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Astronomy = Astrometry ?History of Old Astronomy
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2006/10/11 ����� � �� � � 2
noteAstrometry means measuring the “position” of a celestial object in a sky. Without telescopes, this is what ancient astronomers can do for their best. The periodic motion of the Sun and the Moon against the star background helped ancient people establish calendars and astrology. Therefore astrometry has had an strong impact on our daily life. Astrometry is the essence of the ancient astronomy.
In the modern astronomy, astronomers have more tools and techniques to study celestial objects. Astrometry then becomes only one of sub-disciplines of the modern astronomy. In the last few slides of this lecture, you will find much more precise astrometry achieved by modern telescopes. This “old” but “updated” technique would even help us find a earth-mass planet outside of the Solar System in the future.
Basically astrometry only gives a 2-D map of the sky. Nevertheless, Tychoadopted the idea of “parallax” to argue about the distance (i.e. the 3rd dimension) of celestial objects. We will learn more about this in one of the next lectures.
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����������������(S(Stars) tars) � � �� � �� � �� � �� � �� � �� � �� � � (the Sun)(the Sun)
• ��������������������������������(too far!)� � � � � �� � � � � �� � � � � �� � � � � �
(Polaris for now) � �� �� �� � ( � � � � � �� � � � � �� � � � � �� � � � � � )����� � � �� � � �� � � �� � � �
� � �� � �� � �� � � 88 ! �"! �"! �"! �" (constellation)����• # $ % & ' � �# $ % & ' � �# $ % & ' � �# $ % & ' � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �(((((��) * � +��) * � +��) * � +��) * � + ),,,,- . / 0 1 2 3- . / 0 1 2 3- . / 0 1 2 3- . / 0 1 2 3 ( � 4� 4� 4� 4 ) 5 65 65 65 6 13 ! �"! �"! �"! �" ( 7 87 87 87 8 129999)::::; < = �"; < = �"; < = �"; < = �" ( � � � � > �� � � � > �� � � � > �� � � � > � )����# $ 1 ? @ (A B :# $ 1 ? @ (A B :# $ 1 ? @ (A B :# $ 1 ? @ (A B :
C � �C � �C � �C � � ( � � D E > � F 8 G H I J� � D E > � F 8 G H I J� � D E > � F 8 G H I J� � D E > � F 8 G H I J )����
2006/10/11 ����� � �� � � 4
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(ecliptic)
From theview ofthe earth
Summer (winter) inNorthern (southern)hemisphere
winter (summer) innorthern (southern)hemisphere
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2006/10/11 ����� � �� � � 5
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http://www.astro.washington.edu/larson/Astro101/LecturesFraknoi/astro101s03.html
2006/10/11 ����� � �� � � 6
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2006/10/11 ����� � �� � � 7
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G H I JG H I JG H I JG H I J >>>>K L M N O P Q R S �K L M N O P Q R S �K L M N O P Q R S �K L M N O P Q R S � FFFF
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2006/10/11 ����� � �� � � 8
P T U * 8 V W X Y Z [ \ ]P T U * 8 V W X Y Z [ \ ]P T U * 8 V W X Y Z [ \ ]P T U * 8 V W X Y Z [ \ ]
2006/10/11 ����� � �� � � 9
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http://www.chiculture.net/php/frame.php?id=/cnsweb/html/0801http://www.astron.sh.cn/picbase/antique/antique.html
The Secret Language of The Stars and Planets by G. Cornelius & P. Devereux
1231-1316
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2006/10/11 ����� � �� � � 10
The fact is…
• ��������������������( � � � � � � � � � � � � ) � � � � � � � � � � � �( � � �� � �� � �� � � )����� ��� � � �� � �� ��� � � �� � �� ��� � � �� � �� ��� � � �� � � ( � �� �� �� � ) � � �� � �� � �� � �����( � � � �� � � �� � � �� � � � ����� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � )!!!!btw, do you still remember what causes “a month”?
