View
3
Download
0
Category
Preview:
Citation preview
1BasicsofGeophysicalWellLogs_Lithology&Resis7vity
2BasicsofGeophysicalWellLogs_Lithology&Resis7vity
Whenthewellboreisfilledbyawaterbasedmudandinpresenceofanalterna7onofpermeableandimpermeablelayers,duetoelectrochemicalphenomena,electricalcurrentsarespontaneouslygeneratedattheinterfacesbetweenmudandforma7onandbetweenimpermeableshalesandreservoirsands.TheSPlogisthemeasurementofthepoten7alofadownholeelectrodewithrespecttoasurfacereferenceelectrodewhichispropor7onaltotheintensityofthecurrentsgenerated.
SpontaneousPoten7al
3BasicsofGeophysicalWellLogs_Lithology&Resis7vity
ThemagnitudeoftheSPgeneratedisafunc7onofthesalinitycontrastbetweenmudandforma7onwater.TwoarethemainSPgenera7onmechanisms:• membranepoten7al,• liquid-junc7onpoten7al.
TheSPlogisprimarilyapermeabilitycontrastindicatoraswellas
afundamentallithologylogespeciallyinshalysandsequences
SpontaneousPoten7al
Flushed zone
Virgin zone
+ -
Flushed zone
Virgin zone
+ -
Membranepoten7al
Liquid-junc7onpoten7al €
Em = −RθFn
Ia − IcIa + Ic
ln C1C2
El = −RθFnln C1C2
4BasicsofGeophysicalWellLogs_Lithology&Resis7vity
SpontaneousPoten7al(freshmudandsaltyforma7onwater)
SPsh
SPsd
Vsh = A / B Vsh = (PS-PSsd)/(PSsh-PSsd)
SPlog
A
B
5BasicsofGeophysicalWellLogs_Lithology&Resis7vity
SPloginterpreta7onproblems
MainproblemsofSPloginterpreta7onaremostlylinkedto:– lackofpermeabilitycontrast
– lackofmud/forma7onwatersalinitycontrast
– thinbeds– hydrocarbonoccurrence
Low permeability limestones
Marls
Marls
mV
Lowpermeabilitycontrast
6BasicsofGeophysicalWellLogs_Lithology&Resis7vity 6 mV
Shales
Gas bearing sands
Water bearing sands
Shales
HydrocarboneffectontheSPlog
High permeability sandstones
Shales
Shales
Rm > Rw Rm = Rw Rm < Rw SSP = -K log (Rmf/Rw)
SPlogbehaviorasafunc7onofmud/forma7onwatersalinitycontrast
mV
SPloginterpreta7onproblems
7BasicsofGeophysicalWellLogs_Lithology&Resis7vity 7
Rmf > Rw Rmf = Rw
SP SP
8BasicsofGeophysicalWellLogs_Lithology&Resis7vity
InvertedSP:
Rmf<<Rw
9BasicsofGeophysicalWellLogs_Lithology&Resis7vity 9
High permeability sandstones
Shales
Shales
mV
inflexion point
SP log
Boundaryloca7onbymeansoftheSPlogVer7calresolu7onoftheSPlog
SPloginterpreta7onproblems
inflexion point
10BasicsofGeophysicalWellLogs_Lithology&Resis7vity
Geologicalapplica7onoftheSPlog
InabsenceofSPanomalies,whendealingwithwatersaturatedforma7onsandwithmudsofconstantsalinityinallthewellsunderevalua7on,theSPlogmaybeusedforgeologicalcorrela7onamongwellsandtodefinethedifferentsedimentaryfacies(inordertodefinelateralandver7calevolu7onofthesedimentaryenvironments).
11BasicsofGeophysicalWellLogs_Lithology&Resis7vity
GammaRaylogThenaturalradioac7vityofgeologicalforma7onsisduetothepresenceinrockformingmineralsoftheradioac7veisotopesofelementssuchasUranium(U),Thorium(Th)andPotassium(K).TheseisotopesaremostlyrelatedtoclaymineralswhosecontentinThandKisgenerallyhigherthanassociatedsandandsandstones.Incarbonateforma7onstheradioac7vityismostlyduetothepresenceofUandtheGammaRaylevelisnotdirectlyrelatedtoforma7onshalyness.
