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Chapter 8-Nervous System
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Motor Control? Epilepsy, Phantom limb, deepbrain stim
Movie : Introduction to the Nervous System
Functions of the Nervous System:
Detect the Environment (Sensory)
Integrate Information (ControlCenter)
Maintain homeostasis (Control Center)
Control muscles and glands (Effector)
Mental activity: thinking, feeling,
remembering, learning (Effector)
Deep Brain Stim for Parkinsons: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QFtgV1vqwiE and Alzheimersbrain tutorial: http://www.alz.org/alzheimers_disease_4719.aspLife without pain receptors: http://www.uth.tmc.edu/nba/neuroscience/s2/ii6-1.html
Phantom Limb Pain: http://www.ted.com/index.php/speakers/vilayanur_ramachandran.html
http://howneuronswork.mpg/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QFtgV1vqwiEhttp://www.alz.org/alzheimers_disease_4719.asphttp://www.uth.tmc.edu/nba/neuroscience/s2/ii6-1.htmlhttp://www.ted.com/index.php/speakers/vilayanur_ramachandran.htmlhttp://www.ted.com/index.php/speakers/vilayanur_ramachandran.htmlhttp://www.uth.tmc.edu/nba/neuroscience/s2/ii6-1.htmlhttp://www.uth.tmc.edu/nba/neuroscience/s2/ii6-1.htmlhttp://www.uth.tmc.edu/nba/neuroscience/s2/ii6-1.htmlhttp://www.alz.org/alzheimers_disease_4719.asphttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QFtgV1vqwiEhttp://howneuronswork.mpg/http://howneuronswork.mpg/8/4/2019 Biology128_NervousSystemI
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Divisions of the Nervous System
3
SensoryMotor
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Nervous SystemNervous system is divided in 2 main parts:
Central Nervous System (CNS): brain & spinal cordPeripheral Nervous System (PNS): nerves to and from the CNS
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Brain and Spinal Cord are protected by bone andconnective tissue meninges. Both float and arecushioned by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
5
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Protective Covering: Skull andMeninges
Dura mater consists of an outerperiosteal layer and an inner(meningeal layer) In a few places, between
the layers there are duralsinuses
Dural septa (flat partitions) Falx cerebri Falx cerebelli Tentorium cereblli
Arachnoid mater covers thesurface of the brain and hasCSF - filled subarachnoid space(with blood vessels)
Pia mater is anchored to thebrain (penetrates sulci)
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Arachnoid villus
Superior
sagittal sinus Pia matter Subarachnoid space
Meningeallayer
Periosteallayer
Arachnoid
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9
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1010
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11
http://neurosurgery.seattlechildrens.org/conditions_treated/hydrocephalus.asp
http://neurosurgery.seattlechildrens.org/conditions_treated/hydrocephalus.asphttp://neurosurgery.seattlechildrens.org/conditions_treated/hydrocephalus.asphttp://neurosurgery.seattlechildrens.org/conditions_treated/hydrocephalus.asphttp://neurosurgery.seattlechildrens.org/conditions_treated/hydrocephalus.asphttp://neurosurgery.seattlechildrens.org/conditions_treated/hydrocephalus.asp8/4/2019 Biology128_NervousSystemI
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The Central Nervous System
Surface anatomy
includes cerebralhemispheres,cerebellum, brain stem(midbrain, pons,medulla) and spinal cord
Contains almost 98% ofthe bodys nervoustissue: 1010 to 1011 neurons (10%) 1013 glia (90%)
Trillions of connectionsbetween neurons
Cortical regions havedifferent processingfunctions
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Motor
Motivation
Aggression
