Beyond Supply and Demand: Water Use Efficiency and Sustainable Resources Dave Todd California...

Beyond Supply and Demand: Water Use Efficiency and Sustainable Resources

Dave ToddCalifornia Department of Water ResourcesOffice of Water Use Efficiency and Transfers

The Department of Water Resources Office of Water Use Efficiency (OWUE) provides support for the stewardship of California's water resources and energy efficient use of water.

CA Water Demand(developed water)

Environmental3%

Urban

20%

Agriculture

77%

California’s Future Population

Projected Population Growth in CaliforniaCalifornia Department of Finance: 1998

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040

Calendar Year

Mil

lio

ns o

f P

eo

ple

34.7 Million (RAND Est.)

M

45.5 Million (RAND Est.) 54.8 Million

(State Demographer Est.)

600,000 people and over 200,000 homes per year

Impacts housing, education, transportation, energy, environment, water

California Water Supply

California’s supply of water from the Colorado River will be reduced over the next 10 years* to its legal allotment of 4.4 million acre-feet per year.

The USGS Reports the Current (7 year Colorado River) drought may be “Comparable to or More Severe than the largest know drought in 500 Years”

An undetermined amount of the state’s surface and ground water supply will not be available due to contaminants.

Groundwater in the state, with the exception of a few adjudicated basins, is unregulated and several basins are overdrafted.

*2017

California Water Supply

Six years in the past 1,000 have been reconstructed as drier than the single lowest annual flow of the gauged record (1977).

The reconstruction for A. D. 1580 is only 1/3 of the 1977 flow.

It is notable that the researchers categorize short droughts as 1-6 years in length.

Based on the available evidence, researchers hypothesized century long droughts that affected the Sierra Nevada ending in the years 1112 and 1350.

California Water Supply

Global warming is also bringing new uncertainty about the reliability and timing of the precipitation and run-off that the state receives

Global climate change affect on precipitation patterns; amounts; sea level/coastal communities

From 2035 to 2064, Sierra snow pack is expected to decrease 12 to 47 percent from historic levels. By the end of the century, annual snow pack could decline by 90 percent. Source: California Climate Action Team reports

Greenland – September 27, 2006

Other impacts on statewide water supply outlook

Statewide, the loss could amount to 3 million to 4 million acre-feet per year within 50 years.

That is more water than is delivered each year by the California Aqueduct, the 444-mile canal that supplies Southern California with Delta water from Byron.

By comparison, the state's share of the Colorado River is 4.4 million acre-feet.

Other impacts on statewide water supply outlook

Enforcement of salt levels in Sacramento/San Joaquin Delta

Energy costs, availability These facts mean that water suppliers must have a

plan for serving water to their customers throughout such extended droughts.

Water/Energy Connection

California’s water systems are energy-intensive 7-8% energy use for large water systems If consumer end use is included:

– 19% of electric energy load in California– 30% of natural gas energy load in California

Water/Energy Connection

The State Water Project largest single user of energy in the state

Water conservation lowers energy use and energy bills, and is the least energy intensive source of potential supply, along with water recycling

Water/Energy Connection, con’t.

The State Water Project is the largest single user of energy in the state

Water conservation lowers energy use and energy bills and along with water recycling, is the least energy intensive source of potential supply

Water/Energy Connection, con’t.

This energy consumption results in approximately 44 million tons of CO2 emissions each year (equal to approximately 9% of total state emissions in 2002), primarily from: (1) fossil fuel-based electricity generation; and (2) natural gas combustion.

