View
218
Download
0
Category
Preview:
Citation preview
8/13/2019 Berger v. City of Seattle (2009)
1/54
Page 1
8/13/2019 Berger v. City of Seattle (2009)
2/54
Page 2
569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **
30 of 32 DOCUE!"S
MICHAEL JAMES BERGER, a single man also known as Magic Mike,
Plaintiff-Appellee, ! CI"# $% SEA""LE& 'IRGI(IA A()ERS$(,)i*ecto* of Seattle Cente*& MICHAEL A()ERS$(, Eme*genc+ Se*ice
Manage* fo* Seattle Cente*& "E( (($.(
EMPL$#EES/$%%ICERS, of t0e Seattle Cente* an1 t0e Cit+ of Seattle,
all in 2ot0 t0ei* in1ii13al an1 official capacities, )efen1ants-
Appellants!
(o! 45-65758
(I"E) S"A"ES C$R" $% APPEALS %$R "HE (I("H CIRCI"
59: %!61 ;48:& 844: !S! App! LE, 844:, %ile1
SBSE?E(" HIS"$R#@ Co#$# a%d fee# p&o'eed(%g a$, )e+e#$ g&a%$ed e&ge& -. C($ of Sea$$/e, 50
F.3d 91, 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 199 9$4 C(&. a#4., Sep$. 2, 2009
PRI$R HIS"$R#@ ;
Appea/ f&o7 $4e U%($ed S$a$e# D(#$&('$ Co+&$ fo& $4e e#$e&% D(#$&('$ of a#4(%g$o%. D.C. !o. C803
0323:L). :a7e# L. )oa&$, D(#$&('$ :+dge, P&e#(d(%g.
e&ge& -. C($ of Sea$$/e, 512 F.3d 52, 200 U.S. App. LEXIS 331 9$4 C(&. a#4., 200
)ISP$SI"I$(@AFFI)ED I! PA)" a%d )EA!DED I! PA)".
CASE SMMAR#@
PR$CE)RAL P$S"RE@ Fo//o
8/13/2019 Berger v. City of Seattle (2009)
3/54
Page 3
569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **
(%$e&e#$.
$"C$ME@ "4e g&a%$ of #+77a& @+dg7e%$ #, #$&ee$, #o/('($a$(o%, 'ap$(-e a+d(e%'e, #pea=e&, a+d(e%'e, p+/(' fo&+7,
o&d(%a%'e, '&o Appeals > Standards of Review > #e $ovo Review
B!3 A '(&'+($ 'o+&$ of appea/# &e-(e# /ega/ de$e&7(%a$(o%#, (%'/+d(%g 'o%#$($+$(o%a/
&+/(%g#, de %o-o. A d(#$&('$ 'o+&$># de$e&7(%a$(o%# o% 7(?ed +e#$(o%# of /a< a%d fa'$ $4a$ (7p/('a$e'o%#$($+$(o%a/ &(g4$# a&e a/#o &e-(e Bill of Rights > Fundamental Freedoms > Freedom of Speech > Forums
B! "4e p&o$e'$(o%# affo&ded $4e F($ A7e%d7e%$ a&e %o Bill of Rights > Fundamental Freedoms > General "verview
B!5 See U.S. Co%#$. a7e%d. I.
Constitutional Law > Bill of Rights > Fundamental Freedoms > General "verview
Constitutional Law > Bill of Rights > State Application
B!6 "4e F($ A7e%d7e%$># p&o4(($(o%# app/ $o #$a$e a%d /o'a/ go-e&%7e%$ &+/e7a=e.
Constitutional Law > Bill of Rights > Fundamental Freedoms > %udicial ! Legislative Restraints >
&ime' Place ! (anner
B! De#p($e $4e &oad F($ A7e%d7e%$ p&o$e'$(o% a''o&ded e?p&e##(-e a'$(-($ (% p+/(' pa&=#, 'e&$a(%
&e#$&('$(o%# o% #pee'4 (% $4e p+/(' pa&=# a&e -a/(d. Spe'(f('a//, a 7+%('(pa/($ 7a (##+e &ea#o%a/e
&eg+/a$(o%# go-e&%(%g $4e $(7e, p/a'e o& 7a%%e& of #pee'4. "o pa## 'o%#$($+$(o%a/ 7+#$e&, a $(7e, p/a'e, o&
7a%%e& &e#$&('$(o% 7+#$ 7ee$ $4&ee '&($e&(aG 1 ($ 7+#$ e 'o%$e%$%e+$&a/; 2 ($ 7+#$ e %a&&o
8/13/2019 Berger v. City of Seattle (2009)
4/54
Page
569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **
Constitutional Law > Bill of Rights > Fundamental Freedoms > Freedom of Speech > Scope of
Freedom
B! +#(' a%d pe&fo&7a%'e a&$ a&e fo&7# of e?p&e##(-e a'$(-($ p&o$e'$ed $4e F($ A7e%d7e%$.
E%$e&$a(%7e%$, a# # de'(#(o% (% fa-o& of a%o%7($ 7a e 7o$(-a$ed fea& of e'o%o7(' o&
off('(a/ &e$a/(a$(o%, 'o%'e&% ao+$ #o'(a/ o#$&a'(#7, o& 7e&e/ a de#(&e $o p&e#e&-e a# 7+'4 of o%e>#
p&(-a' a# po##(/e. A%d, '&($('a//, ad-a%'e %o$(f('a$(o% &e+(&e7e%$# e/(7(%a$e #po%$a%eo+# #pee'4.
Constitutional Law > Bill of Rights > Fundamental Freedoms > %udicial ! Legislative Restraints >
Prior Restraint
Governments > Local Governments > Licenses
B!10 A# a &e#+/$ of $4e #(g%(f('a%$ +&de% $4a$ &eg(#$&a$(o% &e+(&e7e%$# p/a'e o% #pea=e, $4e U.S.
S+p&e7e Co+&$ 4a# 'o%#(#$e%$/ #$&+'= do
"ver*readth ! +agueness
B!12 A %a&&o#
8/13/2019 Berger v. City of Seattle (2009)
5/54
Page 5
569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **
/eg($(7a$e (%$e&e#$#, $4e e?(#$e%'e of o-(o+#, /e## +&de%#o7e a/$e&%a$(-e# (# a &e/e-a%$ 'o%#(de&a$(o% (%
de$e&7(%(%g Fundamental Freedoms > Freedom of Speech > Forums
B!13 A #$a$e># (%$e&e#$ (% p&o$e'$(%g $4e #afe$ a%d 'o%-e%(e%'e of peo%# +#(%g a p+/(' fo&+7 (#a##+&ed/ a -a/(d go-e&%7e%$ o@e'$(-e. U%de& app&op&(a$e '(&'+7#$a%'e#, a pe&7($$(%g &e+(&e7e%$go-e&%(%g $4e +#e of a p+/(' ope% #pa'e 'a% f+&$4e& a /eg($(7a$e (%$e&e#$ (% $4e &eg+/a$(o% of 'o7pe$(%g
+#e# of $4a$ #pa'e.
