Biotech Farming by Dr. Manjit Singh Kang, Vice Chancellor, Punjab Agricultural University. Ludhiana

Manjit S. Kang

Vice ChancellorPunjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana

BIOTECH FARMING

Share of different sectors in

India’s Economy (2006-07)

Tertiary, 54.74%

Primary , 20.54%

Secondary,

24.71%

Primary

Secondary

Tertiary

(Agriculture)

( Industry)( Services)

SUSTAINING AGRICULTURE

• Development and release of high-

yielding crop varieties

• Development of efficient crop

production and protection technologies

SUSTAINING AGRICULTURE

• Use of quality agrochemicals (fertilizers, pesticides)

• Assured irrigation

• Developing crop varieties with greater water-use efficiency

• Biotechnology provides powerful tools for the sustainable development of agriculture, fisheries and forestry, as well as the food industry. When appropriately integrated with other technologies, it can be of significant assistance in meeting the needs of an expanding and increasingly urbanized population in the next millennium. (FAO, 2000)

BIOTECHNOLOGY ASPECTS:

RELEVANCE TO AGRICULTURE

• Tissue culture/micropropagation

• Haploid/ doubled-haploid breeding

• Transgenic technology

• DNA-marker technology

TISSUE CULTURE MICROPROPAGATION

Micropropagation involves the production of plants from very small (1 mm) plant parts through tissue culture. Micropropagation of selected ornamentals, field, fruit and forest plant species is one of the best and most successful examples of commercial applications of tissue-culture technology.

APPLICATIONS OF MICROPROPAGATION

1. PRODUCTION OF SUPER-ELITE PLANTING MATERIAL (SEED) OF VEGETATIVELY PROPAGATED SPECIES.

2. QUICK SPREAD OF NEW VARIETIES OF VEGETATIVELY PROPAGATED SPECIES.

3. REJUVENATION OF OLD VARIETIES OF VEGETATIVELY PROPAGATED SPECIES.

MICROPROPAGATION PROTOCOLS

• Micropropagation protocolsdeveloped at PAU: Total 17 species

DEVELOPED AT PAU

Total plant species=17

BANANA

MICROPROPAGATION PROTOCOLSDeveloped at P.A.U.

FIELD CROPS

FLOURICULTURAL PLANTS

FRUIT CROPS

FOREST CROPS

MEDICINAL PLANTS

Sugarcane

Potato

Gladiolus

Chrysanthemum

Carnation

Lilium

Citrus

Strawberry

Eucalyptus

Neem

Poplar

Paulowinia

Mentha

Brahmi

Safed musli

Aloe vera

Banana

• Sugarcane

• Potato

• Mentha

• Banana

MASS PROPAGATION THROUGH

MICROPROPAGATION

BANANA

POTATO

MENTHAPOTATO

SUGACANE

MICROPROPAGATION OF POTATO THROUGH MINITUBER PRODUCTION

POTATO (TC1 GENERATION) IN THE FIELD

TISSUE CULTURED CONVENTIONAL

SPREAD OF MICROPROPAGATION TECHNOLOGY

• More than 500 million plants belonging to different plant species are annually produced through micopropagation in the world.

• There are more than 100 commercial tissue-culture units in India

HAPLOID/DOUBLED-HAPLOID

BREEDING

Production of haploids/doubled haploids through anther and pollen culture from F1 plants, and embryo culture from wide crosses is a very useful technique for shortening the breeding cycle and early release of varieties.

DOUBLED-HAPLOID BREEDING AT PAU

ANTHER CULTURE IN RICEPOLLEN CULTURE IN RICE

PRODUCTION OF WHEAT HAPLOIDS

THROUGH WHEAT X MAIZE CROSSES

A

C D

Field Trials of Anther & Pollen-Derived indica rice

B

APPLICATIONS

• In vitro production of haploids/doubled-haploids from F1 plants results in true-breeding plants in less than one year, which otherwise takes 7 to 8 generations through conventional methods.

• Several cultivars are either in tests or have been released in rice, wheat, maize, rapeseed and mustard in China, Canada, Denmark, USA and France.

TRANSGENIC TECHNOLOGY

• Useful genes cloned from viruses, bacteria, fungi, insects, animals, human beings and even the genes synthesized in the lab can be introduced into plants.

• Unlike conventional plant breeding, only the specific, cloned gene (s) is (are) being introduced without the co-transfer of undesirable genes from donor. No need for repeated backcrossing.

