Article 6

Thelegislativepowerisnotlimitedtolawmaking,itincludes:1.originalvsdelegatedOriginallegislativepower powerresidinginthepeople,throughtheprocessofinitiativeandreferendumDelegated givenbythesource(thepeople)delegatedtoCongress2.ordinaryvsconstituentOrdinary exerciseofthedelegatedpoweroftheCongresstopasslawsConstituent powerofCongresstoamendorrevisetheConstitution,actingasaConstituentAssemblythru3/4votesofallmembers;andiftheyareundecided,theycancallforaConstitutionalConventionneeding2/3votes;thepeople'sreferendumcanalsobecalledneedingmajorityvotesThepowerofCongresstomakelawsisnotabsolute.Althoughitisplenary(ie.itcanbeexercisedbyCongressanytime),therearethoseexceptions,like thoseprescribedbytheConstitutionitself,orotherlaws,otherwiseknownalsoassubstantivedelegation,whichareprocedurallimitations.Eg.Congresscanmakelawsaslongasitisnotcontrarytotherightsofthepeople;orbillsmustpassthrough3readings;orthatabillbebothapprovedbymajorityofthetwohouses;Congresscannotpassexpostfactolawsorbillsofattainder.

Section1.ThelegislativepowershallbevestedintheCongressofthePhilippineswhichshallconsistofaSenateandaHouseofRepresentatives,excepttotheextentreservedtothepeoplebytheprovisiononinitiativeandreferendum.

BicameralCongress iscomposedoftwohouses,theSenateandRepresentatives.Butinthepast,underthe1935Constitution,weonlyhadaunicamerallegislativebodyknownastheNationalAssemblybutitwasamendedin1946tochangetobicameral.ButwhenMarcostookover,hechangedagainthelegislaturetounicameralknownastheinterimBatasangPambansa.Itwasretainedunderthe1973ConstitutioninthenameofinterimNationalAssembly.Underthe1987Constitution,itwasbicameral.

UnicameralLegislature BicameralLegislature

Onehouse1. Twohouses1.

Fewermembership(maxof200)2. Moremembership(250Reps+242.Senate)

Lessexpensivetomaintain3. Moreexpensive3.

Easytocontrolesp.withatyrant4.President,sincethereisnofiscalizer(pronetocollusion) thisiswhathappenedduringMarcos'term,theBPbecamehisstampingpad

Difficulttocontrol4.

RA6735,People'sInitiativeandReferendumAct,providestheproceduresonhowtheoriginalpowercanbeexercised.

Section2.TheSenateshallbecomposedoftwentyfourSenatorswhoshallbeelectedatlargebythequalifiedvotersofthePhilippines,asmaybeprovidedbylaw.

WhatcanbeprovidedbylawhereisthemannerofelectingtheSenators mayitbeasitistoday,orcouldstatethateachregionshouldberepresentedbyatleastone.ThemembershipisfixedbytheConstitution.

Section3.NopersonshallbeaSenatorunlessheisanaturalborncitizenofthePhilippinesand,onthedayoftheelection,isatleastthirtyfiveyearsofage,abletoreadandwrite,aregisteredvoter,andaresidentofthePhilippinesfornotlessthantwoyears immediatelyprecedingthedayoftheelection.

FormernaturalborncitizenswhobecomeagainnaturalborncitizensbyvirtueofRA9225,shouldtheyrunforsenateandforcongress,theymusthavetheotherqualificationsaswellprovidedbylaw.Oncitizenship,thereacquisitionthereisontheassumptionofoffice,notonthedateofelection.Foraslongasheregainedcitizenshipbeforeheassumedoffice,whichcommencesonthenoontimeofthe30thdayofJunefollowingtheelection.Ofcoursehemusthavetherequirementofresidencyof2yearsimmediatelyprecedingtheelection,andotherqualifications.

Section4.ThetermofofficeoftheSenatorsshallbesixyears andshallcommence,unlessotherwiseprovidedbylaw,atnoononthethirtiethdayofJunenextfollowingtheirelection.NoSenatorshallserveformorethantwoconsecutiveterms.Voluntaryrenunciationoftheofficeforanylengthoftimeshallnotbeconsideredasaninterruptioninthecontinuityofhisserviceforthefulltermofwhichhewaselected.

