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Award Levels. Certificate – 1 AS – (30 credits) Subsidiary Diploma – 1 A-Level – (60 credits) Diplomas – 2 A-levels – (120 credits) Extended Diploma – 3 A Levels – (180 credits). Year 12 Units. BTEC National. Body in Action. Learning Outcomes. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Award Levels
• Certificate – 1 AS – (30 credits)
• Subsidiary Diploma – 1 A-Level – (60 credits)
• Diplomas – 2 A-levels – (120 credits)
• Extended Diploma – 3 A Levels – (180 credits)
Year 12 UnitsSingle Double Triple
1: Anatomy & Physiology 8: Practical Team Sport 12: Current Issues in Sport
2: Physiology of Fitness 13: Leadership in Sport 23: Organising Sports Events
3: Assessing Risk in Sport
14: Exercise, Health & Lifestyle
26: Work Experience in Sport
7: Fitness Testing for Sport & Exercise
BTEC NationalBody in Action
Learning Outcomes
1. Be able to label and correctly identify the skeletal system
2. Understand the different types of bones in the body and their purpose
Interesting Fact:
The human body has approximately 206 Bones.
Cranium
Clavicle
Ribs
VertebraeIschium
PelvisCarpalsMetacarpalsPhalanges
Ilium
Patella
TarsalsMetatarsalsPhalanges
Mandible
Scapula
Sternum
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Sacrum
Femur
Tibia
Fibula
Structure of the Skeleton:
AXIAL:The Axial skeleton provides the main area of support for the body, and includes the cranium, vertebral column and ribcage.
The bones of the skeleton can be divided into two distinct categories:
Structure of the skeleton:
APPENDICULAR:
Consists of the appendages, or the bones of the limbs, together with the girdles that join on to the axial skeleton.
Functions of the Skeleton
• Support
• Protection
• Attachment for skeletal muscle
• Leverage
• Blood cell production
• Storage of minerals
Classifying Bones
There are 5 basic types of bone. Their size and make up are linked to how we use them.
Long• These are the large bones in
our legs and arms. They are used in the main movements of the body.
Short• These are the small bones at
the joints of our hands and feet, allowing fine movements
Flat• These are the bones of the
skull, shoulder girdle, ribs and pelvic girdle. They protect the vital organs of the body. Large muscles can be attached to the flat bones.
Irregular • These are the bones in the
face and vertebral column. They gave the body protection and shape.
Sesamoid• Sesamoid bones
have a specialised function. They ease joint movement and resist friction and compression. They are usually developed in tendons and are covered in a layer of articular cartilage. The largest is the patella in the knee. This also prevents the knee from hyperextending.
JointsJoints
A joint is where two or more bones meet andmuscles act together to cause movement.
The human skeleton is jointed to allow movement.
Muscular contraction causes the bones to move about the joints.
The bones act as levers with the joints acting as pivots.
1. Fixed or Immoveable JointsThe bones at an immoveable joint cannot move - they overlap or interlock, and are held together by a tough fibre, e.g. the skull.
2. Slightly Moveable JointsThe bones at a slightly moveable joint can only move a little - they are held together by strong straps called ligaments and are joined by protective pads known as cartilage, e.g. the ribs.
3. Freely Moveable JointsAt a freely moveable joint the bones move freely.They are also known as synovial joints, andare the largest group of joints found in the body, e.g. the hips, shoulders and knees.
Types of JointsTypes of Joints
There are 3 main types of joint found in the body.
Freely Moveable JointsFreely Moveable Joints
A typical synovial joint has the following characteristics:
Freely Moveable joints are also known as Synovial Joints. They are freely moving and occur where 2 or more bones meet. There are about 70 freely moveable joints in the human skeleton.
2. Joint Capsule – The outer covering of the joint that holds the bones together and protects the joint.
3. Synovial Membrane – The inner lining of the joint capsule which also produces synovial fluid.
4. Synovial Fluid – The fluid which surrounds the joint and acts like an ‘oil’, lubricating it to allow easy movement.
5. Ligaments – These are elastic straps which join bone to bone, holding the joint together.
6. Tendons – These are non-elastic straps which join muscle to bone.
1. Cartilage – A material which covers the end of each bone, and which helps prevent friction between the joint.
Elbow Joint
This joint can be moved in the following ways:
Bend Straighten Circle Move away from the body Move towards the body
This joint can be moved in the following ways:
Bend Straighten
Hip Joint
Examples of Synovial JointsExamples of Synovial Joints
This joint can be moved in the following ways:
Bend Straighten Circle Move away from the body Move towards the body
This joint can be moved in the following ways:
Bend Straighten
Shoulder JointShoulder Joint Knee JointKnee Joint
This joint can be moved in the following ways:
Bend – but not as much as the knee & elbow. Straighten - but not as much as the knee & elbow. Circle – but not as much as the shoulder & hip. Move away from the body – but not as much as the shoulder & hip. Move towards the body – but not as much as the shoulder & hip.
Wrist Joint
Types of Synovial JointsTypes of Synovial Joints
KEY
Ball & Socket JointHinge Joint
Pivot Joint
Gliding Joint
Saddle Joint
Ellipsoid or Condyloid Joint
Freely moveable (synovial) joints can be divided into six groups depending upon how they move.
Ball and Socket joints are the most moveable joints in the body.
1.1. Ball and Socket Joints Ball and Socket Joints
They can move in all directions, e.g. the hip and shoulder joints.
Hinge joints work like a hinge on a door.
2.2. Hinge Joints Hinge Joints
They can only move in two directions, e.g. the knee and elbow joints.
This joint only allows rotation,e.g. the vertebrae of the neck.
3.3. Pivot Joints Pivot Joints
There is a little movement in all directions, e.g. the hand between the carpals.
4.4. Gliding Joints Gliding Joints
In these joints there is movement forwards, backwards and to the right and left, but no rotation, e.g. the thumb.
5.5. Saddle Joints Saddle Joints
Here there is a little movement in all directions, but there is no rotation, e.g. the wrist.
6.6. Condyloid Joints Condyloid Joints
What types of movement are possibleWhat types of movement are possibleat the following joints?at the following joints?
Extension Flexion Abduction Adduction Rotation Circumduction
Extension Flexion
Rotation
Ball and Socket Joint:
Hinge Joint: Pivot Joint:
Types of movement
• Flexion
• Extension
• Abduction
• Adduction
• Circumduction
• Rotation
• Pronation
•Supination•Plantar Flexion•Dorsiflexion•Inversion•Eversion•Hyper-extension
Different types of synovial joints allow different kinds of movement.
1. Extension: Straightening or extending a limb.
2. Flexion: Bending or flexing a limb.
Example: the arm can be extended at the elbow.
Example: the leg can be flexed at the knee.
Movement at Synovial JointsMovement at Synovial Joints
3. Abduction: Moving a limb away from the centre line of the body.
4. Adduction: Moving a limb towards the centre line of the body.
Example: The leg can be moved away from the centre of the body at the hip.
Example: The arm can be moved towards the centre of the body at the shoulder.
5. Rotation: This is a turning or rotational movement
of a limb or body part.
Example: the head can be rotated at the neck.
6. Circumduction: The ability of a limb to be
moved in circles.
Example: the arm can move in circles at the shoulder.
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