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DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012
Siegfried Sauermoser
County Director Tirol
Austrian Service for Torrent and
Avalanche Control
Liebeneggstrasse 11
6020 INNSBRUCK
Avalanche protection
0512-584200-20
0664-5327507
siegfried.sauermoser@die-wildbach.at
siegfried.sauermoser@boku.ac.at
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012
Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water
Management (Departement IV)
Forest law 1975: § 102… Protection against Natural Hazards
• Planning and implementation of protection measures,
• Technical and forest biological measures, mainainance etc..
• Hazard mapping
• Expert opinions for the authorities
• Torrent and avalanche cadaster
www.lebensministerium.at
www.naturgefahren.at
Austrian Service in Avalanche and Torrent
Control
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012
Regional organisation structure of the
Austrian Service of Torrent and Avalanche Control
Section
Tyrol
Section
Vorarlberg
Section
Carinthia
Section
Salzburg
Section
Upper Austria
Section
Vienna,
Lower Austria and
Burgenland
Administrative departments:
Villach
Lienz
ImstBludenz
ReutteWörgl
Schwaz
Zell a. See
Tamsweg
Seewalchen
Bad Ischl
Scheifling
Admont
Stainach
Bruck a. Mur
Melk
Wr.
Neustadt
Kirchdorf
Section
Styria
Wien
Linz
Salzburg
Graz
Innsbruck
Bregenz
7 headquarters
28 regional offices
3 technological staff offices
297 employees &
800 construction workers
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012
AUSTRIA
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012
Avalanche path´s
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012
Avalanche 24.2.1999
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012
6500 Avalanche paths
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012
12 000 torrents
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012
Avalanche history
Strabon (63 v. Chr. – 26 n. Chr.)
Livius ( 59 v. Chr. - 17 n. Chr.)
Isidoris (560 – 636 n. Chr.) Erzbischof of Sevilla
Lavina (labi)
10Jh. Briccius, Heiligenblut
14 Jh. Heinrich von Kempten, Hospitz Arlberg (1385)
16 Jh. Kaiser Maximilian
1689 One of the strongest avalanche winters
1916 Several thousand avalanche victims during the WW 1
1951 135 avalanche victims in Austria (picture Häselgehr)
1954 146 avalanche victims in Vorarlberg
1999 38 avalanche victims in Austria, 69 in the whole alps
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012
Avalanche history
Old farmhouse
protected
against avalaches
by a rock and
avalanche design of
the house;
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Lawinenschutz 15
Concrete breaking wedges,
Arzleralm Lawine,
Innsbruck 1965
Historical permanent measures
First Avalanche shed along the
Reschenbundesstrasse 1854
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012
16
Avalanche rake;
first protection measures in the starting zones
of avalanches along the Arlberg railway;
Historical permanent measures
Stone terraces in the starting zones of
avalanches;
Paznaun - valley 1950 - 1960
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012
Heuberg Häselgehr 1960 – 1970Technical avalanche protection in the avalanche starting zones started in the fifties after
the Avalanche disasters 1951 und 1954; The first guidelines in Swiss were issued in
1955
Historical permanent measures
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012
5 Avalanche protection(McClung/Schärer 2006: Avalanche Handbook)
Intervention
Active Passiv
Du
rati
on
Per
man
ent
Tem
po
rary avalanche control by
explosives
road closures
precautionary evacuation
avalanche forecasting/warning
seasonal occupation
(summer houses)
seasonal road closures
organizational measures
warning signs
supporting structures
snow fences
deviation, retarding and catching
dams
retarding earth mounds
splitting wedges
reinforced construction
snow sheds
reforestation/forest protection
hazard mapping and
land use planning
Integral Avalanche
Protection