Section5.(1)TheHouseofRepresentativesshallbecomposedofnotmorethantwohundredandfiftymembers,unlessotherwisefixedbylaw,whoshallbeelectedfromlegislativedistrictsapportionedamongtheprovinces,cities,andtheMetropolitanManilaareainaccordancewiththenumberoftheirrespectiveinhabitants,andonthebasisofauniformandprogressiveratio,andthosewho,asprovidedbylaw,shallbeelectedthroughapartylistsystemofregisterednational,regional,andsectoralpartiesororganizations.(2)Thepartylistrepresentativesshallconstitutetwentypercentumofthetotalnumberofrepresentativesincludingthoseunderthepartylist.ForthreeconsecutivetermsaftertheratificationofthisConstitution,onehalfoftheseatsallocatedtopartylistrepresentativesshallbefilled,asprovidedbylaw,byselectionorelectionfromthelabor,peasant,urbanpoor,indigenousculturalcommunities,women,youth,andsuchothersectorsasmaybeprovidedbylaw,exceptthereligioussector.(3)Eachlegislativedistrictshallcomprise,asfaraspracticable,contiguous,compact,andadjacentterritory.Eachcitywithapopulationofatleasttwohundredfiftythousand,oreachprovince,shallhaveatleastonerepresentative.(4)Withinthreeyearsfollowingthereturnofeverycensus,theCongressshallmakeareapportionmentoflegislativedistrictsbasedonthestandardsprovidedinthissection.

Itisalegislativefunction.ThemembershipwilldependonPROPORTIONATEREPRESENTATIONwhichisdeterminedeveryafter3yearsasaresultofacensusbeingconducted.

Thepreproclamationcasesormattersrelatingtopreparation,translation,receipt,custodyandappreciationofelectionreturnsorcertificatesofcanvassareprohibited.IOWthereisnopreproclamationcontest.

Affectingcomposition1.Proceedingwiththeboardofcanvassers2.DeterminingoftheauthenticityandthedueexecutionofthecertificatesofcanvassasprovidedRA7166asamendedby369

3.

Butifthereisamanifesterrorintheelection return,Comelectakescognizanceinmatterslike:

GR:Insofarastheexerciseofthepowerofcongressisconcerned,itisvirtuallyplenary,absolute,nolimitations.

SUBSTANTIVELIMITATION e.g.mattersrelatingtotheconstitutionalrightsofindividualsmustnotbeviolatedintheenactmentoflaws

1.

PROCEDURALLIMITATION e.g.nobillshallbecomealawunlessitissignedbythepresidentandhaspassedthrough3readings.

2.

X:Thoselimitationsprovidedbytheconstitutionorsubstantiveandprocedurallimitations.

Derivativelaws asexercisedbycongress,delegateduponelection1.Originallaws fromthepeoplethemselves2.

Kindsoflaw:

President Itispartoftheexecutivesrulemakingauthorityinimplementingandexecutingconstitutionalorstatutorypowers.Thereareconstitutionalpowersvestedintheexecutivebranchthatareselfexecuting.Thepresidentcanalsomakeruleshavingtheforceandeffectaspartofhisordinancepower.However,hecannotmakeruleswithoutastatuteorconstitutionalprovisionasbasis.Therehastobealawauthorizinghimtoexercise thepower.

1.

Administrativebodies2.

