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Biochemistry: Chemistry of LifeOrganic compounds
Contain carbonMost are covalently bondedExample: C6H12O6 (glucose)
Inorganic compoundsLack carbonTend to be simpler compoundsExample: H2O and CO2
Important Inorganic CompoundsWater
Most abundant inorganic compoundVital properties
High heat capacityPolarity/solvent propertiesChemical reactivity
Important Inorganic CompoundsSalts
Figure 2.12
pHMeasures relative
concentration of hydrogen ions
pH 7 = neutralpH below 7 = acidicpH above 7 = basic
Buffers—chemicals that can regulate pH change
pH
pH
CarbohydratesContain ________, _________, and ________Classified according to size
Monosaccharides—simple sugarsDisaccharides—two simple sugars joined
by dehydration synthesisPolysaccharides—long-branching chains
of linked simple sugarsStarchGlycogenCellulose
Carbohydrates
Figure 2.13a–b
Carbohydrates
Figure 2.14
Carbohydrates - Polysaccharides
Figure 2.13c
Glycogen
LipidsContain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygenCarbon and hydrogen outnumber oxygenInsoluble in water
Main ClassificationsTriglyceridesPhospholipidsSteroids
Triglycerides
Figure 2.15a
Phospholipids
Figure 2.15b
Figure 2.15c
SteroidsCholesterol
The basis for all steroids made in the body
ProteinsMade of amino acids
Contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur
Amino acid structure
Figure 2.16
Proteins
ProteinsProvide for construction materials for
body tissues
Play vital roles in cell functionAct as enzymes, hormones, and
antibodies
Figure 2.17a
ProteinsFibrous proteins
Also known as structural proteins
Appear in body structures
Examples include collagen and keratin
Figure 2.17b
ProteinsGlobular proteins
Also known as functional proteins
Function as antibodies or enzymes
Figure 2.18a
Proteins - EnzymesAct as biological catalystsIncrease the rate of chemical reactions
Enzymes
Figure 2.18b
Animation: How Enzymes Work
Nucleic AcidsProvide blueprint of lifeNucleotide bases
A = AdenineG = GuanineC = CytosineT = ThymineU = Uracil
Make DNA and RNA
Figure 2.19a
Nucleic AcidsDeoxyribonucleic
acid (DNA)Organized by
complementary bases to form double helix
Replicates before cell division
Provides instructions for every protein in the body
Figure 2.19c
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Chemical energy used by all cells
Energy is released by breaking high energy phosphate bond
ATP is replenished by oxidation of food fuels (cellular respiration)
ATP can be used for transport work, mechanical work, and chemical work
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Figure 2.20a
Figure 2.21
+ADP
Solute
Contractedmuscle cell
Product made
Relaxedmuscle cell
Reactants
Transport work
Mechanical work
Chemical work
Membraneprotein
Solute transported
Energy liberated duringoxidation of food fuels
used to regenerate ATP
ATP
P
P
P
X
Y
(a)
(b)
(c)
YX
P P
+
Figure 2.21, step 1
Solute
Transport work
Membraneprotein
ATP
(a)
P
Figure 2.21, step 2
+ADP
Solute
Transport work
Membraneprotein
Solute transported
ATPP
(a)
P P
Figure 2.21, step 3
Relaxedmuscle cell
Mechanical work
ATP
(b)
Figure 2.21, step 4
+ADP
Contractedmuscle cell
Relaxedmuscle cell
Mechanical work
ATPP
(b)
Figure 2.21, step 5
Reactants
Chemical work
ATP
PX
Y
(c)
+
Figure 2.21, step 6
+ADP
Product madeReactants
Chemical work
ATP
P
P
P
X
Y
(c)
YX
+
Figure 2.21, step 7
+ADP
Solute
Contractedmuscle cell
Product made
Relaxedmuscle cell
Reactants
Transport work
Mechanical work
Chemical work
Membraneprotein
Solute transported
ATP
P
P
P
X
Y
(a)
(b)
(c)
YX
P P
+
Figure 2.21, step 8
+ADP
Solute
Contractedmuscle cell
Product made
Relaxedmuscle cell
Reactants
Transport work
Mechanical work
Chemical work
Membraneprotein
Solute transported
Energy liberated duringoxidation of food fuels
used to regenerate ATP
ATP
P
P
P
X
Y
(a)
(b)
(c)
YX
P P
+
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