Constitutional Law > Bill of Rights > Fundamental Freedoms > %udicial ! Legislative Restraints >
Prior Restraint
Governments > Local Governments > Licenses
B!1 )+/e# $4a$ g&a%$ /('e%#(%g off('(a/# +%d+e d(#'&e$(o% a&e %o$ 'o%#$($+$(o%a/. A /a< #+@e'$(%g $4e
e?e&'(#e of F($ A7e%d7e%$ f&eedo7# $o $4e p&(o& &e#$&a(%$ of a /('e%#e 7+#$ 'o%$a(% %a&&o Bill of Rights > Fundamental Freedoms > %udicial ! Legislative Restraints >
"ver*readth ! +aguenessB!15 "4e go-e&%7e%$ 7a %o$ &eg+/a$e e?p&e##(o% (% #+'4 a 7a%%e& $4a$ a #+#$a%$(a/ po&$(o% of $4e
+&de% o% #pee'4 doe# %o$ #e&-e $o ad-a%'e ($# goa/#.
Constitutional Law > &he %udiciar > Case or Controvers > Constitutionalit of Legislation > General
"verview
B!16 I$ (# a Fundamental Freedoms > %udicial ! Legislative Restraints >
&ime' Place ! (anner
Evidence > Procedural Considerations > Burdens of Proof > Allocation
B!1 A# Bill of Rights > Fundamental Freedoms > %udicial ! Legislative Restraints >
&ime' Place ! (anner
B!19 A go-e&%7e%$a/ od #ee=(%g $o #+#$a(% a &e#$&('$(o% 7+#$ de7o%#$&a$e $4a$ $4e 4a&7# ($ &e'($e# a&e
&ea/.
Constitutional Law > Bill of Rights > Fundamental Freedoms > %udicial ! Legislative Restraints >
&ime' Place ! (anner
B!20 A% a/$e&%a$(-e '4a%%e/ fo& 'o77+%('a$(o% (# %o$ a7p/e (f $4e #pea=e& (# %o$ pe&7($$ed $o &ea'4 $4e
(%$e%ded a+d(e%'e.
Constitutional Law > Bill of Rights > Fundamental Freedoms > Freedom of Speech > Commercial
Speech > General "verview
Constitutional Law > Bill of Rights > Fundamental Freedoms > %udicial ! Legislative Restraints >
General "verview
8/13/2019 Berger v. City of Seattle (2009)
6/54
Page 6
569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **
B!21 Spee'4 $4a$ #o/('($# f+%d# (# p&o$e'$ed $4e F($ A7e%d7e%$. )+/e# $4a$ &eg+/a$e #o/('($a$(o% (%
p+/(' fo&a a&e $4e&efo&e #+@e'$ $o $4e #a7e #$a%da&d# a# $4o#e $4a$ /(7($ o$4e& fo&7# of #pee'4. I% o$4e&
# /eg($(7a$e (%$e&e#$ (% p&e-e%$(%g f&a+d 'a% e e$$e& #e&-ed 7ea#+&e# /e##(%$&+#(-e $4a% a d(&e'$ p&o4(($(o% o% #o/('($a$(o%. F&a+d+/e%$ 7(#&ep&e#e%$a$(o%# 'a% e p&o4(($ed a%d $4e
pe%a/ /a
8/13/2019 Berger v. City of Seattle (2009)
7/54
Page
569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **
"a//7a%, (/a% D. S7($4, :&. a%d !. )a%d S7($4, C(&'+($ :+dge#. Op(%(o% :+dge e&o%; D(##e%$
C4(ef :+dge o(%#=(; D(##e%$ :+dge Ho+/d; Pa&$(a/ Co%'+&&e%'e a%d Pa&$(a/ D(##e%$ :+dge !.).
S7($4. C4(ef :+dge OJI!SI, # #$&ee$ pe&fo&7e. e 'o%#(de& $oda $4e
'o%#$($+$(o%a/ -a/(d($ of #o7e of $4o#e &+/e#.
A7o%g o$4e& p&o-(#(o%#, $4e %e< &+/e# &e+(&ed #$&ee$ pe&fo&7e a$ $4e Sea$$/e Ce%$e& $o o$a(% pe&7($#efo&e pe&fo&7(%g; #e$ o+$ #pe'(f(ed /o'a$(o%# fo& #$&ee$ pe&fo&7a%'e# a%d e#$a/(#4ed a f($'o7e, f($
#e&-ed &+/e fo& +#(%g $4e /o'a$(o%#; a//o# &o+g4/ 0
a'&e e?pa%#e of p+/(' #pa'e a$$&a'$# o-e& $e% 7(//(o% -(#($o a%%+a//. I$ (# 4o7e $o Sea$$/e># ('o%(' Spa'e
!eed/e, a%d $o 7+#e+7#, #po&$# a&e%a#, $4ea$e, a%d a pe&fo&7a%'e 4a//. "4e Ce%$e&># g&o+%d# a/#o (%'/+de
$# o+$doo& #pa'e#. F(-e of $4e )+/e# a&e &e/e-a%$ 4e&eG )+/e F.1,
8/13/2019 Berger v. City of Seattle (2009)
8/54
Page
569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **
$4e d(#$&('$ 'o+&$ g&a%$ed e&ge& #+77a& @+dg7e%$ a# $o 4(# fa'(a/ '4a//e%ge#. S4o&$/ $4e&eaf$e&, e&ge&
a%d $4e C($ #e$$/ed 4(# a#app/(ed '4a//e%ge#. "4e C($ %o< $(7e/ appea/# $4e #+77a& @+dg7e%$.
1 B!2 "4e C($ 4a# de/ega$ed ($# &+/e7a=(%g a+$4o&($ o-e& $4e Ce%$e& $o $4e Ce%$e&># D(&e'$o&. Seea#4. +%. Code 1.0.00.
IL Gene*al P*inciples
B!3 e &e-(e< a d(#$&('$ 'o+&$># /ega/ de$e&7(%a$(o%#, (%'/+d(%g 'o%#$($+$(o%a/ &+/(%g#, de novo. See
Berry v. Dep't of Soc. Servs., F.3d 62, 6 9$4 C(&. 2006. A d(#$&('$ 'o+&$># de$e&7(%a$(o%# o% 7(?ed
+e#$(o%# of /a< a%d fa'$ $4a$ (7p/('a$e 'o%#$($+$(o%a/ &(g4$# a&e a/#o &e-(e# &(g4$ $o /(7($e?p&e##(-e a'$(-($ B(# #4a&p/ '(&'+7#'&(ed.Perry Educ. Ass'n, 60 U.S. a$ 5. A7o%g $&ad($(o%a/ p+/('
fo&a, p+/(' pa&=# #+'4 a# $4e Sea$$/e Ce%$e& a&e e#pe'(a// (7po&$a%$ /o'a/e# fo& 'o77+%('a$(o% a7o%g $4e
'($(e%&, a# $4e >4a-e (77e7o&(a// ee% 4e/d (% $&+#$ fo& $4e +#e of $4e p+/(' a%d, $(7e o+$ of 7(%d,
4a-e ee% +#ed fo& p+&po#e# of a##e7/, 'o77+%('a$(%g $4o+g4$# e$# de$e&7(%a$(o% $4a$ $4e Sea$$/e Ce%$e& (# a $&ad($(o%a/ p+/(' fo&+7. "4e &e'o&d #+ppo&$# $4(#
'4a&a'$e&(a$(o%, a# :+dge S7($4 a/ de7o%#$&a$e# (% 4(# #epa&a$e op(%(o%.
