Biology EOC Review. Biology Review L.18.12 – Properties of Water Discuss the special properties of...

Biology EOC Review

Biology Review L.18.12 – Properties of WaterDiscuss the special properties of water that contribute to Earth's suitability as an environment for life: cohesive behavior, ability to moderate temperature, expansion upon freezing, and versatility as a solvent.•Identify examples of water's properties that

sustain life (e.g. ice floats, water movement through plants, water cycle).

•Explain the properties of water at a conceptual level.

•Explain how the properties of water make water essential for life on Earth.

What are the properties of water and how do they influence life on Earth?

•Water is a versatile solvent. •Less dense as a solid. •High specific heat

▫Does not change temperature very fast. •Hydrogen Bonding makes cohesion,

adhesion, and surface tension▫Allow water to move from roots to leaves in

plants

 How does water dissolve substances?

•Water is polar it has a slight positive and negative charge that allows it to separate and dissolve other substances.

Water

•Key Vocabulary: adhesion, cohesion, endothermic, exothermic heat capacity, polarity, surface tension, solute, solution, solvent

•http://www.schooltube.com/video/b36a222fcdfef2db9af8/Properties-Of-Water

Biology Review L.18.1 – Macromolecules, EnzymesDescribe the basic molecular structures and primary functions of the four major categories of biological macromolecules• Explain how enzymes speed up the rate of a

biochemical reaction by lowering the energy needed to start reaction.

• Identify and/or describe the effect of environmental factors on enzyme activity.

• Identify and/or describe the basic molecular structure of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and/or nucleic acids.

• Explain the difference between organic and inorganic compounds.

• Describe the primary functions of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and/or nucleic acids in organisms.

• Describe the properties of the carbon atom that make the diversity of carbon compounds possible.

What are the elements that make up the 4 macromolecules in the body?• Carbohydrates•Proteins•Lipids•Nucleic Acids

Phospholipid

How do each of the four major categories of macromolecules support the body?• Carbohydrates- ▫Main source of short term energy

• Proteins▫Control chemical reactions (enzymes)▫Bone/muscle formation▫Move substances in/out of cells ▫Antibodies

• Lipids- ▫Long term energy storage▫Cushions organs▫Make up cell membrane▫Make hormones

• Nucleic Acids-▫DNA and RNA

How do enzymes act as catalysts?

•Enzymes lower the activation energy of chemical reactions

How do various factors affect enzymes?

•pH•Temperature •Concentration

Biochemistry

•Key Vocabulary: acid, activation energy, amino acid, atom, base, carbohydrate, catalyst, compound, DNA, element, energy, enzyme, inorganic, lipid, macromolecule, molecule, nucleic acid, organic, pH, protein

Biology Review L.14.1 – Cell TheoryDescribe the scientific theory of cells (cell theory) and relate the history of its discovery to the process of science.•Describe and/or explain the principles of

the cell theory.•Describe how continuous investigations

and/or new scientific information influenced the development of the cell theory.

•Explain the development of a theory.•Students will recognize the differences

between theories and laws.

What are the 3 main points of the cell theory? 1. All living things are made up of cells. 2. The cell is the basic unit of structure

and function in all living things.3. New cells can only be produced from

preexisting cells.

What technology advanced cell theory? • More was learned about cells as microscopes

improved.

How is a theory developed?  

•A theory is based off of lots of supported evidence from science experiments.

How do you differentiate between a theory and a law?

•A law states what is happening. •A theory attempts to explain why things

occur▫A theory can never be proven and

cannot turn into a law.