Mood
Planning
ProcessesSensory
Visual
Hearing
Learning Memory
Visual -spatial
cognition
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Fifth Lobe: Insula
UnderstandingSpeech
Taste
Cravings
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Introduction to Functional Regions of Brain:Left half of the brain controls the right side of body (sensory and motor)Some functions are lateralized (e.g. language is on the left in most people)
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Reference: http://members.shaw.ca/hidden-talents/brain/jpg/b-right.jpg and http://hiddentalents.org/index.htm
Introduction to Functional Regions of BrainRight half of the brain controls the left side of body (sensory and motor)Some functions are lateralized (e.g. visual - spatial tasks are on the right in most people)
http://members.shaw.ca/hidden-talents/brain/jpg/b-right.jpghttp://hiddentalents.org/index.htmhttp://hiddentalents.org/index.htmhttp://members.shaw.ca/hidden-talents/brain/jpg/b-right.jpghttp://members.shaw.ca/hidden-talents/brain/jpg/b-right.jpghttp://members.shaw.ca/hidden-talents/brain/jpg/b-right.jpghttp://members.shaw.ca/hidden-talents/brain/jpg/b-right.jpghttp://members.shaw.ca/hidden-talents/brain/jpg/b-right.jpghttp://members.shaw.ca/hidden-talents/brain/jpg/b-right.jpg8/4/2019 Biology128_NervousSystemI
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3D representation of sensory and motor body maps =homonculus
17
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Primary Somatosensory Cortex
Body Map on SensoryCortex
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Primary Motor Cortex
Topographic map of body on Motorcortex
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CNS: Spinal Cord Spinal cord is enclosed within the
vertebral column from theforamen magnum to L2
Organization of the spinal cordprovides for two-waycommunication to and from thebrain Dorsal roots contain sensory
nerves bring info in Ventral roots contain motor
nerves taking info out tomuscles
Cervical and LumbarEnlargements
Peripheral Nervous System: Spinal nerves (31 pairs)
enter and exit throughintervertebral foramen Somatic (to skeletalmuscles) Autonomic Nervous
System (to glands,organs, blood vessels)
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Peripheral NervousSystem
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Autonomic NervousSystem (ANS)
Automatic Not
Voluntary?EX: Control of heart rate,respiration rate
Article about monks changing body temperature:http://www.nytimes.com/1982/02/09/science/science-watch-heat-from-meditation.html
Movie Relaxation response: http://www.pbs.org/saf/1310/video/watchonline.htm
Benson and Monk Movie in Tibet (starts with Alan Alda in lab) :
http://vvi.onstreammedia.com/cgi-bin/visearch?user=pbs-saf&template=play220asf.html&query=*&squery=%2BClipID%3A5+%2BVideoAsset%3Apbssaf1310&inputField=%20&entire=No&ccstart=2069479&ccend=3318395&videoID=pbssaf1310
D (F h Fl h D
http://www.nytimes.com/1982/02/09/science/science-watch-heat-from-meditation.htmlhttp://www.pbs.org/saf/1310/video/watchonline.htmhttp://vvi.onstreammedia.com/cgi-bin/visearch?user=pbs-saf&template=play220asf.html&query=*&squery=+ClipID:5++VideoAsset:pbssaf1310&inputField=%20&entire=No&ccstart=2069479&ccend=3318395&videoID=pbssaf1310http://vvi.onstreammedia.com/cgi-bin/visearch?user=pbs-saf&template=play220asf.html&query=*&squery=+ClipID:5++VideoAsset:pbssaf1310&inputField=%20&entire=No&ccstart=2069479&ccend=3318395&videoID=pbssaf1310http://vvi.onstreammedia.com/cgi-bin/visearch?user=pbs-saf&template=play220asf.html&query=*&squery=+ClipID:5++VideoAsset:pbssaf1310&inputField=%20&entire=No&ccstart=2069479&ccend=3318395&videoID=pbssaf1310http://vvi.onstreammedia.com/cgi-bin/visearch?user=pbs-saf&template=play