12BasicsofGeophysicalWellLogs_Lithology&Resis7vity
Low activity Cement
High activity Cement
Low activity Cement
K = 4% Th = 24 ppm U = 12 ppm
200 GAPI
Typical responses Of GR log
GammaRaylog
Gamma Ray American Institute Test Pit
13BasicsofGeophysicalWellLogs_Lithology&Resis7vity 13
(GR-GRsd) Vsh = -----------------
(GRsh-GRsd)
GRsh
GRsd
GR
Caliper - GR Resistivity Density/Neutron
ShalevolumefromGRlogBS, CALI, SP, GR LLD, LLS, MCFL TNPH, RHOB, DT
14BasicsofGeophysicalWellLogs_Lithology&Resis7vity
GammaRay:environmentalcorrec7onsMain factors affecting GR measurements are: • hole diameter • sonde position in the well • mud loaded with radioactive material
BS
CAL
Measured GR
Corrected GR
Shale
Shale
Sand
Sand
Sand γ
γγ
γ
γ
γ
γ
γ
γ γ
γ
γ
γ
γ
γ γ
Tool eccentered Tool centered
mud
mud
15BasicsofGeophysicalWellLogs_Lithology&Resis7vity
GammaRay:environmentalcorrec7ons
16BasicsofGeophysicalWellLogs_Lithology&Resis7vity
GammaRaySpectrometry
Gamma Ray emission spectra
WLLServicesSLB NGSSLB HNGS(PEX)BA SL
17BasicsofGeophysicalWellLogs_Lithology&Resis7vity
GRincasedhole
GR
Neutron
GRcorrela7onLogincasedhole Forma7onEvalua7onlogginginCH
18BasicsofGeophysicalWellLogs_Lithology&Resis7vity
Single arm caliper
Two arm caliper
Three arm caliper Four arm caliper
Caliperlog
19BasicsofGeophysicalWellLogs_Lithology&Resis7vity
Comparisonamongdifferentcalipermeasurements
0
6
6
GR 200
16
16 BS
CAL 0.2 2000 LLD
0.2 2000 MCFL
0.2 2000 LLS RHOZ 1.95 2.95
NPHI 45 -15
0 10 PEF
Mudcakeresul7nginaholediameterrestric7on
20BasicsofGeophysicalWellLogs_Lithology&Resis7vity
BoreholeGeometryTool(BGT)
21BasicsofGeophysicalWellLogs_Lithology&Resis7vity
“Noisy”logsduetopoorboreholewall
quality.
CALIPER
DRHO
RHOB
TNPH
22BasicsofGeophysicalWellLogs_Lithology&Resis7vity
Classifica7onofResis7vitylogs
Inrela7ontodepthofinves7ga7on
• Macro-devicestomeasureRt• Micro-devicestomeasureRxo
Inrela7ontotoolphysics• Nonfocused,galvanicdevices(WLL)• Focused,galvanicdevices(WLLeLWD)
• Lowfrequencyinduc7ondevices(WLL)• EMwavepropaga7ondevices(LWD)
23BasicsofGeophysicalWellLogs_Lithology&Resis7vity
Environmentaleffectsaffec7ngresis7vitymeasurements
Rt
Rs
Rs
Rt
Rt
1D VERTICAL (shoulder bed)
Rt
Rxo
1D RADIAL (invasion effect)
Rt2
Rs
Rs
Rt3
Rt1 Rxo1
Rxo3
Rxo2
2D
Rs
Rs
Rt3
Rt1 Rxo1
Rxo3
Rxo2 Rt2v
Rt2HMAX Rt2hmin
2D +dip (dipping beds)
Rm
Rt
Rs
Ro
Rm
Rs
Borehole
3D
Rv
Rh
Anisotropy
24BasicsofGeophysicalWellLogs_Lithology&Resis7vity
Invasion effects and formation parameters
25BasicsofGeophysicalWellLogs_Lithology&Resis7vity
Sw = Sxo = 100%
Ro= F Rw = (1/Φ^m) Rw Rxo= F Rmf = (1/Φ^m) Rmf
Sw < 100%, Sxo <100%
Rt =(1/Φ^m)(Rw)/Sw^n) Rxo=(1/Φ^m)(Rmf)/Sxo^n)
26BasicsofGeophysicalWellLogs_Lithology&Resis7vity
Invasionandrelatedresis7vityprofiles
27BasicsofGeophysicalWellLogs_Lithology&Resis7vity
Fresh mud and salty formation water
28BasicsofGeophysicalWellLogs_Lithology&Resis7vity
