Biomass production and forest management in Brazil

Prof. Dr. Antonio Carlos Ferraz Filho

Joensuu, 2019

Source: FAO (2016)

Why Brazil?

Antonio Carlos Ferraz Filho (Poços de Caldas, Minas Gerais, Brazil)

2006: Bachelor degree - Forestry engineering - Universidade Federal de Lavras2009: Master in forest sciences - Universidade Federal de Lavras

2013: Doctorate in forest sciences - Universidade Federal de Lavras / University of Eastern Finland2014: Assistant professor - Universidade Federal de Lavras

2017: Professor - Universidade Federal do Piauí

Bom Jesus = 22.629 habitantesUFPI/CPCE = 1.314 alunos

Lavras = 100.243 habitantesUFLA = 9.444 alunos de graduação

Brazilian regions

NorthNortheast

Center-westSoutheastSouth

Köppen’s climate classification (Alvares et al. 2013)

Brazilian biomesSource: IBGE (2014)

Percentage of biome area covered by natural forests

Forestry production in Brazil in 2018

Source: Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística – IBGE, 2019.

Production valueR$ 20.6 billion (€ 4.4 billion)

8 % in relation to 2017

4897 municipalities involved

(88% of the total)

Silviculture

R$ 16.3 billion (€ 3.5 billion)

Extractivism

R$ 4.3 billion (€ 0.9 billion)

Participation of extractivism and silviculture in the value of primary forest

production (%)

Concentration of the planted forest sector

1980-1990: Migration to the South of Bahia.

2000-2010: Migration to the extreme south and

Uruguay.

2010-2020: Migration to the Center west,

Argentina and Paraguay.

2020-2040: Migration to the Northeast

1960-1970: Beginning of large scale plantations through fiscal incentives

Economic importance of the planted forestry industry

Source: Industria Brasileira de Árvores– IBÁ, 2019.

R$ 2720€ 586

Minimum wageR$ 998€ 215

Forest plantations production chain

Forestry production from plantations in Brazil in 2018

Total R$ 16.3 billion (€ 3.5 billion)

RoundwoodR$ 10 billion

50% Eucalyptus50% Pinus

Dominated by eucalyptus

90% Pinus resin8% Acacia bark

2% Eucalyptus leaves

How much wood was harvested form plantations in 2018?

Product million m3 in 2018Charcoal 8 Firewood 53

Roundwood - Pulp and paper 93 Roundwood - Other 54

Total 207

Participation by region (%)

Planted forests area in 2018

Total9.9 million hectares

Present in 3488 municipalities

(63% of the total)

Eucalyptus spp.7.5 million hectares

Pinus spp.2.0 million hectares

Other species0.4 million hectares

TeakRubber tree

ParicáAfrican mahogany

Other native timber trees

70% is exported

19% is exported

16% is exported

32Source: Industria Brasileira de Árvores– IBÁ, 2019.

Of the 130 industries that use charcoal in the process of producing pig iron, steel, and ferro-alloys, only 70% are operating.

35Increase in domestic fuel prices

Weakening Real in relation to dollar

Eucalyptus spp.

+ 115 million native hectares

Area of planted eucalyptus forests in the world

Fonte: Inglesias-Trabado & Wilstermann (2008)

- 1855: First trees planted in Rio de Janeiro.- 1903/1904: Studies in the Companhia Paulista de

Estradas de Ferro.

Edmundo Navarro de AndradeDirector of the Forest Service

Introduction of Eucalyptus in Brazil

Andrade, 1939

First large-scale plantations, established in São Paulo

Firewood Railway sleepers Transmission poles

5-year-old Eucalyptus in Horto Florestal de Loreto

6-year-old Eucalyptus in Horto Florestal de Rio Claro

12-year-old Eucalyptus in Horto Florestal de Jundiahy

Goats and Eucalyptus in Horto Florestal de Rio Claro

Andrade & Vecchi 1918

Operation Age Trees per hectare

Planting (4x4 m) 0 625

1st thinning 5 313

2nd thinning 7 156

3rd thinning 16 40

Clear cut 30 0

Eucalyptus spp. management as proposed by Andrade in 1909

Systematic thinning, removing

50% of the trees

Due to problems with stem form and excessive branching, by

1939 Andrade advocated planting 2x2 m and frequent application of light thinnings

Horto Florestal de Rio Claro created in 1909Became the Floresta Estadual Edmundo Navarro de