NORMAL PLANTOR

NORMAL CROP

GM (TRANSGENIC) PLANTOR

GM (TRANSGENIC) CROP

VIRUS

BACTERIA

FUNGI

INSECTS

ANIMALS

HUMAN

UNRELATED PLANTS

CLONED TRANSGENE(S)

TRANS-ORGANISMS

VIRUS

BACTERIA

FUNGI

INSECTS

ANIMALS

HUMAN

UNRELATED PLANTS

VIRUSES

BACTERIA

FUNGI

INSECTS

ANIMALS

HUMANS

UNRELATED PLANTS

TRANSGENIC RESEARCH AT PAU

Development of Bt transgenic rice

Biologia Plantarum 50 (2): 311-314.

GENETIC ENGINEERING OF RICE FOR GREATER WATER-USE EFFICIENCY

Biologia Plantarum (In press)

Agrobacterium-Mediated Genetic Transformation of Sugarcane

C

F

D

DC

B

A

T1 GENERATION OF SELECTED TRANSGENIC

SUGARCANE PLANTS

T1 GENERATION OF SELECTED TRANSGENIC

SUGARCANE PLANTS

INTERNATIONAL STATUS OF

TRANSGENIC CROPS

• Total countries growing transgenic crops =25

• Total area under transgenic crops in the world= 125 MH

• Total crops: 10

• Total area under transgenic crops in India = 7.6 MH

• Area under Bt cotton in Punjab: About 5.5 lakh hectares (~0.5 MH) (i.e., about 90 % area is under Bt cotton)

India’s Status

James Clive: 2008

• USA: Soy, maize, cotton, canola, squash,

papaya, alfalfa, sugarbeet

• Argentina: Soy, maize, cotton

• Brazil: Soy, maize, cotton

• India: Cotton

• Canada: Canola, maize, soy, sugarbeet

• China: Cotton, tomato, poplar, peunia,

papaya, sweet pepper

Bt Cotton

Bt Non Bt

Bt COTTON IN PUNJAB

� PAU has recommended 6 Bt cotton hybrids developed by different seed companies for cultivation in Punjab.

� Total area under cotton: 6.5 Lakhhectares (Area under Bt cotton : 90%).

� Pesticides have been reduced by almost 90%.

� State is heading for a white-gold revolution.

GENETICALLY MODIFIED

FOODS FOR FUTURE

�High-lycopene tomato

o Tomato with high flavonols / flavonoids as anti-oxidants

o Bt Brinjal

o Cavity-fighting apples

GENETICALLY MODIFIED

FOODS FOR FUTURE

�Golden rice

�Iron-pumping rice

�Golden brassica

�Proteinaceous potatoes

�Decaffeinated tea & coffee

MOLECULAR-MARKER

TECHNOLOGY

• Development of saturated linkage maps

• DNA fingerprinting for varietal

identification

• Phylogenetic and evolutionary studies

• Molecular markers and heterosisbreeding

MOLECULAR-MARKER

TECHNOLOGY

�Gene tagging

�Marker-assisted selection

�Marker-assisted alien-gene

introgression

�Map-based gene cloning

BE4893230.0

bcd13027.4gdm3342.7gwm3347.9cfd5849.2gwm13653.6cfa215355.7BE44489059.3mwg710.2psr549.2

59.8

mwg2021.160.3gwm110466.6BE442682

barC60469.2

BE49983574.2cfa2158cfd21

78.5

BE44340180.8BE44310383.7BE59168286.9BE49529291.6barc9101.4gdm36116.2cfd65cfd59

126.9

wmc470.1131.2gwm135135.9BE443103171.2

1A

mwg8510.0ksuD1818.5BE49835819.6wmc38223.6barc124.125.1gwm63633.9psr66652.3psr108wmc177

57.8

fba198

fba17858.7

wmC66460.6fba27268.5BE49749481.2BE49947884.9gwm27587.5BE406808wmc474

90.1

BE406584gwm515

91.3

gwm1011

gwm1045BE406923gwm71cfd26

94.7

wmc42096.0BE425962

psr630115.5

barc5117.4psr681127.0psr933127.4wmc407127.6wmc170psr331

131.2

fba374132.3psr540136.8cfd267150.4cfd223183.7

gwm3820.0gwm3110.6barc1228.9

2A

wmc1470.0

gwm75721.4barc5725.1

barc1233.6wmc1134.3

cfd7949.8

Gnu_A76.6

barC61895.5gwm77996.7wmc150.1105.6wmc79125.6barc19126.2barc67126.5wmC669126.8cfa2134133.1psr570134.3gwm1121138.9psr74150.9wmc492153.4barc152168.6wmc96.3170.5

bcd131216.0

wmc153228.6cfa2170232.3cfd62235.2wmc326244.1wmc322252.5

gwm391283.3

3A

wm6140.0wmc894.1barc1065.6cfd716.2Ba216.5

cfa217333.0

gwm49446.2mwg2021.253.4cdo48454.0

mwg67679.9

psr9210.0gwm3973.3

4A

BE4969030.0barc18618.1barc1wmc150.2

18.7

cfd4019.3barc11721.9

gwm44349.0BE49983559.5gwm20560.6gwm15464.3

barc14183.0gwm18688.0wmc37194.5cfd2.296.3barc151117.0cfd12125.9gwm271130.0psr426135.8cfd2a140.7psr549.1144.3barc124.2147.2cfa2163barc142