• one year = 365.25 days ( � � "� � "� � "� � " )• ####($$$$) � % ��& ' ( ) * + ,� % ��& ' ( ) * + ,� % ��& ' ( ) * + ,� % ��& ' ( ) * + , (----)..../ 0/ 0/ 0/ 01 2 ��� �� � � � 3 4 51 2 ��� �� � � � 3 4 51 2 ��� �� � � � 3 4 51 2 ��� �� � � � 3 4 5 !!!!6 7 8 06 7 8 06 7 8 06 7 8 0� 9� 9� 9� 9 ����: � � ; < 4 5: � � ; < 4 5: � � ; < 4 5: � � ; < 4 5 ����� � = > + ?� � = > + ?� � = > + ?� � = > + ?@@@@!!!!
2006/10/11 ����� � �� � � 11
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sunlight
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12pm
6pm
In summer (winter), day Is longer (shorter)than night.But � � ��� � ��� � ��� � ��
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2006/10/11 ����� � �� � � 12
Summer Solsticesin the northern
hemisphere
equator
spin axis
to Polaris
sunlight
daynight
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2006/10/11 ����� � �� � � 13
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* + , - .* + , - .* + , - .* + , - .
/ 0 �/ 0 �/ 0 �/ 0 � � 1 � 1 � 1 � 1
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summer triangle
winter triangle
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�� -�� -�� -�� - (Polaris)3 43 43 43 4 = 5 65 65 65 6
Polar Regions
equator
East or West
2006/10/11 ����� � �� � � 16
not includedin astrology
� �� �� �� � 13AAAA?!
7 8 9 : # ; <7 8 9 : # ; <7 8 9 : # ; <7 8 9 : # ; <& = - > ? # ;& = - > ? # ;& = - > ? # ;& = - > ? # ;< @ � A< @ � A< @ � A< @ � A ( B C DB C DB C DB C D
E FE FE FE F GGGG/ H/ H/ H/ Hhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zodiac)
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��������� ! " # $ � % &� ! " # $ � % &� ! " # $ � % &� ! " # $ � % &' ( ) * + , - . / � #' ( ) * + , - . / � #' ( ) * + , - . / � #' ( ) * + , - . / � #0000����1 2 3 ! " # $ 4 51 2 3 ! " # $ 4 51 2 3 ! " # $ 4 51 2 3 ! " # $ 4 56 7 8 9 : ; < � % & '6 7 8 9 : ; < � % & '6 7 8 9 : ; < � % & '6 7 8 9 : ; < � % & '����= > * + , - ? @ A ;= > * + , - ? @ A ;= > * + , - ? @ A ;= > * + , - ? @ A ;B C .B C .B C .B C . ����
I J .I J .I J .I J . is
2006/10/11 ����� � �� � � 17
Mismatch by one sign due to Precession
Mar 13 - Apr 20 Feb 19 - Mar 20 Pisces(Fishes)
Feb 18 - Mar 13 Jan 20 - Feb 18 Aquarius(Water Bearer)
Jan 19 - Feb 18 Dec 22 - Jan 19 Capricorn(Goat)
Dec 19 - Jan 19 Nov 22 - Dec 21 Sagittarius(Archer)
Dec 1 - Dec 19 -Ophiuchus
Nov 22 - Dec 1 Oct 23 - Nov 21 Scorpio(Scorpion)
Nov 1 - Nov 22 Sep 23 - Oct 22 Libra(balance)
Sep 18 - Nov 1Aug 23 - Sep 22 Virgo(Virgin)
Aug 11 - Sep 18 Jul 23 - Aug 22 Leo(Lion)
Jul 20 - Aug 11 Jun 21 - Jul 22 Cancer(Crab)
Jun 21 - Jul 20 May 21 - Jun 20 Gemini(Twins)
May 13 - Jun 21 Apr 20 - May 20 Taurus(Bull)
Apr 20 - May 13 Mar 21 - Apr 19 Aries(Ram)
ActualAstrologySign
2006/10/11 ����� � �� � � 18
Ophiuchus (���)
The eclipticpasses onlysmall part ofOphiuchus ����
Note thatthe eclipticdoes notalign withthe MilkyWay.