Andrade in 2002

Installation in 1919

Experimental design including different species,

spacings and seed origin

Plots ranging from 200 to 2000 m2

Castellano et al. (2013)

A) E. urophylla, B) E. pilularis e C) E. grandis

Age = 93 yearsDBH = 70 cm

Height = 65 mVolume = 3500 m3/ha

Castellano et al. (2013)

- 1960: First forestry graduate course in Forestry engineering established inViçosa, Minas Gerais. Later moved to Curitiba, Paraná.

- 1966: Law of tax incentives (Lei no5.106-02/09/66)

Allowed the use of up to 50% of owed taxes in reforestation programs.

Consolidation of Eucalyptus in Brazil

Requirements:- Must own or rend the land- Minimum of 10000 planted trees per year- Productive or protection forests

- 1988: End of tax incentives, beginning of the modern phase of silviculture,characterized by the search for efficiency through the control of productioncosts and increasing yields.

Planted forest in 19640.5 million hectares

Planted forest in 19845.9 million hectares

Eucalyptus productivity evolution in Brazil

Source: Castro et al. (2016), adapted

Unimproved stock

Introduction of E. grandis from Coff’s Harbour

Genetic improvement programs

Predominance of clonal plantations

Silvicultural regimes used for Eucalyptus management

Energy wood

Wood volume InvestmentProduct Rotation

Cellulose

Multiproduct

Clear wood

Higher

HigherLower

Higher

Agroforestry

Coppice with standards

Alternative management regimes

Initial stand establishment is

similar for all regimes

Stand establishment

First rotation – High forests (seedling planting)

Photo credit: Issa Ouedraogo

Harvest residues Grinder Cleaning the planting line

Subsoiling and fertilization

Planting

Steps involved in stand establishment – estimated cost R$ 8000/hectare

Source: Franciscatte (2010)

Permission for planting

Ant controlForest residue

clearingSoil

preparationPlanting

FertilizationIrrigationReplantingWeed control

Ant control3 month

fertilization9 month

fertilization

Nutritional monitoring

Additional fertilization?

24 month fertilization

Weed controlAnt controlHarvestYes

Ant control

Source: http://www.unibras.com.br/Atta laevigata – saúva-cabeça-de-vidro

Ant control

- First silvicultural operation- Sulfluramida (N-ethylperfluorooctane - 1- sulfonamide)- Not possible in rainy days and wet soils

clearingSoil

preparationPlanting

Ant control3 month

fertilization

52Source: Franciscatte (2010)

Fertilizer application in Fibria in 2007/2008

Before planting

Pre planting fertilization – Lime application

Pre planting fertilization – Subsoiler (50 to 100cm deep)

Source: Lemos (2006)

Influence of sub soiling on root production

20cm 120cm

clearingSoil

preparationPlanting

Ant control3 month

fertilization

Seedling planting

Source: Mais (2009)

Application of hydrogel in dry areas

clearingSoil

preparationPlanting

Ant control3 month

fertilization

59Source: Franciscatte (2010)

Fertilizer application in Fibria in 2007/2008

After planting

Post planting fertilization

clearingSoil

preparationPlanting

Ant control3 month

fertilization

Irrigation

Source: Lemos (2006)

3 a 4 L/plant

Weed control

Source: Lemos (2006); Hakamada (2006)

clearingSoil

preparationPlanting

Ant control3 month

fertilization

Energy wood

ProductRotation

Cellulose

Multiproduct

Clear wood

Harvesting

6 to 7 years

12 to 25 years

Harvesting – How much wood is harvested?