B! De#p($e $4e &oad F($ A7e%d7e%$ p&o$e'$(o% a''o&ded e?p&e##(-e a'$(-($ (% p+/(' pa&=#, 'e&$a(%
&e#$&('$(o%# o% #pee'4 (% $4e p+/(' pa&=# a&e -a/(d. Spe'(f('a//, a 7+%('(pa/($ 7a (##+e &ea#o%a/e
&eg+/a$(o%# go-e&%(%g $4e $(7e, p/a'e o& 7a%%e& of #pee'4. &rossan, 33 F.3d a$ 1205;see also Clar% v.
Cty. for Creative $on*+iolence, 6 U.S. 2, 293, 10 S. C$. 3065, 2 L. Ed. 2d 221 19. "o pa##
'o%#$($+$(o%a/ 7+#$e&, a $(7e, p/a'e, o& 7a%%e& &e#$&('$(o% 7+#$ 7ee$ $4&ee '&($e&(aG 1 ($ 7+#$ e 'o%$e%$
%e+$&a/; 2 ($ 7+#$ e %a&&o
8/13/2019 Berger v. City of Seattle (2009)
9/54
Page 9
569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **
a&$ o& $4e p/a(%g of a% 7+#('a/ (%#$&+7e%$, #(%g(%g o& -o'a/((%g, # app/('a$(o% (# $&+e, $4e app/('a%$ 4a# e?e'+$ed a #$a$e7e%$ #$a$(%g $4a$ 4e o& #4e
#a-ed> o&
>&e#e&-ed.> )+/e F..
)+/e F.2 #e$# fo&$4 $4e $e&7# a%d 'o%d($(o%# go-e&%(%g $4e pe&7($#, (%'/+d(%g ;4$4e g&o+%d# fo& $4e(&
&e-o'a$(o%. A/$4o+g4 $4e C($ &ep&e#e%$# $4a$ $4e )+/e# p&o-(de $4e D(&e'$o& 4ea- p&e#+7p$(o%>
aga(%#$ ($# 'o%#$($+$(o%a/($. See "orsyt# County v. $ationalist -oveent, 505 U.S. 123, 130, 112 S. C$.
2395, 120 L. Ed. 2d 101 1992 +o$(%gBanta Boo%s (nc. v. Sullivan, 32 U.S. 5, 0, 3 S. C$. 631, 9
L. Ed. 2d 5 1963. A# $4e Co+&$ e?p/a(%ed (% ,atc#tower Bible ! /ract Society of $ew 0or% (nc. v.
+illage of Stratton, 536 U.S. 150, 122 S. C$. 200, 153 L. Ed. 2d 205 2002,
B($ ;;(# offe%#(-e %o$ o%/ $o $4e -a/+e# p&o$e'$ed $4e F($ A7e%d7e%$, +$ $o $4e -e& %o$(o% of a f&ee
#o'(e$ $4a$ (% $4e 'o%$e?$ of e-e&da p+/(' d(#'o+e a '($(e% 7+#$ f($ (%fo&7 $4e go-e&%7e%$ of 4e& de#(&e $o
#pea= $o 4e& %e(g4o a%d $4e% o$a(% a pe&7($ $o do #o.
(d. a$ 16566;see also id. a$ 166 E-e% (f $4e (##+a%'e of pe&7($# $4e 7ao&># off('e (# a 7(%(#$e&(a/ $a#=
$4a$ (# pe&fo&7ed p&o7p$/ a%d a$ %o 'o#$ $o $4e app/('a%$, a /a< &e+(&(%g a pe&7($ $o e%gage (% #+'4#pee'4 'o%#$($+$e# a d&a7a$(' depa&$+&e f&o7 o+& %a$(o%a/ 4e&($age a%d 'o%#$($+$(o%a/ $&ad($(o%..
"4e p&e#+7p$(-e (%-a/(d($ a%d offe%#(-e%e## of ad-a%'e %o$('e a%d pe&7($$(%g &e+(&e7e%$# #$e7 f&o7 $4e
#(g%(f('a%$ +&de% $4a$ $4e p/a'e o% f&ee #pee'4. o$4 $4e p&o'ed+&a/ 4+&d/e of f(//(%g o+$ a%d #+7($$(%g
a
8/13/2019 Berger v. City of Seattle (2009)
10/54
Page 10
569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **
po$e%$(a/ #pea=e e/(7(%a$(%g $4e po##((/($ of a%o%7o+# #pee'4. See ,atc#tower Bible, 536 U.S. a$
166;see also -c(ntyre v. )#io Elections Co'n, 51 U.S. 33, 312, 115 S. C$. 1511, 131 L. Ed. 2d
26 1995 BA #pea=e&># ;8de'(#(o% (% fa-o& of a%o%7($ 7a e 7o$(-a$ed fea& of e'o%o7(' o&off('(a/ &e$a/(a$(o%, 'o%'e&% ao+$ #o'(a/ o#$&a'(#7, o& 7e&e/ a de#(&e $o p&e#e&-e a# 7+'4 of o%e>#
p&(-a' a# po##(/e.. A%d, '&($('a//, ad-a%'e %o$(f('a$(o% &e+(&e7e%$# e/(7(%a$e #po%$a%eo+# #pee'4.See ,atc#tower Bible, 536 U.S. a$ 16;see also &rossan, 33 F.3d a$ 1206 %o$(%g $4a$ e'a+#e of $4e
de/a 'a+#ed 'o7p/(%g # ($%e##e# go(%g #(%g/ f&o7 4o+#e $o
4o+#e fo& $4e p+&po#e of &e/(g(o+# #o/('($a$(o%; Sc#neider v. State of $.2., 30 U.S. 1, 1636, 60 S. C$.
16, L. Ed. 155 1939 #$&(=(%g do# a##e&$ed (%$e&e#$#,see e.g. ,atc#tower Bible, 536 U.S. a$ 1669 %o$(%g $4a$ a
pe&7($$(%g &e+(&e7e%$ (# +%/(=e/ . . . B$o p&e'/+de '&(7(%a/# f&o7 =%o'=(%g o% doo ;>a%de%gag(%g (% 'o%-ea$(o%# B# 4o/d(%g (% ,atc#tower Bible. "4(&d, $4e&e (# %o &ea#o%
$o e/(e-e $4a$ #$&ee$ pe&fo&7e a&e /e## (%$e&e#$ed (% 7a(%$a(%(%g $4e(& a%o%7($ f&o7 $4e go-e&%7e%$ $4a% doo&$odoo&
'a%-a##e o& o$4e& p+&-eo of po$e%$(a// +%pop+/a& (dea#. See ,atc#tower Bible, 536 U.S. a$ 166 "4e fa'$ $4a$'(&'+/a$o &e-ea/ed $4e(& p4#('a/ (de%$($(e# d(d %o$ fo&e'/o#e o+& 'o%#(de&a$(o% of $4e '(&'+/a$o> (%$e&e#$ (% 7a(%$a(%(%g $4e(&
a%o%7($ B(%Buc%ley v. Aerican Constitutional Law "oundation (nc., 525 U.S. 12, 119 S. C$. 636, 12 L. Ed. 2d 599
1999. I% $4e 8(//age, #$&a%ge $o $4e &e#(de%$ 'e&$a(%/ 7a(%$a(% $4e(& a%o%7($, a%d $4e o&d(%a%'e 7a p&e'/+de #+'4
peo%# f&o7 'a%-a##(%g fo& +%pop+/a& 'a+#e#.. Fo+&$4, a# %o$ed, $4e o&d(%a%'e app/(e#
8/13/2019 Berger v. City of Seattle (2009)
11/54
Page 11
569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **
;46: A/$4o+g4 $4e S+p&e7e Co+&$ 4a# %o$ add&e##ed $4e -a/(d($ of #(%g/e#pea=e& pe&7($$(%g
&e+(&e7e%$# fo& #pee'4 (% a p+/(' fo&+7, ($ #$a%d# $o &ea#o% $4a$ #+'4 &e+(&e7e%$# # a##e&$ed
(%$e&e#$# (%'/+ded $4e p&e-e%$(o% of '&(7e a%d f&a+d a%d $4e p&o$e'$(o% of &e#(de%$(a/ p&(-a'.