Caliper - GR Resistivity Density/Neutron
Rmf very close to Rw
29BasicsofGeophysicalWellLogs_Lithology&Resis7vity
Nonfocusedelectricalresis7vitytools
30BasicsofGeophysicalWellLogs_Lithology&Resis7vity
OldE(electrical)logs
Track 1 Track 2 Track 3
Dep
th
SP (mv) SN (ohmm)
Ampl. SN (ohmm)
LN (ohmm)
IN (ohmm)
Conventional Electrical Log (ES)
SN = Short Normal (spacing 16”) Ampl. SN = Amplified Short Normal
LN = Normal (spacing 64”) IN = Inverse or Lateral (spacing 18’ 8”)
Linear scale
Linear scale
Linear scale
31BasicsofGeophysicalWellLogs_Lithology&Resis7vity
OldE(electrical)logs
Track 1 Track 2 Track 3
Dep
th
SP (mv) SN (ohmm)
Ampl. SN (ohmm)
6FF40 R (ohmm)
6FF40 C (ohmm)
Induction Electrical Log (IES)
SN = Short Normal (spacing 16”) Ampl. SN = Amplified Short Normal
6FF40 R = Induction log deep (40”) resistivity 6FF40 C = Induction log deep (40”) conductivity
Linear scale
Linear scale
Linear scale
32BasicsofGeophysicalWellLogs_Lithology&Resis7vity
Normalandlateralresis7vitylogs
33BasicsofGeophysicalWellLogs_Lithology&Resis7vity
Normalelectricallogresponses:normal
34BasicsofGeophysicalWellLogs_Lithology&Resis7vity
Lateralelectricallogresponses:lateral
35BasicsofGeophysicalWellLogs_Lithology&Resis7vity
WellSecala1SP/ILD/SN/MLLFDC/CNL/BHC
ILD (Rt)
MLL (Rxo)
SN (Ri)
36BasicsofGeophysicalWellLogs_Lithology&Resis7vity
Resis7vitytools:WireLine(WLL)
&WhileDrilling
(LWD)
37BasicsofGeophysicalWellLogs_Lithology&Resis7vity
DualLaterolog0
6
6
GR 200
16
16 BS
CAL 0.2 2000 LLD
0.2 2000 MCFL
0.2 2000 LLS
38BasicsofGeophysicalWellLogs_Lithology&Resis7vity
SfericallyFocusedLog
39BasicsofGeophysicalWellLogs_Lithology&Resis7vity
Environmentaleffectsonfocused
galvanictools
40BasicsofGeophysicalWellLogs_Lithology&Resis7vity
Induc7onlogging
Induction log principle
41BasicsofGeophysicalWellLogs_Lithology&Resis7vity
ILD/SFLexample• blackcurveILD• redcurveSFLU
NorthAdria7cfreshWBM
42BasicsofGeophysicalWellLogs_Lithology&Resis7vity
Rxologging:theMSFLtool
0
6
6
GR 200
16
16 BS
CAL 0.2 2000 LLD
0.2 2000 MCFL
0.2 2000 LLS
43BasicsofGeophysicalWellLogs_Lithology&Resis7vity
Caliper-GR Resis7vity Density/Neutron
44BasicsofGeophysicalWellLogs_Lithology&Resis7vity
WhileDrillingresis7vityloggingWhileDrillingresis7vityloggingareoftwotypes:• galvanic;• EMwavepropaga7on.WhileDrillingGalvaniclogs(AnadrillRABonly)canbeusedonlyinpresenceofWaterBasedconduc7veMuds.EMwavepropaga7onlogs,duetothepresenceofmetallicbodyofthesystem,canbeobtainedonlyusinghigherfrequencieswithrespecttotheWireLineinduc7ononeswithadvantagesanddisadvantages.
45BasicsofGeophysicalWellLogs_Lithology&Resis7vity
LWDPropaga7onResis7vity
T
R1
R2
PS
B
PS (deg.)= f (ε)
Segnale a R1
Segnale a R2
t A
mp
iezz
a
A
AT(dB) = K Log (B/A) = f (σ)
θ
180° 360°
46BasicsofGeophysicalWellLogs_Lithology&Resis7vity
LWDresis7vi7es:Real7mevsmemory
RealTime Memory
Recommended