150.0

cfa2141150.9wmc470.2154.8bcd98157.1KsuG14178.6

cfd39201.4gwm126207.4gwm6211.0cfd47222.2wmc74224.2

5A

cfd1900.0wmc96.21.2barc371.8barc11313.0gwm57026.7wmc17932.5gwm101744.0wmc41746.2gwm61757.1gwm42760.1gwm108963.4psr96667.8

psr687

barc10489.0

6A

gwm4710.0

barc7036.2

gwm63547.9

cfd3172.6

cfa204993.5wm6100.9gwm130102.0barc154103.7cfa2028106.7wmc405122.2wmc58123.9cfa2174135.0RC_A138.3gwm573wmc17

142.6

cfd68145.4wmc96.1149.8gwm473153.8barC69163.7

mwg710.3192.1

gwm3320.0

cfa201911.8

gwm3440.0

wmC67334.7

7A

Molecular linkage map of diploid wheat Triticum monococcum

Developed at PAU

Chrom 1

gdm3342.7gwm3347.9cfd5849.2gwm13653.6cfa215355.7BE44489059.3mwg710bPsr549b

59.8

mwg2021a60.3gwm110466.6BE442682barc204

69.2

BE49983574.2cfa2158cfd2178.5

BE44340180.8BE44310383.7BE59168286.9BE49529291.6barc9101.4gdm36116.2

Cre

M.p

au

-1A

Cereal cyst nematode resistance

gene mapped in T. monococcumStripe rust resistance gene mapped in T. monococcum

fba198fba17858.7

wmC66460.6fba27268.5BE49749481.2BE49947884.9gwm27587.5BE406808wmc474

90.1

BE406584gwm515

91.3

gwm1011gwm1045BE406923

gwm71cfd26

94.7

wmc42096.0BE425962psr630

115.5

barc5117.4psr681127.0psr933127.4wmc407127.6wmc170psr331

131.2

fba374132.3psr540136.8cfd267150.4

YrM.pau-2A

Chrom 2

PR

106

Pu

sa44

PR

114

PR

116

PR

118

PR

106

pyra

mid

lin

es

Pu

sa4

4 p

yra

mid

lin

es

PR

106

pyra

mid

lin

es

Pu

sa4

4 p

yra

mid

lin

es

BB reaction (artificial inoculation) of

released varieties and pyramid lines

Pyramiding of Bacterial Blight resistance

genes, xa5, xa13 and Xa21 in the

background of PR106 and Pusa 44

xa5

xa13

Xa21

PYRAMIDING OF BACTERIAL BLIGHT RESITANCE GENES

IN RICE THROUGH MAS

RM339

xa13

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

B 3

70

P2

Xa21

B 3

70

P2

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

B 3

70

P2

MAS: Basmati rice Improvement

Linked to

amylose

content

Semidwarf plants obtained in the BC1F3 progenies of the crosses Basmati 370/ IET 17948//Basmati 370 and Basmati 386/ IET 17948//Basmati 386

PB

W 3

43

Lr2

4

Lr2

8

MAS: Pyramiding Leaf Rust ( Lr) genes in wheat

MAS: Leaf rust reaction of Lr24 +Lr28 pyramid linesP

BW

343

Pyramid lines

Microbial biotechnology

• Biofertilizers

• Biopesticides

• Bioherbicides

Biofertilizers

• PAU has developed seven Rhizobiumcultures for seven leguminous crops -The technology has been transferred to Department of Agriculture, Punjab.

• Certain fungi are also being investigated for use as biofertilizers

Biopesticides

PAU has isolated some strains of Trichoderma, Pseudomonas, Bacillus subtilis and Fusarium for

biocontrol of soil-borne plant

pathogens of potato, chickpea,

rice and sunflower.

Fungus to control nematodes in soil

Biopesticides

The potato seed-tuber treatment with Trichoderma has been recommended for control of black

scurf disease of potato in Punjab.

Summary: AgBiotech products

• Micropropagated plants

• Transgenic crops

• Pyramided lines/varieties

• Gene Chips

• Biofertilizers

• Biopesticides

• Bioherbicides

• Disease diagnostic kits

Innovate

THANKSTHANKS