2006/10/11 ����� � �� � � 19
Astrology & Astronomy• Ancient times: astrology was based on astronomy• Nowadays: conflicts between astrology & astronomy �
example I: Astrologers ignore the 13th sign of horoscope and precession.example II: Marina Bai (born 1965), a Russian astrologer, sued NASA in July, 2005 for US$300-310 million. She claimed that the NASA probe that crashed into the Tempel 1 comet will interfere with her astrology work because the comet would no longer be the same, claiming it "ruins the natural balance of forces in the universe".
remark: alchemy � chemistryastrology � astronomy
2006/10/11 ����� � �� � � 20
��������������������
• B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R SB C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R SB C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R SB C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R ST U V W X Y Z 7 [ \ ]T U V W X Y Z 7 [ \ ]T U V W X Y Z 7 [ \ ]T U V W X Y Z 7 [ \ ]
• ^ _ `^ _ `^ _ `^ _ ` “ � � a b A� � a b A� � a b A� � a b A”• c � �c � �c � �c � � ����d �e �d �e �d �e �d �e � ����f 0 g �f 0 g �f 0 g �f 0 g � hhhh
• i 7i 7i 7i 7 ( j 7j 7j 7j 7 ) k lk lk lk l 29.46 ���� � m j � n� m j � n� m j � n� m j � n hhhh
For details: K L MK L MK L MK L M NNNNO P � L Q R SO P � L Q R SO P � L Q R SO P � L Q R S TTTT
2006/10/11 ����� � �� � � 21
Stonehenge (England)The Secret Language of The Stars and Planets by G. Cornelius & P. Devereux
2006/10/11 ����� � �� � � 22
Stonehenge (England)
Metonic Cycle: 18.6 years(moon’s nodal period)
align 5000 years ago?( U CU CU CU C )
The Secret Language of The Stars and Planets by G. Cornelius & P. Devereux
2006/10/11 ����� � �� � � 23
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(precession)����� � � � �� � � � �� � � � �� � � � �
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2006/10/11 ����� � �� � � 24
The Great Pyramid (Egypt, 2600BC)
OrionsymbolizesOsiris
The Secret Language of The Stars and Planets by G. Cornelius & P. Devereux
2006/10/11 ����� � �� � � 25
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� : ; < => / q r s $ t �u �v w x y / � z: ; < => / q r s $ t �u �v w x y / � z: ; < => / q r s $ t �u �v w x y / � z: ; < => / q r s $ t �u �v w x y / � z { |{ |{ |{ | }}}}&&&&~ � 1 � � ,~ � 1 � � ,~ � 1 � � ,~ � 1 � � , OOOOlAlAlAlA ����� l� l� l� l �������� � �� �� �� � lrlrlrlr � �� �� �� � ��������� A� A� A� A ����� �� �� �� � �������� � �� �� �� � � P� P� P� P �������� � �� �� �� �n An An An A ����� n� n� n� n �������� � �� �� �� � n rn rn rn r �������� � �� �� �� � � A� A� A� A ����� �� �� �� � �������� � �� �� �� � � P� P� P� P �������� � �� �� �� �
2006/10/11 ����� � �� � � 26
Direct & RDirect & Retrograde(etrograde(����������������) Motion) Motion) -) -) -) - ( V W # -V W # -V W # -V W # - ) planet (Greek) means wanderer X -X -X -X - ( ; L; L; L; L )
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2006/10/11 ����� � �� � � 27
� � � �� � � �� � � �� � � �� � � �� � � �� � � �� � � �Y ZY ZY ZY Z
[ \ L ] ^ <[ \ L ] ^ <[ \ L ] ^ <[ \ L ] ^ <
For more info: http://aeea.nmns.edu.tw/AEEA/contents_list/universe_concepts.html (� � � � � � )
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A.D. 125?Ptolemy’s geocentric model
Planets ( � � � � ) wander among stars ( � �� �� �� � )
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2006/10/11 ����� � �� � � 28
Explanation of Planetary MotionExplanation of Planetary Motion
fast
slow
2006/10/11 ����� � �� � � 29
Astronomers (A.D.1500-1700)Copernicus(1473-1543)Heliocentrictheory
Tycho(1546-1601) Half helio +Half geo&Kepler(1571-1630)3 laws
Galileo(1564-1642)First use atelescopeto watch thesky
Newton(1642-1727)Law ofuniversalgravitation
2006/10/11 ����� � �� � � 30
ParallaxParallax((����������������))
2006/10/11 ����� � �� � � 31
Parallax of a Nearby Object in SpaceParallax of a Nearby Object in Space
measuredistance:Modernastronomersuse parallaxto estimatethe distanceof nearbystars.
