Atmosphere Notes

ATMOSPH

ERE NOTES

ATMOSPHERE:

Layer of gases that surround the Earth

COMPOSITION:

78% Nitrogen21% Oxygen.9% Argon.1% Other Gases

ATMOSPHERIC PARTICLES:• Water Vapor – from evaporation

and transpiration, ranges from 1% (dry) to 4% (moist)

• Ozone – O3, absorbs harmful UV radiation, being destroyed by particulates

• Particulates – tiny solid particles such as ash, dust, pollen, microscopic organisms

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE:• The pressure exerted on a

surface by the atmosphere• Decreases as altitude increases• Measured using a barometer

LAYERS OF THE ATMOSPHERE:

a) Troposphereb) Stratospherec) Mesosphered) Thermosphere

TROPOSPHERE:

• Closest layer to the Earth• Where the weather is found• Temperature decreases as

altitude increases because its heated by Earth’s surface

STRATOSPHERE:• Almost all the ozone (including

ozone layer) in this layer• As altitude increases temperature

increases because UV rays absorbed by ozone

MESOSPHERE:

• Temperature decreases as altitude increases

• Coldest layer

THERMOSPHERE:• As altitude increases temperature

increases because oxygen and nitrogen atoms absorb solar radiation

WATER IN

THE

ATMOSPH

ERE

WATER CYCLE:

a) Ice – solidb)Water – liquidc) Water Vapor – gas

3 STATES OF WATER IN ATMOSPHERE

Water in the atmosphereHUMIDITY

Warm air can hold more water than cold air

Dew point and relative humidity are related

KEY POINTS TO REMEMBER:

Measure of how close the air is to reaching the dew point

RELATIVE HUMIDITY

What we call “humidity”Measured as a percentAt 75% relative humidity, the air

has ¾ of the water vapor it can hold

As relative humidity goes up, the temperature/dew point spread decreases

RELATIVE HUMIDITY:

The temperature where the condensation point equals the evaporation point, under this temperature and water droplets form

Dew Point of 50 degrees – comfortable Dew Point of 60 degrees – humid Dew Point of 70 degrees - uncomfortable

DEW POINT

The temperature to which the present air would have to be lowered to become saturated

The greater the temperature/dew point spread, the less amount of water in the air compared to how much it could hold

DEW POINT:

When the temperature drops to the dew point and air comes in contact with the cooler ground

DEW

When the dew point falls below the freezing temperature of water, water vapor goes straight to ice, therefore it is not frozen dew

FROST

If the dew point = current temperature = 100% relative humidity = water vapor condenses forming dew

SUMMING IT UP:

Measure of the actual amount of water vapor in the air

ABSOLUTE HUMIDITY

A collection of small water droplets or ice crystals suspended in the air which form when the air is cooled and condensation occurs

CLOUDS

Condensation Nuclei- In order for water to condense and form a cloud, a solid surface for condensation to occur on must be available

CLOUD FORMATION

Evaporation rate must be in equilibrium with condensation, “saturated air” (temperature at dew point)

As temperature of the saturated air drops, condensation occurs more than evaporation, and clouds form

CLOUD FORMATION:

Adiabatic Cooling – The process by which the temperature of an air mass decreases as an air mass rises and expands due to a decrease in air pressure, thus a decrease in particle collisions, thus lower temperatures.

COOLING PROCESSES:

Mixing – When a body of moist air mixes with another body of moist air that is cooler

COOLING PROCESSES:

Lifting – The forced upward movement of air either by a mountain range or another air mass going underneath it and lifting it up (storms)

COOLING PROCESSES:

Advective Cooling – The process by which the temperature of an air mass decreases as the air mass moves over a cold surface such as a cold ocean or land surface

COOLING PROCESSES:

1. Shape2. Altitude

CLASSIFICATION OF CLOUDS

a)Flat uniform baseb)Form at low altitudesc) Typically wide gray clouds with no

precipitation

STRATUS CLOUDS

a. Puffy, billowy cloudb. Form at low altitudesc. On hot humid days the clouds can

climb up high and form storm clouds called cumulonimbus

CUMULUS CLOUDS

Feathery CloudsHigh AltitudesComposed of Ice Crystals

CIRRUS CLOUDS

Very low altitudeForms differently from other clouds,

either warm air comes in contact with the cooler ground or flows over cool water

FOG

Any form of water that falls to Earth’s surface from the clouds including rain, snow, sleet, hail and freezing rain

PRECIPITATION

Liquid precipitationRAIN

Solid ice precipitation that falls as pellets, crystals, or groups of crystals

SNOW

Rain that freezes on the way downIt bounces

SLEET

Rain that does not freeze until it hits the ground

FREEZING RAIN

Solid precipitation that is a ball of ice that cycles in the clouds, the longer it cycles the bigger the hail

HAIL