220asf.html&query=*&squery=+ClipID:5++VideoAsset:pbssaf1310&inputField=%20&entire=No&ccstart=2069479&ccend=3318395&videoID=pbssaf1310http://vvi.onstreammedia.com/cgi-bin/visearch?user=pbs-saf&template=play220asf.html&query=*&squery=+ClipID:5++VideoAsset:pbssaf1310&inputField=%20&entire=No&ccstart=2069479&ccend=3318395&videoID=pbssaf1310http://vvi.onstreammedia.com/cgi-bin/visearch?user=pbs-saf&template=play220asf.html&query=*&squery=+ClipID:5++VideoAsset:pbssaf1310&inputField=%20&entire=No&ccstart=2069479&ccend=3318395&videoID=pbssaf1310http://vvi.onstreammedia.com/cgi-bin/visearch?user=pbs-saf&template=play220asf.html&query=*&squery=+ClipID:5++VideoAsset:pbssaf1310&inputField=%20&entire=No&ccstart=2069479&ccend=3318395&videoID=pbssaf1310http://vvi.onstreammedia.com/cgi-bin/visearch?user=pbs-saf&template=play220asf.html&query=*&squery=+ClipID:5++VideoAsset:pbssaf1310&inputField=%20&entire=No&ccstart=2069479&ccend=3318395&videoID=pbssaf1310http://vvi.onstreammedia.com/cgi-bin/visearch?user=pbs-saf&template=play220asf.html&query=*&squery=+ClipID:5++VideoAsset:pbssaf1310&inputField=%20&entire=No&ccstart=2069479&ccend=3318395&videoID=pbssaf1310http://vvi.onstreammedia.com/cgi-bin/visearch?user=pbs-saf&template=play220asf.html&query=*&squery=+ClipID:5++VideoAsset:pbssaf1310&inputField=%20&entire=No&ccstart=2069479&ccend=3318395&videoID=pbssaf1310http://www.pbs.org/saf/1310/video/watchonline.htmhttp://www.nytimes.com/1982/02/09/science/science-watch-heat-from-meditation.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/1982/02/09/science/science-watch-heat-from-meditation.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/1982/02/09/science/science-watch-heat-from-meditation.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/1982/02/09/science/science-watch-heat-from-meditation.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/1982/02/09/science/science-watch-heat-from-meditation.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/1982/02/09/science/science-watch-heat-from-meditation.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/1982/02/09/science/science-watch-heat-from-meditation.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/1982/02/09/science/science-watch-heat-from-meditation.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/1982/02/09/science/science-watch-heat-from-meditation.htmlhttp://vvi.onstreammedia.com/cgi-bin/visearch?user=pbs-saf&template=play220asf.html&query=*&squery=%2BClipID%3A5+%2BVideoAsset%3Apbssaf1310&inputField=%20&entire=No&ccstart=2069479&ccend=3318395&videoID=pbssaf13108/4/2019 Biology128_NervousSystemI
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Organ PNS SNS
Eye ConstrictsPupils
Constrictspupils
Stomach Increase
digestion,motility,elimination
Decrease
digestion,motility,elimination
SalivaryGland
Increasesalivaproduction
Decreasesalivaproduction
Heart Decreaseheart rate
Increaseheart rate
Lungs Constrictairways
Dilateairways
Genitals Erection Ejaculation,orgasm
http://itc.gsw.edu/faculty/gfisk/anim/autonomicns.swf
ANS: Two Divisions (Fight or Flight AND Restand Digest)
http://itc.gsw.edu/faculty/gfisk/anim/autonomicns.swfhttp://itc.gsw.edu/faculty/gfisk/anim/autonomicns.swf8/4/2019 Biology128_NervousSystemI
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Cells of Nervous Tissue: Neurons and Glia
FUNCTIONS Neurons excitable cells that transmit electrical
signals, connect with each other to form circuits,
detect, integrate and respond to signals. Majorplayers of nervous system (10% of cells)
Glia supporting cells that fill space aroundneurons and do many other jobs (e.g. maintain ionconcentrations especially [K+ ]in extracellular fluid,serve as a scaffold for neuron migration duringdevelopment, wrap axons and so much more (90% of cells).
