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Astr
onom
y C
hapte
r 1
Astr
onom
y C
hapte
r 1
The c
oncept
of
the E
art
h b
ein
g t
he
The c
oncept
of
the E
art
h b
ein
g t
he
cente
r of
the u
niv
ers
e is the
cente
r of
the u
niv
ers
e is the
Geoce
ntr
ic m
odel.
Geoce
ntr
ic m
odel.
Over
head is t
he Z
enith w
here
O
ver
head is t
he Z
enith w
here
the b
ow
l re
aches E
art
h is t
he
the b
ow
l re
aches E
art
h is t
he
horizo
n.
horizo
n.
All
thin
gs m
ovin
g a
roun
d u
s t
he
All
thin
gs m
ovin
g a
roun
d u
s t
he
cele
str
ial
cele
str
ialsph
ere
.sph
ere
.
��S
tars
move a
cro
ss the s
ky in fix
ed p
attern
s.
Sta
rs m
ove a
cro
ss the s
ky in fix
ed p
attern
s.
��P
lanets
seem
to m
ove a
s w
ell
over
weeks.
Pla
nets
seem
to m
ove a
s w
ell
over
weeks.
If w
e im
agin
e t
he a
xis
sticks o
ut of
If w
e im
agin
e t
he a
xis
sticks o
ut of
the e
art
h w
e h
ave a
nort
h a
nd s
outh
th
e e
art
h w
e h
ave a
nort
h a
nd s
outh
cele
stial pole
cele
stial pole
What
we s
ee a
t nig
ht
de
pen
ds o
n
What
we s
ee a
t nig
ht
de
pen
ds o
n
your
your
latt
itude
latt
itude
. O
urs
is 3
8 d
egre
es
. O
urs
is 3
8 d
egre
es
nort
h.
nort
h.
Fro
m 3
8d
eg
rees n
ort
h
Fro
m 3
8d
eg
rees n
ort
h latt
latt
. Y
ou h
ave
. Y
ou h
ave
conste
llation
s t
hat never
set.
T
he
conste
llation
s t
hat never
set.
T
he
Nort
h c
ircum
pola
r zone.
Nort
h c
ircum
pola
r zone.
The s
uns p
ositio
n c
han
ge
s d
ay to
The s
uns p
ositio
n c
han
ge
s d
ay to
day d
ue t
o t
he E
art
h r
evolv
ing
day d
ue t
o t
he E
art
h r
evolv
ing
aro
un
d it.
aro
un
d it.
The s
un a
pp
ears
to t
ravel o
n a
path
T
he s
un a
pp
ears
to t
ravel o
n a
path
aro
un
d t
he c
ele
stia
l sphere
calle
d
aro
un
d t
he c
ele
stia
l sphere
calle
d
the e
clip
tic.
the e
clip
tic.
��T
he m
oon a
nd fiv
e p
lanets
are
vis
ible
to u
s
The m
oon a
nd fiv
e p
lanets
are
vis
ible
to u
s
and c
hange p
ositio
n a
s w
ell.
and c
hange p
ositio
n a
s w
ell.
The m
oon m
oves t
he f
aste
st
goin
g
The m
oon m
oves t
he f
aste
st
goin
g
aro
un
d t
he E
art
h in o
ne m
onth
.aro
un
d t
he E
art
h in o
ne m
onth
.
They a
re f
ou
nd o
n a
18
degre
e w
ide
They a
re f
ou
nd o
n a
18
degre
e w
ide
belt c
ente
red
on t
he
eclip
tic w
e c
all
belt c
ente
red
on t
he
eclip
tic w
e c
all
the z
odia
c.
the z
odia
c.
Each c
ulture
na
me
d s
tar
patt
ern
s
Each c
ulture
na
me
d s
tar
patt
ern
s
calle
d c
onste
llation
s.
calle
d c
onste
llation
s.
Today c
onste
llation r
efe
rs t
o o
ne o
f T
oday c
onste
llation r
efe
rs t
o o
ne o
f
88 s
ecto
rs in t
he s
ky.
88 s
ecto
rs in t
he s
ky.
��W
e c
an a
lso h
ave c
onste
llations w
ithin
a
We c
an a
lso h
ave c
onste
llations w
ithin
a
conste
llation they a
re c
alle
d
conste
llation they a
re c
alle
d a
ste
rim
saste
rim
s..
��E
gyptians 3
000 y
ears
ago h
ad a
E
gyptians 3
000 y
ears
ago h
ad a
cala
ndar
cala
ndar
based o
n 3
65 d
ays.
based o
n 3
65 d
ays.
