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BG
14
471.23
Fall 2015
World Trade
0
5
10
15
20
0%
25%
50%
75%
100%
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
exports(as % of GDP)
Canada
exports(trillions US$)
Politics & International Trade
Baron ch 17
Trade Theory
2 countries• X
• Y
each has 12 units of labour
each produce 2 goods• A
• B citizens like to have both
Trade Theory
2 countries• Xanadu
• Yalta
12 people each• each works 1 person-year
each produce 2 goods• Apples
• Bananas everybody likes to have both apples & bananas
X$1 = 1 apple = 1 banana
X$ = Y$Y$1 = 1 apple = 1 banana
Xanaduzians1 Apple: 2 person-years1 Banana: 1 person-year
Yaltans1 Apple: 1 person-year1 Banana: 2 person-year
No Trade
goods
Apples Bananas
countries
Xanadu
Yalta
Xanaduzians1 Apple: 2 person-years1 Banana: 1 person-year
Yaltans1 Apple: 1 person-year1 Banana: 2 person-year
6(12 person
-years)
6(12 person
-years)
12(12 person
-years)
12(12 person
-years)
No Trade
goods
Apples Bananas
countries
Xanadu
Yalta
Xanaduzians1 Apple: 2 person-years1 Banana: 1 person-year
Yaltans1 Apple: 1 person-year1 Banana: 2 person-year
6(6 person -
years)
6(6 person -
years)
3(6 person -
years)
3(6 person -
years)
No Trade
goods
A B
countries
X
Y
X1 A: 2 ul (units of labour)1 B: 1 ul (units of labour)
Y1 A: 1 ul (units of labour)1 B: 2 ul (units of labour)
6
6 ul
6
6 ul
3
6 ul
3
6 ul
mix
2/1
1/2
wealth
9
9
Trade
goods
A B
countries
X
Y
X1 A: 2 ul (units of labour)1 B: 1 ul (units of labour)
Y1 A: 1 ul (units of labour)1 B: 2 ul (units of labour)
6
6
3
3
mix
2/1
1/2
wealth
9
9
12
12
6
6
6
6
1/1
1/1
12
12
Disadvantaged Y
goods
A B
countries
X
Y
X1 A: 2 ul (units of labour)1 B: 1 ul (units of labour)
Y1 A: 3 ul (units of labour)1 B: 4 ul (units of labour)
mix
1/.75
1/2
wealth
3.5
9
No Trade
2
6 ul
6
6 ul
1.5
6 ul
3
6 ul
Disadvantaged Y
goods
A B
countries
X
Y
X1 A: 2 ul (units of labour)1 B: 1 ul (units of labour)
Y1 A: 3 ul (units of labour)1 B: 4 ul (units of labour)
2
6
1.5
3
mix
1/.75
1/2
wealth
3.5
9
4
8
2
6
2
2
1/1.5
1/1
10
4
Trade
2
Why?
If free trade is better for everyone,
why do so many people object?
• economic model = unrealistic assumptions everybody has the same amount of power everybody has same info
» accurate & complete consumers & producers accept price
» given & fixed goods undifferentiated
» identical transaction costs
Why?
If free trade is better for everyone,
why do so many people object?
• economic model = unrealistic assumptions no economy of scale no cost of entry or exit no learning curve
Why?
If free trade is better for everyone,
why do so many people object?
• economic model: human beings are “logical”
• doesn’t account accurately for short-term benefits domestic concerns preference for local benefits & harms differently dispersed
US Trade Policy
4 arenas cabinet departments regulatory agencies Congress President
Trade Policy “Process”
Final exam
requests: Brooks & Stritch, ch. 7: Business Organization and
Lobbying Taylor, et al., ch. 10: The Current State of Business-
Government Relations Taylor, et al., ch. 13: Government Dealing With
Business (2 requests) Baron, ch. 7: Formulating Nonmarket Strategies for
Government Arenas Baron, ch. 11: Environmental Protection: Economics,
Politics and Management (2 requests)
US Trade Laws & Treaties
1922 Fordney-McCumber Act
1930 Tariff Act• Smoot-Hawley
1934 Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act
1946 Bretton Woods
1947 GATT established
1947-61 GATT rounds 1-5
1962 US Trade Expansion Act
1964-67 GATT round 6: Kennedy Round
1974 Trade Act
1986-94 GATT: Uruguay Round: 23,000 pages
2001- GATT: Doha Round
http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist_e/min98_e/slide_e/slide002.htm
US Trade Laws
provisions temporary safeguards
• temporary relief for domestic industries seriously injured by increased imports
• no unfair trade practice is required
Presidential retaliation• against countries that restrict imports of US goods
or subsidize exports to US
US Trade Laws
provisions antidumping
• LTFV
• imposition of duties
countervailing duties• duties against countries that subsidize domestic
industries
US Trade Laws
provisions intellectual property
• retaliation against countries violating US patents copyrights protected trade secrets
Trade Adjustment Assistance• assistance for those injured by imports
WTO
World Trade Organization
153 member countries
WTO
WTO
WTO
WTO
agreements GATT GATS TRIPS
Dispute settlement Trade policy reviews Agricultural Agreement Agreement on government
procurement
WTO
roles system of agreements
• help trade move more freely
forum for trade negotiations
dispute settlement mechanism
• resolve trade disputes in a timely manner
WTO
principles MFN
Most-Favored Nation
• all members treated as well as best trading partner
national treatment• domestic & foreign goods equal
WTO
GATT General Agreement on Tariffs & Trade signed after World War II
• modified in “rounds”
push down trade barriers• tariffs
• quotas
• non-tariff barriers
WTO
GATS General Agreement on Trade in Services MFN & national treatment
• in services
transparency• regulations
• conditions of service
WTO
TRIPS Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights MFN & national treatment
• lots of exemptions
even more controversy• copyright
• drug patents
• transitional economies
Other Trade Agreements
NAFTA ASEAN Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation EC of Central African States Gulf Cooperation Council Open Skies EU
Other Trade Agreements
EU• within EU
reduced tariffs harmonize rules
• from outside tariffs quotas
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