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Biology 201Dr. Edwin DeMont
St. Francis Xavier University
Respiration
St. Francis Xavier University
Gas Exchange
Animals must supply the oxygen required for aerobic respiration and a remove the carbon dioxide. The process of
gas exchange is called respiration.
Five main types of respiratory systems exist in animals:
1. Diffusion across plasma membranes (I)
2. Tracheae (I)
3. Cutaneous (body surface) exchange (I)
4. Gills (I,V) (I: Invertebrates)
5. Lungs (I,V) (V: Vertebrates)
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Diffusion (I)
Protozoa
Cnidarian
Flatworm
Diffusion across plasma membranes
Cutaneous (body surface) exchange
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Tracheal System (I)
Tracheae are an internal system of branching tubes that brings air directly to
each cell in the body.
Video
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Book Lung (I)
Tarantula
Book lungs are sheets of internal lamellae that are exposed to air on the outside and filled with blood on the inside.
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Gills (I)
BivalveGills are very efficient
in aquatic ecosystems—gills evolved from large or small skin projections with blood inside of the
projections.
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Gills (V)
Gills may be internal or external, but gas
exchange (oxygen in and carbon dioxide out) is very efficient due to countercurrent flow.
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Lungs: Birds
Lungs of birds are a flow-through system
wherein air is conducted through
the lungs in a single direction, and avian
lungs are particularly efficient (90% of oxygen in air is
removed).
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Lungs: Humans
The alveoli (structures with a large surface
area) are the site of gas exchange in the lungs of mammals and birds.
Video
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Gas Exchanges
Gases enter or leave the
circulatory system by diffusing down
concentration gradients.
Video
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Ventilation
Mammals utilize a negative pressure
system to bring air into lungs—they inhale by
suction
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LRC: Dogs
Motion of thoracic complex and ‘visceral piston’ shown by high
speed x-ray cinematographic images of a dog galloping on a
treadmill.
Locomotor respiratory coupling in mammals.
Bramble (1989). American Zoologist. 29 (1)
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LRC: Humans
Humans utilize LRC while running.
2:1 (Footfall:Breath)
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