SemavsComelec,July16,2008CongresscannotvalidlydelegatetoARMM(theyhaveautonomousacttopasslawsprovidedtheydonotaffectnationallaws,andareapplicableonlytotheautonomousregion).ThishassomethingtodowithcreationofdistrictsintheautonomousregionsbyconsolidatingtheplacesinCotabatotobepartofARMM.Thisaffectsthenationalaffairs.Toconsolidatecities tobepartofARMMandtocreatelegislativedistricts,wouldresulttoincreaseinmembershipincongress,whichisnationalincharacter.SCsaidthatcongresscannotvalidlydelegatetotheARMMregionalassembly,thepowertocreatelegislativedistricts,thepowertoincrease theallowablemembershipofthehouseofrepresentativesandtoreapportionlegislativedistrictsisvestedincongress.Theotherpointis,itaffectsthenationalaffairs.SothelawcreatingnewlegislativedistrictsinARMMisunconstitutional.MontejovsComelecInrelationtothecreationofBiliranasaprovince,separatefromtheprovinceofLeyteaffectingthereforetheapportionmentofmunicipalityconstitutingthelegislativedistrictintheprovinceofLeyte.ItwastheComelecthatapportionedthesemunicipalities.Theyweretransferredtootherdistrictsinordertobalancethenumberofvotersaccordingtoparticulardistrict.ItwasdeclaredunconstitutionalbySCandcomplainedofbyMontejo,acandidateinthe2nddistrictofLeyte.SCsaidthattheComelecdoesnothavetheauthority.Thepowerisvestedwithcongressbecausetheapportionmentoflegislativedistrictsisprimarilyalegislative function.Infacttherearecitiesthatarecreatedbylawthatareconsideredalegislativedistrict.Nocitieswillbeconsideredassuchwithoutlegislativeenactment.

Localgovernments OrdinancemakingbytheSangguniansintheProvince,CityandMunicipality

3.

Peopleatlarge4.

DELEGATIONOFPOWERStothe

Representativesfromthelegislativedistricts1.Representativesfrompartylistsystem AsprovidedforbyRA7941,couldbeapolitical,nationalpartyorsectoralparty,representingthemarginalizedgroup.Theyrepresentthegroupthatislessrepresentedinoursectorofsociety.

2.

Thelawsaystheywouldcomprise20%ofthetotalmembersofthehouseofreps.,i.e.atleast50=20%of250members(Buttodate,itispeggedatamaximumof55seats)TheComelecaccreditsthepartylist.However,itmayremove/cancelonanyofthefollowinggrounds,amongothers:a.itisareligioussectb.itadvocatesviolenceorunlawfulmeanstoseekitsgoalc.itisreceivingsupportfromanyforeigngovt,party,orgetc.d.supporterofviolentorillegalgroupe.itviolatesorfailstocomplywithlaws,rulesandregulationsrelatingtoelections

Membersofthelowerhouseare:

BanatvsComelec,Apr21,2009Thepartiesshallberankedfromhighesttolowest,andthosereceivingatleast2%ofthetotalvotescastforthepartylistsystemshallbeguaranteedoneseat.However,the2%requirementfortheadditionalseatsisunconstitutional,thustheallocationshouldbebasedonthepercentageofeachparty'svotesmultipliedbytheremainingnumberofseats,stillgivingprioritytothefirstinranks,andsoforthuntiltheseatsarealloccupied.Butinnocaseshallanypartylistoccupymorethan3seats.LadladPartylistCaseThepartylistwasrefusedaccreditationbecausetheyitisimmoral.Atfirstitwasdeniedofmembershipbecausetherewasnoproofthattheyrepresentamarginalizedgroup,whichwastherequisite.TheSCruledthatAngLadlad,anorganizationcomposedofmenandwomenwhoidentifythemselvesaslesbians,gays,bisexuals,ortransgenderindividuals(LGBTs),hassatisfiedtheexactingstandardsthatthe"marginalizedandunderrepresentedsectormustdemonstrate(1)pastsubordinationordiscriminationsufferedbythegroup;(2)animmutableordistinguishingcharacteristic,attributeorexperience thatdefinethemasadiscreetgroup;and(3)presentpoliticaland/oreconomicpowerlessness.AngLadladhasshownthattheLGBTsectorhasbeenhistoricallydisadvantagedanddiscriminatedagainstbecauseofnegativepublicperception,andhasevenallegedactsofviolenceperpetratedagainstmembersoftheLGBTcommunitybyreasonoftheirsexualorientationandgenderidentity.AnotherreasonalsoistheseparationoftheChurchandstate,thereshouldbenoconceptofmoralityorreligion,noranymentionofthebibleasbasis.AldavavsComelecThisisthecreationoftheCityofMalolosasahighlyurbanizedcityinordertobeconsideredalegislativedistrict.Theirbasiswasaprojectedpopulationof250,000,notactualbutprojected.TheSCruledthatthecityofMalolosisnotqualifiedtohavelegislativedistrictofitsownunderSec.5,Par.3,Art.6oftheConstitution.Ithastobeactualbeforetheelection,notjustprojected.DinagatProvinceCaseTherewasaquestiononwhetheritshouldbeconsideredasonelegislativedistrictforlackoftherequirementonpopulation.Thatisofnomomentifitisaprovince.Butifitisacityithastobenolessthan250,000populationinordertohaveatleastonelegislativedistrict.AtongPaglaumInc.vsComelecJdjdd