A/$4o+g4 #$&ee$ pe&fo&7e do, of 'o+e, 4ope $o d&a< '&o# pe&7($$(%g &e+(&e7e%$ (7p/('a$e# @+#$ #+'4 (%$e&a'$(o%#. U%de& $4e '+&&e%$ &+/e#, ('4ae/ e&ge&
8/13/2019 Berger v. City of Seattle (2009)
12/54
Page 12
569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **7+#$ o$a(% a pe&7($ # /eg($(7a$e (%$e&e#$#, ,ard, 91
U.S. a$ 9, $4e e?(#$e%'e of o-(o+#, /e## +&de%#o7e a/$e&%a$(-e# (# a &e/e-a%$ 88'o%#(de&a$(o% (%de$e&7(%(%g f($> e$# pe&7($$(%g &e+(&e7e%$ fa(/# $4e %a&&o< $a(/o&(%g $e#$ fo& $4&ee &ea#o%#. F($, $4e &e+(&e7e%$
o%/ 7a&g(%a//, (f a$ a//, p&o7o$e# $4e C($># a##e&$ed (%$e&e#$#, #+gge#$(%g $4a$ $4e go-e&%7e%$># (%$e&e#$#
#(%$e&e#$ (% 86p&o$e'$(%g $4e >#afe$ a%d 'o%-e%(e%'e> of peo%# +#(%g a p+/(' fo&+7 (# a##+&ed/ a
-a/(d go-e&%7e%$ o@e'$(-e.effron v. (nt'l Soc'y of 4ris#na Consciousness (nc., 52 U.S. 60, 650, 101
S. C$. 2559, 69 L. Ed. 2d 29 191;see also /#oas v. C#ic. Par% Dist., 53 U.S. 316, 323, 122 S. C$.
5, 151 L. Ed. 2d 3 2002 )eg+/a$(o%# of $4e +#e of a p+/(' fo&+7 $4a$ e%#+&e $4e #afe$ a%d
'o%-e%(e%'e of $4e peop/e a&e %o$ (%'o%#(#$e%$ # a##e&$ed &ea#o%# fo& e%a'$(%g $4e pe&7($$(%g &eg+/a$(o%# a&e $4+# #+#$a%$(a/ go-e&%7e%$a/
(%$e&e#$#. U%/(=e $4e &e#$&('$(o%# (% $4e 'a#e# @+#$ '($ed, 4o# pe&7($$(%g &e+(&e7e%$# do%o$ p&o7o$e $4o#e (%$e&e#$# (% a% #(g%(f('a%$ # pe&7($$(%g &e+(&e7e%$ a/#o ea %o appa&e%$ 'o%%e'$(o% $o $4e C($># #$a$ed (%$e&e#$ (%
8/13/2019 Berger v. City of Seattle (2009)
13/54
Page 13
569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **
&ed+'(%g 4o#$(/e ;4>8 pe&fo&7e& e4a-(o&. "4e C($ &ep&e#e%$# $4a$ $4e pe&7($# a&e f&ee/ (##+ed, a%d
$4a$ $4e&e (# /($$/e, (f a%, #'&ee%(%g p&o'e##. 9If #o, $4e% $4e&e (# %o &ea#o% #
'oo&d(%a$(o% #'4e7e.
"4e C4(ef :+dge (7p/(e# $4a$ o+& op(%(o% (# (% 'o%f/('$ 6 o$4 'a#e# p&e'eded $4e de-e/op7e%$ $4e S+p&e7e Co+&$ of #pe'(f(' $(7e, p/a'e a%d 7a%%e&
#$a%da&d#, a%d #o, a/$4o+g4 #$(// good /a# op(%(o%, $4e fa'$ $4a$ $4e C($># pe&7($$(%g &e+(&e7e%$ a//o# /eg($(7a$e (%$e&e#$ (% 'oo&d(%a$(%g 7+/$(p/e +#e# of a p+/(' #pa'e. I% o$4e&
8/13/2019 Berger v. City of Seattle (2009)
14/54
Page 1
569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **
F(%a//, $4e (7pe&fe'$ f($ e$# #$a$ed goa/# a%d $4e pe&7($ a%d adge &e+(&e7e%$# (#
e-(de%'ed $4e )+/e#> #(g%(f('a%$ +%de&(%'/+#(-e%e##. U%de& $4e )+/e#, a g&o+p of a# 7a% a# 99 peop/e
'a% ga$4e& # a##e&$ed (%$e&e#$# #(7p/ e'a+#e a pe&fo&7e&># fea& of /o#(%g 4(# o& 4e& pe&7($ >
ealt# Ctr. (nc., 512 U.S. 53, 6, 11 S. C$. 2516, 129 L. Ed. 2d 593 199. 1"4e&e (# /($$/e &ea#o% $o#+#pe'$ $4a$ a pe&fo&7e& # &e#po%#e, (f a%. "4e
C($ doe# %o$ e?p/a(%
8/13/2019 Berger v. City of Seattle (2009)
15/54
Page 15
569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **7o&e d(ff('+/$ $4a% (de%$(f(%g a pe&fo&7e& # pe&7($$(%g &e+(&e7e%$
doe# %o$ &e+(&e o%/ %o%&+/e a(d(%g #$&ee$ pe&fo&7e $o (de%$(f $4e7#e/-e# $o $4e go-e&%7e%$. I$
&e+(&e# allpe&fo&7e $o f($ (%fo&7 $4e go-e&%7e%$ of B$4e(& de#(&e $o #pea= (% a p+/(' fo&+7,see
,atc#tower, 536 U.S. a$ 16566, a%d $4e&e fo&ego $4e(& a%o%7($. "4e pe&7($$(%g &+/e># de%(a/ of
a%o%7($ $o po$e%$(a/ #$&ee$ pe&fo&7e, a%d $4e de$e&&e%$ effe'$ $4a$ #+'4 a de%(a/ 4a# o% #o7e (%d(-(d+a/#>
e?e&'(#e of #pee'4 &(g4$#, # 'o%#$($+$(o%a/($, %o$ (% ($# fa-o&. See ,atc#tower, 536U.S. a$ 1666 %.1.
Se'o%d, $4e C($ %eed %o$ &e/ o% a 6>p&e&eg(#$&a$(o% #'4e7e $o de$e&7(%e $4e (de%$($ ;4>5 a%d
add&e##e# of p&o/e7a$(' #$&ee$ pe&fo&7e. Sea$$/e Ce%$e& e7p/oee# 'a%, (%#$ead, a#= $4e offe%d(%g #$&ee$
pe&fo&7e& $o (de%$(f 4(7#e/f a%d p&o-(de a% add&e##, (f %e'e##a&. "4(# 7e$4od (# p&e#+7a/ $4e o%e
e7p/oed Sea$$/e po/('e off('e
8/13/2019 Berger v. City of Seattle (2009)
16/54
Page 16
569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **
a##e&$ed &ea#o%# fo& $4e pe&7($$(%g &e+(&e7e%$, $4e&e &+%%(%g afo+/ of $4e p&(%'(p/e $4a$ B!15 $4e
Bgo-e&%7e%$ 7a %o$ &eg+/a$e e?p&e##(o% (% #+'4 a 7a%%e& $4a$ a #+#$a%$(a/ po&$(o% of $4e +&de% o%
#pee'4 doe# %o$ #e&-e $o ad-a%'e ($# goa/#. ,ard, 91 U.S. a$ 99.
