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8/11/2019 Biomolecules PAP
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/biomolecules-pap 1/38
C H A P T E R 2 . 3
Carbon Compounds
8/11/2019 Biomolecules PAP
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The Chemistry of Carbon
Carbon
four valence electrons
can form strong covalent bonds withmany other elements
hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus,
sulfur, and nitrogen (H2, O2, P, S, and N2
!iving organisms are made up of molecules that consist of carbon
and these other elements"
8/11/2019 Biomolecules PAP
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The Chemistry of Carbon
Carbon-Carbon Bonds
#an bond to itself
millions of large and complex structures
Single, double, or triple covalent bonds"
$ings also present
8/11/2019 Biomolecules PAP
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Macromolecules
%ranslates into &giant molecules"'
ormed by polymerization)
!arge compounds are built by *oining
smaller ones together
8/11/2019 Biomolecules PAP
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Macromolecules
%he smaller units, or
monomers, *oin together
to form polymers
%he monomers in a
polymer may be
identical or different
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Macromolecules
%hese macromolecules get sorted based
upon the chemical composition"
carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and
proteins"
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Carbohydrates
made up of carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen
atoms, usually in a
ratio of + ) 2 ) +" ie #,H+2O,
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Carbohydrates
!iving things use carbohydrates as their
main source of energy" %he brea-down of
sugars, such as glucose, supplies
immediate energy for cell activities"
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Carbohydrates
Monosaccharide) Monomer of
carbohydrates
single sugar molecule
glucose, galactose (seen in
mil-, fructose (in fruit
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Carbohydrates
Disaccharide) Polymer of carbohydrates
two sugar molecules
bonded
Sucrose)
glucose . fructose
/altose)glucose . glucose
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Complex Carbohydrates
Polysaccharide) Polymer of carbohydrates
many monosaccharides bonded together
Starches, glycogen, cellulose
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Complex Carbohydrates
0n animals)
1lycogen is storage of excess sugar
hen the level of glucose in your blood
runs low, glycogen is bro-en down intoglucose, which is then released into the
blood"
%he glycogen stored in your musclessupplies the energy for muscle contraction"
8/11/2019 Biomolecules PAP
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Complex Carbohydrates
0n plants)
Starch is storage of excess sugar
#ellulose is used in cell wall for strength and
rigidity"
8/11/2019 Biomolecules PAP
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Complex Carbohydrates
(b) Glycogen: an animal polysaccharide
Starch
Glycogenmylose
Chloroplast
(a) Starch: a plant polysaccharide
mylopectin
MitochondriaGlycogen gran!les
"#$ %m
& %m
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Lipids
/ade mostly from carbon and hydrogen
atoms and are generally not soluble in
water"
%ypically have more carbon and hydrogenatoms, and less oxygen atoms"
ats, oils, waxes
8/11/2019 Biomolecules PAP
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Lipids
3uilding bloc-s of lipids are glycerol and
fatty acids"
8/11/2019 Biomolecules PAP
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Lipids
%here are two types of fatty acids)
saturated and unsaturated"
8/11/2019 Biomolecules PAP
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Lipids
Sat!rated 'atty
acid) only single
bonds are
between thecarbon atoms No empty spaces
for hydrogenatoms to bond to
carbonSat!rated 'at
Str!ct!ral'orm!la o' asat!rated 'atmolec!le
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Lipids
nsat!rated
'atty acid) at least
one double bond
between carbon Polyunsaturated if
the fatty acid has
more than onedouble bond
between carbon
nsat!rated 'at
Str!ct!ral 'orm!la
o' an !nsat!rated
'at molec!le
cis do!ble
bond ca!ses
bending
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Lipids
5nsaturated fatty
acids are seen in
plant4based
products) nuts,avocado, olive oil,
vegetable oil
!i6uid at roomtemp4good for
younsat!rated 'at
Str!ct!ral 'orm!la
o' an !nsat!rated
'at molec!le
cis do!ble
bond ca!ses
bending
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Lipids
ats are the most concentrated energy source
in our diets"
1ive 2"7x the energy that sugar gives
%hey have more chemical bonds, thereforemore chemical energy"
Store energy because carbohydrates are
used as first energy source
8/11/2019 Biomolecules PAP
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Lipids
ats are used by animals for insulation and
protections of organs"
Shoc- absorption as animal moves"
axes are used for protective covering" 8arwax cleans and protects ear canal"
ax in plants made by leaves pro*ects from
water loss hales4 build layers of earwax (up to 9"
#an tell their age after it dies from the wax
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Lipids
Phospholipid is important for the cell
membrane"
atty acids
Phosphate
Glycerol
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Proteins
/acromolecule with nitrogen as well as
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen" /onomer) amino acid
Polymer) polypeptide (a*a protein)
/any functions) control the rate of reactions
and regulating cell processes, form cellular
structures, transport substances into or outof cells, and help to fight disease"
8/11/2019 Biomolecules PAP
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Proteins
mino acids are compounds with an
amino group (:NH2 on one end and a carboxyl group (:
#OOH on the other end"
minogro!p
Carbo+ylgro!p
8/11/2019 Biomolecules PAP
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Proteins
hen a protein is made (a polymer, the bond
between each amino acid is called a peptide
bond"
8/11/2019 Biomolecules PAP
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Proteins
;ll amino acids are identical in the amino and
carboxyl groups"
;mino acids differ from each other in a side
chain called the $4group, which have a rangeof different properties"
8/11/2019 Biomolecules PAP
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Proteins
/ore than 2< different amino acids are
found in nature"
8/11/2019 Biomolecules PAP
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Levels of Organization of Proteins
Proteins have 9 levels
of structure" Primary Structure)
se6uence of it=s aminoacids
;lso can be shown as a
list) val his leu thr pro glu glu lysser ala val thr ala leu tyr gly lys
val asn val asp glu val gly gly glu
ala leu gly
mino acid
s!b!nits
./
mino end
Primary Str!ct!re
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Levels of Organization of Proteins
Secondary Structure) folding or coiling of the
polypeptide chain
Secondary Str!ct!re
pleated sheet
heli+
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Levels of Organization of Proteins
%ertiary Structure) the complete, three4
dimensional arrangement of a polypeptide
chain"
8/11/2019 Biomolecules PAP
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Levels of Organization of Proteins
>uaternary Structure) describes the way in
which the different polypeptide chains are
arranged with respect to each other"
0ertiary Str!ct!re 1!aternary Str!ct!re
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Levels of Organization of Proteins
Seen in hemoglobinHas sub units
eme
2ron
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Levels of Organization of Proteins
Primary
Str!ct!reSecondary
Str!ct!re
0ertiary
Str!ct!re
pleated sheet
3+amples o'
amino acid
s!b!nits
./
mino end
heli+
1!aternary
Str!ct!re
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!ucleic "cids
/acromolecules containing hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus" /onomer) n!cleotide
Polymer) n!cleic acid
Store and transmit hereditary, or genetic,
information"
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!ucleic "cids
/!cleotides consist of
three parts) a
74carbon sugar, a
phosphate group(:PO9, and a nitrogenous base"
adenosine triphosphate (;%P, important for
capturing and transferring chemical energy"
8/11/2019 Biomolecules PAP
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!ucleic "cids
%wo important nucleic
acids) ribonucleic acid ($N;
and deoxyribonucleic acid(?N;"
$N; contains the sugar
ribose and ?N; contains
the sugar deoxyribose" ?N; contains instructions
to ma-e amino acids
which ma-e proteins
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