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Benefits of Preschool Education
W. Steven Barnett, Director
National Institute for Early Education Research Rutgers—The State University of New Jersey
For further information go to our website:
www.nieer.org
Preschool’s Benefits
Increased Achievement Test Scores Improved Behavior and Attitudes Decreased Grade Retention Decreased Special Education Decreased Crime & Delinquency Increased High School Graduation
Three Exemplary Studies
High/Scope Perry Preschool– a half-day program on a small scale in the Ypsilanti, MI public schools
True Experiment, n=123, follow-up to age 27
Abecedarian educational child care– a full-day year-round program in Chapel Hill, NC
True Experiment, n=111, follow-up to age 21
Chicago-Child Parent Centers (CPC)– a half-day program on a large scale in the Chicago public schools
Quasi-Experimental, n=1286, follow-up to age 18-21
Perry Preschool IQ Over Time
80
96 95
91 92
88 88
85
79
86 87 87 87
83 84
75
80
85
90
95
100
Entry 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Age
IQ
Program group No-program group
Perry Preschool: Educational Effects
45%
15%
34%
66%
49%
15%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%
Graduated from highschool on time
Age 14 achievementat 10th %ile +
Special Education(Cog.)
Program groupNo-program group
Perry: Arrests Per Person by Age 27
1.5
0.7
2.5
1.2
0.6
0.5 2.3 arrests
4.6 arrests
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0
No program
Program
Felony Misdemeanor Juvenile
Perry: Economic Benefits at Age 27
20%
13%
7%
41%
36%
29%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%
Never on welfare asadult
Own home
Earn $2,000 +monthly
Program group
No-program group
Abecedarian IQ Scores Over Time
75
80
85
90
95
100
6.5 8 12 15 21
Age in Years
Mea
n S
tand
ardi
zed
Sco
re
Control Treated
80
85
90
95
100
105
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
AGE (Years)
RE
AD
ING
SC
OR
E
TREATMENT
CONTROL
Abecedarian Reading Ach. Over Time
80
85
90
95
100
105
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
AGE (Years)
MA
TH
SC
OR
ES
TREATMENT
CONTROL
Abecedarian Math Achievement Over Time
Abecedarian : Academic Benefits
13%
51%
55%
48%
36%
67%
31%
25%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%
4 Yr College
HS Graduation
Grade Repeater
Special Education
Program groupNo-program group
Abecedarian: Benefits to Mothers and Children
40%
55%
58%
67%
39%
70%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%
Skilled Job or HigherEducation at age 21
Smoker at age 21
Teen Moms Self-Supporting
Program groupNo-program group
CPC Academic Benefits
36%
25%
39%
49%
24%
14%
50%
62%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%
Grade Repetition
Special Education
HS Graduation
HS Grad or GED
Program groupNo-program group
CPC Social Benefits
25%
15%
17%
17%
9%
10%
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30%
Juvenile Arrest
Juvenile Arrest--Violent Crime
Reported ChildAbuse or Neglect
Program groupNo-program group
Perry: Economic Return to the Public(excludes $20,000 in economic benefits to participants)
$3K
$6K $9K $13K $58K $88,433
$12,356
$0 $20,000 $40,000 $60,000 $80,000 $100,000
Costs
Benefits
$7 return for every dollar invested
Welfare Special educationTaxes on earnings Justice systemCrime victims Preschool
Abecedarian: Economic Return
$7K$47K $50K $6K $12K
$143,674
$44,092 (preK & college)
$0 $20,000 $40,000 $60,000 $80,000 $100,000 $120,000 $140,000
Costs
Benefits
Education Maternal EarningsParticipant Earnings Future GenerationsSmoking Health Preschool
CPC: Economic Return
$5K $28K $13K $2K
$6,692
$47,759
$0 $5,000 $10,000 $15,000 $20,000 $25,000 $30,000 $35,000 $40,000 $45,000 $50,000
Costs
Benefits
Education Human ServicesParticipant Earnings CrimeChild Care Preschool
Cost – Benefit Analysis of Preschool for Disadvantaged Children
Cost Benefit to
Society
Perry Preschool: $12,000 $108,000 Abecedarian: $35,864 $136,000 CPC: $7,000 $ 48,000
All three studies find that economic benefits from intensive, high-quality programs to taxpayers and participants combined far exceed the cost of high-quality programs (comparable to the cost of public education generally).
Education Challenges
Many Children Start School with Significant Academic Disadvantages
Many Social and Emotional Problems Are Evident Prior to School Entry
High School Graduation Declined 40 Years
College Graduation Rate Flat for 25 Years
Middle Class Children At Risk Too
Middle class children have fairly high rates of academic problems preschool reduces for low-income children.
Reducing these problems could generate large benefits.
Income Retention DropoutLowest 20% 17% 23%20-80% 12% 11%Highest 20% 8% 3%
Source:US Department of Education, NCES (1997). Dropout rates in the United States: 1995. Figures are multi-year averages.
Most Children Attend Preschool
Enrollment at Ages 3 and 4 by Mothers' Labor Force Status
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
% of 3 and 4 year oldsenrolled w' mothers inlabor force
% of 3 and 4 year oldswith mothers not in thelabor force
Preschool Attendance by Mother’s Education
52%64%
73%82%
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
< HSGrad
HS GradSome Coll BA +
Mother's Education Level
Preschool Classroom Quality is Too Low
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Qu
alit
y sc
ores
(E
CE
RS
)
Urban NJ- Year 1
Urban NJ- Year 2
Atlanta,Boston,Detroit,Phoenix,Seattle
Indiana NorthCarolina
GA, MA,VA
CA, CO,CT, NC
GeorgiaPre-K
HeadStart
Germany Portugal Spain
Good
Minimal
Excellent
Child Care Teacher Literacy is Low
90%
9%
1%
56%
31%
13%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Adequate Literacy
Weak Literacy
Very Poor Literacy
Child Care WorkersAll Teachers
Conclusions
Preschool produces cognitive and social emotional gains for children (at least disadvantaged)
Quality preschool education can be a good economic investment
Most 3-4 year old children already attend some type of classroom
Access and quality must be improved if society is to obtain the returns
Recommended