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Supplementary Materials forStatus of chromium accumulation of agricultural soils
across China (1989–2016)Xingyuan Lia, c, Jingru Zhangb, Jin Maa*, Taoran Shi a, Yiwei Gonga, Shuhui Yang a,
Qiyuan Liu a, c, Yaling Qu a
a State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese
Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
b Guangdong Province Academic of Environmental Science, Guangzhou, 510045,
China
c School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275,
China
Number of pages: 12Table numbers: 8Figure numbers: 3
* To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: majin@craes.org.cn (J. Ma)
List
1. Figure S1. The main areas selected for studies of Cr occurrence in agricultural soils in China.
2. Figure S2. Boxplots of the Cr concentration (mg/kg) of agriculture soils in China from different periods
3. Figure S3. The geographical distribution map of chromite deposits in China. (RESDC, http://www.resdc.cn).
4. Table S1. The background values (mg/kg) of Cr in different regions of China.
5. Table S2 Seven classes comprising the geo-accumulation index.
6. Table S3 Cr concentration (mg/kg) in agriculture soils of China from 1989 to 2016.
7. Table S4 Description of Cr concentrations (mg/kg) of agriculture soils in different periods in China.
8. Table S5 Description of Cr concentrations (mg/kg) of agriculture soils in different regions in China.
9. Table S6. Description of Cr concentrations (mg/kg) and sources of agriculture soils in the heavy polluted agricultural regions.
10. Table S7 The percent of classes of Igeo in national soils for different periods from 1989-2016.
11. Table S8 The estimated total Chromium emissions (ten thousand tons) in China, 1989-2016.
Figure S1. The main areas selected for studies of Cr occurrence in agricultural soils in China.
Figure S2. Boxplots of the Cr concentration (mg/kg) of agriculture soils in China from different periods (The dark blue and black lines represent the arithmetic and median means of Cr concentration respectively). Green line: soil environmental quality risk filter value (150 mg/kg) for contamination of agricultural land (GB15618-2018); Red line: soil environmental quality risk control value (800 mg/kg) for contamination of agricultural land (GB15618-2018); Purple line: background value (51.9 mg/kg) of agricultural soil in China; Distinct lowercase letter indicate differences among time periods (P < 0.05).
Figure S3. The geographical distribution map of chromite deposits in China. (RESDC,
http://www.resdc.cn)
Table S1. The background values (mg/kg) of Cr in different regions of China and elsewhere in the world
Region Province Cr
northeastLiaoning 61.2
Jilin 46.9Heilongjiang 59.5
north China
Beijing 66.1Tianjin 85.3Hebei 72.6Shanxi 61.5
Shandong 70
east China
Henan 65.6Shanghai 63.4Jiangsu 76.2
Zhejiang 54.5Fujian 42.9Anhui 67.5
south China
Guangdong 58.9Hainan 58.9Hunan 68.6
central China
Henan 65.6Hubei 85.7Jiangxi 45.8
southwest
Guizhou 133.3Yunnan 78
Chongqing 50.5Sichuan 50.5Guangxi 86.3
northwest
Gansu 66.4Qinghai 63Ningxia 56.3Xinjiang 50.2
Tibet 79.3Inner
Mongolia38
Shaanxi 57.9World soils 40
England 68Europe 64
Australia 48Malaysia 25.9
Thailand 25.2
Geoaccumulation index (Igeo)
Pollution level of heavy metals in soils was evaluated using the geoaccumulation
index (Igeo). The geoaccumulation index (Igeo) was calculated according to the equation
of Müller (1969).
(1)
where Cn represents the measured concentration of the element, n and Bn is the soil
background content of element n from different provinces in China. (Table S1;
CNEMC, 1990). Factor 1.5 is the background matrix correction factor due to
lithologic. The Igeo consists of seven grades or classes (Muller, 1981): Class 0
(uncontaminated) Igeo ≤0; Class 1 (from uncontaminated to moderately contaminated)
0< Igeo <1; Class 2 (moderately contaminated) 0< Igeo <2; Class 3 (from moderately to
strongly contaminated) 2< Igeo <3; Class 4 (strongly contaminated) 3< Igeo <4; Class 5
(from strongly to extremely contaminated) 4< Igeo <5; Class 6 (extremely
contaminated) 5< Igeo. Class 6 is an open class and comprises all values of the index
higher than Class 5. The elemental concentrations in Class 6 may be hundred-fold
greater than the geochemical background value (Table S2).
Table S2. Seven classes comprising the geo-accumulation index.Class Value Soil quality
0 Igeo ≤ 0 Practically uncontaminated1 0< Igeo ≤ 1 Uncontaminated to moderately contaminated2 1< Igeo ≤2 Moderately contaminated3 2< Igeo ≤3 Moderately to heavily contaminated4 3< Igeo ≤ 4 Heavily contaminated5 4< Igeo ≤ 5 Heavily to extremely contaminated6 5<Igeo Extremely contaminated
Table S3 Cr concentration (mg/kg) in agriculture soils of China from 1989 to 2016.