If California were to reduce urban water use by 2.1 million acre feet, it could result in a savings of approximately 6,500 GWh of electricity,

Water Use Efficiency Works

1980 – California Agriculture Produced 1.5 tons of crops per acre-foot of water applied

2000 – Growers Produced 2.3 tons of crops per acre-foot of water applied – a 50% increase

2003 – SDCWA Reports Consumption Up Less Than 1% Since 1990 With a 16% Population Increase

Bay Area Water Agencies Coalition Reports Residential Consumption Increased by 3% With a 17% Population Increase (Total Use Decreased 1%)

Water Use Efficiency Works

The California Water Plan Update 2005 estimates that there is additional annual water demand reduction of up to 800,000 acre feet from Agricultural Water Use Efficiency (Net) and 3.1 million acre feet from Urban Water Use Efficiency (Applied).

The estimated cost for Ag Water Use Efficiency ranges from $300 - $4.0 billion.

The estimated cost for Urban Water Use Efficiency ranges from $2.5 - $6.0 billion.

Water Use Efficiency Works

Kern County Water Agency reported an 8 percent improvement in irrigation efficiency from 1976 to 1986.

Total applied water use in the San Joaquin Valley portion of Kern County was reduced by about 250,000 acre-feet – enough water to irrigate about 70,000 acre feet.

Water Use Efficiency Works

Since 1986 Kern County has added 61,000 acres of trees and vines. Nearly all of this new crop area has low volume drip irrigation systems installed.

KCWA estimates the overall on-farm water use efficiency is about 78% (the remaining 22% constitutes leaching requirement, irrigation system distribution non-uniformity, and recoverable and/or irrecoverable flows.

Water Use Efficiency Works

Financial Assistance $12 million in 2001 $10 million in 2002 $18 million in 2003 $28 million in 2005 750,000 acre feet - anticipated savings for 92 local projects Prop 50 $35 million this year for Water Use Efficiency (Ag &

urban) and $30 million in the next funding round Prop 50 $50 million each year for Desalination over the next

2 years

Water Use Efficiency Works

The California Water Plan Update (Bulletin160-05) estimates water use efficiency can reduce urban water use by 1.1 to 2.3 MAF per year and agricultural water by 0.5 to 2.0 MAF per year by 2030.

Accelerating the investment to attain that water use savings by 2015 would result in an estimated additional GHG reduction of approximately 30 million tons by 2030.

Water Use Efficiency Works

The California Bay-Delta Authority’s larger estimated potential for 3.0 MAF per year urban water use reduction requires a greater rate of local and state/federal investment in conservation. Incentive driven advances in water-saving technology over the next 25 years potentially could further push savings beyond the levels indicated.

Urban Water Management Plans – As a Foundation for SB 610 Assessments and SB 221 Verifications

Urban Water Management Plans – As a Foundation for SB 610 Assessments and SB 221 Verifications

What you always wanted to know but were afraid to ask about documenting water supply reliability

What you always wanted to know but were afraid to ask about documenting water supply reliability

DWR Published “Guidebook for Implementation of Senate Bill 610 and Senate Bill 221 of 2001”

The SB 610/SB 221 Guidebook and Frequently Asked Questions are available on the Office of Water Use Efficiency & Transfers web site at: www.owue.water.ca.gov

SB 610

Improve the link between information on water supply availability and certain land use decisions made by cities & counties

Promote more collaborative planning between local water suppliers and cities & counties

SB 610

• Requires detailed information regarding water availability be provided to city or county decision-makers prior to approval of specified large development projects

• Recognize local control and decision making regarding the availability of water for projects and the approval of projects

SB 221

Subdivision Map Act now requires local governments to impose on all tentative subdivision maps subject to SB 221 the condition that there be sufficient water for the project along with existing and planned uses.

This condition is met by a verification.

SB 221

The verification must in any event be supported by substantial evidence.

A final map may not be filed if the condition has not been met.

Why was SB 901 replaced by SB 610 and SB 221?

“Real” Water Supplies Needed to Serve New Development Were Not Identified

SB 901: Integration of Water Supply Assessment into the Land Use Planning Process

SB 901 was landmark legislation to link land use and water supply planning processes to ensure that land use and water supply agencies would communicate early in the planning process:

• Ensured that cities and counties retain authority over land use decisions.

• Established a “full disclosure” process regarding water supply availability.

