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Office of Basic Energy Sciences Office of Science U.S. Department of Energy. BASIC ENERGY SCIENCES -- Serving the Present, Shaping the Future. Office of Science. Basic Research Needs for the Hydrogen Economy New Research Activities in DOE’s Office of Basic Energy Sciences Presentation to: - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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BASIC ENERGY SCIENCES -- BASIC ENERGY SCIENCES -- Serving the Present, Shaping the FutureServing the Present, Shaping the Future
Dr. Patricia M. DehmerDr. Patricia M. DehmerDirector, Office of Basic Energy Sciences (BES)Director, Office of Basic Energy Sciences (BES)
Office of ScienceOffice of ScienceU.S. Department of EnergyU.S. Department of Energy
18 November 200418 November 2004
Basic Research Needs for the Hydrogen EconomyBasic Research Needs for the Hydrogen EconomyNew Research Activities in DOE’s Office of Basic Energy SciencesNew Research Activities in DOE’s Office of Basic Energy Sciences
Presentation to:Presentation to:U.S. Senator Byron L. DorganU.S. Senator Byron L. Dorgan
Office of Science
Office of Basic Energy SciencesOffice of Basic Energy SciencesOffice of ScienceOffice of ScienceU.S. Department of EnergyU.S. Department of Energy
http://www.sc.doe.gov/bes/
The $3.5 billion Office of Science (SC) is the primary source of U.S. support for the physical sciences.
Provides over 40% of federal support to the physical sciences (e.g. 90% of high energy and nuclear physics, >1/2 of catalysis, 1/4 of nanoscience)
Provides sole support to select sub-fields (e.g. heavy element chemistry) Directly supports the research of 15,000 PhDs, postdocs, and graduate students,
providing more than $625M to universities in FY 2004
SC constructs and operates large scientific facilities for the broad U.S. scientific community.
Light sources & neutron sources, nanotechnology research centers, particle accelerators and colliders, and other specialized facilities are used by more than 19,000 researchers every year based on peer reviewed proposals. About half of the users come from the university community.
SC has a national responsibility for basic research related to energy resources, production, conversion, storage, efficiency, and waste mitigation.
Energy Flow Diagram for the U.S., 1999Energy Flow Diagram for the U.S., 1999
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0.5%
Source: International Energy Agency
2003
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50 2050
The Terawatt ChallengeThe Terawatt Challenge
14 Terawatts (world)
30 – 60 Terawatts (world)
TODAY 2050
Revisiting Basic Research Needs for Energy Revisiting Basic Research Needs for Energy
Fossil fuels provide about 85% of the world’s energy. Although reserves are adequate for the next 50 to 100 years, there are two reasons to seek alternative energy sources now: The largest reserves of one of the most important fossil
fuels, petroleum, reside outside the U.S. in politically unstable regions of the world.
The production and release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere pose the risk of global warming.
All of the alternatives to fossil fuels, even when summed together, today make at best marginal contributions to energy production.
The report highlighted 37 proposed research directions, most of which already were represented in the BES portfolio of activities
Workshop: October 21-25, 2002Report: March 2003
Dr. John Stringer, EPRI, ChairDr. Linda Horton, ORNL, Co-Chair
Fossil Carbon Energy Sources
Non-Carbon Energy Sources Carbon Recycle CO2 Sequestration
Energy Consumption
Coal
Petroleum
Natural Gas
Oil shale, tar sands, hydrates,…
Nuclear Fission
Nuclear Fusion
Hydroelectric
Solar
Geothermal
Hydrogen*
Wind
Natural
Synthetic
Transportation
Buildings
Industrial
Geologic
Terrestrial
Ocean
Conservation and Efficiency
Global Climate Change Science Policy
Basic Research for a Secure Energy FutureSupply, End Use, and Carbon Management
*an energy “carrier”
“Tonight I'm proposing $1.2 billion in research
funding so that America can lead the world in
developing clean, hydrogen-powered
automobiles… With a new national commitment,
our scientists and engineers will overcome
obstacles to taking these cars from laboratory to
showroom, so that the first car driven by a child
born today could be powered by hydrogen, and
pollution-free.”
President BushState-of the-Union AddressJanuary 28, 2003
Hydrogen: A National InitiativeHydrogen: A National Initiative
The Hydrogen Economy – The Technology GapsThe Hydrogen Economy – The Technology Gaps
use (in fuel cells)
gas orhydridestorage
H2 H2
production storage
solarwindhydro
fossil fuelreforming
nuclear/solar thermochemical
cycles
automotivefuel cells
stationaryelectricity/heat
generation
consumerelectronics
H2O
Bio- and bioinspired
9M tons/yr
150M tons/yr(Light Cars and Trucks in 2040)
9.7 MJ/L(2015 FreedomCAR Target)
4.4 MJ/L (Gas, 10,000 psi) 8.4 MJ/L (LH2) $200-3000/kW
$30/kW(Internal Combustion Engine)
GapGap GapGap GapGap
Workshop Chair: Millie Dresselhaus (MIT)Associate Chairs: George Crabtree (ANL)
Michelle Buchanan (ORNL)
BES Assessment of the Needs of Basic ResearchBES Assessment of the Needs of Basic ResearchBasic Research for Hydrogen Production, Storage, and Use (May 13-15, 2003)Basic Research for Hydrogen Production, Storage, and Use (May 13-15, 2003)
Charge: To identify fundamental research needs and opportunities in hydrogen production, storage, and use, with a focus on new, emerging and scientifically challenging areas that have the potential to have significant impact in science and technologies. Highlighted areas will include improved and new materials and processes for hydrogen generation and storage and for future generations of fuel cells for effective energy conversion.