Sampling time
N Median
Arithmetic mean
Min Max
1989 1 47.20 47.2 47.20 47.20 1992 1 50.80 50.8 50.80 50.80 1993 3 68.06 59.05 38.10 71.00 1994 15 59.74 58.48 39.00 78.00 1995 3 58.00 60.9 38.50 86.20 1996 2 57.37 57.37 24.84 89.90 1997 6 37.94 45.63 32.28 93.90 1999 6 63.00 53.1 12.06 84.00 2000 5 58.33 61.09 47.92 96.20 2001 31 63.88 69.87 17.38 150.46 2002 14 48.97 66.32 10.43 194.00 2003 67 53.77 60.29 5.40 820.24 2004 60 61.71 66.06 24.96 149.57 2005 96 61.53 65.15 10.92 121.17 2006 106 68.80 81.23 4.08 596.70 2007 158 67.16 74.36 1.67 179.50 2008 127 67.20 82.13 13.00 594.10 2009 114 58.87 63.12 5.50 254.25 2010 149 68.89 76.32 4.30 652.18 2011 99 57.83 64.54 18.30 217.74 2012 147 64.71 74.29 1.48 416.85 2013 152 62.68 71.74 2.42 816.00 2014 115 61.45 64.35 3.20 275.58 2015 113 60.69 75.63 9.70 664.80 2016 35 69.46 65.98 29.10 123.70
Table S4 Description of Cr concentrations (mg/kg) of agriculture soils in different periods in China.
Sampling time 1989~2000 2001~2005 2006~2010 2011~2016
N1 42 268 654 661 Arithmetic mean 56.52 67.81 75.36 70.11
Median 58.51 59.89 65.92 62.45Min 12.06 5.40 1.67 1.48 Max 96.2 820.24 652.18 816
1. N: Number of data2. Soil environmental quality Risk control standard for soil contamination of agricultural land (GB15618-2018).
Table S5 Description of Cr concentrations (mg/kg) of agriculture soils in different regions in China.
Table S6. Description of Cr concentrations (mg/kg) and sources of agriculture soils in the heavy polluted agricultural regions.
Region Location Longitude LatitudeCr
(mg/kg)Emission sources
Anhui
Huainan City 116.99 32.62 174.86 Mining activities
Huainan City 116.83 32.62 211.96 Mining activities
Suzhou City 116.96 33.64 416.85 Mining activities
Suzhou City 116.97 33.61 416.85 Mining activities
BeijingDetiangou Au mining area 116.63 40.6 217.74 Mining activities
Detiangou Au mining area 116.63 40.6 187.7 Mining activities
Fujian
Fuzhou City 119.29 26.07 150.46 Industrial activities
Fuzhou City 119.31 26.04 254.25 Industrial activities
Fuzhou City 119.32 26.04 254.25 Industrial activities
Wuyishan City 118.15 27.68 154.42 N
Wuyishan City 118.03 27.75 250.9 N
Wuyishan City 118.06 27.68 275.58 N
Gansu Lanzhou City 103.9 36.06 278.14 Sewage irrigation
Guangdon
gMeizhou City 116.29 24.52 178.8
Mining activities
Guangxi
Yaoan City 108.1 23.93 176 N
Liuzhou City 109.42 24.32 178 Mining activities
Liuzhou City 109.42 24.32 152 Mining activities
Guizhou Guiyang 106.75 26.63 175.8 N
Sampling time
North East
North West
North China
East China
Central China
South China
South West
N1 133 260 251 379 146 151 305 Arithmetic
mean 65.86 75.65 64.02 72.94 65.58 67.63 81.43 Median 53.62 69.28 60.75 64.25 57.99 64.61 68.59
Min 1.48 2.42 4.077 3.2 9.7 5.5 1.67Max 652.18 313.6 217.84 820.24 91 254.25 816
1.N: Number of data2.Soil environmental quality Risk control standard for soil contamination of agricultural land
(GB15618-2018)
Guiyang 106.63 26.65 150.46 N
Hezhang City 104.88 26.73 150 N
Zunyi City 106.9 27.51 179.5 N
Zunyi City 106.86 27.59 162.7 N
Zunyi City 107.47 27.77 190.4 N
Zunyi City 107.26 27.59 166.8 Mining activities
Henan
Jiaozuo City 113.24 35.21 376.672 Mining activities
kaifeng City 114.51 34.77 150.2 Mining activities
pingdingshan City 113.27 33.72 594.1 Mining activities
Xingxiang City 113.87 35.34 152.2 Sewage irrigation
Hunan Zhuzhou City 113.13 27.83 178 Industrial activities
JiangsuXuzhou City 117.28 34.2 820.24 Mining activities
Wuxi City 120.31 31.49 664.8 Industrial activities
Liaoning
Huludao City 120.83 40.71 154.85 Mining activities
Huludao City 120.83 40.71 154.85 Mining activities
Huludao City 120.83 40.71 166.43 Mining activities
Huludao City 120.83 40.71 201.98 Mining activities