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012
Starting area
(30° – 55°)
Avalanche track
confined or unconfined
runout area, deposition
area
(< ca. 10°)
3. Avalanche dynamics
3.2 Avalanche terrain
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012
Most of the big catastrophic avalanches are mixed avalanches;
They consist of a dense flow parta fluidised layer and a suspensionlayer;It depends on the temperature, thevelocity and the longitudinal sectionof the track how much of the snowis transferred to the suspension layer;
Normally the suspension and thefluidised layer are faster than thedense flow and sometimes they takedifferent ways
Mixed snow avalanches:
ONR 24806: Design of Avalanche constructions
Graphik aus SATSIE 2009; mod. Sauermoser
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012
Mixed Snow avalanche
Examples for destruction:
1 kPa broken windows
5 kPa broken doors
30 kPa brig houses and wooden houses
are damaged or destroyed
3 kPa evergreen trees are broken
Avalanche forces:
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012
Wood provides avalanche protection
only if it is situated in the starting
area;
Trees are not able to withstand the
avalanche forces in the avalanche
track;
Avalanche tracks are to recognise by
Larches or leaf trees, they have high
resistance against avalanche
pressure;
The age of the trees gives some
information about the frequency of
avalanches;
Avalanches and protection wood
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012
Defense structures in avalanche starting zones;
Madlein Lawine, Gde Ischgl, Tyrol
Combination of steel and wooden
supporting structures below the
potential and actual
timberline;
(afforestable)
Gramaiser Heuberglawine;
Tyrol, Austria
Defense structures in avalanche starting zones;
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012
Steel supporting structures in
combination with afforestation;
It is assumed that only 20 –
30% of all avalanche areas are
situated below the timberline;
Haggener Sonnberg,
Sellrain
Tyrol, Austria
Defense structures in avalanche starting zones;
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012
Different statical systems to support the snow packHandbuch – Technischer Lawinenschutz; Rudolf-Miklau, Sauermoser (Hsg)
Verlag Ernst & Söhne,
The first generation of structures have been erected with concret foundations, this was very
expensive because of the heavy loads and sometimes the lack of water in high altitudes.
Defense structures in avalanche starting zones;
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012
IPE 220
80°
Sp 640
Bz 220, Sp 8 x 90
10°
110,5
b 460
c 1.100
40°
I o 3.290
60°
42 – 160 knpressure: 42 –160 kN
tension: 70 – 260 kN
direction is variable
axial directionpressure:110-270
kN
Forces and direction
of forces:
S´Q
Defense structures in avalanche starting zones;
Defense structures in avalanche starting zones;
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012
IPE 220
HE
120 A
80°
Sp 640
Bz 220, Sp 8 x 90
10°
110,5
b 460
c 1.100
40°
I o 3.290
60°
IPE 220H
E 1
20 A
80°
Sp 640
Bz 220, Sp 8 x 90
10°
110,5
b 460
c 1.100
40°
I o 3.290
60°
Mikropiles for
anchoring the support
Defense structures in avalanche starting zones;
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012
Technical avalanche protection
anchoring of steel bridges with
hydraulic or pneumatic drill
equipment;
diameter: d = 90 – 110 mm;
anchor: GEWI 30 – 42 mm
coating with > 30 mm anchor
grout;
The anchor must be centered in
the borehole;
geotextil stockings are used in
loose material
special construction in loose
material (tube);
output: 5 – 6 Werke/Tag
costs: 500 – 1000€ / Anker
Defense structures in avalanche starting zones;
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012
Foundation of snow bridges with
small excavator;
output 6 – 8 constructions / day
restriction:
legth of anchors < 6 m
costs similar as by hand drilling
no wooden support construction is
Necessary
A comparison has been made by
WALTER G. see. Lit.
