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COLEMAN BIOLOGYBasic Chemistry & Bonding
Chemistry
The science of matter and the reactions caused when different kinds of matter interact.
All living organisms rely on interactions of matter in order to survive Example: H2O is needed to digest carbohydrates such
as glucose C6H12O6 in order to give your body energy.
Atom The smallest unit of matter
electron
neutron
proton
How small is small?1 Atom of Helium
Diameter = 50 picometersMass = 1.67 x 10-27
kilograms
This is a carbon atom.
Atoms most common in living organisms:• carbon• nitrogen• hydrogen• oxygen
Matter Anything that has mass and volume.
The Atoms Family
Name:
Description:
Favorite Activity:
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Subatomic Particles:The parts of the atom
NUCLEUS: CENTER OF THE ATOM
•PROTONS – POSITIVELY CHARGED PARTICLES (+)
•NEUTRONS – PARTICLES WITH NO CHARGE (0)
ELECTRON LEVELS (CLOUDS): INVISIBLE RINGS AROUND THE
NUCLEUS
•ELECTRIONS – NEGATIVELY CHARGED PARTICLES (-)
1st Cloud: 2 electrons2nd Cloud: 8 electrons3rd Cloud: 8 electrons
Atomic Structure & The Periodic Table
electron
neutron
proton
ATOMIC NUMBER•The number of protons an atom has.•This number never changes!•Can be found on the periodic table
ATOMIC MASS•Mass of atom is found in the nucleus•Atomic Mass = Protons + Neutrons
DRAWING ATOMS
1. Draw the Nucleus and at least one electron level
2. Add protons (+) and neutrons (o) into the nucleus
3. Add electrons remembering the number each level can hold; you may need to add more electron levels
1st: 2 electrons2nd: 8 electrons3rd: 8 electrons
Periodic Table of Elements
Element – a substance made of only one kind of atom Example: Carbon Atoms can combine to make
elemental carbon in the form of coal or diamonds.
Atomic Number – number of protons and electrons; atomic number of an atom never changes
Atomic Mass – number of protons + neutrons (mass of atom is found in the nucleus)
Periodic Table of ElementsA chart of all elements known to man. Arranged in rows and columns. In order of atomic number; Always changing.
Element Number of Protons
Number of Neutrons
Number of Electrons
1st Energy Level Electrons
2nd Energy Level Electrons
3rd Energy Level Electrons
Carbon
Chlorine
Helium
Hydrogen
Lithium
Magnesium
Neon
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Phosphorous
Sodium
Sulfer
Atomic BondsCompound:
A substance made of atoms of two or more different elements
Why do atoms bond together?
Atoms bond together to fill up their outermost energy levels; to become
stable
Stability:
An atom is stable if its outermost energy level is filled up.Atom Protons Neutrons Electrons 1st Energy
Level2nd Energy Level
3rd Energy Level
Stable?
Hydrogen
Sodium
Neon
Chlorine
Oxygen
Chemical Bond:
A force that holds two or more atoms together; atoms bond to become stable
Valence Electrons:
The electrons in the outermost energy level only
Dot Diagram:
A diagram that shows the chemical symbol and dots representing only valence electrons
To become stable, atoms can GAIN, LOSE, OR SHARE electrons.
Atomic BondsCOVALENT BOND: •CHEMICAL BOND FORMED BY A SHARING OF ELECTRONS•FORMED WHEN BOTH ATOMS NEED ELECTRONS
IONIC BOND: •CHEMICAL BOND FORMED BY ONE ATOM LOSING ELECTRONS AND ANOTHER ATOM GAINING ELECTRONS
Ionic BondsIon:
An atom that has gained or lost electrons; an atom that has a positive
or negative charge
Draw a Dot Diagram of the following atoms…
Sodium
Chlorine
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Dot Diagrams Showing Ionic Bonding
Sodium Chlorine
Dot Diagrams Showing Ionic Bonding
Magnesium Oxygen
What happens to an atom when it…
Gains an electron?
The atom becomes more negative (negative ion)
Loses an electron?
The atom becomes more positive (positive ion)
Covalent BondsMolecule:
Two or more atoms that are covalently bonded (sharing electrons).
Dot Diagrams Showing Covalent Bonding
Hydrogen Fluorine
Dot Diagrams Showing Covalent Bonding
Oxygen Oxygen
Dot Diagrams Showing Covalent Bonding
Hydrogen Oxygen Hydrogen
Element Symbol Dot Diagram
Stable?Unstable?
Gain or Lose? How many?
Hydrogen
Helium
Lithium
Carbon
Aluminum
Sulfur
Chlorine
Argon
Chemical Bonding
1.
Li Cl
Type of Bond:
Explanation:
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