"4e pe&7($$(%g &e+(&e7e%$ (#, a''o&d(%g $o $4e C($, de#(g%ed (% pa&$ $o &ed+'e o#$&epe&o+# 'o%d+'$
#$&ee$ pe&fo&7e. Me$, $4e C($># o#
#(g%(f('a%$ (%$e&e#$ (% '&o
8/13/2019 Berger v. City of Seattle (2009)
17/54
Page 1
569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **
I% $4(# 'a#e, $4o+g4, e-e% (f 4(%f(&7, fo& $#
pe&7($$(%g &e+(&e7e%$.
Se'o%d, $4e C($># p&opo#ed /(7($a$(o% # '4o#e% pa&=(%g #pa'e, $4e a7o+%$ of $&aff(' pa##(%g $4e
'4o#e% pa&=(%g #po$, a%d $4e p4#('a/ '4a&a'$e&(#$('# of $4e #(g%.(d. a$ 6339. O+& 'o%'e&% # pe&7($$(%g &e+(&e7e%$ =
8/13/2019 Berger v. City of Seattle (2009)
18/54
Page 1
569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **
6! Concl3sion
O-e&a//, /(=e $4e (%-a/(d pe&7($$(%g #'4e7e (% &rossan, >>$4e C($># &eg+/a$(o%#, B&a$4e& $4a% e(%g
%a&&o# pe&7($$(%g&e+(&e7e%$ doe# %o$ 7ea%(%gf+// ad-a%'e $4e C($># a##e&$ed (%$e&e#$#. I%#$ead, ($ &e+(&e# #(%g/e
(%d(-(d+a/# $o (%fo&7 $4e go-e&%7e%$ of $4e(& (%$e%$ $o e%gage (% e?p&e##(-e a'$(-($ (% a p+/(' fo&+7, a
&e+(&e7e%$ $4a$ %e($4e& : City of Renton v. Playtie /#eatres (nc.., 5 U.S. 1, 5052,
106 S. C$. 925, 9 L. Ed. 2d 29 196. >98(e# e-(de%'e a/#o (%d('a$e# $4a$ #$&ee$ pe&fo&7e &eg+/a&/ e%gaged (% d(#&+p$(-e a%d-o/a$(/e $e&&($o&(a/ d(#p+$e#. 8(e# (%$e&e#$ (%&ed+'(%g $4e#e p&o/e7#. >7 de/(%ea$(%g p&e'(#e pe&fo&7a%'e /o'a$(o%#, $4e C($ 'a% a##+&e ($#e/f
a%d pa&= $e%a%$# $4a$ #$&ee$ pe&fo&7e a&e %o$ /o'=(%g e%$&a%'e#, e?($#, a%d pa$4
8/13/2019 Berger v. City of Seattle (2009)
19/54
Page 19
569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **
d(#p+$e# e/(7(%a$(%g +%'e&$a(%$ o-e& $4e pe&7(##(/e o+%da&(e# of a g(-e% pe&fo&7a%'e.
I% add($(o%, $4e pe&fo&7a%'e /o'a$(o% &+/e, +%/(=e $4e pe&7($$(%g &e+(&e7e%$, pa##(-e #o/('($a$(o%, a%d
captie a31ience&+/e#, (# %o$ o-e&&oad o% ($# fa'e. See Bd. of Airport Co'rs of t#e City of L.A. v. 2ews
for 2esus (nc., 2 U.S. 569, 55, 10 S. C$. 256, 96 L. Ed. 2d 500 19 #$&(=(%g do# a+d(e%'e, $4e do %o$ 'o7pe/ $4a$'o%'/+#(o% a# a 7a$$e& of /a# 'o%#$($+$(o%a/($ (# %o$
app&op&(a$e o% $4e '+&&e%$ &e'o&d.
"o e '/ea&,
8/13/2019 Berger v. City of Seattle (2009)
20/54
Page 20
569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **
)+/e F.3.a #$a$e#G !o pe&fo&7e& #4a// a'$(-e/ #o/('($ do%a$(o%#, fo& e?a7p/e /(-e o& &e'o&ded # #+gge#$(o% $o $4e 'o%$&a& %o$d /(=e o+ $o g(-e 7e #o7e
7o%e (f o+ e%@oed 7 pe&fo&7a%'e. Pe&fo&7e a&e o$4e&
8/13/2019 Berger v. City of Seattle (2009)
21/54
Page 21
569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **
21 I% d(##e%$, :+dge Ho+/d 'o%f+#e# -(e# a##e&$ed (%$e&e#$ (% &ed+'(%g o%o?(o+# e4a-(o&
#$&ee$ pe&fo&7e 'o+/d e-e& e 'o%#(de&ed 'o7pe//(%g. See S.).C. (nc. v. County of Clar%, 152 F.3d 1136,
116 9$4 C(&. 199 %o$(%g $4a$, a/$4o+g4 $4e go-e&%7e%$ 7a 4a-e a #+#$a%$(a/ (%$e&e#$ (% p&e-e%$(%g
#o/('($o f&o7 4a&a##(%g pede#$&(a%# o% p+/(' #$&ee$# a%d #(de
8/13/2019 Berger v. City of Seattle (2009)
22/54
Page 22
569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **
ee% #+@e'$ed $o ;456 d(#'&(7(%a$(o%;see also Alas%a (ndependence Party v. Alas%a, 55 F.3d 113,
110 9$4 C(&. 200 e/(7(%a$(o% of f&a+d a%d 'o&&+p$(o% (% $4e #$a$e e/e'$(o% p&o'e##; Cal. Pro*Life
Council (nc. v. Randolp#, 50 F.3d 112, 119 %. 9$4 C(&. 200 5=d(#'/o#+&e of po/($('a/(%fo&7a$(o% $o $4e e/e'$o&a$e.