Common spacings applied to Eucalyptus in Brazil:

- 3x2 m (1667 TPH)- 3x3 m (1111 TPH)- 4x3 m (833 TPH)

Energy woodMost commonVery high or very low site index

Depends on the spacing:

Depends on the site:

Source: Scolforo et al. (2013)

Energy wood

Product Rotation

Cellulose

Harvesting – Determining the rotation age

6 to 7 years

Rotation age that provides the maximumvolume production

2102 11lnln

Sullivan & Clutter (1972)

m /ha)

Idade (anos)

m /ha)

5 10 15

Age where the mean annual increment (MAI)and the periodic annual increment (PAI) cross

PAIMAI

Better site Worst site

Maximum MAI = 40 m3/ha/yearRotation age = 6 years

Maximum MAI = 19 m3/ha/yearRotation age = 7 years

Energy wood

Cellulose production

Harvesting

Harvester + Forwarder

Feller-buncher + Skidder

Transportation

Source: Calfat (2010)

Forest residual management (Bark, branches and leaves)

36 million t/year

Forestry sector produces 63% of its total consumed

energy (120 million GJ)

After the harvest:

Stand reform (new seedling planting)R$ 8000 / ha

Coppice regeneration (conduct sprouting capacity)R$ 4000 / ha

More common for energy and cellulose regimes

1st rotationPlantation

High forest

Clear cut

2nd rotation1st coppiceLow forest

3rd rotation2nd coppiceLow forest

Clear cut Clear cut Reform

1st cycle – 21 years 2st cycle

Steps involved in stand establishment by coppice regeneration

Criteria to decide to reform a stand

Source: Arbex & Silva (2015)

What causes mortality of the stumps?

Source: Hakamada et al. (2015)

- Stump should be kept free of harvest residues

- Avoid damaging the stumps

- Harvest type has influence

Source: Arbex & Silva (2015)

Steps involved in stand establishment by coppice regeneration

Unmanaged coppice stand

Removing excess sprouts is key to guarantee productivity

Mechanical removal (Chaves & Marrichi, 2015)

Manual removal (Jesus 2015)

When to remove the extra sprouts?

Source: Gomes (2015)

Effect of sprout height at time of removal on stand productivity

How many sprouts should be left in each stump?

Source: Gomes (2015)

Effect of number of sprouts per stump on stand productivity

79Source: Chaves & Marrichi (2015)

Does a coppice stand produce as well as high forests stand?

80Source: Gonçalves (2004)

Does a coppice stand produce as well as high forests stand?

Old technology:

Residue burning

Excessive stumps/sprout

Small application of fertilizers

New technology:

Minimum cultivation of the soil

Lager amount of fertilizer

81Source: Gonçalves (2004)

When should the stand be reformed?

Depleted after the first rotation

When should the stand be reformed?

1st rotationPlantation

7 years Option B (7 years)Reform the stand with or without genetic gain

Option A (7 years)Coppice the stand with different productivity Incremental NPV =

NPV A – NPV B

Source: Ferraz Filho & Scolforo (2011)

References

Alvares, C.A. et al. Köppen’s climate classification map for Brazil. Meteorologische Zeitschrift, Vol.22, No. 6, 711–728, 2013.

Andrade, E.N. » A cultura dos Eucalyptus. Typographia Brazil de Rothschild & Comp. 154 pp. 1909. Available at: <www.ipef.br/publicacoes/navarro/>.

Andrade, E.N.; Vecchi, O. Os eucalyptos - sua cultura e exploração. Typographia Brazil de Rothschild & Comp. 238 pp. 1918. Available at: <www.ipef.br/publicacoes/navarro/>.

Andrade, E.N. O eucalipto, 1a edição. Chácaras e Quintais. 118 pp. 1939. Available at: <www.ipef.br/publicacoes/navarro/>.

Arbex, D.C.; Silva, D.M.R. Manejo de brotação de eucalipto na Copener Florestal. Série Técnica IPEF, v. 21, n. 42, 2015. Available at: <www.ipef.br/publicacoes/stecnica/nr42/st42.pdf>.

Calfat, R. A Votorantim e a cadeia tecnológica da celulose. Instituto de Economia, Unicamp. 2010.

Castellano, G.R. et al. Crescimento de eucaliptos quase centenários no Horto de Rio Claro. Circular Técnica IPEF. n. 205, p. 01-12, 2013. Available at: <www.ipef.br/publicacoes/ctecnica/>

Castro, C.A.O. et al. Brief history of Eucalyptus breeding in Brazil under perspective of biometric advances. Ciência Rural, vol.46, no.9, 2016.

