failure
BT - Broken Teeth/Cutters
BU - Balled Up Bit
*CC - Cracked Cone
*CD - Cone Dragged
CI - Cone Interface
CR - Cored
CT - Chipped Teeth/Cutters
ER - Erosion
FC - Flat Crested Wear
HC - Heat Checking
*LC - Lost Cone
LN - Lost Nozzle
LT - Lost Teeth/Cutters
OC - Off Center Wear
PB - Pinched Bit
PN - PluggedNozzle/Flow Passage
RG - Rounded Gage
RO - Ring Out
SD - Shirrtail Damage
SS - Self Sharpening Wear
TR - Tracking
WO - Washed Out Bit
WT - WornTeeth/Cutters
NO - No Dull Characteristics
Cutting Structure
Inner Outer Dull Char. Location
Bearings/Seals
GageOtherDull
Char.
ReasonPulled
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
8 Reason Pulled Or Run Terminated
BHA - Change Bottom Hole Assembly
DMF - Downhole Motor
Failure
DTF - Downhole Tool Failure
DSF - Drill String Failure
DST - Drill Stem Test
LOG - Run Logs
LIH - Left in Hole
RIG - Rig Repair
CM - Condition Mud
CP - Core Point
DP - Drill PlugFM - Formation Change
HP - Hole Problems
HR - Hours on Bit
PP - Pump Pressure
PR - Penetration Rate
TD - Total Depth Casing Depth
TQ - Torque
TW - Twist OffWC - Weather Conditions
PRESSURE DROPPRESSURE DROPRULE OF THUMBRULE OF THUMB
64.5%
48.5%
OTHEROTHERRULES OF THUMBRULES OF THUMB
3 to 7 HSI or Greater
30 to 50 GPM / Bit Diameter Inch (Good Starting Place)
Only 17% of Total TFA through Center Jet Roller cone (3 or 4 sizes smaller)
HYDRAULICS SOFTWAREHYDRAULICS SOFTWARE
HydraulicsHydraulicsCalculatorCalculator
HydraulicsHydraulicsProblem #1Problem #1
Drilling using 8.5 bit with 3 nozzles, 13.5 PPG mud, withdown hole motor and MWD. Motor leaks 6% of fluid acrossthrust bearings. Pressure drop across MWD and motor is650 PSI. BHA: Bit, Motor, MWD, 6x2.5x300DC,6x3x150DC, 5.5x2.75x120HW and 5 19.5 PPF drillpipe. Projected TD at 12,000 TVD(MD), a casing with a 9ID has been set at 9,000 TVD (MD). Max SPP=3,500 PSI.Case #3 rig. If not given use default value. If we maximizeHSI what are the following values:
HSI = _____ SPP = _____ Flow Rate = ____%SPPD@bit = ___ Nozzles = __ __ __
HydraulicsHydraulicsProblem #1 (Problem #1 (AnswersAnswers))
Drilling using 8.5 bit with 3 nozzles, 13.5 PPG mud, withdown hole motor and MWD. Motor leaks 6% of fluid acrossthrust bearings. Pressure drop across MWD and motor is650 PSI. BHA: Bit, Motor, MWD, 6x2.5x300DC,6x3x150DC, 5.5x2.75x120HW and 5 19.5 PPF drillpipe. Projected TD at 12,000 TVD(MD), a casing with a 9ID has been set at 9,000 TVD (MD). Max SPP=3,500 PSI.Case #3 rig. If not given use default value. If we maximizeHSI what are the following values:
HSI = 6.4 SPP = 3484 Flow Rate = 375%nozzle pressure drop = 62.3 Nozzles = 12,11,11
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