Section6.NopersonshallbeaMemberoftheHouseofRepresentativesunlessheisanaturalborncitizenofthePhilippinesand,onthedayoftheelection,isatleasttwentyfiveyearsofage,abletoreadandwrite,and,exceptthepartylistrepresentatives,aregisteredvoterinthedistrictinwhichheshallbeelected,andaresidentthereofforaperiodofnotlessthanoneyearimmediatelyprecedingthedayoftheelection.

GR:Atleast25yearsoldonthedayofelection.X:ThosepartylistrepresentativesrepresentingtheYouthsectorshallbeatmost30yearsoldduringthetermofoffice.ThePartylistrepsneednotbearesidentoftheplaceofestablishmentoftheorganization,aslongasheliveswithinthePhilippinesforatleast1yearpriortoelection.Theymustalsobebonafidemembersoftheorganizationforatleast90dayspriortoelection.

Thepartylistmustnothavehadachangeinpoliticalorpartyaffiliationwithin6monthspriortoelection.

Section7.TheMembersoftheHouseofRepresentativesshallbeelectedforatermofthreeyearswhichshallbegin,unlessotherwiseprovidedbylaw,atnoononthethirtiethdayofJunenextfollowingtheirelection.NoMemberoftheHouseofRepresentativesshallserveformorethanthreeconsecutiveterms.Voluntaryrenunciationoftheofficeforanylengthoftimeshallnotbeconsideredasaninterruptioninthecontinuityofhisserviceforthefulltermforwhichhewaselected.

Section8.Unlessotherwiseprovidedbylaw,theregularelectionoftheSenatorsandtheMembersoftheHouseofRepresentativesshallbeheldonthesecondMondayofMay.

Section9.IncaseofvacancyintheSenateorintheHouseofRepresentatives,aspecialelectionmaybecalledtofillsuchvacancyinthemannerprescribedbylaw,buttheSenatororMemberoftheHouseofRepresentativesthuselectedshallserveonlyfortheunexpiredterm.

TheSenateshallbeacontinuingbody,withonly12Senatorsbeingelectedevery3years,servingatermof6years.

Regular1.Special ThishappensintheeventavacancyoccursintheHouseofSenateorintheHouseofRepresentatives.Butthecallingforaspecialelection isdiscretionaryonthehouseconcerned.ItisgovernedbyRA6645.ButsuchelectedmemberoftheHousewillonlyservefortheunexpiredtermofhispredecessor.However,nospecialelectionwillbeconductedifthevacancyoccurslessthan18monthsbeforethenextelection.Theywilljusthavetowaitforthenextelection,or1yearinthehouseofrepresentatives,becauseitisveryexpensivetoholdaspecialelection.

2.

Election:

Section10.ThesalariesofSenatorsandMembersoftheHouseofRepresentativesshallbedeterminedbylaw.NoincreaseinsaidcompensationshalltakeeffectuntilaftertheexpirationofthefulltermofalltheMembersofSenateandtheHouseofRepresentativesapprovingsuchincrease.

Ifitisadecreaseofthesalary,itwouldbeeffectiveimmediately.However,thiswouldnotincludeallowances,asthetwoaredifferent.

Section11.ASenatororMemberoftheHouseofRepresentativesshall,inalloffensespunishablebynotmorethansixyearsimprisonment,beprivilegedfromarrestwhiletheCongressisinsession.NoMembershallbequestionednorbeheldliableinanyotherplaceforanyspeechordebateintheCongressorinanycommitteethereof.

PERKSOFCONGRESS:CONGRESSIONALIMMUNITIES

Freedomofspeech meansthatonecannotbesuedforcivildamagesorlibelorslander.Whateverstatementshemade,whilethecongressisinsession,ifitisrelationtothematterthatisthesubjecttodiscussion,heisimmunefromanysuitrelatingtohisspeechessothathecandiscussanddebatewithanyoneforanyissuesrelevantsubjecttolegislativeenactment.However,thisdoesnotincludedisorderlybehavior.Immunityislimitedonlytocivilandcriminalliability.Butnotadministrativeliability.Thisextendstocommitteehearingsandevenagentsofthelegislatorsintheirreports.Itisnotonlylimitedtooralutterances.Anythingthatiscommunicativeinnatureisincludedintheimmunity

1.