Workshop Plenary Session Speakers:
Steve Chalk (DOE-EERE) -- overviewGeorge Thomas (SNL-CA) -- storageScott Jorgensen (GM) -- storageJae Edmonds (PNNL) -- environmentalJay Keller (SNL-CA) – hydrogen safety
Breakout Sessions:Hydrogen Production
Tom Mallouk, PSU & Laurie Mets, U. ChicagoHydrogen Storage and Distribution
Kathy Taylor, GM (retired) & Puru Jena, VCUFuel Cells and Novel Fuel Cell Materials
Frank DiSalvo, Cornell & Tom Zawodzinski, CWRU
Pre-Workshop Briefings by EERE:
Hydrogen Storage JoAnn Milliken Fuel Cells Nancy GarlandHydrogen Production Mark Paster
Basic Research for Hydrogen Production, Storage and Use WorkshopBasic Research for Hydrogen Production, Storage and Use Workshop
“Bridging the gaps that separate the hydrogen- and fossil-fuel based economies in cost, performance, and reliability goes far beyond incremental advances in the present state of the art. Rather, fundamental breakthroughs are needed in the understanding and control of chemical and physical processes involved in the production, storage, and use of hydrogen. Of particular importance is the need to understand the atomic and molecular processes that occur at the interface of hydrogen with materials in order to develop new materials suitable for use in a hydrogen economy. New materials are needed for membranes, catalysts, and fuel cell assemblies that perform at much higher levels, at much lower cost, and with much longer lifetimes. Such breakthroughs will require revolutionary, not evolutionary, advances. Discovery of new materials, new chemical processes, and new synthesis techniques that leapfrog technical barriers is required. This kind of progress can be achieved only with highly innovative, basic research.”
Fossil Fuel ReformingCatalysis; membranes; theory and modeling; nanoscience
Solar Photoelectrochemistry/PhotocatalysisUnderstanding physical mechanisms; novel materials; theory and modeling; stability of materials
Bio- and Bio-inspired H2 ProductionBiological enzyme catalysis; nanoassemblies; bio-inspired materials and processes
Nuclear and Solar Thermal HydrogenThermodynamic data and modeling; novel materials; membranes and catalysts
Priority Research Areas in Hydrogen ProductionPriority Research Areas in Hydrogen Production
Dye-Sensitized solar cells
Ni surface-alloyed with Au to reduce carbon poisoning
Synthetic catalysts for water oxidation and hydrogen activation
High T operation places severe demands on reactor design and on materials
Source: BES Hydrogen Workshop Report
Theory and ModelingTo Understand Mechanisms, Predict Property Trends, Guide Discovery of New Materials
Novel and Nanoscale Materials
Priority Research Areas in Hydrogen StoragePriority Research Areas in Hydrogen Storage
NaAlH4 X-ray view NaAlD4 neutron viewNaAlH4 X-ray view NaAlD4 neutron view
H D C O Al Si Fe
X ray cross section
Neutron cross section
H D C O Al Si Fe
X ray cross section
Neutron cross section
Fuel PEFC
Fuel (NaBH4)
Spent fuel
Fuel CellVehicle
Fuel
Spent fuelrecovery
(NaBO2)
Service Station
Borohydride Production
(Mg)
H2
(MgO)
Fuel PEFC
Fuel (NaBH4)
Spent fuel
Fuel CellVehicle
Fuel
Spent fuelrecovery
(NaBO2)
Service Station
Borohydride Production
(Mg)
H2
(MgO)
H Adsorption in nanotube array
Neutron imaging of hydrogen
Cup-stacked carbon Nanofiber
Complex metal hydrides can be recharged on board the vehicles
Chemical hydrides will need off-board regeneration
Nanoporous inorganic-organic compounds
Li, Nature 1999
Source: BES Hydrogen Workshop Report
Electrocatalysts and MembranesNon-noble metal catalysts; designed triple-percolation electrodes
Low temperature fuel cells ‘Higher’ temperature membranes; degradation mechanisms; tailored nanostructures
Solid Oxide Fuel CellsTheory, modeling, and simulation; new materials; novel synthesis; in-situ diagnostics
Priority Research Areas in Fuel CellsPriority Research Areas in Fuel Cells
Source: H. Gasteiger (General Motors)
Mass of Pt Used in the PEMFCs a Critical Cost Issue
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
g Pt/k
W
Ecell (V)0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80
2-5 nm
20-50 -m
Controlled design of triple percolation nanoscale networks: ions, electrons, and porosity for gases
Internal view of a PEM fuel cell
H2Intake Anode Catalysts Cathode O2
Intake
Electrons Water
Membranes
Source: T. Zawadzinski (CWRU)
YSZ Electrolyte for SOFCs
Tailored Porosity
Source: R. Gorte (U. Penn)
Source: BES Hydrogen Workshop Report
TOTAL: $ 227 M
Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
$173 M (76%)Fossil Energy (Coal)
$16 M (7%)
Nuclear Energy$9 M (4%)Office of Science
Basic Energy Sciences$29 M (13%)
DOE Hydrogen Program FY 2005 Budget RequestDOE Hydrogen Program FY 2005 Budget Request
New addition to the HFI in FY 2005
BES Solicitation for Basic Research for Hydrogen Fuel InitiativeBES Solicitation for Basic Research for Hydrogen Fuel Initiative
http://www.sc.doe.gov/bes/hydrogen.html
Storage (199)
Membranes (175)Catalysis (152)
Solar (88)
Bio-Inspired
(54)
Approximately $21.5 million in new funding will be awarded in FY 2005, pending appropriations.