Biology Review L.14.3 – Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic CellsAnimal and Plant Cells, Cell TransportCompare and contrast the general structures of plant and animal cells. Compare and contrast the general structures of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells•Compare and/or contrast the structures

found in plant cells and in animal cells.•Compare and/or contrast the structures

found in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.•Describe how structures in cells are

directly related to their function in the cell.•Explain the role of the cell membrane

during active and passive transport

How do you differentiate between an animal cell and a plant cell?•Plant cells have:

▫Chloroplasts▫Large Vacuole ▫Cell Wall

•Animal▫No cell wall or chloroplasts

•Both Plant and Animal▫Eukaryotic

How do you differentiate between a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell? • Prokaryotic

▫No nucleus▫Bacteria▫ONLY unicellular

• Eukaryotic▫Has a nucleus▫Any organism EXCEPT bacteria▫Uni- or Multicellular▫Membrane bound organelles

• Both Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic▫DNA▫Ribosomes▫Cell Membrane▫Cytoplasm

How do cell structures support cell function?   •Every cell organelle has a specific

function.

How does the cell membrane support cells in getting needed nutrients•A cell membrane is semi-permeable. It

allows certain nutrients to flow in and out of the cell. This is possible through active or passive transport. ▫Active Transport- Requires energy (ATP)▫Passive Transport- Does not require energy

Ex: Osmosis Diffusion Facilitated Diffusion

How did eukaryotic cells evolve?•Endosymbiotic

Theory-idea that early mitochondria & chloroplasts were once small prokaryotic cells that were taken in by large prokaryotic cells and became organelles in eukaryotic cells.

•Key Vocabulary: active transport, cell membrane, cell wall, cellular respiration, centriole, chloroplasts, diffusion, equilibrium, eukaryote, nucleus, organelle, osmosis, passive transport, photosynthesis, prokaryote, ribosome, semi-permeable

Biology Review L.18.9 – Photosynthesis and Cellular RespirationExplain the interrelated nature of photosynthesis and cellular respiration.• Explain how reactants and products of photosynthesis

are used as reactants for cellular respiration and vice versa.

• Explain how photosynthesis stores energy and cellular respiration releases energy.

• Identify the reactants, products and/or the basic function of photosynthesis.

• Identify the reactants, products, and/or the basic functions of aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration.

• Connect the role of ATP to energy transfers within the cell.

• Discuss the role of anaerobic respiration in living things.

How do the processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration form a cycle?  

•The products of photosynthesis are the reactants in cellular respiration and vice versa.

How does photosynthesis create the food that is used for energy in cellular respiration?

•Photosynthesis creates glucose that is used in the process of cellular respiration to make energy (ATP).

What are the products and reactants of photosynthesis?(give equation)• CO2 + H2O C6H12O6 +O2

• Carbon Dioxide + Water Glucose + Oxygen ▫ Needs Sunlight▫

Occurs in chloroplast

What are the products and reactants of cellular respiration?(give equation)•C6H12O6 +O2 CO2 + H2O (ATP is released)

• Glucose + Oxygen Carbon Dioxide + Water (ATP is released)▫ Occurs in mitochondria

What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

•Aerobic Respiration▫Making ATP in the presence of oxygen ▫Makes more ATP

•Anaerobic Respiration ▫Making ATP in the without of oxygen ▫Create Lactic Acid (OUCH!)▫Makes less ATP

What is the role of ATP in energy transfer?•ATP – has 3

phosphates, it loses a phosphate and releases energy for cells.

•ADP- has 2 phosphates, gains a phosphate from food and recharges energy.

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration•Key Vocabulary: ATP, aerobic,

anaerobic, cellular respiration, centriole, chloroplasts, photosynthesis, products, reactants

Biology Review L.16.17 – Mitosis/ MeiosisCompare and contrast mitosis and meiosis and relate to the processes of sexual and asexual reproduction and their consequences for genetic variation.• Differentiate the processes of mitosis and meiosis.• Describe the role of mitosis in asexual reproduction, and/or

the role of meiosis in sexual reproduction, including how these processes may contribute to or limit genetic variation.

• Describe specific events occurring in each of the stages of the cell cycle and/or phases of mitosis.

• Explain how mitosis forms new cells and its role in maintaining chromosome number during asexual reproduction.

• Explain how cancer (uncontrolled cell growth) may result from mutations that affect the proteins that regulate the cell cycle.

• Describe the process of meiosis, including independent assortment and crossing over.