Glia
Neurons
N ur n An t m
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Neuron Anatomy
Shape
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Classification of NeuronsShapeLocationFunction: Motor neurons sensory neurons interneurons
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Glia
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Gli A t t
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Glia: Astrocytes arethe most abundant
cells in nervous tissue
Functions: Glue old idea when not much was known Control regional blood flow in the brain at
blood brain barrierhttp://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/3
4048/title/Astrocytes_are_rising_starsANDhttp://power.healingmindn.com/2009/01/20/fmri-neuroscience-advances-in-mind-reading-scans/
Promote neurogenesis of stem cellshttp://www.hhmi.org/news/stevens2.html
Form network that propagates slow
calcium waves throughout the brain(through gap junctions) Wrap neurons and their synaptic endings Act as scaffolds for migration of
developing neurons (e.g. Bergmann) Protect cells during brain ischemia (from
cardiac arrest, stroke, trauma) by soppingup waste (K+, glutamate)
Act as phagocytesScaffold for Neurons (Bergmann glia in cerebellum)
Blood Brain Barrier
go en rocytes an c wann
http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/34048/title/Astrocytes_are_rising_starshttp://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/34048/title/Astrocytes_are_rising_starshttp://power.healingmindn.com/2009/01/20/fmri-neuroscience-advances-in-mind-reading-scans/http://power.healingmindn.com/2009/01/20/fmri-neuroscience-advances-in-mind-reading-scans/http://power.healingmindn.com/2009/01/20/fmri-neuroscience-advances-in-mind-reading-scans/http://power.healingmindn.com/2009/01/20/fmri-neuroscience-advances-in-mind-reading-scans/http://www.hhmi.org/news/stevens2.htmlhttp://www.hhmi.org/news/stevens2.htmlhttp://www.hhmi.org/news/stevens2.htmlhttp://www.hhmi.org/news/stevens2.htmlhttp://www.hhmi.org/news/stevens2.htmlhttp://power.healingmindn.com/2009/01/20/fmri-neuroscience-advances-in-mind-reading-scans/http://power.healingmindn.com/2009/01/20/fmri-neuroscience-advances-in-mind-reading-scans/http://power.healingmindn.com/2009/01/20/fmri-neuroscience-advances-in-mind-reading-scans/http://power.healingmindn.com/2009/01/20/fmri-neuroscience-advances-in-mind-reading-scans/http://power.healingmindn.com/2009/01/20/fmri-neuroscience-advances-in-mind-reading-scans/http://power.healingmindn.com/2009/01/20/fmri-neuroscience-advances-in-mind-reading-scans/http://power.healingmindn.com/2009/01/20/fmri-neuroscience-advances-in-mind-reading-scans/http://power.healingmindn.com/2009/01/20/fmri-neuroscience-advances-in-mind-reading-scans/http://power.healingmindn.com/2009/01/20/fmri-neuroscience-advances-in-mind-reading-scans/http://power.healingmindn.com/2009/01/20/fmri-neuroscience-advances-in-mind-reading-scans/http://power.healingmindn.com/2009/01/20/fmri-neuroscience-advances-in-mind-reading-scans/http://power.healingmindn.com/2009/01/20/fmri-neuroscience-advances-in-mind-reading-scans/http://power.healingmindn.com/2009/01/20/fmri-neuroscience-advances-in-mind-reading-scans/http://power.healingmindn.com/2009/01/20/fmri-neuroscience-advances-in-mind-reading-scans/http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/34048/title/Astrocytes_are_rising_starshttp://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/34048/title/Astrocytes_are_rising_starshttp://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/34048/title/Astrocytes_are_rising_stars8/4/2019 Biology128_NervousSystemI
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go en rocytes an c wanncells are glia that wrap and
insulate axons
Oligodendrodrocytes:
Wrap axons in the CNS
Schwann cells: Make myelin sheath in
the PNS Sheath is the
insulation that makesAP propagation fast (150 m/s vs. 1 m/s)
Sheath acts as abridge forregeneration of axons
Myelinated nerve bundleof axons
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Neurophysiology: Concepts toUnderstand
Resting PotentialExcitation Secretion Coupling (calcium)
Graded Synaptic Potentials
Excitatory Inhibitory
Threshold
Action PotentialsPropagation
Circuits Wiring of cells to each other
matters! 30
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Resting Potential
mV
time
0
-100
+100
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SynapseDEF: An anatomically, chemically and functionally specialized region
between two cells that mediates information transfer.
Cells in the CNS receive as many as 10,000 synapses
**** Information transfer can be excitatory or inhibitoryHow is this different from the neuromuscular junction?
Chemical Synapses A closer look
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Chemical Synapses A closer look
Anatomical/Chemical Specializations of Chemical Synapses include:
Presynaptic terminal filled with synaptic vesicles and Ca channels
Postsynaptic specializations including high density of transmitter receptors
Fluid-filled space called synaptic cleft often filled with special molecules which may includeenzymes to breakdown transmitter, synapse-stabilizer molecules, and other interesting
cells/molecules
l
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Synaptic Potentials:Excitation -
Secretion (calcium)
mV
time
0
-100
+100
http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/matthew
s/neurotrans.html
N t itt
http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/matthews/neurotrans.htmlhttp://www.blackwellpublishing.com/matthews/neurotrans.htmlhttp://www.blackwellpublishing.com/matthews/neurotrans.htmlhttp://www.blackwellpublishing.com/matthews/neurotrans.html8/4/2019 Biology128_NervousSystemI
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Neurotransmitters
More than 50 differentneurotransmitters havebeen identified.