Freedom fromarrest immunityfromarrestforoffensespunishablebynotmorethan6yearsimprisonment.Foraslongascongressisinsession,whetherornotthememberisactuallyattendingthesession,heisimmunefromarrest.TNthatinsomecases,thisisaprivilegeandawayofanexceptiononlywhenoneisallowedtoenjoythisimmunitywithoutanyconditionorisabsolute.

2.

JalosjoscaseJalosjoswasconvictedandwasconfirmedbySC.Thenhewaselectedasacongressman.Hesaidthatsuchelection tantamounttothepeoplecondoninghiscrime.Hewantedtobeescortedbythejailguardsinorderforhimtoattendthesessionincongress.Hesaidthatbeingacongressman,heispracticallyexoneratedbyhiselectiontotheoffice.HesaidalsothatbyPARLIAMENTARYIMMUNITYwhichisthefreedomfromarrestanddetention,beingamember,heshouldenjoythatprivilege.SCsaid,thehistoryofthatprovisiongrantingsenatorsandcongressmanimmunityfromarrestanddetentionshowsthattheprivilegehasalwaysbeengrantedinarestrictivesense.Therecannotbeapreferencetocongressman,otherwisetherewillbeaviolationofequalprotectionclauseintheenforcementofthecriminallaws.TrillanesvsPimentelTrillanesinsistedthathestillhadthepresumptionofinnocence.HeisnotlikeJalosjoswhohasbeenconvicted.Hiscasewasstillpendinghoweveritwasnotbailable,asheischargedwithcoupdetat.SCsaidthatthereisnodistinctionbetweenthetwocases.Thepresumptionofinnocenceincludetheenjoymentofprivilegesandrightsprovidedbylaw.SoSCsaid,thepresumptionofinnocencedoesnotcarrywithitthefullenjoymentofcivilandpoliticalrights.Followingtheequalprotectionoflaws,thisimmunityfromarrestanddetentioncannotbeavailedofbythesenator.

Thereareonlytwolegislativeimmunities:

Section12.AllMembersoftheSenateandtheHouseofRepresentativesshall,uponassumptionofoffice,makeafulldisclosureoftheirfinancialandbusinessinterests.TheyshallnotifytheHouseconcernedofapotentialconflictofinterestthatmayarisefromthefilingofaproposedlegislationofwhichtheyareauthors.

Section13.NoSenatororMemberoftheHouseofRepresentativesmayholdanyotherofficeoremploymentintheGovernment,oranysubdivision,agency,orinstrumentalitythereof,includinggovernmentownedorcontrolledcorporationsortheirsubsidiaries,duringhistermwithoutforfeitinghisseat.Neithershallhebeappointedtoanyofficewhichmayhavebeencreatedortheemolumentsthereofincreasedduringthetermforwhichhewaselected.

Section14.NoSenatororMemberoftheHouseofRepresentativesmaypersonallyappearascounselbeforeanycourtofjusticeorbeforetheElectoralTribunals,orquasijudicialandotheradministrativebodies.Neithershallhe,directlyorindirectly,beinterestedfinanciallyinanycontractwith,orinanyfranchiseorspecialprivilegegrantedbytheGovernment,oranysubdivision,agency,orinstrumentalitythereof,includinganygovernmentownedorcontrolledcorporation,oritssubsidiary,duringhistermofoffice.HeshallnotinterveneinanymatterbeforeanyofficeoftheGovernmentforhispecuniarybenefitorwherehemaybecalledupontoactonaccountofhisoffice.

Youcannotbeappointedtootherpositionsofthegovernment.Unlessyouresign.Ifyouareappointedtoanofficethatisinconsistenttobeingmemberofcongress,youareconsideredtohaveforfeitedyourseat.Butinothercases,likeforbiddenappointments,ifyouareresponsibleforthecreationofthatoffice,orincrease initssalaryorallowances,youcannotbeappointedtothatoffice,evenifyouresign.