• Explain how meiosis results in the formation of haploid gametes or spores.

What are the stages of mitosis and how do they produce identical copies of cells? Mitosis= cell division

Before Cell Division▫ Interphase- Chromosomes

duplicate, cell prepares for mitosis

Mitosis Stages▫ Prophase- Chromosomes

condense▫ Metaphase- Chromosomes

meet in the middle▫ Anaphase- Chromosome pull

away▫ Telophase- cell separating▫ Cytokinesis- Separation of

cells is complete

How does mitosis maintain the chromosome number in the parent cells?  •The chromosomes duplicate (make a copy

of)themselves before cell division or mitosis. ▫Occurs in interphase, when the cell is

preparing to divide.

How does mitosis allow for asexual reproduction?

•Mitosis is making an exact copy of the cell. In my mitosis there no exchange or recombination of DNA. ▫Examples of Asexual Reproduction:

Cutting off a piece of plant and replanting it, budding, and binary fission in bacteria.

What are the steps in meiosis that result in the formation of haploid gametes?•Haploid= half the

number of chromosomes▫Ex: Human gametes

are haploid (23 chromosomes)

•The chromosomes in the original cell duplicate and the cell then goes through two cell divisions.

Why is meiosis necessary for sexual reproduction and how does it allow for creating genetic diversity?

•Meiosis creates gametes. •Each cell created as a

result of meiosis are different because of independent assortment and crossing over

How are mitosis and meiosis similar but different?

•Mitosis▫Start with 1 diploid cell; end with 2 diploid

cells▫Occurs in somatic Cells▫Creates cells that are identical

•Meiosis ▫Start with 1 cell diploid; end with 4 haploid

cells▫Creates gametes (sex cells) that are

genetically different

How can independent assortment and crossing over occur during meiosis?•Crossing over -the exchange of chromosome

pieces between homologous chromosomes.•Independent assortment- Chromosomes

can arrange themselves independently during meiosis.

▫Both crossing over and independent assortment results in genetically unique gametes.

Crossing Over

Independent Assortment

•Key Vocabulary: chromatid, chromosome, diploid, gamete, haploid, meiosis, mitosis, nucleus, replication, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Mitosis/Meiosis- Cell Division

Biology Review L.16.1 – Mendel’s Laws, Inheritance patternsUse Mendel’s laws of segregation and independent assortment to analyze patterns of inheritance.•Describe the process of meiosis, including

independent assortment and crossing over.•Describe the role of meiosis in sexual

reproduction, including how these processes may contribute to or limit genetic variation.

•Use Mendel's laws of segregation and independent assortment to analyze patterns of inheritance

• Identify, analyze, and/or predict inheritance patterns caused by various modes of inheritance.

Why is meiosis necessary for sexual reproduction and how does it allow for genetic diversity?•The process of meiosis

produces gametes (sex cells).

•Each cell created from meiosis is genetically different. When gametes meet a new DNA combination is created.

How do the laws of segregation and independent assortment affect the analysis of inheritance patterns?•Traits are inherited

independently of one another.▫Ex: Just because you have

blonde hair does not mean you will have blue eyes.

How does the mode of inheritance (dominance, co-dominance, etc.) affect the prediction and analysis of inheritance patterns?

Mendel’s Law and Inheritance

•Key Vocabulary: alleles, codominant, dominant, gene, genetics, genotype, heredity, heterozygous, homologous, homozygous, hybrid, incomplete dominance, independent assortment, pedigree, phenotype, pigment, polygenic, purebred, recessive, segregation, sex-linked, trait

Biology Review L.16.3 – DNA ReplicationDescribe the basic process of DNA replication and how it relates to the transmission and conservation of the genetic information.• Describe the process of DNA replication and/or its role

in the transmission and conservation of genetic information.

• Explain the basic processes of transcription and/or translation, and their roles in the expression of genes.

• Explain the basic components of DNA are universal in organisms

• Describe gene and chromosomal mutations in the DNA sequence.

