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Ashkenazi Settlement in Rhineland and its Movement Eastwards. Yiddish as the vernacular language of Ashkenazi Jews. Hamito - Semitic Languages. Berber. Semitic. Arabic Hebrew Arameic the language of Talmud; a language spoken in entire Middle East 2000 years ago. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Ashkenazi Settlement in Rhineland and its Movement Eastwards
Yiddish as the vernacular language of Ashkenazi Jews
Hamito - Semitic Languages
Berber• Spoken in parts of Morocco,
Algeria, etc.
Semitic• Arabic• Hebrew• Arameic
– the language of Talmud; a language spoken in entire Middle East 2000 years ago
Languages in Europe
Indoeuropean• Roman• German• Slavic• Baltic• Celtic
Ural• Ugrofinnic
Slavic Languages
• Western Slavic Languages: Polish, Slovak, Czech, Sorbian (Lusatian Serbian)
• Eastern Slavic L.: Russian, Belarussian, Ukrainian
• Southern Slavic: Slovene, Serbian, Croatian, Bulgarian
Languages in Europe
Indoeuropean• Roman• German: English, German,
Dutch, Norwegian, Danish, Swedish, Icelandic, Faroese, Yiddish
• Slavic• Baltic• Celtic
Ural• Ugrofinnic
Yiddish
• spoken by 4 million people• Independent litterature in
yiddish mainly since the 19th C
• Western Germanic language, shaped before 1150
Origins of Yiddish
• Laaz/ Loetz– N – based on French
(Cerfati)– S – based on Italian
• Knaan– Lishon Knaan – based on
old Czech– Western Slavic language– Extinct due to the
expansion of yiddish – last traced in the 16th c.
– Used in the Czech lands, Poland and Lusatia
– Slavic influences in yiddish through Knaanic
Yiddish
• Do you speak yiddish?• What yiddish words do you use?• What yiddish words do you know?
Yiddish
• Do you speak yiddish?• What yiddish words do you know?– Cholent (Tsholnt) – Northern Loez (Laaz) - from
the Latin calentem (kept warm)• Spelled CLNT in the 13th c. by a Jew from Knaan
Yiddish
• Do you speak yiddish?• What yiddish words do you know?– Cholent (Tsholnt) – Northern Loez (Laaz) - from
the Latin calentem (kept warm)– Jarmulka – from the Arameic yira malkhah – fear
of the king
Yiddish
• Do you speak yiddish?• What yiddish words do you know?– Cholent – from the Latin calentem (kept warm) –
developed from the Mediterranean cassoulet– Jarmulka – from the Arameic yira malkhah – fear
of the king– Pamelech – slowly – from Knaanic (Slavic) pomalu
• Diminutive suffixes – from Slavic langugages : – Shtetl – Städt („town“ in German) – Shtetl - Shtetle
Geography
• Zarfat/ Carfat – N France• Loter/ Ashkenaz - Germany• Knaan – Slavic Lands
• Rus - Eastern Slavic Lands
– Hypothetical Khazar Empire – 8th- 12th c. – between Black and Caspian Sea
Ashkenazi Jews
• Rhineland – 9th and 10th C.
• Oldest communities– Trier– Aachen– Cologne– שום
• Speyer• Worms• Mainz
Ashkenazi Jews
• Mainz (Rhineland) – the oldest Jewish
settlement, since 903– On a crossroad of
important trade routes
– Jews expulsed in 1084 but were alowed to come back – the oldest synagogue documented in 1093
• Speyer (Rhineland)– Preserved parts of a
medieval synagogue from 1104 – the oldest on the north of the Alps
– Preserved romanesque mikvah from 1128
– Medieval cemetery with 45 tumbs from 12th -15th C
Ashkenazi Jews
• Worms (Rhineland)– A synagogue documented
in 1034, renewed in 1174• Model for the synagogues in
Regensburg and in Prague – The oldest surviving Jewish
cemetery in Europe – 60 tumbs from 11th and 12th centuries
– Mikvah – 1185– Rashi from Troyes studied
here in 1060-1065
• 11th (since 1095) and 12th c. – crusades to free God´s tumb from muslims – on the way massacred Jews bloody pogroms (Worms, Mainz, Speyer)
• 13th c. – Jews became dependent on the royal power and were gradually isolated from their neighbourhood– „servi camerae regiae“
– Jews have to wear a distinctive garb– Consistent separation of Jews and Christians– Jews are not allowed to own or rent any land– Limited in crafts– Merchants, money lenders - medieval antisemitism often
inspired by economy reasons
1215
– IV
. Lat
eran
Cou
ncil
Ashkenazi Jews
• Since the 13th c. Jews expulsed from England (1290), since the 14th c. From France (1306) and from Germany (1348 – bulbonic plague – practically only the community in Worms renewed) moved Eastward
• Ashkenazi culture is less varied than the Sefardi one – on constant escape they focused rather on Torah = Law than on poetry or philosophy
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