• Required water utilities to calculate multiple dry-year water supplies and provide this information at the general or specific plan stage.

• Required water utilities and land use agencies to consider impacts upon existing users during multiple dry water years.

SB 610

SB 610 Was Designed to Improve Performance By:

Closing the “loopholes” that permitted many large-scale projects to avoid the SB 901 water supply assessment

Requiring more detailed information be included in local water supply assessments

Expanding the informational requirements for projects proposing to use groundwater

SB 610

SB 610 requires land use agencies to include substantive information about water supply for large projects to be included in their CEQA document

SB 610 requires the water supplier to prepare Water Supply Assessments that include information on long term demand & supply

SB 221 (Kuehl)

Subdivision Map Act now requires local governments to impose on all tentative subdivision maps subject to SB 221 the condition that there be sufficient water for the project along with existing and planned future uses.

This condition is met by a verification. The verification must be supported by substantial

evidence. A final map may not be filed if the condition has not

been met.

The 2005 Urban Water The 2005 Urban Water Management Plan -Management Plan - BackgroundBackground

• 17 Amendments• Required by California Water Code §

10610 -10657• Due in years ending in 0 and 5• Applies to urban water suppliers serving

more than 3,000 customers or more than

3,000 acre feet of water per year

The 2005 Urban Water Management The 2005 Urban Water Management Plan -Plan - BackgroundBackground

• DWR has no regulatory, permitting or enforcement

authority – provides technical assistance• DWR reviews UWMP topics for completeness• Published 2005 UWMP Guidebook• Guidebook content is what is in the law (2030

projection for SB 610/SB 221 optional)• DWR UWMP Review Sheets available to suppliers

to assist in Plan preparation

Urban Water Management Plans Urban Water Management Plans Legislation: 2000-PresentLegislation: 2000-Present

Act Established: AB 797 Klehs, 1983

Changes in the UWMP Act Since 2000: SB 610, Costa, 2001 – Land & water use

planning, groundwater information, reliability, sustainability, UWMP as foundational document for Water Supply Assessment

Urban Water Management Plans Urban Water Management Plans Legislation: 2000-PresentLegislation: 2000-Present

AB 901, Daucher, 2001 – Water Quality Info SB 672, Machado, 2001 – Minimize Need to

Import Water SB 1348 Brulte, 2002 – Consider DMM

Implementation When Evaluating Eligibility

Urban Water Management Plans Urban Water Management Plans Legislation: 2000-PresentLegislation: 2000-Present

SB 1384 Costa, 2002 - Wholesale agency water supply information

SB 1518 Torlakson, 2002 - Recycled Water

AB 105 Wiggins, 2004 - Deposit UWMPs in State library

SB 318, Alpert, 2004 - Desalination

Urban Water Management Plans Urban Water Management Plans and the Courts - Risksand the Courts - Risks

UWMPs are subject to legal challenge Inadequate planning = Increased risk

exposure Negative court decisions cost the agency,

developers, and the community time, trust and money

Urban Water Management Plans & the Urban Water Management Plans & the Courts - Community InvolvementCourts - Community Involvement

Community involvement: Can discuss issues and work to resolve

problems Putting everything on the table at the start

can help forestall unnecessary conflicts It’s still possible that public interest groups,

agencies, or other participants will be disagree

Urban Water Management Plans & the Urban Water Management Plans & the Courts - Community InvolvementCourts - Community Involvement

Community involvement: Reasonable people may still have

disagreements, but if your plan is challenged in court, you know the issues, bring a history of working for resolution, and are better prepared

Urban Water Management Plans & the Urban Water Management Plans & the Courts - Community InvolvementCourts - Community Involvement

Community involvement: Inclusive process Hard to get participation – some public

interest groups have no paid staff No response to an ad in the paper is not a

defense in court

Urban Water Management Plans – Urban Water Management Plans – Compliance 2000 UWMP CycleCompliance 2000 UWMP Cycle