• Explain how gene and chromosomal mutations may or may not result in a phenotypic change

How does the process of DNA replication enable genetic information to be transmitted and used to build proteins?•DNA RNA Protein•DNA Replication= making an identical copy of a DNA strand

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Q2Ba2cFAew

How do the processes of transcription and translation determine how genes are expressed?

DNA RNA Protein•Transcription- making mRNA from DNA•Translation- making proteins from mRNA

▫Amino acids link together to make proteins

How is DNA alike in all organisms?•All organisms have DNA made of the same

molecules.▫DNA in every organism has the bases:

A,T,C,G

How can DNA mutate?•Mutation = a mistake or change in the

DNA sequence. ▫Causes: mistake during replication,exposure

to x-rays, ultraviolet light, radioactive substances or certain chemicals.

Why don't all mutations result in visible change?•Not all mutations are

harmful, some may be beneficial, and may not be visible (silent mutation). ▫Silent mutations occur

because the same amino acid is created despite the error.

DNA Replication

•Key Vocabulary: DNA, protein synthesis, replication, RNA, transcription, translation, mRNA, tRNA, ribosome, amino acid, protein

Biology Review L.16.10 – BiotechnologyEvaluate the impact of biotechnology on the individual, society and the environment, including medical and ethical issues.•Explain how similarities in the genetic

codes of organisms are due to common ancestry and the process of inheritance.

•Evaluate examples and/or explain the possible impact of biotechnology on the individual, society, and/or the environment.

Why do scientists use DNA as evidence that all organisms are related?•DNA evidence provides the most accurate

information on the relationship between organisms.

•DNA Evidence can also be called molecular evidence.

How can biotechnology have positive and negative impacts on society?

•Positive Impacts ▫Increased quality of life▫Increased food production▫Treatment for diseases

•Negative Impacts▫Antibiotic resistance▫Pest resistance in genetically modified foods▫Moral/ethical issues

Biology Review L.15.1 – Theory of EvolutionExplain how the scientific theory of evolution is supported by the fossil record, comparative anatomy, comparative embryology, biogeography, molecular biology, and observed evolutionary change.

• Identify evidence and/or explain how the scientific theory of evolution is supported by the fossil record, comparative anatomy, comparative embryology, biogeography, molecular biology, and observable evolutionary change.

• Explain the development of a theory.• Recognize the differences between theories

and laws.

What is the Theory of Evolution?•Evolution is the change in a population over

time •Scientific theory that all organisms share a

common ancestor.

List 5 pieces of evidence and explain how it supports the Theory of Evolution.1. Anatomical Evidence

a. Homologous Structuresb. Analogous Structuresc. Vestigial Structures

2. Fossil Evidence3. DNA Evidence4. Embryological Evidence5. Artificial Selection

Theory of Evolution

•Key Vocabulary: continental drift, embryology, evidence, evolution, fossil, genetic drift, gene flow, homologous structures, observations, species, natural selection, theory, speciation, vestigial structures

Biology Review L.15.13 – Natural SelectionDescribe the conditions required for natural selection, including: overproduction of offspring, inherited variation, and the struggle to survive, which result in differential reproductive success.•Explain and/or describe the conditions required

for natural selection that result in differential reproductive success.

•Explain and/or describe the scientific mechanisms, such as genetic drift, gene flow, and nonrandom mating, resulting in evolutionary change.

•Explain and/or describe how mutation and genetic recombination increase genetic variation

What are the principles of natural selection?

1. Over production of offspring (lots of babies)

2. Offspring have variation in traits3. Some traits are better suited to the

environment than others (struggle to survive/competition)

4. Organisms with better traits survive and reproduce

  How do mechanisms like genetic drift, gene flow and nonrandom mating result in evolutionary change?

•Genetic drift- Random event that could happen regardless of how “good” your genes are.▫Ex: Stepping on an ant

•Gene flow- Immigration/Emigration; movement of genes to a new population

•Nonrandom mating- Decreases genetic variation= less chance of surviving an environmental change.

