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Asia-Pacific Fishery Commission
Regional overview of capture fisheries in Asia and the Pacific2012
Simon Funge-SmithSecretary, Asia-Pacific Fishery Commission
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“Regional Overview of Fisheries and Aquaculture in the Asia-Pacific 2012”
• APFIC resource book– promote ecosystem thinking
• Organize information into meaningful geographical, biological and governance units – ecoregion/LME/SME, not FAO statistical area– higher level of detail than aggregated national
catches
• Capture fisheries review divided into three sub-regions– South China sea– Bay of Bengal – Sulu-Sulawesi/Timor Arafura
• Aquaculture overview covers different commodity groupings across the region.
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Marine capture fisheries
• The principal fishery indicators:• Resource related:
– Catch composition; catch trends; status of species groups; fishmeal; surimi
• Effort related: – CPUE - gears and target species groups;
vessel numbers & types
• Socio-economic related indicator: – employment
• Management related: – Zoning; management measures;
classifications of small-scale and commercial fisheries; protected areas; closed seasons/areas
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General trend in capture fisheries
• Asia-Pacific region continues to be the world’s largest producer of fish. – >50% of world production since 2006 – 48.7 million tonnes– declined slightly from 2004 to 2006– >2007 started to increase
– á 3.5% 2009 to 2010
• 5 APFIC members are in top 10 world producers
• China largest production in region– 15.7 million tonnes – 32 % of total regional production
19501954
19581962
19661970
19741978
19821986
19901994
19982002
20062010
0
10,000,000
20,000,000
30,000,000
40,000,000
50,000,000
60,000,000
70,000,000
80,000,000
90,000,000
100,000,000
World Total
APFIC Total
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Stable or declining production
• China – very stable, rising and falling by only
one or two percent over the past decade
– total decadal rise of 4%.
• Other Asia – relatively stable with an overall
decline of 16% over the decade.
• Oceania– rather large decreases in production
over the past 5 years– decadal trend still an increase of 9%.
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 20100
2,000,000
4,000,000
6,000,000
8,000,000
10,000,000
12,000,000
14,000,000
16,000,000
18,000,000
China Other Asia
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Rising production in South Asia & South East Asia
• Consistent increases in capture fishery production
• Southeast Asia á29% past decade– consistent slight annual increases of 2
to 4%,
• South Asia á28% past decade– fluctuations more dramatic increasing
and decreasing by 5 to 8%
• Several effects– increase in fishing effort and capacity– expansion of the geographical range of
fishing activities – Increase in biomass by fishing down
effects– removing larger longer lived species – higher biomass of short-lived small fast
recruiting species
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 20100
2,000,000
4,000,000
6,000,000
8,000,000
10,000,000
12,000,000
14,000,000
16,000,000
18,000,000
20,000,000
SouthEast Asia
South Asia
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DO WE REALLY KNOW THE STATUS OF OUR FISHERIES?
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Nature of fishing is constantly changing
• Fishing operations are highly mobile– expansion into new areas – transhipment of fish between fishing
areas– IUU catches
• complicates trend reporting by area and the determination of the status of stocks in specific localities
• this may also lead to the false assumption that there remains significant potential for further expansion of fishing
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Aggregated reporting hides underlying effects• 32% of the region’s capture production not
identified at the species level– 15.8 million tonnes– >2008 (30% , 14.3 million tonnes)
• APFIC region ~30% nei past six years– South East Asia 42%– South Asia 36% – China 32% – China has improved its reporting
• High reporting of nei marine fish – 9.6 million tonnes (~20% total regional production) – strong trend towards capture of small low-value
species?– hides impact of overfishing on capture of juveniles
of higher value species
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SUB-REGIONS
South China SeaBay of BengalArafura-Timor/Sulu-Sulawesi
China Sea and Gulf of Thailand
• Ecosystem level effects– Majority of impact between 1975 and 1985 – Large composition shifts of previous decades – Loss of higher value larger species– Settled down to favour an ecosystem
dominated by small species– Lower value species utilized variously (surimi,
canned fish, fishmeal, aquaculture feeds),
• Fishing capacity increasing– Expanding fishing area sustains production
level
• CPUE is low (and declining)– working harder for lower value catch
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Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea• Total catches steadily increasing
– reaching 6.86 million tonnes.
• Resources more diverse than South China Sea – less shelf area, more pelagic resources
• Until recently catch of large/valuable spp.– resources still subject to overfishing and
depletion in some areas– last 5-10 years increasingly been composed of
lower value and smaller fish– especially coastal trawl fisheries– pelagic resources generally in good shape
• CPUE – Overall CPUE is declining with few exceptions– Coastal over-capacity
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Sulu-Sulawesi/Timor Arafura Seas
• Majority of area within EEZ– Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Timor Leste
• Resources– generally fully fished– declining catches of larger species– Increasing catches of small pelagics, anchovies
• CPUE is generally stable– Increasing in well-managed Australian Prawn
fishery
• Vessel numbers– ~160,000 + artisanal (~250 000?)– Catches landed all over sub-region, plus
transhipment outside
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Recommendation• Routine assessments are required
– % catch composition– landings– Vessels/gears numbers
• Must assess ecosystem changes in species compositions– shifting trophic levels in response to fishing
pressure
• Will allow determinations of appropriate fishing effort/capacity levels in both nearshore and offshore fisheries.
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FISHERY MANAGEMENT
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Can we say our fisheries are managed?
• Across the whole region• Management of individual stocks is rare
– Mixed gear fisheries– range of vessel size & type– Many species targeted, all utilized– Some resources have specific measures applied –
enforcement?