Defense structures in avalanche starting zones;
Prefabricated foundation for supports
Groundplates 40 x 40 cm in rock
60 x 60 cm in loose soil
80 x 80 cm in very loose soil
The zinc-coated plate is stabilized with
a small anchor to withstand the shear forces;
It is very important to place the groundplate
in natural ground
The hole should be refilled with the excavated
material;
Corrosion protection of the support is not
necessary
Defense structures in avalanche starting zones;
Refilled
ecavated
material Ground
plate
Surface
zone
kNUFc
,.2
UN,k
UT,k
2
tan.,
,
EkkN
kT
UU
UN,k = characteristic value of the axial support force
normal to the foundation area Fc. σα specific total
ground resistance in a direction normal to Fc
(σα90° -= 500-1000 kN/m²)
UT,k Characteristic value of the transverse force
at the base of the support parallel to the foundation
area Fc
ϕEk Characteristic angle of friction for transfer of
compressive forces
(assumed constant; tanϕEk = 0.8)
Fc
ONR 24806:
Design of Avalanache protection work
Defense structures in avalanche starting zones;
Defense structures in avalanche starting zones;
Defense structures in avalanche starting zones;
Defense structures in avalanche starting zones;
Federal Office of Environment FOEN;
WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF; 2006
Defense structures in avalanche starting zones;
Federal Office of Environment FOEN;
WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF; 2006
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012
Defense structures in avalanche starting zones;
Damages
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012
Defense structures in avalanche starting zones;
Damages
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012
Project Snow nets, Innsbruck
Flexible support construction:
Snow nets
Material:
Galvanised steel ropes,
swivel posts
rope anchors
Defense structures in avalanche starting zones;
Snow nets
Defense structures in avalanche starting zones;
Snow nets
Triangular nets
Rectangular nets
Mesh width on the support surface:
without wire mesh ≤ 100 mm,
with wire mesh (≤ 50 mm) 200 to 250 mm is allowed
for the cables
fs = reduction factor for a flexible supporting surface (0,8)
The specific loading of load case 2 must be assumed
over the entire height of the nets
The loading of a snow net depends significantly on the sag.
The sag must correspond to the value specified by the
designer of approx. 15 % of the chord of the net.
The snow presssure component normal th the slope and the
lateral load are neglected
Defense structures in avalanche starting zones;
Snow nets
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012
Project Snow nets, Innsbruck
How is the real load under
different condition ?
Behavior of differt types of
nets
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012
Creeping and gliding forces are
existing also between the rows of
steel bridges and additional technical
measures are necessary.
To prevent the plants against snow
mechanical forces we use:
Wooden threepole constructions
array of posts
small terraces
Combination supporting structures – gliding snow measures
afforestetion
Combination supporting structures – gliding snow measures
afforestetion
Combination supporting structures – gliding snow measures
afforestetion
Köglenlawine, Gde Elbigenalp;
Combination supporting structures – gliding snow measures
afforestation
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012
Acitv permanent protectiv measures in the starting area;
Supporting structures
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012
Acitv permanent protectiv measures in the starting area;
Supporting structures
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012
Acitv permanent protectiv measures in the starting area;
Snow creeping and gliding
Piling
Earth teraces
Measures to influence the snow distribution in the
starting area
Often used in combination with supporting structures
Snowdrift fences:
Construction height is 4 – 6 m
L = 5 . H/f (m)
L = deposition area
H = construction height
F = rate of filling (0,5 – 0,7)
There is no significant difference between horizontal or
vertical beams; (wooden beams, steel beams)
Crucial is the location of the fence (perpendicular to the
main wind direction
Snowdrift measures
(Lawinenhandbuch S 109/110)
Measures to influence the snow distribution in the
starting area
Often used in combination with supporting structures
Snowdrift fences:
Construction height is 4 – 6 m
L = 5 . H/f (m)
L = deposition area
H = construction height
F = rate of filling (0,5 – 0,7)
There is no significant difference between horizontal or
vertical beams; (wooden beams, steel beams)
Crucial is the location of the fence (perpendicular to the
main wind direction
Snowdrift measures
(Lawinenhandbuch S 109/110)
Snowdrift measures
(Lawinenhandbuch S 109/110)
Windbuffles are situated close to
mountain ridges to influence the
snow distribution;
The building of cornices is interrupted
The density of the snowpack is
different;
Snowdrift measures