How do mutation and genetic recombination increase genetic variation?  

•Mutation and genetic recombination increase genetic variation because they create new DNA sequences and combination

Natural Selection

•Key Vocabulary: adaptation, biodiversity, diversity, genetic drift, gene flow, mutation, offspring, reproductive isolation, species, natural selection, theory, speciation, subspecies, variation

Biology Review L.15.8 – Origin of Life on EarthDescribe the scientific explanations of the origin of life on Earth

•Identify examples of and basic trends in hominid evolution from early ancestors to modern humans.

•Describe scientific explanations for the origin of life on Earth.

•Identify situations or conditions contributing to the origin of life on Earth.

How have hominids changed from through evolution from early ancestors to modern humans?

 •Skull has increased in size.•Jaw has gotten smaller.•Use of tools, fire, and creation of a

complex language

What evidence do we use to show this change?•Fossil evidence and DNA evidence

How do scientists explain the origin of life on earth?

• Chemical evolution is the theory that life started from organic molecules.

• The Miller-Urey experiment showed that organic molecules could be created from chemicals in early Earth’s atmosphere. After these organic molecules were formed they came together to make cells.

What situations and conditions contributed to the origin of life on earth?

•Early earth had ammonia, water vapor, methane, and carbon dioxide. ▫Inorganic molecules were present. ▫It was hot and had a lot of lighting.

Origin of Life

•Key Vocabulary: hominid, organic molecules

Biology Review L.15.6 – ClassificationDiscuss distinguishing characteristics of the domains and kingdoms of living organisms.•Classify organisms based on the

distinguishing characteristics of the domains and/or kingdoms of living organisms.

• Identify and/or describe how and/or why organisms are hierarchically classified based on evolutionary relationships.

• Identify and/or explain the reasons for changes in how organisms are classified.

What are the 3 Domains, the kingdoms in the domain, and the characteristics of the organisms in each Domain

•Domains1. Bacteria- Prokaryotic organism that

HAS peptidoglycan in its cells walls Kingdom: Eubacteria

2. Archea- Prokaryotic organism that LACKS peptidoglycan in its cells walls

Kingdom: Archeabacteria3. Eukarya- Made of eukaryotic cells

Kingdoms: Protista, Fungi, Animalia, Plantae

What are the key characteristics of organisms in the 6 kingdoms?6 Kingdoms:  1.Eubacteria-prokaryotic, “normal,” asexual2.Archaebacteria-prokaryotic, extreme

environments, asexual3.Protista-eukaryotic, uni/multi, asexual/sexual4.Fungi-eukaryotic, uni/multi, aborption5.Plantae-eukaryotic, multi, photosynthesis,

asexual/sexual6.Animalia-eukaryotic, multi, heterotroph,

sexualhttp://video.about.com/biology/6-Kingdoms-of-Life.htm

How and why are organisms hierarchically classified based on evolutionary relationships?

•Organisms are classified based on similarities in DNA sequences, anatomical structures, embryology, and behavior.

•We classify organisms so scientists around the world can effectively communicate. ▫Ex: Scientific names

Why have ways of classifying organisms changed over time?•As technology has increased organisms are

reclassified due to DNA (molecular) evidence.

Classification

•Key Vocabulary: binomial nomenclature, chordates, dichotomous key, domain, invertebrate, kingdom, vertebrate,

Biology Review L.14.26 – Brain partsIdentify the major parts of the brain on diagrams or models.•Label the Lobes and sections of the

human brain

•REMEMBER TO FIGURE OUT WHERE THE FRONT OF THE BRAIN IS BEFORE YOU START LABELING.

Key Vocabulary: cerebrum, cerebellum, frontal lobe, medulla, pons, spinal cord, brain stem, occipital lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe

Key Vocabulary: cerebrum, cerebellum, frontal lobe, medulla, pons, spinal cord, brain stem, occipital lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe

Biology Review L.14.52 – Immune SystemExplain the basic functions of the human immune system, including specific and nonspecific immune response, vaccines, and antibiotics.•Identify and/or explain the basic functions of

the human immune system, including specific and nonspecific immune responses.

