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Compare the two ways to administer surveys: written questionnaire and oral interviews
Define interviewer bias Describe a panel study Distinguish between probability and
nonprobability sampling techniques
© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Describe simple random sampling stratified random sampling, and cluster sampling
Describe haphazard sampling, purposive sampling, and quota sampling
Describe the ways that samples are evaluated for potential bias, including sampling frame and response rate
© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Provides a methodology for asking people to tell about themselves
To study relationships between / among variables To study how attitudes and behaviors change over time
Provides useful information for making public policy decisions
Important complement to experimental research findings
© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Defining the Research Objectives Attitudes and beliefs Facts and demographics Behaviors Must keep it simple to avoid confusion
Avoid jargon and technical terms when possible If needed, provide a brief description of the background
for more complex questions
© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Question Wording Potential problems that stem from difficulty
understanding the question: Unfamiliar technical terminology Vague or imprecise terms Ungrammatical sentence structure Phrasing that overloads working memory Embedding the question with misleading information
© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Important considerations when writing questions: Ensure simplicity Avoid:
Double-barreled questions Loaded questions Negative wording Yea-saying and nay-saying
© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Closed- Versus Open-Ended Questions Number of Response Alternatives Rating Scales
Graphic rating scale Semantic differential scale Nonverbal scales for children
Labeling Response Alternatives
© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Formatting the Questionnaire Should appear attractive and professional Neatly typed and free from errors Use point scales consistently
Refining Questions Proof questions with others
© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Questionnaires Personal administration to groups or individuals Mail surveys Internet surveys Other technologies
“Computerized experience-sampling”
© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Interviews Face-to-face interviews Telephone interviews Focus group interviews Problem: Interviewer bias
© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Questions Are the Same Each Time Surveyed Tracks Changes Over Time
Repeated surveys of incoming freshman at university Effects of sexual situations on TV Teen pregnancy rates
Panel Study The same respondents are studied over time Helps to study the relationships between two or more
variables over time
© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Confidence Intervals Level of confidence that the true population value
lies within an interval of the obtained sample Sampling error or margin of error
Sample Size A larger sample size reduces the size of the
confidence interval Must consider the cost / benefit of increasing
sample size
© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Two basic techniques for sampling Probability Sampling
Simple random sampling Every member of the population has an equal probability of
being selected
Stratified random sampling Population divided into subgroups (strata) and random
samples taken from each strata
Cluster sampling – identify clusters and sample from three clusters
© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Nonprobability Sampling—unknown probability of any member being chosen
Haphazard sampling – convenience sampling Purposive sampling – sample meets predetermined
criterion Quota sampling – sample reflects the numerical
composition of various subgroups in the population
© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Representative of the population Sampling Frame
- Actual population from which the sample is drawn Response Rate
- Percentage of respondents who complete Reasons for Using Convenience Samples
- Less costly in terms of time and money Concerns
- May not be generalizable
© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
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