(Lawinenhandbuch S 109/110)
Wind nozzles (wind roofs) are situated
in the beginning of the lee-slope;
The wind velocity should be enlarged
and the snow drift leads to interruption
of cornices and the distribution of
snow over the complete slope;
Snowdrift measures
(Lawinenhandbuch S 109/110)
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012
Technical avalanche protection
Organisation of avalanche building sites in the
starting area :
Accessibility
road, cable cran, helicopter
Equipment:
Drilling equipment
Injection pump
Anchor grout
Energie supply
Water supply
CompressorSafety:
Lightning, falls, rockfall, safty equipment,
Container
Deflecting avalanches:
Deflecting dam, deflecting walls
max. deflecting angel =approx. 20°
Height of deflecting dams:
Htot = Hs + Ha + He
Hs = Height of the snow cover (m)
Ha = Flowing height of the avalanche (m)
He = Energy height = v²/2g . sin² (m)
Shape of the dams:
Avalanche side as steep as possible
(stone walls, reinforced earth)
defelecting angleα<20°
Measures in the avalanche track and the
runout area –deflecting, retarding, stopping
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012
Deflecting wall
Hanggerbachlawine
Measures in the avalanche track and the
runout area –deflecting, retarding, stopping
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012
Measures in the avalanche track and the
runout area –deflecting, retarding, stopping
Reinforced earth is beside placed rockfill a proper method to stabilize steep slopes
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012
Measures in the avalanche track and the
runout area –deflecting, retarding, stopping
Mass balance:
Equal masses in excavation and filling leads to
little mass movement and therefore to less
costs; The effect of the dam can be improved
by the excavation of the forefield of the dam;
Further effects are the improvement of
agricultural land, this is important for the
acceptance of dams;
Avalanche deflecting dam Flateyri; Island;
Measures in the avalanche track and the
runout area –deflecting, retarding, stopping
Stopping – retarding dams,
retarding mounds:
Minimum height for catching dams:
Dense flow part:
Htot = Hs + Ha + He
Hs = Height of the snow cover (m)
Ha = Flowing height of the dense flow (m)
He = Energy height= v²/2g . λ (m)
λ = 1 – 2 (Energy loss factor)
Powder part: (recommendation by Issler)
until 100 m downstream of the dam reduced
energy:
Factor 2 uphill dam inclination <= 45°Factor 3 uphill dam inclination > 45°
provided that the total dam height is at least the
half of the flowing height of the avalanche;
2/3 4/5
to stop and deposit the avalanche completely :
dam height
storage capacity
Measures in the avalanche track and the
runout area –deflecting, retarding, stopping
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012
stockibach avalanche
st.anton tyrol
Avalanche catching
dam with opening
for the brook;
Measures in the avalanche track and the
runout area –deflecting, retarding, stopping
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012
Measures in the avalanche track and the
runout area –deflecting, retarding, stopping
Avalanche catching dam
at the Innsbrucker Nordkette;
(Rastlbodenlawine)
An avalanche was deflected
by the dam and the
adjacent wood was destroyed
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012
Measures in the avalanche track and the
runout area –deflecting, retarding, stopping
Avalanche Catching dam in Neskaupstadur, Island
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Technical avalanche protection 74
Measures in the avalanche track and the
runout area –deflecting, retarding, stopping
Avalanche catching dam
Diasbachlawine, Paznaun
Tyrol, Austria
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Technical avalanche protection 75
Measures in the avalanche track and the
runout area –deflecting, retarding, stopping
Avalanche catching dam
Diasbachlawine, Paznaun
Tyrol, Austria
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Technical avalanche protection 76
Measures in the avalanche track and the
runout area –deflecting, retarding, stopping
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Technical avalanche protection 77
Measures in the avalanche track and the
runout area –deflecting, retarding, stopping
Hakonardottir M., Johanneson T., Tiefenbacher F., Kern M. (2003): A loboratory
study of retarding effect of braking mounds in 3,6 and 9 m long chutes;
Vedurstofa Islands, Report 03024
Velocity reduction is about
20% by the first row
and 10 % by the second row;
Height of the mounds is
2 – 3 times the flowing height;
Ratio H/B = 1
Inclination upstream face = 60°
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Technical avalanche protection 78
Measures in the avalanche track and the
runout area –deflecting, retarding, stopping
Breaking mounds
Neskaupstadur, Island
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012
Unresolved issues
Several issues need to be investigated further in order to improve avalanche dam
design criteria
beyond the guidelines proposed here.