•Describe how the human immune system responds to vaccines and/or antibiotics.

How does the immune system protect humans from disease?• Nonspecific Defenses

▫ Skin▫ Mucus, saliva, and tears▫ Fever (Pathogens can only survive in a small temp.

range)▫ Inflammatory Response- The immune system

produces millions of white blood cells. Many white blood cells are phagocytes,

which engulf and destroy bacteria.• Specific Defenses

▫Antibody- A protein that binds to molecules on pathogens to inactive the pathogens. Antibodies attach to and inactivate viral

particles that have not yet entered body cells

White blood cells produce antibodies

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lrYlZJiuf18 http://www.youtube.com/w

atch?v=Rpj0emEGShQ

How does the human immune system respond to vaccines and antibiotics?•Vaccines contain a dead or weakened form of the disease causing microorganisms.▫This causes the body to

produce antibodies and remember the virus

•Antibiotics- fight bacterial diseases by killing /slowing the growth of bacteria.

Immune System

•Key Vocabulary: antibiotic, antibody, antigen, communicable disease, pathogen, vaccine, vein, vascular tissue

Biology Review L.14.36 – Blood FlowDescribe the factors affecting blood flow through the cardiovascular system.•Identify factors that affect blood flow

and/or describe how these factors affect blood flow through the cardiovascular system.

How do factors such as genetics, nutrition and behavior affect blood flow through the cardiovascular system? • Genetics- People can inherit genes that

make them more likely to have cardiovascular disease.

• Nutrition- Eating healthy foods, low in fat, can reduce your chance of plaque build up (Atheroscelorsis) and heart disease.

• Behavior- Exercising and making healthy choices (no smoking, etc) reduce your chance of cardiovascular disease.

• HIGH Blood pressure can result if poor lifestyle choices are made.

Blood Flow

•Key Vocabulary: anatomy, artery, blood flow, blood pressure, capillaries, cardiovascular system, homeostasis, physiology, vein, vascular tissue

Biology Review L.16.13 – Human ReproductionDescribe the basic anatomy and physiology of the human reproductive system. Describe the process of human development from fertilization to birth and major changes that occur in each trimester of pregnancy• Identify and/or describe the basic

anatomy and physiology of the human reproductive system.

•Describe the process of human development from the zygotic stage to the end of the third trimester and birth.

What are the important structures in the female and male reproductive systems and

•  

How do the male and female reproductive systems work together to create a zygote? •Meiosis creates gametes in the male and

female reproductive systems.▫These gametes meet during fertilization

and create a zygote.•Sperm path: testis epididymis vas

deferens urethra•Egg path: ovary fallopian tubes

uterus

How does a human develop from a zygote to a "full term" baby?

•First Trimester –▫ Fertilization occurs▫Around week 5 heart, brain, and spinal cord

develop▫At week 8 the embryo is now called a fetus

•Second Trimester –▫Continued development of all organ systems

•Third Trimester-▫Fetus gains weight, turns in the head down

position and prepares for birth

Human Reproduction

•Key Vocabulary: anatomy, fertilization, trimester, zygote, embryo, fetus

Biology Review L.14.7 – Plant Structures and FunctionsRelate the structure of each of the major plant organs and tissues to physiological processes.•Explain how the structures of plant

tissues and organs are directly related to their roles in physiological processes.

How are the structures of plant tissues and organs directly related to their roles in physiological processes?

 • Roots- Anchor plants, and absorb, transport, and store nutrients from the soil

• Stem- Support plants, transport materials, and provide storage.

• Leaves- Main site of photosynthesis, area of gas exchange through stomata

• Flower- Contain the plants reproductive organs

sugars

water and mineral nutrients

How are the structures of plant tissues and organs directly related to their roles in physiological processes?

 • Phloem- Carries sugar made in photosynthesis

• Xylem- Carries water and dissolved nutrients from soil

• Pollen- Male reproductive cell in plants (plant sperm).