NT classified according to1. Functional effects
1. Excitatory2. Inhibitory
2. Chemical structure1. Acetylcholine Alzheimers?2. Amino acids MSG ?3. Neuropeptides Opiates,Oxycontin?4. Biogenic amines Cocaine?
Prozac, Milk?5. Purines Caffeine,
Chocalate?6. Hormones Testosterone?7. Gases Nitrous?
8. Lipids Cannabinoids likemarijuana?
Mouse party: http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addiction/drugs/mouse.html
NT, Drugs INFO: http://www.psych.ualberta.ca/~ITL/flash/stimulants_draft.swfhttp://www.nationalfamilies.org/brain/index.html
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addiction/drugs/mouse.htmlhttp://www.psych.ualberta.ca/~ITL/flash/stimulants_draft.swfhttp://www.nationalfamilies.org/brain/index.htmlhttp://www.nationalfamilies.org/brain/index.htmlhttp://www.nationalfamilies.org/brain/index.htmlhttp://www.psych.ualberta.ca/~ITL/flash/stimulants_draft.swfhttp://www.nationalfamilies.org/brain/index.htmlhttp://www.nationalfamilies.org/brain/index.htmlhttp://www.nationalfamilies.org/brain/index.htmlhttp://www.psych.ualberta.ca/~ITL/flash/stimulants_draft.swfhttp://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addiction/drugs/mouse.html8/4/2019 Biology128_NervousSystemI
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2 Types of Post-synaptic Potentials (PSPs)EPSP excitatory postsynapticpotentials aregraded potentials
that depolarize cell.
IPSP inhibitory postsynapticpotentials aregraded potentials
hyperpolarize the cell.
I t ti S ti I f ti AP
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Integrating Synaptic Information AP or noAP?
EPSPs and IPSPS add together
EPSP + EPSP can add to reach threshold for AP generation IPSP + EPSP can cancel each other out
Spatial and temporal summation allow
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Spatial and temporal summation allowintegration of neuronal signaling
S IMPACT B h i !!!
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Synapses IMPACT Behavior!!!
Tabuchi et al., 2007. A neuroligin-3 mutation implicated inautism increases inhibitory synaptic transmission in
mice. Science. 318: 71-76. 39
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Digression For Fun (NT and DRUGS)
40
Neurotransmitters
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Neurotransmitters
More than 50 differentneurotransmitters havebeen identified.
NT classified according to1. Functional effects
1. Excitatory2. Inhibitory
2. Chemical structure1. Acetylcholine Alzheimers?2. Amino acids MSG ?3. Neuropeptides Opiates,Oxycontin?4. Biogenic amines Cocaine?
Prozac, Milk?5. Purines Caffeine,
Chocalate?6. Hormones Testosterone?7. Gases Nitrous?
8. Lipids Cannabinoids likemarijuana?
Mouse party: http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addiction/drugs/mouse.html
NT, Drugs INFO: http://www.psych.ualberta.ca/~ITL/flash/stimulants_draft.swfhttp://www.nationalfamilies.org/brain/index.html
Reward (Dopamine and Cocaine) and Mood Pathways (Serotonin and
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addiction/drugs/mouse.htmlhttp://www.psych.ualberta.ca/~ITL/flash/stimulants_draft.swfhttp://www.nationalfamilies.org/brain/index.htmlhttp://www.nationalfamilies.org/brain/index.htmlhttp://www.nationalfamilies.org/brain/index.htmlhttp://www.psych.ualberta.ca/~ITL/flash/stimulants_draft.swfhttp://www.nationalfamilies.org/brain/index.htmlhttp://www.nationalfamilies.org/brain/index.htmlhttp://www.nationalfamilies.org/brain/index.htmlhttp://www.psych.ualberta.ca/~ITL/flash/stimulants_draft.swfhttp://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addiction/drugs/mouse.html8/4/2019 Biology128_NervousSystemI
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Reward (Dopamine and Cocaine) and Mood Pathways (Serotonin andProzac)Transmitters are released by neurons that make connections with many parts of thebrain and can have wide-reaching effects on lots of information processing.
