Basic of Polymer

CLASSIFICATION OF POLYMERS

POLYMER

“Polymers having long chain macromolecules, which are built up by the

linking together of a large number of small molecules, called monomer”.

OR

“The polymer (poly- many; mer-unit or parts) is a high molecular

weight compound, formed by the combination of small molecules of

low molecular weight”.

 (1)- Light in weight.

(2)- Low cost.

(3)- Available in variety of colours.

(4)- Easy process ability.

(5)- Easy assembly of parts to get final product.

(6)- Low co-efficient of friction.

(7)- Self Lubricating.

(8)- Corrosion Resistant

(9)- Modification of polymer properties with additives incorporation or blending of polymer.

(10)- Less manpower requirement.

(11)- Less Electricity requirement.

(12)-These are available in flexible, semi-rigid, and rigid form.

(13)- These are available in Transparent / Translucent /opaque form.

(14)- Plastics have very long shelf life of product.

Crude oil Saturated Unit

Unsaturated Unit Polymer

Like Ethylene

Ethylene

Polyethylene

Crude oil

Monomer

Polymer

Rubber Plastics

Natural Synthetic Natural SyntheticNatural Rubber EPDM Cellulose PE

NBR PPR PP

SBR PS

MONOMER H H

| |

C = C Ethylene

| |

H H H H

| |

M — C — C — Repeating Unit

| |

H H

Chemical unit should unsaturated like double or triple bond between C — C atom.

Polymerization

n M —[M]n—

Monomer Polymer

n No. of repeating unit

Monomer to Polymer

ON The Basis of Polymer Structure, Manufacturing Method

(1)- Linear, Branched, Cross-Linked Polymer.

(2)- Homo-polymer, Co-polymer, Ter-polymer.

(3). Addition and Condensation Polymer  

(4)- Thermoplastics, Thermo-set on the Basis of Polymer Processing..

(5)- Crystalline, Semi-Crystalline, Amorphous on the Basis of crystallinity

  (6)- Commodity Polymer, Engineering Polymer on the Basis of Application.

.

Linear Polymer

H H

| |

Ethylene —— C — C — A

| |

H H  

— A — A — A— A — A — A — A — A — A —

  Polyethylene —— HDPE / HM-HDPE

/ /

A A A

/ / /

A A A

/ / /

A A A

/ / / Polyethylene – LLDPE

— A — A — A — A — A — A — A — A — A —

/ \ \

A A A

/ \ \

A A A

/ \ \

A A A

/ \ \

A A

\ /

A A A A

/ \ / /

A A A A A

/ \ / / A

A A A A /

/ \ \ / A A

A A A A /

/ \ / A

A A A

\ /

— A — A — A — A — A — A — A — A —A— \ A

A A

A \ / \

A A A A

A \ A / \

A A A A

A / \

A A

A

Polyethylene – LDPE / VLDPE

— A — A — A — A —A — A — A — A — A —A—

| | | | |

A A A A A

| | | | |

— A — A — A — A —A — A — A — A — A —A—

| | | | |

A A A A A

| | | | |

— A — A — A — A —A — A — A — A — A —A—

Polyethylene — XLPE

Contains only one type of monomer

H H

| |

X — C — C — Propylene | |

H CH3

 — X — X — X — X — X — X — X — X —

Polypropylene

Contains two types of monomers.  

H H

| |

A — — C — C — Propylene | |

H CH3 H H

| |

B — C — C — Ethylene | |

H H

Alternative Co-polymer 

— A — B — A — B —A — B — A — B — —PP 

Random Co-Polymer 

— A — B — A — A — A — B — B — A — A — A — A —

Block Co-Polymer 

[— A — A — A — A — A — A —]n [— B — B — B — B — B —]m

Graft Co-polymer 

— A — A — A — A — A — A — A — A —

| | | |

B B B B

| | | |

B B B B

| | | |

B B B B

| | | |

Contains three types of monomer unit:

  ABS

Acrylonitrile A, Butadiene B, Styrene S 

A B S A B S A B S

1. nM Polymerization [M]n

2.      No by-product are formed.

3. Total molecular weight of monomer is equivalent to molecular weight of polymer.

4. EXAMPLEPEPPPVCPS

n MA + n MB [Polymer] + nH2O

During reaction by-products are formed e.g. Water etc..

Molecular weight of polymer is less than molecular weight of total monomer.

These polymer require pre-drying before processingEXAMPLE

Nylon Polyester PET, PBT PC Thermoset

Thermo + Plastics

Soften

Melt

Flow

Solidification

Heating

Heating

Heating & Pressure

Cooling & Pressure

Product is formed

Recycling

THERMOSETThermo + Set

Soften

Fused(Melting)

Limit flow

Solidification (Cross-linked)

Heating

Heating

Heating & Pressure

Heating & Pressure

Product is formed

Non Recyclable

There are soft, rigid, hard. These are translucent, transparent, opaque. These are re-cyclable. Additives are may or may not be required to be

added. These are processed by conventional techniques

like Injection, Extrusion, Blow Moulding, Roto-moulding techniques.

Example-Material like, LDPE, HDPE, LLDPE, PP, PVC, PS, PMMA etc..

These are hard, fused, brittle material. These are also translucent, transparent, opaque. These are non-re-cycleble and known as “Once set is

ever set”. Additives are compulsory requirement in these

material. These are processed by Compression Moulding,

Transfer Moulding, FRP techniques, Specially designed Injection Moulding etc.

Example- Material like Polyesters, Epoxy, PF, UF, MF, Un-saturated PU etc..

Crystalline polymers are opaque in nature. These are arranged structure.

Semi crystalline polymers are translucent in nature.These are having crystalline and amorphous regions.

Amorphous polymers are transparent in nature. These are random or un-arrayed structure.

Crystalline Semi Crystalline Amorphous

HDPE LLDPE LDPE

Opaque Translucent Transparent

PP By processing parameter PP

Translucent Fast rate of cooling(quenching) Transparent

      These are used for all plastics products which are used for personnel purpose.

Polymer used in these application fulfils the following plops.

      Aesthetic surface.

      Variety of colours.

      Various design versatility.

      Low cost.

      Gloss, shiny surface.

     Light in weight.

Recyclability

      These are used for all plastic products, which areused for engineering purpose.

      Polymer used in these application fulfill thefollowing props.

      Good mechanical props. like tensile, flexural, compressive.

      Good surface props like abrasion, hardness.

      Low co-efficient of friction.

      Self lubricating props.

      Good thermal props.

      Good electrical props.

Good flame Retardency.

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