• Stomata- tiny holes on the surface a leaf that open and close to allow gas to come in (CO2) and out (H2O and O2).

Biology Review L.17.9 – Trophic LevelsUse a food web to identify and distinguish producers, consumers, and decomposers. Explain the pathway of energy transfer through trophic levels and the reduction of available energy at successive trophic levels.

• Explain how organisms cooperate and compete in ecosystems.

• Describe the energy pathways through the different trophic levels of a food web or energy pyramid.

• Describe the potential changes to an ecosystem resulting from seasonal variations, climate changes, and/or succession.

• Analyze the movement of matter through different biogeochemical cycles

How do organisms cooperate and compete in ecosystems? (give examples of each)•Predator- Prey relationships•Competition for space, food, shelter,

mates, etc.

How does energy move through a food web or energy pyramid? (draw and explain)  • Energy is transferred from one organism to the next

through consumption or decomposition. • Only 10% of the available energy is transferred to the next

trophic level.

• Arrows in food webs show the flow of energy.

How can ecosystems be changed by seasonal variations, climate changes and succession? (give example)•Succession- The changing of an ecosystem.

Occurs when one species replaces the next until a climax community is reached. ▫Primary Succession- Occurs when there has

never been life on a piece of land before. Ex: Glacier retreating, Volcanic eruption

▫Secondary Succession- Occurs after an event disturbs a preexisting ecosystem. Ex: Forest fire, hurricane, etc.

How does matter move through different biogeochemical cycles (such as carbon through the carbon cycle)?• Water Cycle- evaporation, transpiration,

condensation, and precipitation

• Carbon Cycle- photosynthesis, cellular respiration, burning fossil fuels, and decomposition

Trophic Levels

•Key Vocabulary: abiotic, autotroph, biotic, biogeochemical cycles, consumer, decomposer, ecology, ecosystem, energy, heterotroph, primary producer, producer, succession, trophic level

Biology Review L.17.5 – PopulationsAnalyze how population size is determined by births, deaths, immigration, emigration, and limiting factors (biotic and abiotic) that determine carrying capacity.

• Use data and information about population dynamics, abiotic factors, and/or biotic factors to explain and/or analyze a change in carrying capacity and its effect on population size in an ecosystem.

• Explain that different types of organisms exist within aquatic systems due to chemistry, geography, light, depth, salinity, and/or temperature.

• Identify positive and/or negative consequences that result from a reduction in biodiversity.

What affects population? Explain each.

• Immigration- Organisms moving In•Emmigration- Organisms moving out or

Exiting•Births•Deaths

What affects carrying capacity and how can it affect population size of an ecosystem? •The limiting factor determines the carrying

capacity. •If a population surpasses the carrying

capacity deaths occur

How does the chemistry, geography, light, depth, salinity, and/or temperature of an aquatic system affect what organisms can live there?

•These are all abiotic factors that determine where an organism can live. ▫Ex: Photosynthetic organisms need to in

shallow water because they need light.

 How can reducing biodiversity negatively impact ecosystems and humans?

•Interrupts food webs•Affects the carrying capacity of

environments•Reduces medicinal/technological resources

Populations

•Key Vocabulary: biodiversity, biomass, carrying capacity, emigration, extinction, immigration, limiting factor, population

Biology Review L.17.20 – Human ImpactPredict the impact of individuals on environmental systems and examine how human lifestyles affect sustainability.•Predict how the actions of humans may

impact environmental systems and/or affect sustainability.

•Evaluate possible environmental impacts resulting from the use of renewable and/or nonrenewable resources.

Human Impact

•Key Vocabulary: fossil fuel, invasive species, nonrenewable resource, productivity, renewable resource, sustainability

How can the actions of humans impact environmental systems and/or affect sustainability?

How can the environmental impacts of using renewable and nonrenewable resources differ?•Renewable Resource:•Nonrenewable Resource: A resource that

can only be used once because it cannot be