+$ e-e% (f &ed+'(%g agg&e##(-e #o/('($a$(o% +a/(f(e# a# a 'o7pe//(%g (%$e&e#$, $4e Ce%$e&># pa##(-e#o/('($a$(o% &+/e (# fa& f&o7 $4e /ea#$ &e#$&('$(-e 7ea%#
8/13/2019 Berger v. City of Seattle (2009)
23/54
Page 23
569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **
&ea#o%#,
8/13/2019 Berger v. City of Seattle (2009)
24/54
Page 2
569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **
&a$4e& $4a% 7o-(%g $o a d(ffe&e%$ /o'a$(o% $4a% $4o#e # p+&po&$ed (%$e&e#$ (% p&o$e'$(%g 'e&$a(% pa&=goe f&o7 'o77+%('a$(o%#
o$4e
8/13/2019 Berger v. City of Seattle (2009)
25/54
Page 25
569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **
a%d, (% $4e Co+&$># -(e# $4(&$foo$ +ffe& o%e ge%e&a$e# $4e #a7e +%p&ed('$a(/($ p&o/e7# 4e&e. A# $4e e%d of a /(%e
#4(f$#, o& a p('%(' $a/e (# o''+p(ed, $4e Ce%$e&># captie a31ience&+/e #%ap# o% $o a& #pee'4 # &+/e#, %o& 4a# ($ ee% p&opo+%ded $4e C($. I%#$ead, $4e pe&7($$(%g &e+(&e7e%$ app/(e#, o% ($# fa'e, $o a// 7e7e&B# of $4e ge%e&a/ p+/('
#
pe&7($$(%g &e+(&e7e%$ (# $4a$ ($ doe# not'o%#(de& $4e #(e of a #$&ee$ pe&fo&7e&># e?pe'$ed a+d(e%'e o& $4e
8/13/2019 Berger v. City of Seattle (2009)
26/54
Page 26
569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **
d(#&+p$(o% 4e 7a 'a+#e. I$ app/(e# $o e-e& 7e7e& of $4e ge%e&a/ p+/(' # pe&7($$(%g &e+(&e7e%$ (# %o$ /(7($ed $o 4+ge &a//(e# o& e-e%
#7a//, 4+%d&ed peo% o%e#.
o&eo-e&, o+& 'o%'/+#(o% $4a$ $4e Co%#$($+$(o% p&o4(($# $4e go-e&%7e%$ f&o7 (7p/e7e%$(%g a &eg(#$&a$(o%##$e7 $4a$ go-e&%# #pee'4 (% a p+/(' fo&+7 a%d app/(e# $o g&o+p# a# #7a// a# a #(%g/e (%d(-(d+a/
pe&fo&7(%g Douglas v. Brownell, F.3d 1511, 152 $4 C(&. 1996. "4e d(##e%$e
(g%o&e $4(# /o%g /(%e of a+$4o&($, 'o%'/+d(%g #(7p/ $4a$ a &(g(d %+7e&('a/ &+/e # effe'$ o% o$4e. o(%#=( D(##e%$ a$ 1. +$, a# # o$4e&, e+a// #(//,
e?a7p/e# appea& $o #+gge#$,seeo(%#=( D(##e%$ a$ 116, $4a$ $4e F($ A7e%d7e%$ e?e7p$# a//(%d(-(d+a/ #pea=e f&o7 &eg+/a$(o%. If MoMo a o& &. !e de'(ded +%(/a$e&a// $o o#$&+'$ -e4('/e $&aff(',
$4e go-e&%7e%$ 'a%, of 'o+e, p&e-e%$ 4(7 f&o7 do(%g #o e%fo&'(%g ($# -e4('+/a& 'ode#. S(7(/a&/,
Sea$$/e Ce%$e& off('(a/# 'a%, p++a%$ $o ($# e?(#$(%g &+/e#, &e7o-e a #$&ee$ pe&fo&7e&
8/13/2019 Berger v. City of Seattle (2009)
27/54
Page 2
569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **
'III! Concl3sion
F($ A7e%d7e%$ p&o$e'$(o%# a&e &o+#$, e$ a$ $4e #a7e $(7e f&ag(/e a%d p&e'(o+#. Of$e%, go-e&%7e%$
&e#$&('$(o%# o% #pee'4 77#ee7 pe&fe'$/ &ea#o%a/e a$ f($ g/a%'e, a%d $4e e%'&oa'47e%$ o%
e?p&e##(o% fo&g(-a/e (% p++($ of 'o%-e%(e%'e o& good 7a%%e. +$ #e-e%$ ea of /a< eg(%%(%g #
8/13/2019 Berger v. City of Seattle (2009)
28/54
Page 2
569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **efo&e $4e pe&fo&7e& pe&7($ &+/e# $ e $4e&e a%dKo& $4a$ pe&fo&7e& (# do(%g
8/13/2019 Berger v. City of Seattle (2009)
29/54
Page 29
569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **
F.3d 1122, 1131 9$4 C(&. 2000 e% a%'. I%#$ead, =>$4e 7a@o&($ 7a=e# ($# o$ 4a-e '/ea& &+/e# ao+$ o$a(%(%g pe&7($# a%d %o$ $&app(%g captie a31iences, +$ ($
can=('= o+$ a% #$&ee$ pe&fo&7e& ($ dee7# agg&e##(-e
Fo&$+%a$e/ fo& 7 'o//eag+e#, t#eirp&opo#ed #o/+$(o%# =5do%>$ %eed $o pa## 'o%#$($+$(o%a/ 7+#$e&;
$4e 'a% @+#$ $o## $4e7 o+$ a# #+ppo#ed/ #+pe&(o& a/$e&%a$(-e#. +$ (f $4e '($ # &(g4$ $o pea'ef+/ e%@o7e%$ of
$4e pa&= a%d $4a$ of o$4e& pe&fo&7e $o a$$&a'$ a% a+d(e%'e Doe# $4e F($ A7e%d7e%$ &ea// 7ea% $4a$
'($(e%# $&(%g $o e%@o a '($ pa&= $4e(& $a? do//a pa fo& 7+#$ /e$ $4e7#e/-e# e &o
8/13/2019 Berger v. City of Seattle (2009)
30/54
Page 30
569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **
4po$4e$('a/
8/13/2019 Berger v. City of Seattle (2009)
31/54
Page 31
569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **
/o'a$(o% &+/e (# pa&$('+/a&/
8/13/2019 Berger v. City of Seattle (2009)
32/54
Page 32
569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **d(#&ega&ded $4e a$$e7p$ed e?e&'(#e of #o7e '(-(/ &(g4$ # (%$e&e#$ (% 7a(%$a(%(%g $4e o&de&/ 7o-e7e%$ of $4e
'&o#
e#$(7a$e $4a$ a ga$4e&(%g of 7o&e $4a% 50 peop/e 'o+/d 'a+#e p&o/e7# a%d +p4e/d $4e pe&7($ &e+(&e7e%$.
U%/(=e $4e '(&'+($ op(%(o%# o% #pe'(f $4e da a%d 4o+&> $4a$ $4e p/a%%ed $o 4o/d $4e(& pa&ade o& p+/('
7ee$(%g. a@. a$ 60. e&e, a #(%g/e pe&7($ e%$($/e# $4e ;497 4o/de& $o pe&fo&7 a$ a% $(7e 4e
8/13/2019 Berger v. City of Seattle (2009)
33/54
Page 33
569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **
e%$(&e ea&. "4e 7a@o&($ #o7e4o< f(%d# $4a$ $4(# # (%$e&e#$ (% 'oo&d(%a$(%g 7+/$(p/e +#e# of /(7($ed p+/(' #pa'e.(d.