413 Urban water suppliers required to file 2000 UWMPs

16% (64) Not submitted

38% (155) Not complete

47% (194) complete

Summary of Best Management Practices - 1996 UWMP Report to the Legislature

BMP Best Management Practices Implementing Not Implementing Total

1 Interior and Exterior Water Audits for Single Family and Multi-Family Customers 165 150 315

2 New and Retrofit Plumbing 238 77 315

3 Distribution System Water Audits, Leak Detection and Repair 211 104 315 4 Metering with Commodity Rates

265 50 315

5 Large Landscapes and Water Audits and Incentives 144 171 315

6 Landscape Water Conservation 200 115 315

7 Public Information 295 20 315

8 School Education 260 55 315

9 Commercial and Industrial Water Conservation 140 175 315

10 New Commercial, Industrial and Institutional Water Use Review 147 168 315

11 Conservation Pricing 205 110 315 12 Landscape Water Conservation for New and Existing Single Family Homes

193 122 315 13 Water Waste Prohibition 229 86 315 14 Water Conservation Coordinator

224 91 315 15 Financial Incentives

120 195 315 16 Ultra-Low Flush Toilet Replacement

179 136 315

Implementation - Reported can be any level of implementation, or another agency is implementing this BMP. Implementation - Not Reported could mean that there is an exemption, the BMP is not applicable, or the agency is not implementing the BMP.

BMP Best Management Practices Implementing Not Imp.

Urban Water Management Plans – Urban Water Management Plans – Compliance 2005 UWMP CycleCompliance 2005 UWMP Cycle

460 Urban water suppliers required to file 2005 UWMPs

34% (116) Not submitted

31% (141) Reviewed

12% (40) Complete

Urban Water Management Plans - Urban Water Management Plans - Consequences of Not Doing a PlanConsequences of Not Doing a Plan

DWR is prevented from providing funding Insufficient dry year & emergency planning Documentation is still needed anyway for

SB 610/SB 221 Assessments/Verifications if area plans approval of large scale developments (water use equivalent to over 500 dwelling units)

Urban Water Management Plans - Urban Water Management Plans - Litigation ExposureLitigation Exposure

UWMP Litigation can be based on: Failure to adopt a plan - WC § 10650(a) Failure of the UWMP, or action taken pursuant to

the Plan, to comply with requirements of the law – WC § 10650(b)

Abuse of discretion - established if the supplier has not proceeded as required by law, or if the action is not supported by substantial evidence – WC § 10651

Urban Water Management Plans - New Urban Water Management Plans - New RequirementsRequirements

Reliability Information: Must be provided for each water source 20 year supply/demand projection required 25 year projection optional – recommended

for SB 610/SB 221 water supply assessment/verification

Urban Water Management Plans - The Urban Water Management Plans - The Bottom LineBottom Line

Serve as a foundational document for an Integrated Regional Water Management Plan

Serve as a foundational document for SB 610/SB 221 Assessment/Verification

Position the community to get State funding as it becomes available

Urban Water Management Plan -Invalidated

FRIENDS OF THE SANTA CLARA RIVER et al.,

Plaintiffs and Appellants,

v.

CASTAIC LAKE WATER AGENCY et al.,

Defendants and Respondents.

Water Supply Assessment - Not Adequate

CALIFORNIA OAK FOUNDATION, et al.,

Plaintiffs and Appellants,

v.

CITY OF SANTA CLARITA,

Defendant and Respondent,

and

GATE KING PROPERTIES.