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addiction/reward/neurontalk.html
For FUN: A closer look at Amines made
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addiction/reward/neurontalk.htmlhttp://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addiction/reward/neurontalk.html8/4/2019 Biology128_NervousSystemI
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For FUN: A closer look at Amines madefrom amino acids
Biogenic Amines: Derived from the amino acid tyrosine.
Actions: Produce rewarding and pleasurable feelings
DopamineTo LOW: Parkinsons disease: Dopamine neurons in a part of the
brain called substantia nigra die.http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QFtgV1vqwiE
Too HIGH: Schizophrenia, Cocaine and hereNorepinephrine (and epinephrine)
Too HIGH:
Drugs: Amphetamines (act as NE,DA), Tricyclic antidepressants(decrease breakdown), Cocaine (decreases breakdown)Stress: (Fight or flight response) leads to increased heart rate,blood pressure, infertility)
Indoleamines: Derived from the amino acid tryptophan. Feelingdepressed? Amino acid tryptophan is precursor for 5HT and canbe low in diet.Serotonin (5HT)Eat more chocolate, oats, bananas, durians, mangoes,
dried dates, milk,yogurt, cottage cheese, red meat,eggs, fish, poultry,sesame, chickpeas, sunflower seeds, pumpkin seeds, spirulina, and peanuts.To LOW: depressionToo High (Drugs that increase levels): LSD Ecstasy: increases 5HT followed by depletion SSRIs e.g. Prozac: antidepressant increases serotonin by
blocking re-uptake
Melatonin (circadian rhythms and sleep)
F F l l k i id
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QFtgV1vqwiEhttp://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/schiz.htmlhttp://www.pbs.org/wnet/closetohome/animation/coca-anim2-main.htmlhttp://www.drugabuse.gov/Infofacts/cocaine.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Date_Palmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Date_Palmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogurthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottage_cheesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottage_cheesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottage_cheesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottage_cheesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_meathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_meathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_(food)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poultryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poultryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesamehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesamehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Date_Palmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickpeahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickpeahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickpeahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickpeahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogurthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunflower_seedshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunflower_seedshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunflower_seedshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottage_cheesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumpkin_seedshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumpkin_seedshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumpkin_seedshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirulina_(dietary_supplement)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirulina_(dietary_supplement)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirulina_(dietary_supplement)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirulina_(dietary_supplement)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poultryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanuthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanuthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesamehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickpeahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunflower_seedshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumpkin_seedshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirulina_(dietary_supplement)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanuthttp://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/lsd.htmlhttp://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/lsd.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanuthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirulina_(dietary_supplement)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumpkin_seedshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunflower_seedshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickpeahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesamehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poultryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_(food)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_meathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottage_cheesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogurthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Date_Palmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bananahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chocolatehttp://www.drugabuse.gov/Infofacts/cocaine.htmlhttp://www.pbs.org/wnet/closetohome/animation/coca-anim2-main.htmlhttp://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/schiz.htmlhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QFtgV1vqwiE8/4/2019 Biology128_NervousSystemI
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For Fun: A closer look at Amino Acids
Glutamate- main excitatory transmitter in brain, role in memory andlearning Direct and indirect actions depending on receptor type
Increase (Drug that mimics) monosodium glutamate (MSG) Decrease problems learning?
GABA- main inhibitory transmitter in brain Coupled to K channel in some places
Increase: Drugs that mimic - valium and barbituates act here Disease that decreases (Epilepsy has too little GABA leads to
convulsions)Glycine main inhibitory transmitter in spinal cord
Direct: Cl- channel generates fast IPSP
Disease or drugs that decrease - seizures
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For Fun: More NT
Purines: (ATP, adenosine)Decrease inhibitory actions of adenosine tochange arousal: caffeine, theobromine(chocolate)
Peptides: (e.g. endorphins) blocks pain sensationvia indirect activation of K channels.Natural opiates give runners high.Increase (drugs that mimic actions):morphine, heroin, codeine
http://www.drugabuse.gov/pubs/teaching/default.htmlDissolved gases: (nitric oxide, carbon
monoxide).Increase: Viagra increases NO > caues
vasodilation> penile erection (normallymediated by ANS)
l l
http://www.psych.ualberta.ca/~ITL/flash/stimulants_draft.swfhttp://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/caff.htmhttp://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/caff.htmhttp://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addiction/drugs/abuse.htmlhttp://www.drugabuse.gov/pubs/teaching/default.htmlhttp://www.drugabuse.gov/pubs/teaching/default.htmlhttp://www.drugabuse.gov/pubs/teaching/default.htmlhttp://www.drugabuse.gov/pubs/teaching/default.htmlhttp://www.drugabuse.gov/pubs/teaching/default.htmlhttp://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addiction/drugs/abuse.htmlhttp://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/caff.htmhttp://www.psych.ualberta.ca/~ITL/flash/stimulants_draft.swf8/4/2019 Biology128_NervousSystemI
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Serotonin levels Designer Drugs tochange moods?