Aristo
tle n
ew
the s
un w
as f
art
he
r A
risto
tle n
ew
the s
un w
as f
art
he
r
aw
ay t
han t
he m
oo
n s
o w
e s
ee t
he
aw
ay t
han t
he m
oo
n s
o w
e s
ee t
he
moon in p
hases.
moon in p
hases.
��T
he
The g
reek
gre
ek
Arista
rchus
Arista
rchus
310 to 2
30 B
CE
310 to 2
30 B
CE
thought th
e E
art
h r
evolv
ed a
round the s
un.
thought th
e E
art
h r
evolv
ed a
round the s
un.
Era
tosth
enes
als
o
Era
tosth
enes
als
o g
reek
gre
ek
200
bce
200
bce
calc
ula
ted t
he s
ize o
f th
e e
art
h w
ith
calc
ula
ted t
he s
ize o
f th
e e
art
h w
ith
a s
tick.
a s
tick.
Hip
parc
hus
Hip
parc
hus
built
an o
bserv
ato
ry in
built
an o
bserv
ato
ry in
150
bce.
150
bce.
��H
e d
evis
ed o
ur
Magnitude s
yste
m 1
He d
evis
ed o
ur
Magnitude s
yste
m 1
-- 6.
6.
��H
e a
lso fig
ure
d o
ut P
recessio
n the e
art
h is
He a
lso fig
ure
d o
ut P
recessio
n the e
art
h is
wobblin
g.
wobblin
g.
Pto
lem
y 1
40ad w
rote
the
Alm
agest.
Pto
lem
y 1
40ad w
rote
the
Alm
agest.
��It s
aid
the p
lanets
revolv
e a
round the E
art
h
It s
aid
the p
lanets
revolv
e a
round the E
art
h
with r
etr
ogra
de m
otion.
with r
etr
ogra
de m
otion.
��T
his
was e
xpla
ined w
ith tw
o c
ircle
s.
This
was e
xpla
ined w
ith tw
o c
ircle
s.
A larg
e c
ircle
Defe
rent
and s
malle
r A
larg
e c
ircle
Defe
rent
and s
malle
r
circle
the e
pic
ycle
.circle
the e
pic
ycle
.
Astr
olo
gy u
se
Astr
olo
gy u
se s
un,s
tars
sun,s
tars
and p
lanets
and p
lanets
with t
he Z
odia
c t
o e
xpla
in p
eo
ple
s
with t
he Z
odia
c t
o e
xpla
in p
eo
ple
s
lives.
lives.
��N
asal A
str
olo
gy is b
ased o
n the p
ositio
n o
f N
asal A
str
olo
gy is b
ased o
n the p
ositio
n o
f
the s
ky a
t your
birth
.th
e s
ky a
t your
birth
.
��N
ow
it is
all
wro
ng.
Now
it is
all
wro
ng.
Mode
rn A
str
ono
my b
ega
n in t
he 1
6M
ode
rn A
str
ono
my b
ega
n in t
he 1
6thth
centu
ry b
y C
ope
rnic
us 1
473
centu
ry b
y C
ope
rnic
us 1
473
-- 15
43.
15
43.
He b
elie
ved in t
he H
elio
centr
ic
He b
elie
ved in t
he H
elio
centr
ic
model.
A s
un c
ente
red u
niv
ers
e.
model.
A s
un c
ente
red u
niv
ers
e.
156
4156
4-- 1
64
2 G
alil
eo
164
2 G
alil
eo G
alil
ei
Galil
eiborn
in
born
in
Pis
a I
taly
.P
isa I
taly
.
��T
he first te
lescope w
as invente
d b
y a
Dutc
h
The first te
lescope w
as invente
d b
y a
Dutc
h
eyegla
ss m
aker
Hans
eyegla
ss m
aker
Hans L
ippers
hay
Lip
pers
hay..
��W
ith o
ut seein
g o
ne G
alil
eo b
uilt
one.
With o
ut seein
g o
ne G
alil
eo b
uilt
one.
Then h
e m
ade a
9x
Then h
e m
ade a
9x m
ag
mag
tele
scope.
tele
scope.
Then h
e b
uilt
one w
ith 3
0
Then h
e b
uilt
one w
ith 3
0 m
ag
mag
..
��M
ilky w
ay m
ade o
f sta
rs.
Milk
y w
ay m
ade o
f sta
rs.
��F
our
Four
galil
ean
galil
ean
moons Io,
moons Io,
Euro
pa
Euro
pa
, , C
alli
sto
Calli
sto
and
and
Ganym
ede.
Ganym
ede.
��V
enus h
as p
hases lik
e o
ur
moon.
Venus h
as p
hases lik
e o
ur
moon.
��M
oon h
as v
alle
ys a
nd m
ounta
ins n
ot a
Moon h
as v
alle
ys a
nd m
ounta
ins n
ot a
perf
ect sphere
.perf
ect sphere
.
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