"4(# (# -e& #$&a%ge &ea#o%(%g. If $4e Ce%$e& e/(e-e# $4a$ ($ doe#%>$ %eed a 7o&e &e#$&('$(-e pe&7($ $o #e&-e($# e%d#, $ 7a$$e&, a# /o%g a# $4e Ce%$e& &ea#o%a/ e/(e-e# $4a$ o%soeda#, a$soe4o+, a
#+ff('(e%$/ /a&ge '&o# (%'o7e depe%d# o% $4e '&o
8/13/2019 Berger v. City of Seattle (2009)
34/54
Page 3
569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **
# $4+# %o$ '/ea& $4a$,
8/13/2019 Berger v. City of Seattle (2009)
35/54
Page 35
569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **
p&o'eed
8/13/2019 Berger v. City of Seattle (2009)
36/54
Page 36
569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **
&e+(&e7e%$ 4a# ee% effe'$(-e (% #o/-(%g a #e&(o+# p&o/e7 $4a$ 4a# ee% e&od(%g $4a$ good
8/13/2019 Berger v. City of Seattle (2009)
37/54
Page 3
569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **
&ef+$e ($. "a=e $4e fo//o
8/13/2019 Berger v. City of Seattle (2009)
38/54
Page 3
569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **
# (%$e&e#$# a&e
8/13/2019 Berger v. City of Seattle (2009)
39/54
Page 39
569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **
e%& La%g, +#(' I! ES"E)! CI8ILIJA"IO! ?(? .. !o&$o% Co. 199 E-e& '(-(/(a$(o% (#
a #%$4e#(# of 7a%># 'o%+e#$ of /(fe. A&$ (# $4e +/$(7a$e #7o/ of $4(# 'o%+e#$, $4e +$7o#$ +%($ 7a% 'a%
a'4(e-e.. E-e% (f o+& #o'(e$ $oda doe# %o$ a/
8/13/2019 Berger v. City of Seattle (2009)
40/54
Page 0
569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **
)+/e F.5 (# 'o%#$($+$(o%a/. If ($ # a&g+7e%$ ao+$ a%
o-e&&oad a%d $4+# 'o%#$($+$(o%a// (%-a/(d def(%($(o% of #$&ee$ pe&fo&7e& #4o+/d %o$ e '&ed($ed.
Co%$&a& $o $4e 7a@o&($># -(e< $4a$ $4e&e a&e +%&e#o/-ed fa'$ (##+e# o% $4(# 7a$$e&, $4e C($ 4a# #4o
8/13/2019 Berger v. City of Seattle (2009)
41/54
Page 1
569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **
7a@o& pede#$&(a% $4o&o+g4fa&e# a%d a&e #($+a$ed %ea& a// of $4e 7o#$ pop+/a& Sea$$/e Ce%$e& a$$&a'$(o%#,
(%'/+d(%g $4e Spa'e !eed/e, e A&e%a, Pa'(f(' S'(e%'e Ce%$e&, a%d $4e E?pe&(e%'e +#(' P&o@e'$. I%
&e#po%#e, e&ge& 7a=e# $# 'o%'/+#o& a//ega$(o%# do %o$ '&ea$e a% 7a$e&(a/ fa'$
d(#p+$e $4a$ # a%a/#(# ;67p/a'e# ($ (% $e%#(o%, (f %o$ e?p/('($ 'o%f/('$,
8/13/2019 Berger v. City of Seattle (2009)
42/54
Page 2
569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **
S+p&e7e Co+&$ a+$4o&($, # pa##(-e #o/('($a$(o% &+/e (# 'o%$e%$#pe'(f(' # po##(/e
'ap$(-e #$a$e o% a fa'$#pe'(f(' a#(#. o&eo-e&, $4e 7a@o&($># app&oa'4 (# #(%g+/a&/ (%app&op&(a$e
8/13/2019 Berger v. City of Seattle (2009)
43/54
Page 3
569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **
Sea$$/e Ce%$e& (# a% +%+#+a/ p+/(' 'o7p/e? $4a$ 'o%$a(%# 7a% captie a31iences ;>;4po$4e$('a/> o& >(7ag(%a&> 'a#e#.. "4e 7a@o&($ &e/(e# o%Board of Airport Coissioners of t#e
City of Los Angeles v. 2ews for 2esus (nc., 2 U.S. 569, 55, 10 S. C$. 256, 96 L. Ed. 2d 500 19,$o #a $4a$ o-e&&oad &eg+/a$(o%# a&e +%'o%#$($+$(o%a/. +$ $4e&e $4e S+p&e7e Co+&$ (%-a/(da$ed $4e
o&d(%a%'e af$e& 'o%'/+d(%g $4a$ $4e&e >Fa'(a/ o-e&&ead$4 4a# %o$ ee% (%-o=ed
8/13/2019 Berger v. City of Seattle (2009)
44/54
Page
569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **
&+/e, $4e '($ &e'e(-ed # /eg($(7a$e (%$e&e#$ (%
$4e #afe$ a%d 'o%-e%(e%'e of Sea$$/e Ce%$e& pa$&o%#. I$ /ea-e# ope% a/$e&%a$(-e '4a%%e/# of'o77+%('a$(o%(% a de#(g%a$ed /o'a$(o% fo& #$&ee$ pe&fo&7e a%d a%# /eg($(7a$e (%$e&e#$ (% p&o$e'$(%g $4e #afe$ a%d de#(&a(/($ of Sea$$/e Ce%$e&
a# a 7a@o& $o+&(#$ d&a< a%d a # '($(e%#, a%d (f $4e )+/e# a&e fo//o# &e#(de%$# a%d -(#($o # &e7a%d o% $4e )+/e go-e&%(%g /o'a$(o% of pe&fo&7a%'e.
!.). SI", C(&'+($ :+dge, 'o%'+&&(%g (% pa&$ a%d d(##e%$(%g ;>7(% pa&$,
8/13/2019 Berger v. City of Seattle (2009)
45/54
Page 5
569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **
$o f+// 'o%#(de& $4e %a$+&e ;>:of $4e fo&+7 a$ $4e Sea$$/e Ce%$e&.
"4e&e (# %o 'o%$e%$(o% $4a$ $4e Sea$$/e Ce%$e& (# a %o%p+/(' fo&+7. 1"4e &e'o&d p/a(%/ #4o# &eg+/a$(o%#
# (%$e&e#$ (% 'o77e&'(a/ &e-e%+e#; 9 a% p+&po#e fo& # p4#('a/ '4a&a'$e&(#$('#, (%'/+d(%g ($# /o'a$(o% a%d $4e e?(#$e%'e of '/ea&
8/13/2019 Berger v. City of Seattle (2009)
46/54
Page 6
569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **
o+%da&(e# de/(7($(%g $4e a&ea . . .; a%d 3 $&ad($(o%a/ o& 4(#$o&(' +#e of o$4 $4e p&ope&$ (% +e#$(o% a%d
o$4e& #(7(/a& p&ope&$(e#. . . .(d. a$ 110001 '($a$(o%# o7($$ed.