•Loss of momentum during the impact with the dam:
• Effect of terrain slope towards the dam on the shock height:
•Effect of entrainment and deposition:
•Effect of the saltation and powder parts:
•The maximum deflecting angle (ϕmax)
The design of avalanche protection dams
Recent practical and theoretical developments
Edited by T. Jóhannesson1, P. Gauer2, P. Issler 2 and K. Lied (EC
2009)
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012 80
Measures in the avalanche track and the
runout area –deflecting, retarding, stopping
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012
Single protection of hauses
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012
Protection of single houses
Quelle: Richtlinie Objektschutz gegen Naturgefahren, Gebäude
Versicherungsanstalt des Kantons St. Gallen
Protection of single buildings
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012
bodenbach-avalanche
kaunertal tyrol
Direct protection
by a stone masonry wall
(conctrete masrony) 16,0 m
Protection of single buildings
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012
Avalanche shed
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012
Avalanche shed
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012
Avalanche shed
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012
Avalanche shed
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012
Avalanche shed
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012
Avalanche shed
Artificial avalanche release
12 cm mortars can be used from a range of 1 to 4 km.
A two-chambered pneumatic
(compressed gas)
cannon used in avalanche
control work.
It is probably the most popular
civilian weapn in use.
The trajectory is varied by altering
the firing angle
and the nitrogen pressure.
It's disadvantages include
a short range and poor
accuracy in strong winds.
Artificial avalanche release
Avalancheur Lacroix
Construction and function
The cannon is permanently installed
in centrally accessible and safe place
The 1.8 m long arrow-type projectile
is loaded with 2.2 kg of liquid explosive
Nitrogen is used as a pressure medium
The targets are test-fired at the time of
commissioning.
The alignment of the cannon and adjusting
the necessary gas pressure
ensure that the desired
zones can be unerringly fired even
without vision
The arrow projectile is impelled into
the starting
zone and detonated on impact.
Artificial avalanche release
Installation
The Avalanche Guard systems are installed in a safe
location near the avalanche starting zone by means
of foundations or rock anchors. They consist of one
or two protective cabinets holding 10-explosive
charges each. The operating personnel use a flip-up,
lockable platform to insert the charges before
the winter or during favorable periods.
Remote controlled
Launching is released from a safe location by means
of a PC. The commands from the operating
point to the Avalanche Guard are transmitted
by secure radio control. A solar unit supplies the
energy required for the electrical control in the
protective cabinet with safety system, ignition
generator, and automatic door activation.
Launching ranges of 160 to 500 ft (= 50 to 150 m)
are reached thanks to different propellant charges,
so that one Avalanche Guard covers an
avalanche starting zone of 1000 ft (= 300 m).
Artificial avalanche release
The Avalanche Pipe, a single-shot launching device,
is the avalanche patroller’s extended arm.
The explosive cartridge holding 6 lbs. (approx. 2.8 kg)
of avalanche blasting explosive can be
launched over a range of maximum 650 ft (=200 m).
The Avalanche Pipe can be rotated by 360° at
three different inclinations. The propelling charge
is ignited by an ignition generator. This launching
device is installed on a foundation or for mobile
operation on a snowcat.
The target points for the permanently installed
single-shot launching devices are firmly established
in test firing. Direction, gradient and size of propellant
charge are determined for each location, so that
blasting at short intervals is also possible from a safe
spot also in poor weather conditions.
Artificial avalanche release
The Avalanche Master is installed
with 25° inclination immediately above
the avalanche starting zone. It is accessible
and features all necessary working elements
and assistance for climbing. The main part
consists of platform, launching cabinet,
and control box. The launching cabinet holds
10 explosive charges with propelling charge and 6 lbs.
(approx. 2.8 kg) of avalanche blasting
explosive each. Next to each explosive charge
is the bobbin with the holding rope attached to
the charge. Suspending the charge from the
rope ensures that the target point
below the tower is hit reliably. A second target
point located further away is reached by launching
an unattached explosive charge. The system's
application range is extended decisively in this way.