Huludao City 120.83 40.71 154.85 Mining activities
Huludao City 120.83 40.71 528.14 Mining activities
Huludao City 120.83 40.71 192.22 Mining activities
Jingzhou City 121.12 41.09 652.18 Industrial activities
Inner
MongoliaWulate City 108.65 40.73 163.3
N
Qinghai
Xining City 101.76 36.65 313.6 N
Xining City 101.8 36.59 172.3 N
Xining City 101.76 36.62 158.6 N
Xining City 101.78 36.62 158.4 N
ShandongFeicheng City 116.76 36.18 171 Fertilizers and Fungicides
Taian City 117.08 36.2 159.07 Fertilizers and Fungicides
Shannxi
Luocuan City 109.43 35.76 250 Fertilizers and Fungicides
Luocuan City 109.5 34.49 237.17 Fertilizers and Fungicides
Luocuan City 107.15 34.65 250 Fertilizers and Fungicides
Luocuan City 107.15 34.65 200 Fertilizers and Fungicides
Luocuan City 107.15 34.65 150 Fertilizers and Fungicides
Xian City 108.93 34.34 163 Fertilizers and Fungicides
Yangning City 108.08 34.27 193 Fertilizers and Fungicides
Shanghai
Shanghai 121.47 31.23 668.36 N
Shanghai 121.54 31.22 159 Sewage irrigation
Shanghai 121.47 31.23 596.7 N
Sichuan
Deyang City 104.39 31.13 157.4 N
panzhihua City 102.26 27.89 184 Mining activities
Pengshan City 103.442 30.15 240.5 Mining activities
Dayi mining area 103.5 30.57 153.42 Mining activities
Yunnan
Jianshui City 102.82 23.63 169.3933 Fertilizers and Fungicides
Yilong lake 102.54 23.65 256.24 N
Yilong lake 102.56 23.67 152.28 N
Yunjiang City 102 23.59 166.16 Mining activities
Chongqin
g
Dazu city 105.75 29.57 816 Industrial activities
Chongqing 105.66 29.46 332.41 Industrial activities
Beipei area 106.39 29.8 217.99 Industrial activities
Jianping area 106.45 29.56 300 Industrial activities
Wanzhou area 108.4 30.8 175.6 Industrial activities
Note: “N” represents the source of heavy metals is not clear.
Table S7. The percent of classes of Igeo in national soils for different periods from 1989-2016.
Period 1989-2000 2001-2005 2006-2010 2011-2016Class Percent (%)
0 Igeo ≤ 0 95.24 82.53 84.10 82.30 1 0 < Igeo ≤ 1 4.76 15.24 13.15 14.83 2 1 < Igeo ≤ 2 0.00 1.49 2.14 1.97 3 2 < Igeo ≤ 3 0.00 0.74 0.61 0.91 4 3 < Igeo ≤ 4 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.005 4 < Igeo ≤ 5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Table S8. The estimated Total Chromium emissions (ten thousand tons) in China, 1989-2016
Source
Year
Chromium salt Leatherwear Atmospheric
deposition Electroplating
1989 0.875 0.169 - -1990 0.875 - 0.337 0.180 1991 0.875 - - -1992 0.875 - - -1993 0.875 - - -1994 1.164 - - -1995 1.484 - 0.516 1996 1.628 - - 0.233 1997 1.717 - - -1998 1.913 0.367 - -1999 2.254 0.000 - 0.245 2000 2.625 0.527 0.497 -2001 3.483 - - -2002 3.567 0.553 - -2003 3.971 0.553 - 0.439 2004 3.698 0.564 - 0.514 2005 4.526 0.603 0.683 0.691 2006 4.954 0.678 0.718 0.961 2007 4.970 0.651 0.745 1.314 2008 4.002 0.709 0.776 1.468 2009 4.807 0.657 0.781 1.401 2010 6.300 0.828 0.747 1.779 2011 6.773 0.677 0.773 1.889 2012 5.950 0.783 0.783 2.029 2013 6.300 0.608 0.800 2.632 2014 5.653 0.656 0.796 2.228 2015 4.596 0.663 0.798 2.107 2016 4.600 0.812 0.795 2.224
Note: (1) Atmospheric deposition data come from Tian et al (2016) and China Statistical Yearbook on Environment 2000-2016; (2) Electroplating data came from the China Industrial Information Network (http://www.chyxx.com), Sun et al (1993) and Wang (2012); (3) Leatherwear data came from China Statistical Yearbook on Environment 2000-2016 and the China Industrial Information Network (http://www.chyxx.com); (4) Chromium salt data came from Xie et al (2014), Li (2018) and China Statistical Year book on Environment 2000-2016 ; (5) “–”represent the Total Chromium data is a lack in the year.
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