Biological Control Strategies II. Augmentation Bio-control Strategies Classical Biological Control...

Biological Control Strategies II

AugmentationAugmentation

Bio-control Strategies

• Classical Biological Control

• Augmentation

- Inundation

- Inoculation

• Conservation Biological Control

Augmentation Definition

It is the periodical introduction of natural enemies to achieve pest control. Natural enemies used in augmentation do not establish and need to be introduced each time pest populations reach the threshold level.

Augmentation

• Release of reared natural enemies• Temporary control• Natural enemy should be adapted to focus area• Easy to culture• Preference for pest species• Higher reproductive rate than pest• Good response to pest density• Nat.enem. Should not attack others Nat. enem.

Augmentation Begginings

• In England in 1895 the egg parasitoid Trichogramma became the first natural enemy to be reared and release to control arthropod pests.

• After this the techniques to rear natural enemies increase but it is only in the 1970s than mass rearing escalated correlating with the increase of their use in greenhouses.

When to use Augmentation?

• When natural enemies are absent or occur at low numbers

• When natural enemies appear late

Bio-control Strategies

• Classical Biological Control

• Augmentation

- Inundation

- Inoculation

• Conservation Biological Control

Inundative Biological Control

•For rapid biological control

• For low economic thresholds

•Control agents do not reproduce

Inoculation

•Control agents reproduce

•Agent persist longer than in inundative control

Bio-protectants

Products Used in Augmentation

• Macroorganisms

• Microorganisms

Why do you think pathogens are more common than parasitoids in

augmentative control?

Microorganism Mass Production

Microorganisms Release

Microorganism Storage and Transport

Macroorganism Mass Production

Macro organism Releases

Macroorganism Storage and Transport

Seasonal Inoculative Releases

• Greenhouses

• For natural

enemies that do

not tolerate cold weather

Steps for Augmentative Releases

• Identification of a market

• Identification of right strain

• Develop a method for mass production

• Develop of storage methods

• Develop of methods for transport

• Develop release methods and dosages

Macroorganism Strain

Microorganism Strain