Attention System interrupt attracted by alternative stimuli (dog in street) Conscious reallocation...

Attention• System interrupt attracted by alternative stimuli (dog

in street)• Conscious reallocation device• Attention as limited resource• Attention as bottleneck

– Cocktail party effect : Colin Cherry– Filter theory: Donald Broadbent– Attenuation theory: Anne Triesman– Late selection theory: Donald MacKay (pennies)– Spotlight model: Michael Posner

Memory: Central to the Self

• Early work of Ebbinghaus– Methodology (recall, recognition, savings)– Time course of loss– Overlearning

• Serial position effect and its implications: a multi-store model of memory

Conclusion: a multi-store model of memory

• The serial position results suggest a separation of a short term and a long term store or component of memory

• But there may be more!

Sperling: Sensory Storage (iconic memory)

• Whole vs partial report

• Rapid decay

• Backward masking

H Z R B

P D S C

K V M W

G T X Y

N Q D P

C M L W

M B W X

Q V P T

N Z Y G

R Y D N

V B Q Z

G L S K

W P G D

B Q T C

K G N V

Sperling exper. Whole vs Partial Report

Delay of tone--fast decay

Summary: Iconic Memory

• Capacity: Very large

• Duration: Very short

• Transfer: Readout to STM

• Loss: Phenomenon of backward masking (and its necessity!)

A Multi-store model of memory

• Benefits and limitations

• First memory: sensory store

• Next: Short term memory

Short term memory

• Current contents of memory

• Fundamental bottleneck in processing

• Multiple interpretations

• Capacity

• Duration

• Transfer

• Loss

Basic Operations of STM

• How things enter it

• How things stay in it.

• How we search for things within it.

• How things leave it

Peterson & Peterson: Decay

Waugh & Norman: Interference

Sternberg: Memory scanning

STM-WM (an alternative view)

• Another way of looking at it (STM vs Working Memory) (Baddeley)

• The "bottleneck" issue and an example or two.

• Beating the limits--the work of Chase and Ericcsson: chunks & retrieval structures.

• Finally, how do things move on--elaborative rehearsal

Baddeley: Model of Working Memory

Chase, Ericcsson & Staszewski: Retrieval Structures