1.

LibanvsGordon,Jul15,2009GordonisalsoachairmanofRedCross.Therewasaquestiononhisappointmentthatheshouldvacatehispositionassenatorhavingbeenappointed.SCsaid,GordondidnotrelinquishhissenatorialpostdespitehiselectiontoandacceptanceofthepostofchairmanofthePhilippineRedCross.BecausePNRCisaprivateorganizationmerelyperformingapublicfunction.PNRCchairmanisnotagovernmentofficialoremployee.Notbeingagovernmentoffice,thePNRCchairmanshipmaybeheldbyanyindividualincludingasenator,oramemberofthehouseofcongress.PNRCisautonomous,neutralandindependentfromthePhilippinegovernment.itisavoluntaryorganizationthatdoesnothavegovernmentassetsanddoesnotreceiveanyappropriationfromcongress.Gordonmayserveaschairmanwithoutgivinguphisposition.Appearingascounselbeforeanycourtofoffice,electoral tribunal,quasijudicialandadministrativebodies.Anycourtofjusticeincludesappellatecourts.Theprohibitionisonlyagainstpersonalappearance.Thisdoesnotincludeconsultationandsigningpleadingsincasespendinganycourtsofjustice.

2.

Becomingfinanciallyinterestedinanycontractsofgovernment3.OnecannotinterveneinanymatterbeforeanyofficeofthegovernmentThisispartoftransparencyandpublicdisclosure.

4.

Prohibitions:

Section15.TheCongressshallconveneonceeveryyearonthefourthMondayofJulyforitsregularsession,unlessadifferentdateisfixedbylaw,andshallcontinuetobeinsessionforsuchnumberofdaysasitmaydetermineuntilthirtydaysbeforetheopeningofitsnextregularsession,exclusiveofSaturdays,Sundays,andlegalholidays.ThePresidentmaycallaspecialsessionatanytime.

Section16.(1)TheSenateshallelectitsPresident andtheHouseofRepresentatives,itsSpeaker,byamajorityvoteofallitsrespectiveMembers.EachHouseshallchoosesuchotherofficersasitmaydeemnecessary.(2)AmajorityofeachHouseshallconstituteaquorumtodobusiness,butasmallernumbermayadjournfromdaytodayandmaycompeltheattendanceofabsentMembersinsuchmanner,andundersuchpenalties,assuchHousemayprovide.(3)EachHousemaydeterminetherulesofitsproceedings,punishitsMembersfordisorderlybehavior,and,withtheconcurrenceoftwothirdsofallitsMembers,suspendorexpelaMember.Apenaltyofsuspension,whenimposed,shallnotexceedsixtydays.(4)EachHouseshallkeepaJournalofitsproceedings,andfromtimetotimepublishthesame,exceptingsuchpartsasmay,initsjudgment,affectnationalsecurity;andtheyeasandnaysonanyquestionshall,attherequestofonefifthoftheMemberspresent,beenteredintheJournal.EachHouseshallalsokeepaRecordofitsproceedings.(5)NeitherHouseduringthesessionsoftheCongressshall,withouttheconsentoftheother,adjournformorethanthreedays,nortoanyotherplacethanthatinwhichthetwoHousesshallbesitting.

Quorum=50%+1.However,ithastobebasedonthecoercivepowerofthehouseconcerned,wherethehousehasthepowertocompelthemembertoattendthesessionevenifheissick.E.g.Youhave24membersinthehouseofthesenate.Oneofwhomisinthehospitalandoneisonvacationabroad.Thequorumthenis23.Aquorumisnotbasedonthetotalmembershipbuttothememberswhomaybecoercedorcompelledtoattendthesession.Thatincludestheoneinthehospitalbecausehecanstillbecoercedinastretcher.Butforonewhoisabroad,hewillnotbeconsidered.Becauseevenifcongresswantstoandissueawarrantofarrest,ourwarrantisnothingabroadbecausecongresshasnoauthorityoutsideourterritory.Amajorityvoteofthequorumisneededtopassalaw.