2006/10/11 ����� � �� � � 32
TychoTycho’’ss cosmologycosmology
Tycho used parallaxargument againstheliocentric concept.
Science is basedupon proofs.Sometimes manymodels can existbecause theexperiments/observationsare not precise enoughto distinguish models.
http://www.nada.kth.se/~fred/tycho/index.html
2006/10/11 ����� � �� � � 33
BarnardBarnard’’s Star (1916)s Star (1916)
http://www.solstation.com/stars/barnards.htm
Wikipedia.org:0.17 solar masses5.96 light years away
10.3” per year
2nd closest star system (1st is alpha Centauri)angle: 1 circle=360���� 1�������������� � � ��� � � ��� � � ��� � � � ��������� �� �� �� � �� � � � ��� � � � ��� � � � ��� � � � � ����� � � �� � � �� � � �� � � � ���� ����� �� �� �� � ����
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2006/10/11 ����� � �� � � 34
HipparcosHipparcos Satellite (space astrometry)Satellite (space astrometry)
Pleiades ( _ 0 - ` a b c d a_ 0 - ` a b c d a_ 0 - ` a b c d a_ 0 - ` a b c d aSubaru, distance=400 light years) animation generated using Hipparcos data. This is an 8x6 degree field. The movement of the stars over 120,000 years is shown.
http://www.rssd.esa.int/hipparcos/Pleiades_distance.html
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http://www.rssd.esa.int/Hipparcos/
1989-1993
2006/10/11 ����� � �� � � 35
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7 8 9 : ��; �� < �; � � = > ?7 8 9 : ��; �� < �; � � = > ?7 8 9 : ��; �� < �; � � = > ?7 8 9 : ��; �� < �; � � = > ? (����� �� �� �� � �10-6”)@@@@A 9A 9A 9A 9 BBBB! " C! " C! " C! " C D ED ED ED E� F G H � F G H � F G H � F G H 30 I J K L M NI J K L M NI J K L M NI J K L M N @@@@O ��P 4 Q R ! S � T U ��O ��P 4 Q R ! S � T U ��O ��P 4 Q R ! S � T U ��O ��P 4 Q R ! S � T U ��@@@@V W X � � Y Z [V W X � � Y Z [V W X � � Y Z [V W X � � Y Z [ EEEE
2006/10/11 ����� � �� � � 36