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Neurotransmitters: Disease/HealthDeep Brain Stim for Parkinsons: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QFtgV1vqwiE
Plus/minus cocaine cellular model:http://www.thirteen.org/closetohome/animation/coca-anim-main.html and moreinfo: http://www.drugabuse.gov/Infofacts/cocaine.html
Recreational Drugs (Mouse Party): http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addiction/drugs/
http://www.psych.ualberta.ca/~ITL/flash/stimulants_draft.swf
Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by unprovoked, recurring seizuresthat disrupt the nervous system and can cause mental and physical dysfunction.In the U.S., about 2.5 million people are affected by epilepsy and seizures. About10% of the American population will experience at least one seizure during theirlifetime.Drugs that help relieve symptoms either increase inhibition or decreaseexcitation:
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Summary Chemical Synaptic Transmission
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QFtgV1vqwiEhttp://www.thirteen.org/closetohome/animation/coca-anim-main.htmlhttp://www.drugabuse.gov/Infofacts/cocaine.htmlhttp://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addiction/drugs/http://www.psych.ualberta.ca/~ITL/flash/stimulants_draft.swfhttp://www.psych.ualberta.ca/~ITL/flash/stimulants_draft.swfhttp://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addiction/drugs/http://www.drugabuse.gov/Infofacts/cocaine.htmlhttp://www.thirteen.org/closetohome/animation/coca-anim-main.htmlhttp://www.thirteen.org/closetohome/animation/coca-anim-main.htmlhttp://www.thirteen.org/closetohome/animation/coca-anim-main.htmlhttp://www.thirteen.org/closetohome/animation/coca-anim-main.htmlhttp://www.thirteen.org/closetohome/animation/coca-anim-main.htmlhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QFtgV1vqwiE8/4/2019 Biology128_NervousSystemI
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y y pSequence of events Action Potential reaches the axonal terminal of the presynaptic neuron Depolarization opens voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in the presynaptic cell Calcium moves down its electrochemical gradient into the cell where it serves to
depolarize the cell and more importantly act as a signaling molecule. Calcium triggers vesicle fusion with the cell membrane and release ofneurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft
Neurotransmitter diffuses in the cleft. This is the rate limiting step in signaltransmission (.3 5 ms)
Neurotransmitter binds to receptors on the post-synaptic cell to effect a response Often (but not always) the response to transmitter binding is opening of an ion
channel via either direct or indirect transmission (more soon). If the channel provides a path for positive ions to move into the cell (down
electrochemical gradients) the transmitter is excitatory, depolarizes the cell toproduce an EPSP excitatory post-synaptic potential.
If the transmitter provides a path for positive ions to leave the cell or negativeions to enter the cell, resulting in a net hyperpolarization or IPSP (inhibitorypost-synaptic potential), the transmitter is inhibitory.
The response ends when transmitter unbinds from the receptor as a result of fallingconcentrations of the transmitter in the cleft Transmitter degraded by enzymes (like acetylchloinesterase at the NMJ) Transmitter is taken up by re-uptake proteins into the presynaptic neuron,
astrocytes Transmitter diffuses away from cleft
http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/matthews/neurotrans.html
Integrating Synaptic Information AP or no
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Integrating Synaptic Information AP or noAP?
EPSPs and IPSPS add together
EPSP + EPSP can add to reach threshold for AP generation IPSP + EPSP can cancel each other out
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Draw an Action Potential
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Draw an Action PotentialLabel: EPSP, Threshold, Depolarization, Overshoot, Repolarization,
resting potentialHow long are action potentials?
