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8/18/2019 BIOLOGY FORM 4 CHAPTER 4 VERSION 2
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Chemical Composition ofThe Cell
Cabohydrates
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polisaccharides
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• Known as simple sugar
• Formula : C6H12O6
•Example Are Glucose, Fructose and Galactose
• weet tasting and can dissol!e in water
• All are reducing sugars
Monosaccharide
s
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• Known As "ou#le ugar
• Formula: C12H22O11
• Complex Ca#o$%drate
• Formed w$en 2 &onosacc$arides com#ines t$roug$
condensation
• weet tasting
• Can dissol!e in water • Can #e #ro'e into &onosacc$arides t$roug$
H%drol%sis
•
All are reducing sugar except ucrose
DISACCHARIDES
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Disaccharides
Maltose = Glucose +Glucose
Sucrose = Glucose +Fructose
Lactose = Glucose +Galactose
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•
Formula : (C6H!"#$n• Formed %hen Many &dentical
Monosaccharides are condensed
•
Polymers o' monosaccharides ordisaccharides
• Do not taste s%eet and crystalline
• )y*e ,ll non reducin- su-ar – Glyco-en .&nsoluble
– Cellulose .&nsoluble
– Starch .Soluble
Polisaccharides
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Primary Structure
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T
E
R
T
IA
R
Y
S
T
R
U
C
T
U
R
E
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Quaternary
Structure
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Characteristics of
Enzymes
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&inute Amount
• A minor (uantit% o) en*%me is capa#le o)
catal%sing a ma+or c$emical reaction
• One molecule o) en*%me can produce million
o) su#strate molecules into product per minute
• En*%me lowers down t$e $ig$, re(uired
acti!ation energ% and increase t$e rate o)
reaction
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peci)ic Action
•
&ost en*%me are speci)ic to one particularreaction
• A gi!en en*%me catal%ses onl% one particular
su#strate molecules
Can e -eused
• ince en*%mes are not c$anged in s$ape or)unction in t$e en*%me.catal%sed reaction,
t$e% can #e reused
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• -eaction are re!ersi#le
• &a% need Co)actor
•
ensiti!e to temperature c$anges – At !er% low temperature, an en*%me is inacti!e
– Optimum temperature is a#out /0 degree celcius
–
At !er% $ig$ temperature, en*%me are denatured
• ensiti!e toward c$anges in pH
• Eac$ en*%me $as its optimum pH
•
mall c$anges in t$e pH o) t$e medium will denatureand inacti!ate t$e en*%mes
• $e s$ape o) en*%mes ma% #e c$anged #ecause o) t$e
ionic c$arges o) acidic and #asic group o) t$e
en*%mes
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Lock And Key
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