SummarySummary� \ ] ^\ ] ^\ ] ^\ ] ^ _ ` a b c d e a b f g_ ` a b c d e a b f g_ ` a b c d e a b f g_ ` a b c d e a b f g� 8 h i j �� 1 � k l8 h i j �� 1 � k l8 h i j �� 1 � k l8 h i j �� 1 � k l mmmm� n \ ] 7 on \ ] 7 on \ ] 7 on \ ] 7 o mmmmn \ ] 7 p qn \ ] 7 p qn \ ] 7 p qn \ ] 7 p q mmmm� n \ ] 7 Jn \ ] 7 Jn \ ] 7 Jn \ ] 7 J gggg� J 7 r s� J 7 r s� J 7 r s� J 7 r s ggggn \ ] 7 t Jn \ ] 7 t Jn \ ] 7 t Jn \ ] 7 t J gggg� \ ] ^ u �v �w\ ] ^ u �v �w\ ] ^ u �v �w\ ] ^ u �v �w gggg� n \ ] x �y z { | � } ~ �� �n \ ] x �y z { | � } ~ �� �n \ ] x �y z { | � } ~ �� �n \ ] x �y z { | � } ~ �� � gggg� n \ ] } ~ �� � � { � � � � �n \ ] } ~ �� � � { � � � � �n \ ] } ~ �� � � { � � � � �n \ ] } ~ �� � � { � � � � � gggg� � � � � } ~ �{ ^ H � } ~ �� � � � } ~ �{ ^ H � } ~ �� � � � } ~ �{ ^ H � } ~ �� � � � } ~ �{ ^ H � } ~ �gggg� n \ ] 7 � �n \ ] 7 � �n \ ] 7 � �n \ ] 7 � � ggggn \ ] �w � � { �n \ ] �w � � { �n \ ] �w � � { �n \ ] �w � � { � gggg� n \ ] w } � � � � � O � �n \ ] w } � � � � � O � �n \ ] w } � � � � � O � �n \ ] w } � � � � � O � � mmmm� v o � � � � 7 � �� v o � � � � 7 � �� v o � � � � 7 � �� v o � � � � 7 � � mmmm� } � � � � � � � � � �} � � � � � � � � � �} � � � � � � � � � �} � � � � � � � � � � @@@@� ¡ ¢ £ \ ]� ¡ ¢ £ \ ]� ¡ ¢ £ \ ]� ¡ ¢ £ \ ] mmmm� \ ] ^ ¤ �\ ] ^ ¤ �\ ] ^ ¤ �\ ] ^ ¤ ��¥ ¦ �§�¥ ¦ �§�¥ ¦ �§�¥ ¦ �§ ¨̈̈̈ggggn \ ] © �ª �n \ ] © �ª �n \ ] © �ª �n \ ] © �ª � �¥�¥�¥�¥ «̈ { ¡ ¢ � ¬ 1 �«̈ { ¡ ¢ � ¬ 1 �«̈ { ¡ ¢ � ¬ 1 �«̈ { ¡ ¢ � ¬ 1 �; � ® k l; � ® k l; � ® k l; � ® k l gggg
� n \ ] � ¡ 1 ¯ �° ± 7 �n \ ] � ¡ 1 ¯ �° ± 7 �n \ ] � ¡ 1 ¯ �° ± 7 �n \ ] � ¡ 1 ¯ �° ± 7 � gggg² ° ³ ^ ´ ° �² ° ³ ^ ´ ° �² ° ³ ^ ´ ° �² ° ³ ^ ´ ° � gggg� \ ] µ ¶ �� 1 �; � · �H ¸\ ] µ ¶ �� 1 �; � · �H ¸\ ] µ ¶ �� 1 �; � · �H ¸\ ] µ ¶ �� 1 �; � · �H ¸ mmmm� ¹ f º » c¹ f º » c¹ f º » c¹ f º » c n h { ¼ ½ ¾ ¿ Àn h { ¼ ½ ¾ ¿ Àn h { ¼ ½ ¾ ¿ Àn h { ¼ ½ ¾ ¿ À % Á c  e b Ã Ä º Å ` )% Á c  e b Ã Ä º Å ` )% Á c  e b Ã Ä º Å ` )% Á c  e b Ã Ä º Å ` ) � �| Æ� �| Æ� �| Æ� �| Æ mmmm� u � Ç È É Ê Ë ; Ì { Ì Í |u � Ç È É Ê Ë ; Ì { Ì Í |u � Ç È É Ê Ë ; Ì { Ì Í |u � Ç È É Ê Ë ; Ì { Ì Í | mmmm� Î v Ï Ð n h � � Ñ 7� Î v Ï Ð n h � � Ñ 7� Î v Ï Ð n h � � Ñ 7� Î v Ï Ð n h � � Ñ 7Ò Ó ; � Ô ÕÒ Ó ; � Ô ÕÒ Ó ; � Ô ÕÒ Ó ; � Ô Õ mmmm
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