SHIFTINGMAJORITYPRINCIPLE:Astheattendanceincreases,thatstartswiththequorum,thereisalsoanincreasednumberofmajorityinthepassingofthelaw.Itispossiblethatatthestart,therewere13present.Andtherefore,all thatisneededtoapprovethelawismajorityof13.Butinthecourseofthesession,othermembersarrivedandwehavenow20,thenthemajorityrequiredtoapprovealegislativeenactmentwillalsoincrease.

Thedisciplineofthemembersofthecongressisexclusivetothehouseconcerned.2/3votesofthemembersforthehouseconcernedisneededtoexpelamember.Thereisonlyoneground,thatisdisorderlybehavior,unlikeinimpeachmentwherethereare6grounds.Thedefinitionifdisorderlybehaviorisdiscretionaryincongress.

GR:Thisisnotsubjecttoreviewbycourts.X:Whenitisunderjudicialreview.

Suspensionmaximumof60days1.Expulsion2.

Penaltiescouldbe:

Section17.TheSenateandtheHouseofRepresentativesshalleachhaveanElectoralTribunalwhichshallbethesolejudgeofallcontestsrelatingtotheelection,returns,andqualificationsoftheirrespectiveMembers.EachElectoralTribunalshallbecomposedofnineMembers,threeofwhomshallbeJusticesoftheSupremeCourttobedesignatedbytheChiefJustice,andtheremainingsixshallbeMembersoftheSenateortheHouseofRepresentatives,asthecasemaybe,whoshallbechosenonthebasisofproportionalrepresentationfromthepoliticalpartiesandthepartiesororganizationsregisteredunderthepartylistsystemrepresentedtherein.TheseniorJusticeintheElectoralTribunalshallbeitsChairman.

Section18.ThereshallbeatheSenate,asexofficioCommissiononAppointmentsconsistingofthePresidentofChairman,twelveSenators,andtwelveMembersoftheHouseofRepresentatives,electedbyeachHouseonthebasisofproportionalrepresentationfromthepoliticalpartiesandpartiesororganizationsregisteredunderthepartylistsystemrepresentedtherein.ThechairmanoftheCommissionshallnotvote,exceptincaseofatie.TheCommissionshallactonallappointmentssubmittedtoitwithinthirtysessiondaysoftheCongressfromtheirsubmission.TheCommissionshallrulebyamajorityvoteofalltheMembers.

Section19.TheElectoralTribunalsandtheCommissiononAppointmentsshallbeconstitutedwithinthirtydaysaftertheSenateandtheHouseofRepresentativesshallhavebeenorganizedwiththeelectionofthePresidentandtheSpeaker.TheCommissiononAppointmentsshallmeetonlywhiletheCongressisinsession,atthecallofitsChairmanoramajorityofallitsMembers,todischargesuchpowersandfunctionsasarehereinconferreduponit.

SET SenateElectoralTribunala.HRET HouseofRepresentativesElectoralTribunalb.Proportionalrepresentation,e.g.YouhavetwosenatorsfromtheLiberalparty,so2/24 x6=numberofrepresentationinthetribunal

c.

Despitethependencyofadisqualificationcase,ifthecandidatewaselectedbutnoproclamationhasbeenmadeyet,itisstillwithinthejurisdictionofComelec.However,iftherehasbeenaproclamationalready,thentheprotestantshouldfileaquowarrantoproceedingintheElectoralTribunal.Aprotestant isthedefeatedcandidateagainstthewinningcandidatewhohasbeenproclaimedandhadassumedofficeasamemberofcongress.

d.