A &ea#o%a/e ;56app/('a$(o% of $4e#e fa'$o $o $4e fa'$# (% $4(# &e'o&d 'o%f(&7# $4e 7a@o&($>#
'4a&a'$e&(a$(o% of $4e Sea$$/e Ce%$e& a# a $&ad($(o%a/ p+/(' fo&+7. "4e &e'o&d #4o# p4#('a/ '4a&a'$e&(#$('# a%d /o'a$(o% a/#o #+ppo&$ ;5>$4e 'o%'/+#(o% $4a$ $4e Ce%$e& (# a
$&ad($(o%a/ p+/(' fo&+7. I$ (# p+/('/ o# 7(##(o% a%d 4(#$o& a# a ga$4e&(%g p/a'e fo& '+/$+&a/, #o'(a/,
po/($('a/, a%d a&$(#$(' e?p&e##(o%, pa$&o%# of $4e Ce%$e& 'o+/d &ea#o%a/ e?pe'$ $4a$ $4e(& #pee'4 # pe&7($$(%g #'4e7e (# %o$ a -a/(d $(7e, p/a'e, o& 7a%%e& &eg+/a$(o%, e'a+#e ($ +&de%B##+#$a%$(a// 7o&e #pee'4 $4a% (# %e'e##a& $o f+&$4e& $4e go-e&%7e%$># /eg($(7a$e (%$e&e#$#. ,ard v. Roc%
Against Racis, 91 U.S. 1, 99, 109 S. C$. 26, 105 L. Ed. 2d 661 199. "4e C($># goa/ (# $o
p&o7o$e $4e #afe$ a%d 'o%-e%(e%'e of $4e p+/(' &eg+/a$(%g $4e 'o%d+'$ a%d /o'a$(o% of $4o#e ;59
8/13/2019 Berger v. City of Seattle (2009)
47/54
Page
569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **
City of Portland, 33 F.3d 1200, 1206 9$4 C(&. 199 $4e de/a 'a+#ed 'o7p/(%g # (%$e&e#$ (# #+ff('(e%$ $o @+#$(f $4e p&(o& &e#$&a(%$ of a #(%g/epe&fo&7e& (% $4(# p+/(' fo&+7. See
&rossan, 33 F.3d a$ 1206 pe&7($ &e+(&e7e%$ # (%$e&e#$, e'a+#e pe&fo&7e
# 'o%'/+#(o% $4a$ $4e pe&7($&+/e doe# %o$ p&o7o$e o& 4a-e a% 'o%%e'$(o% $o $4e C($># (%$e&e#$ (g%o&e# $4e p+%($(-e a%d de$e&&e%$
e/e7e%$# of $4e pe&7($$(%g #'4e7e. A/$4o+g4 I ag&ee $4a$ $4e pe&7($$(%g #'4e7e (# %o$ %a&&o# (%$e&e#$ #(g%(f('a%$ e%o+g4 $o @+#$(f #+'4 a p&(o& &e#$&a(%$ o% (%d(-(d+a/ #pea=e, $4e #'4e7e
o$4e&
8/13/2019 Berger v. City of Seattle (2009)
48/54
Page
569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **
a/$e&%a$(-e '4a%%e/# fo& 'o77+%('a$(o%, I d(#ag&ee reasonableoppo&$+%($> fo& 'o77+%('a$(o%.-enotti v. City of Seattle, 09 F.3d 1113, 111 9$4 C(&.2005 e7p4a#(# added '($(%g City of Renton v. Playtie /#eatres (nc., 5 U.S. 1, 5, 106 S. C$. 925,
9 L. Ed. 2d 29 196. "4e S+p&e7e Co+&$ 4a# (%#$&+'$ed $4a$ &ea#o%a/e $(7e, p/a'e, a%d 7a%%e&
&e#$&('$(o%# %eed %o$ p&e#e&-e $4e 7o#$ effe'$(-e 7ea%# of 'o77+%('a$(o%; &a$4e&, #+'4 &e#$&('$(o%# 7+#$
o%/ g+a&a%$ee $4a$ (%d(-(d+a/# &e$a(% $4e a(/($ $o 'o77+%('a$e effe'$(-e/.(d. a$ 113 %. '($(%g CityCouncil of City of Los Angeles v. /a3payers for +incent, 66 U.S. 9, 12, 10 S. C$. 211, 0 L. Ed. 2d
2 19;ill v. Colorado, 530 U.S. 03, 29, 120 S. C$. 20, 1 L. Ed. 2d 59, 2000 +p4o/d(%g a
/a< $4a$ p&o4(($ed (%d(-(d+a/# f&o7 4a-(%g a po#($(o% $4a$ 7a?(7(ed a''e##((/($ $o $4e $a&ge$ of $4e(&
#pee'4.
I%-enotti, #(7p/ e'a+#e $4e&e (# #o7e (7ag(%a/e a/$e&%a$(-e $4a$ 7(g4$ e /e## +&de%#o7e o%
#pee'4.>(d. '($(%g 6nited States v. Albertini, 2 U.S. 65, 69, 105 S. C$. 29, 6 L. Ed. 2d 536195. F+&$4e&, # e-(de%'e. e&ge&>#
de'/a&a$(o% a/#o doe# %o$4(%g $o %ega$e $4e o$4e& fa'$# e-(de%$ f&o7 $4e &e'o&d. Fo& (%#$a%'e, $4e &e'o&d
'o%f(&7# $4a$ $4e /o'a$(o% &+/e doe# %o$ e?'/+de pe&fo&7e f&o7 $4e Sea$$/e Ce%$e&, +$ /(7($# a''e## $o
#(?$ee% /o'a$(o%#
8/13/2019 Berger v. City of Seattle (2009)
49/54
Page 9
569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **
$&aff(' a%d -e& %ea& p/a'e# #
fa7o+# a$$&a'$(o%#. "4e &e'o&d #4o# a##e&$(o% (#, a$ 7o#$, a%
e?p&e##(o% of 4(# #+@e'$(-e -(e< $4a$ $4e de#(g%a$ed /o'a$(o%# p&e-e%$ $4e 7o#$ effe'$(-e fo&7 of'o77+%('a$(o%. I$ doe# %o$ '&ea$e 'o%f/('$(%g e-(de%'e a# $o # 'o%'/+#(o% $4a$ $4e a'$(-e #o/('($a$(o% a% (# +%'o%#$($+$(o%a/ a# p&e#e%$/ # &eg+/a$(o%# pe&fo&7
8/13/2019 Berger v. City of Seattle (2009)
50/54
Page 50
569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **
#o/('($a$(o% of -e4('/e# # (%$e&e#$ (% >p+/(' pea'e, 4ea/$4 a%d #afe$.>(d. a$ 1266.
"4e 7a@o&($ &e/(e# o% o+& de'(#(o% (%ACL6 of $evada v. City of Las +egas 8ACL6 ((9, 66 F.3d 9$4
C(&. 2006, fo& $4e p&opo#($(o% $4a$ a &eg+/a$(o% a%%(%g 'o%d+'$ a##o'(a$ed
(d. a$ 9 +o$(%g"orsyt# County &a. v. $ationalist -oveent, 505 U.S. 123, 13, 112 S. C$. 2395, 120
L. Ed. 2d 101 1992. I% o$4e&
8/13/2019 Berger v. City of Seattle (2009)
51/54
Page 51
569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **
6 A 'o77o% d('$(o%a& def(%e# #o/('($ a# $o app&oa'4 # "4(&d !e< I%$e&%a$(o%a/ D('$(o%a& 2169 ;761993.
Fo& e?a7p/e, $o de$e&7(%e # &e/(a%'e o%ACL6 (($o e 7(#p/a'ed.
"4e 7e&e fa'$ $4a$ a &eg+/a$(o% &e+(&e# a% e-a/+a$(o% of $4e 'o%$e%$ of a 'o77+%('a$(o% (# %o$
de$e&7(%a$(-e a# $o
8/13/2019 Berger v. City of Seattle (2009)
52/54
Page 52
569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **
#pee'4. Po/($('a/ #pee'4, fo& e?a7p/e, (# a$ $4e 'o&e of F($ A7e%d7e%$ p&o$e'$(o% a%d a% &e#$&('$(o%#
p/a'ed +po% ($ 7+#$
8/13/2019 Berger v. City of Seattle (2009)
53/54
Page 53
569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **
'o%-e&$(%g $4e &+/e (%$o a% (7pe&7(##(/e 'o%$e%$a#ed &eg+/a$(o%.
8/13/2019 Berger v. City of Seattle (2009)
54/54
Recommended