Artificial avalanche release
Artificial avalanche release
Temporary measures
Artificial avalanche release
(Lawinenhandbuch S 121 – 134)
Temporary measures
Artificial avalanche release
(Lawinenhandbuch S 121 – 134)
Temporary measures
Artificial avalanche release
(McClung, Schärer, Avalanche Handbook 2006)
Daisy bell
O´bell
T.A.S
blasting
ropeway
Artificial avalanche release
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012
Planning of protection work
Making a decision:
1) Define objectives and acceptable risk (hazard map, risk map)
2) Define, evaluate and select optimal protection alternatives,
including costs, benefit and environmental consideration
3) Create a detailed design for the selected alternative
Preliminary risk
Residual risk (hazard)
Cost/benefit
Intangible factors
Politics
Psychology
Environmental and other hazard considerations
Something has changed……
Settelement development
Mobilty
Acceptance of Natural Hazards
Settlement development
In the Paznaun valley from
1950 - 2010
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012
Forest law 1975§ 11; Hazard zones
Hazard zones (Red and Yellow hazard zone)
Avalanches
Debris flows
Areas with rockfall and landslide danger (brown)
Areas that should be reserved for future protective
measures or woods which needs a special treatment to
maintain their protectiv function (blue)
Areas with special morphological function as natural
earthdams above settlements (violett)DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012
Avalanche hazard zones
Problems caused by the change of criterias
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012
Avalanche hazard mapping
applied methods
• Chronicles, interviews (historical method)
• Interpretation of hazard indicators
• collection of datas – geomorphological, geological and
meteorological
• terrain analysis by field work and stereoscopical interpretation
of airealphotos
• calculation, modelling
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012
Hazard
indicators
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012
Avalanche hazard mapping
applied models
Topographical statistical model:
80 extrem avalanche runout distances were analysed
(Lied/Weiler/Hopf/Bakkehoi (1996))
α = 0,946 β - 0,83
AVAL-1D: one dimensional numercal Voellmy based model (dense flow)
ELBA: two dimensional numerical Voellmy based model (dense flow)
SAMOS: numerical cupled dens flow – powder flow model
dense flow calculation is based on the granular flow theorie
of HUTTER/SAVAGE;
powder flow is based on a gasdynamical approach
RAMMS: 2D VOELLMY
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012
Topographical statistical model:
80 extrem avalanche runout distances were analysed
(Lied/Weiler/Hopf/Bakkehoi (1996))
α = 0,946 β - 0,83
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012
Avalanche hazard mapping
applied models
AVAL-1D, Fließlawine Profil 1,
Vergleich Anbruchhöhe Hagen und do 150
Diff = 40 m
SLF: Anfangsbedingungen für Fliesslawinen:
do = do* . F (Neigungsfaktor)
do* = 1.91 + 35 cm (Höhe) + 50 cm Wind = 276 . 0.46 (50°)= 130 cm
do* = 1.91 + 30 cm + 50 cm . 0.81 (32°)= 220 cm
Masse Profil1 = 50 000 t
Masse Profil 1(Hagen) 71 000 t
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012
Avalanche hazard mapping
application of models
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012
Avalanche hazard zones
Austrian regulation
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012
Avalanche Hazard Zoning in Icland
Avalanche Hazard Zoning in
Icland
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012
Avalanche Hazard Zoning in Norway
Avalanche Hazard Zoning in
Norway - legal regulation
Security class Maximum nominal avalanche
annual probability
Avalanche return period
(years)
Type of construction
1 10-2 100 Garages, smaller storage roms
of one floor, boat houses
2 10-3 1000 Dwelling houses up to two
floors, operational buildings in
agriculture
3 10-3 1000 Hospital, schools, public halls
etc.
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012
Avalanche hazard zones
Swiss regulation
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012
Avalanche hazard zones
Experiences
- Hazard maps help to provide objectivity by the distribution of public money (cost – benefit)
- it is a worthfull instrument to direct new settlements in save areas
- The acceptance by the authorities is very high (approx. ¾ of the communities have a hazard map)
- but Hazard mapping has not yet brought a decline of activ protection work
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012
Austrian Standards in Technical Avalanche protection
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Technical avalanche protection 123
Technical protection measures – avalanches
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Technical avalanche protection 124
Technical protection measures – avalanches
Thank you for your attention
DI Siegfried Sauermoser Trabzon 2012
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