Chaves, R.; Marrichi, A.H.C. Manejo de talhadia (2ª Rotação) na Duratex. Série Técnica IPEF, v. 21, n. 42, 2015. Available at: <www.ipef.br/publicacoes/stecnica/nr42/st42.pdf>.

Franciscatte, W. Adubação no Cultivo de Espécies Florestais. IN: IV Semana de atualizações para técnicos agroflorestais. Fibria Celulose S. A, 2010.

References

FAO. Global Forest Resources Assessment. 2015. Available at: <http://www.fao.org/forest-resources-assessment/en/.

Ferraz Filho, A.C.; Scolforo, J.R.S. Analysis of the economical viability of Eucalyptus spp. coppice compared to replantingusing genetically improved seedlings on different productivities sites in Minas Gerais state, Brazil. IN: Proceedings of theIUFRO Working Group 2.08.03, Improvement and culture of eucalypts. Porto Seguro, 2011.

Gomes, F.S. Manejo de Talhadia na Gerdau. Série Técnica IPEF, v. 21, n. 42, 2015. Available at: <www.ipef.br/publicacoes/stecnica/nr42/st42.pdf>.

Gonçalves, J.L.M.; Gava, J.L.; Wichert, M.C.P. Sustainability of wood production in eucalypt plantations of Brazil. IN: Site Management and Productivity in Tropical Plantation Forests. Proceedings of Workshops in COngo July 2001 and China February 2003. Edited By E.K.S. Nambiar et al. 2004.

Hakamada, R.E. et al. Uso do inventário florestal para identificação de fatores silviculturais e ambientais que afetam a produtividade de Eucalyptus manejado sob talhadia. Série Técnica IPEF, v. 21, n. 42, 2015. Available at: <https://www.ipef.br/publicacoes/stecnica/nr42/st42.pdf>.

Hakamada, R.E. Manejo de Ervas Daninhas em Eucaliptocultura. IN: I Simpósio de Técnicas de Plantio e Manejo de Eucalyptus para Uso Múltiplo. ESALQ, 2006. Available at: <http://www.tume.esalq.usp.br/simp/>.

IBÁ. Relatório 2019. Available at: <www.iba.org/datafiles/publicacoes/relatorios/iba-relatorioanual2019.pdf>.

IBGE. Mapa de vegetação do Brasil. Brasília: Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, 2004. Available at: <www.ibge.gov.br/mapas>.

IBGE. Produção da Extração Vegetal e da Silvicultura. Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, 2019, 8p. Available at: <www.ibge.gov.br/estatisticas/economicas/agricultura-e-pecuaria/9105-producao-da-extracao-vegetal-e-da-silvicultura.html>.

References

Iglesias-Trabado, G.; Wilstermann, D. 2008. Eucalyptus universalis. Global cultivated eucalypt forests map 2008. Version1.0.1. Available at: <http://git-forestry-blog.blogspot.com/>.

Jesus, G.L. Manejo da regeneração do eucalipto na CENIBRA. Série Técnica IPEF, v. 21, n. 42, 2015. Available at: <www.ipef.br/publicacoes/stecnica/nr42/st42.pdf>.

Lemos, A.V. Preparo e Conservação de Solo em Áreas de Reforma de Eucaliptais. IN: I Simpósio de Técnicas de Plantio e Manejo de Eucalyptus para Uso Múltiplo. ESALQ, 2006. Available at: <http://www.tume.esalq.usp.br/simp/>.

Mais, Newsletter 02 - 2° trimestre / 2009. Available at: < www.hydroplan-brasil.com/i/Newsletters_02_2trimestre_2009.pdf>.

Scolforo, J.R. et al. Dominant height model for site classification of Eucalyptus grandis incorporating climatic variables. International Journal of Forestry Research, Volume 2013, Article ID 139236, 7 pages, 2013.

Sullivan, A.D.; Clutter, J.L. A simultaneous growth and yield model for loblolly pine. Forest Science, 18:76-86, 1972.

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