• If no stock focus, then what?– Separate the scales of fishery– Limit the habitat impacts– Close seasons or areas– Area focus , not stock focus
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Spatial measures most common
• All countries have zoning of their EEZ– two or more zones, some have up to four zones – closed areas and closed seasons common in the
near shore zone– Gear restriction and licensing, – Size limits (e.g. fish length) and quotas are not
used, or poorly enforced
• Closed areas & MPAs– many forms – (MPAs) are the most common – almost never
actually protect fishery resources – artificial reefs popular intervention
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Recommendation
• Better assessment of spatial and seasonal measures in terms of their fishery effect
• More science-based establishment of protected areas, artificial reefs
• Science and local knowledge used to determine key habitats or areas that should be protected/closed etc
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RESOURCE GROUPS
Trash fish/low value fishSurimi speciesFish meal
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Low value/trash fish production• China Sea and Gulf of Thailand
– ~20 % of total catch (~1.7 million tonnes )– Trawl fisheries ~40 to 60 % of catch– Nearly 65% reduction in past 2-4 years– improved reporting of small demersals, anchovies, sardines
and small pelagic species?– increased preservation/utilization for human food?
• Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea– total production of trash/low value fish < 941 000 tonnes – overall 4 to 65% of catch– typical range of 14-64%. – principal source of this is reported from trawlers.
• Sulu-Sulawesi/Timor Arafura Seas– relative catches are increasing in the region, except Timor
Arafura sea. – ~1-9 % of the total catch in some areas…– ….but 26-35% of catch in Indonesia FMAs: 714, 573 & 718
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Recommendation
• Report the composition (species) and locations of capture of the low value and trash fish component
• Important where used for fish meal or feeds
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Production of surimi species• Dramatic increase in production of surimi in the
region over the past decade – reached >321 250 tonnes in the South China Sea – APFIC figure has not recently updated
• Several drivers– improved processing techniques – increasing use of species previously regarded low
value trash fish category.
• China Sea and Gulf of Thailand– overfished in all areas of SCS
• Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea– Surimi species are overfished or fully fished in
Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand– Relatively little surimi production in South Asia
• Sulu-Sulawesi/Timor Arafura Seas– surimi species fully or moderately fished – overfished in Indonesia FMA 718,713
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Recommendation
• Surimi production is reported both in terms of final product and the raw fish equivalent.
• Sources of fish for surimi should be clearly identified to assist with food safety, traceability and catch documentation.
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Fish meal production• China Sea and Gulf of Thailand
– ~576 000 tonnes – assuming IFFO estimate of only 5 000 tonnes for south
China provinces
• Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea– ~152 000 tonnes (excl. Malaysia, Indonesia and Thailand
• Concern over fishmeal in aquaculture feeds– All trawl fisheries will generate some low value or trash
fish– Impacts on fishery and ecosystem.
• Concern over increased targeting of trash low value fish– how to minimize catch commercial value species?
• Production of fishmeal from processing wastes from capture fisheries and aquaculture – significant in the region. – ~56 percent of the East Asian fishmeal from trimmings?– globally this figure is only 25%…..
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Recommendation
• Fish species composition of fishmeal is
identified according the fishery/ area of production
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CAPACITY & EMPLOYMENT
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Vessel numbers and employment
China Sea and Gulf of Thailand• Total vessel numbers are over 1.74
million in the South China Sea, • Mainly (86%) of small scale vessels • Mostly confined to shallower nearshore
coastal fishing• 3.73 million people employedBay of Bengal and Andaman Sea• 460 000 vessels operating in the Bay of
Bengal,• 67% small scale, no engine/using
outboard• 1.93 million fishers Sulu-Sulawesi/Timor Arafura Seas
Asia
Pacific/Oceania
N. America
Near East
Europe
Africa
Latin AmericaCaribbean
World mechanizedfishing fleet
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Recommendation
• Investigate the relative fishing effort in coastal and other waters
• Harmonize the recording of fishing vessel employment to reflect employment in large and small scale fishing
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Inland fisheries • APFIC region contributes 68 % of global
inland fisheries production• 7.6 million tonnes in 2010
• Inland capture fisheries production in the region continues to increase– á 13.7% more than 2008 – excluding China, region rose 19.7% over the 2008
level
• 10 countries produce 97% of the region’s inland capture of inland fish
• South Asia 37% , South East Asia 30%, China 30%
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Overall rapid increase in inland fisheries
• No large increase in catch per fisher• Increasing population/effort in
SouthEast Asia and South Asia• More enhancement of inland waters • Significant re-evaluation of the
contribution of inland fisheries • upward revision of previous
underestimates • Some inland fisheries declining?
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Recommendation
• Assess household consumption of inland fishery products as a proxy estimate of production
• Better valuation of role in food security/rural economies
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Some closing thoughts
• Aquaculture now produces more fish for food than capture fisheries in the region– Significant % of the regions capture fishery is
directed to feed/fishmeal– 50% or more fish meal comes from trimmings– Most fish meal is directed to coastal
aquaculture (freshwater species use relatively little)
• The success of coastal aquaculture and mariculture, is driven by the failure to manage marine trawl fisheries
• Can we develop a vision for more effective management of the trawl sector in Asia?
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Some other closing thoughts
• Freshwater aquaculture is huge success and delivers directly to rural/domestic food security
• Inland fisheries are another major contributor to food security in the region– Especially in rural areas
• Can we develop visions for how to sustain the production and contribution of these two sub-sectors?
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