Two solicitations (one for universities and one for FFRDCs) were issued in April 2004. FFRDCs were limited to six submissions as leading institution. There was no limit on the number of submissions for universities.
668 qualified preproposals were received by July 15, 2004 in the following five categories.
– Novel Materials for Hydrogen Storage– Membranes for Separation, Purification, and Ion Transport– Design of Catalysts at the Nanoscale– Solar Hydrogen Production – Bio-Inspired Materials and Processes
BES Solicitation for Basic Research for Hydrogen Fuel InitiativeBES Solicitation for Basic Research for Hydrogen Fuel Initiative
Preproposals Submitted
Storage (56)
Membranes (63)
Catalysis (68)
Solar Hydrogen (51)
Bio-Inspired (23)
Preproposal Review and SelectionPreproposal Review and Selection
Each preproposal was reviewed by at least one of five panels corresponding to the five submission categories.
Each panel consisted of DOE federal officials knowledgeable in the research areas and with responsibilities for managing projects within the Hydrogen Fuel Initiative.
The review panels judged the suitability of the preproposals in accordance with DOE's scientific, technical, and strategic goals related to the Hydrogen Fuel Initiative.
261 preproposals were selected.
Principal investigators were notified by September 1, 2004 to submit full proposals by January 4, 2005.
Preproposals Selected
Preproposal Selection Results SummaryPreproposal Selection Results Summary
215 University preapplications were selected (101 Universities in 36 States and Puerto Rico).
Storage (19%)
Membranes(24%) Catalysis (29%)
Solar Hydrogen(19%)
Bio-Inspired
(9%)Storage (19%)
Membranes(24%) Catalysis (29%)
Solar Hydrogen(19%)
Bio-Inspired
(9%)
46 FFRDC preproposals were selected (13 DOE National Labs in 10 States).
Universities DOE FFRDCs
Storage (33%)
Membranes (24%)
Catalysis (15%)
Solar Hydrogen(22%)
Bio-
Inspired(6%) Storage (33%)
Membranes (24%)
Catalysis (15%)
Solar Hydrogen(22%)
Bio-
Inspired(6%)
6.52.9
$834,500
DOE LabUniversities
6.52.9Average Number of PIs per
Preproposal
$834,500$294,700Average Funding Requested per Preproposal
DOE Labs
Profile of Selected Preproposals
Full Proposal ProceduresFull Proposal Procedures
TimelineJanuary 4, 2005 Full proposals due
February – April, 2005 Proposal Peer Review
April – May, 2005 DOE assessment of review and selection of awards
June – July 2005 Awards made, pending appropriations
Full proposals will be subjected to formal merit review against the following criteria: - Scientific and/or technical merit of the project- Appropriateness of the proposed method or approach- Competency of the personnel and adequacy of the proposal resources- Reasonableness and appropriateness of the proposed budget- Basic research that is relevant to the Administration's HFI
It is anticipated that up to $12 million annually will be available for multiple awards in each of the two main research sectors – universities and FFRDCs.
Initial awards will be in Fiscal Year 2005, pending appropriations.
BES is coordinating with all appropriate groups, particularly EERE.
Summary: Research for Short-term Showstoppers and Long-term Grand ChallengesSummary: Research for Short-term Showstoppers and Long-term Grand Challenges
Evolution of a Hydrogen Economy
Ener
gy P
ayof
f
fossil fuelreforming
gas/liquidstorage
fuel celloperation
solid statestorage
splitting water
combustion in heat engines
Short-term: Incremental advances via basic research and technology development
Longer-term: Breakthrough technologies via new materials
and catalysts, bio-mimetics, nanoscale architectures, and
more.
Peter EdwardsScientific Coordinator, UK Sustainable Hydrogen Energy ConsortiumUK-US Energy Dialogue, October 2004, London
From J. W. Gosselink, Shell Global Solutions, Amsterdam
Realizing a hydrogen economy will not be easy, …Realizing a hydrogen economy will not be easy, …
… … but electricity was not discovered via incremental improvements to the candlebut electricity was not discovered via incremental improvements to the candle
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