Governor’s Office of Planning & Research - State Clearinghouse

Survey of All CEQA Documents for Residential Developments Filed for State Agency Distribution:

26 CEQA Documents Received That Require SB 610 Assessments

14 CEQA Documents Received (54%) That Include SB 610 Assessments

Land Use, Landscape Components

Water features: 4 million in 1998, 16 million more installed by 2003, $2 billion annual US sales

CA average gpcd in 2000: 232, up 20% from 185 in 1960 (rising income, high demand appliances, larger lot sizes, population growth in hotter inland areas (355 gpcd compared to 195 coastal)

Water Dedicated to Landscapes

Approx. ¼ of non-ag water use across US is for home and business lawn and garden irrigation (not including 21,000 golf courses or water pumped from private wells)

Even many water-rich states are over-pumping groundwater & draining local rivers to irrigate landscapes

one-third of all CA urban water (residential, commercial, industrial and institutional) is dedicated to landscape irrigation

one-half of the State’s residential water is applied to landscapes

Dead heads

Landscape maintenance nightmares

AB 2717

Became law September, 2004 California Urban Water Conservation Council

formed Landscape Task Force to review landscape water issues, make recommendations for improvements

Representatives from water suppliers, landscape & building industries, cities & counties, environmental groups, and state & federal agencies

Legislative Scope of Task Force

Model Ordinance revisions Labeling requirements & performance standards

for equipment Water budgets for irrigated landscaped areas Standards, training & certification for landscape

personnel Incentives & disincentives

AB 1881

Summary of Requirements

Requirements

Include provisions for appropriate use and groupings of plants adapted to a particular site

Shall not prohibit any plant species Include a water budget for maximum water applied Promote benefits of consistent local ordinances in

neighboring areas

Requirements

Encourage the capture of storm water Include provisions for use of automatic irrigation

systems and scheduling based on climate conditions Include references to irrigation equipment standards Include provisions for onsite soil assessment and

management for healthy plant growth

Requirements

Promote water recycling Educate water users on water use efficiency Address regional differences Exempt landscape that is part of historical site Encourage economic incentives for efficient use of

water

Requirements

Include provisions for maintenance practices that fosters water conservation

Include provisions to minimize irrigation overspray and runoff

Deliverables

DWR submit a report to the legislature on the status of the existing MO and its recommendation for water budget component of the UMO

DWR Update the Model Ordinance by January 1, 2009 DWR Distribute UMO by January 31, 2009 Local agency adopt a model ordinance or DWR’s UMO by

January 1, 2010 Local agency notify DWR if it is subject to UMO or provide a

copy of its MO by January 31, 2010 DWR submit a report to legislature by January 31, 2011 on

the status of adopted ordinances by local agencies

Steps & Issues

Begin a study on ET Adjustment Factor, Spring 2007 Ask cities and counties to report on the status of 1990

Model Ordinance, July 2007 Gather information for drafting the provisions of the

Updated Model Ordinance, July 2007 Report to the Legislature Issue Rule Making Calendar Funding appropriation, 2007-08 Rule making, 2008 Water Commission approval of regulation

AB 371 (Goldberg)

The Water Recycling Act of 2006

AB 371 (Cont.)

Objective – Increase the availability and use of recycled water. Help the sate meet its goal of recycling one million acre-feet of water per year by 2030.

AB 371 (Cont.)

Calls on various state departments to take appropriate steps to implement the recommendations from the 2003 Recycle Water Task Force: 222.owue.water.ca.gov/recycle/docs/TaskForceReport.htm.

AB 371 (Cont.)

Requires the Department of General Services and Department of Transportation to install piping appropriate for recycled water use in any of their landscape irrigation projects if notified by a recycled water producer that water will be provided for these projects.

AB 371 (Cont.)

Requires the Department of Water Resources to adopt and submit to the Building Standards Commission a state version of Appendix J of the Uniform Plumbing Code to ensure proper design standards to safely plumb buildings for both potable and recycled waters.

AB 371 (Cont.)

DWR will implement AB 371 depending on availability of funds. DWR will make earnest efforts to involve various stakeholders to provide them with an opportunity to help implement the relevant portions of the act.

Contact Information

Dave Todd Office of Water Use Efficiency & Transfers California Department of Water Resources (916) 651-7027 dtodd@water.ca.gov

Checking the Snowpack