52
mV
time
0
-100
+100
Check your
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Check yourDrawing
Actions Potentials are used to send messages
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Actions Potentials are used to send messagesquickly (2 300 miles/hour)
Different Axons Conduct APs at Different Speeds
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p
Factors that determine speed: Diameter of the axon (the larger the diameter, the faster the AP
travels)
Insulated or NOT (Myelination/Unmyelinated): myelinationdramatically increases impulse speed.Classification of Axons:
Biggest myelinated conduct APs the fastest: 300 mph (150meters/second) EX: MOTOR AXONS (Ia)
Smallest, unmyelinated fibers conduct APs the slowest:2 mph (1
meter/second) EX: PAIN FIBERS (C fibers)
Slow AP Propagation: Continuous
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Slow AP Propagation: Continuous
Properties:An new action potentialoccurs in each little patch
of membraneSpeed: 1 meter/second
Faster AP Propagation: Saltatory
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Faster AP Propagation: SaltatorySpeed = 15 - 120 meters/second
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) effects AP
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Multiple Sclerosis (MS) effects APpropagation:
MS is an autoimmune disease
Glial cells that form myelin in the CNS and PNS are attacked by theimmune system and killed
AP propagation is disrupted > many APs fail to reach axon terminaltherefore communication is disrupted
Symptoms: Vision and hearing problems, muscle weakness, and urinary
incontinence Treatments: Drugs that block immune system (like interferon beta-1a and -1b,
Avonex, Betaseran, and Copazone)
Web Info: Multiple Sclerosis: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qgySDmRRzxY
Montel Williams on Oprah:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rgS4H-hTo0Q&feature=related NYT Patient Stories: http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2008/12/03/health/healthguide/TE_MULTIPLESCLEROSIS.html
http://www.nationalmssociety.org/about-multiple-sclerosis/index.aspx
Interpreting Action PotentialsK C t AP F d Sti l
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qgySDmRRzxYhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rgS4H-hTo0Q&feature=relatedhttp://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2008/12/03/health/healthguide/TE_MULTIPLESCLEROSIS.htmlhttp://www.nationalmssociety.org/about-multiple-sclerosis/index.aspxhttp://www.nationalmssociety.org/about-multiple-sclerosis/index.aspxhttp://www.nationalmssociety.org/about-multiple-sclerosis/index.aspxhttp://www.nationalmssociety.org/about-multiple-sclerosis/index.aspxhttp://www.nationalmssociety.org/about-multiple-sclerosis/index.aspxhttp://www.nationalmssociety.org/about-multiple-sclerosis/index.aspxhttp://www.nationalmssociety.org/about-multiple-sclerosis/index.aspxhttp://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2008/12/03/health/healthguide/TE_MULTIPLESCLEROSIS.htmlhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rgS4H-hTo0Q&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rgS4H-hTo0Q&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rgS4H-hTo0Q&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qgySDmRRzxY8/4/2019 Biology128_NervousSystemI
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p gKey Concept: AP Frequency codes Stimulus
Intensity (Loud sound vs. soft sound, bright light vs. dim light)
Interpreting APsP h h f P d l f
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p gKey Concept: Pathway that fires APs determines quality of
information. Is the signal from the environment a green light, agentle touch to your arm or to your face, a painful pinch, or a
soothing sound?
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Interpreting APSKey Concept: Pathways carrying information can diverge and
converge, taking info to different parts of the brain for processing
e.g. smells trigger memories and emotions (e.g. scent of a rosereminds you of your mother)
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Generating Behaviors: Reflex Arc Simple
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Circuit
There are five components of a reflex arc Receptor site of stimulus Sensory neuron transmits the afferent impulse to the CNS Integration center within the CNS Motor neuron conducts efferent APS from the integration
center to an effector Effector muscle fiber or gland that responds to the APs
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Review the details of the reflex here:h // h d / b / / 1/ 6 1 h l
http://www.uth.tmc.edu/nba/neuroscience/s1/i6-1.htmlhttp://www.uth.tmc.edu/nba/neuroscience/s1/i6-1.htmlhttp://www.uth.tmc.edu/nba/neuroscience/s1/i6-1.htmlhttp://www.uth.tmc.edu/nba/neuroscience/s1/i6-1.htmlhttp://www.uth.tmc.edu/nba/neuroscience/s1/i6-1.htmlRecommended