CodillavsDeVeneciaCodillawasaccusedofanelectionoffense.DespitetheresolutionofthedivisionofComelecdisqualifyinghim,hewontheelection.Becauseofthedisqualification,hisvoteswerenotcountedandhisrivalwasproclaimedasthedulyelected.However,whiletheelectionwasongoing,hewasabletofilehisappealseasonablywiththeComelecenbancandthedecisionwasreversed.CodillawenttotheSpeakeroftheHouse,deVeneciatoaskhimtolethimassumeofficebecausehewasthedulyelectedrepresentativeofLeyteperresolutionoftheComelecenbanc.DeVeneciatoldhimtofilehisQuoWarrantoproceedingsinHRETbecauseLocsinhasalreadybeenproclaimedasamemberofthehouse.However,theSCruledotherwise,becausetheproclamationofLocsinwaspremature.Therewasanappealseasonablyfiled,therefore,theComelecwasneverdivestedofhisjurisdictionoverthedisqualificationcase.Sincetheproclamationisinvalid,itisasifnomemberhasbeenproclaimedassuch.SoitshouldhavebeentheComelectorecognizethatheisamember,noneedtofileaQuoWarrantoproceedings.LimkaichongcaseSheranascongressmaninNegrosOriental.Adisqualificationcaseensuedagainst.Pendingitsresolution,theComelec,intheexerciseofitsquasilegislativefunction,pronouncedthruaresolutionthatallthosewhohavewontheelectionwithoutprejudicetothependencyofdisqualificationcaseshouldbeproclaimedasthedulyelectedcandidate.Limkaichonghavingwonintheelection,wasproclaimed.Paras,theprotesteewenttotheSCsincethedisqualificationcasewasdismissed(seeCitizenshipnotes).Comelecsaidtheyweredivestedofthejurisdictionhavingproclaimedheralready.Paras'recoursewouldbetotheHRET.ZubirivsComelecPimentelwenttoSCandaskedforaninjunctiontostoptheproclamationofZubiribecausehewantedtogetthetaintedelectionreturnsfromtheARMM.ThenZubiriwasproclaimedasdulyelectedsenator.SCsaidhattheydonothavejurisdictiononthematteranymorebecausethematterofdeterminingelectioncontestrelatingtoelectionreturnsinqualificationisexclusivetotheelectoraltribunal.Inwhichcase,itiswiththeSET.Itisnotamatterofadministrativeproceedings.ItistheSETwhichhasexclusive jurisdictiontoactonthecomplaintofPimentelinvolvingasitdoesacontestrelatingtotheelectionofZubiri,nowamemberofthesenate.(Trivia:Inthe2007elections,ZubirioutvotedPimentelby21,519,attributabletotheformer'sheavywininMaguindanao.ZubiriresignedonAug3,2011,weeksafterARMMGovAmpatuanandtheElectionsupervisorrevealedtheelectionirregularities.Aweeklater,SETproclaimedPimentelasthe12thsenatorinthe2007elections.)GR:TheElectoralTribunal'sdecisionisfinalandexecutory,andsubjecttoNOappeal.

e.

X:Whenthereisabuseofdiscretionamountingtolackorinexcessofjurisdiction,inwhichcasetheSCcanintervene.

ElectoralTribunal1.

Headsofexecutivedepartmenti.MembersofAFPFromCaptaintoCorporalinthenavyorColoneltoGeneralintheARMY

ii.

ComeleccommissionerCOAcommissionerCivilservicecommissionerRegularmembersoftheJudicialandBarCouncil

Officerswhoseappointmentarevestedinthepresidentbytheconstitution

iii.

Ambassadors,consulsandotherpublicministersiv.

Toactontheappointmentsoftheff:a.

Temporary/inactingcapacityi.

Presnominatestheappointee,submitsthistotheCACAcanapprove,appointmenttakeseffectorCAcandisapprove,Presbarredfromnominatingthesamecandidateor

CAignores,after30days,appointmentisbypassed,nocategoricaldisapproval,soPrescannominatethesameappointee

Permanent/officialseatii.

Recessappointment effectivelyimmediatelyuponqualificationofappointee;permanent;validuntildisapprovedbytheCAuponresumptionofsession(untilnextadjournmentofsessionexpirationofterm)

iii.

Appointmentcouldeitherbe:b.

CommissiononAppointments2.

AdjunctofficesconsideredasextensionsofCongressare:

Section20.TherecordsandbooksofaccountsoftheCongressshallbepreservedandbeopentothepublicinaccordancewithlaw,andsuchbooksshallbeauditedbytheCommissiononAuditwhichshallpublishannuallyanitemizedlistofamountspaidtoandexpensesincurredforeachMember.

Alltheyeasandnaysofvotesinbills1.VetomessageofthePresident2.VoteonthevetoofthePresident3.Alltheyeasandnaysrequestedby1/5ofthemembersofthehousetobeenteredinthejournal

4.

Journal transcriptofproceedings;recordinverbatim;conclusiveproofwithregardstoitscontents

Enrolled/Engrossedbill conclusiveproofofdueenactmentofbillsJournal