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BIOLOGICALLY IMPORTANT MACROMOLECULES
MACROMOLECULES: large, complex molecules made of repeating units of smaller molecules
- POLYMERS: large molecule made of repeating units of smaller molecules held together by covalent bonds
- MONOMERS: smallest repeating unit of a polymer that determines the properties of that polymer
BIOLOGICALLY IMPORTANT MACROMOLECULES
Macromolecules we will be studying:
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Nucleic Acids
CARBOHYDRATES
Sugars and starches that store energy in ways that are easily accessible
Always contain C, H, and O in nearly the ratio of (CH2O)n, where n=# of C
Polar molecules that dissolve in water due to the high proportion of hydroxyl and carbonyl groups
CARBOHYDRATES - Monsaccharides
MONOSACCHARIDE: a group of carbohydrates made only of a single saccharide monomer; single sugar
- CnH2nOn
CARBOHYDRATES - Monosaccharides
Common Monosaccharides:
- Glucose: blood sugar that cells use first for energy
- Fructose: fruit sugar
- Galactose: sugar found in milk
*** These three are isomers, each with the same molecular formula but different structures
CARBOHYDRATES - Monosaccharides
Common Monosaccharides:
- Ribose: found in RNA
- Deoxyribose: found in DNA
CARBOHYDRATES - Disaccharides
DISACCHARIDE: two monosaccharides covalently linked together; double sugar
CARBOHYDRATES - Disaccharides
Common Disaccharides:
- Maltose: glucose-glucose
- Sucrose(Table Sugar): glucose-fructose
- Lactose: glucose-galactose
CARBOHYDRATES - DisaccharidesFormed by CONDENSATION/DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS reactions
Forms GLYCOSIDIC LINKAGES between hydroxyl groups on C1 and C4 of adjacent sugars
CARBOHYDRATES – Polysaccharides
POLYSACCHARIDE: three or more sugars joined by glycosidic linkages between hydroxyl groups
CARBOHYDRATES – Polysaccharides
Common Polysaccharides:
Starch: how plants store glucose (alpha linkages on carbon-1)
Glycogen: how animals store glucose (alpha linkages on carbon-1; many more branching side chains than starch)
Cellulose: structural support in plant cell walls (beta linkages on carbon-1); indigestible by humans
** All of these are composed of monomers of glucose that are linked together in different ways
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