APHG Review 2009/2010 Keller - APHG. POPULATION & MIGRATION MOVEMENT AND DIFFUSION

APHG Review 2009/2010

Keller - APHG

POPULATION & MIGRATION MOVEMENT AND DIFFUSION

POPULATION

• 6.6 billion people

• 80% in “Pings”

• Over 50% in urban areas

DENSITY

• Density – number of people per square mile

• Agricultural - # of farmers per unit of arable land

• Physiological - # of people per unit of arable land

DISTRIBUTION

• The arrangement of something across Earth’s surface

POPULATION DISTRIBUTION

COMPOSITION• Pyramids – bar graph

representing the distribution of population by age and sex

• Ethnic patterns in US

Population Pyramids

Sudan, 2000

United States, 2000

Italy, 2000

POPULATION & NATURAL HAZARDS

• Technology and InnovationAgricultural Revolution Industrial RevolutionMedical Revolution

• Black Plague• Irish Potato Famine• World Wars• AIDS

Vocabulary

• total fertility rate • infant mortality rate• life expectancy• Natural increase rate

(BR-DR)• doubling time• dependency ratio• J-curve• pyramids• carrying capacity

Excessive population of an area to the point of overcrowding, depletion of natural resources, or environmental deterioration

OVERPOPULATION

Thomas Malthus• British economist in 1798• Population limited by the

means of food production• Population will increase

with food production• Private checks – “moral

restraint, celibacy, chastity• Destructive checks – war,

poverty, pestilence, famine

What is the “carrying capacity” related to today?

DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION

• Based on Western Europe’s experiences

• Stage 3 - personal choices – most critical stage

• Stage 4 – social customs - women

POPULATION POLICIES• China’s One-Child Policy

• India’s policy – democracy, education, family planning

• United States – norms/mores (1750, 1950); changing demographics

MIGRATION• Long-term movement of a person from one

political jurisdiction to another• Immigrate/Emigrate

PoliticalEconomic

EnvironmentalCultural

MIGRATION

• Push Factors • Pull Factors

MIGRATION

• Forced migration• Voluntary migration

CULTURAL PATTERS AND PROCESS

CONCEPTS OF CULTURE

CULTURE –

The way of life of a group of people

Think: ABC’S of CULTURE!

CONCEPTS OF CULTURETRAIT –

A single attribute of culture, such as wearing a turban in a Muslim society

CONCEPTS OF CULTURECOMPLEX –Combination of

traits; related set of traits, such as prevailing dress codes, cooking, eating utensils

CONCEPTS OF CULTURE

SYSTEM – Combined cultural complexes;

Northern China eats wheat; Southern China eats rice; both speak a similar language; shared history, philosophy, cultural traditions & attitudes

CULTURAL LANDSCAPE

The imprint of cultures on the land creates distinct and characteristic

examples

CULTURAL LANDSCAPES & IDENTITY

1. VALUES AND PREFERENCES – language, religion, entertainment, government

buildings “atmosphere” – easy to perceive, difficult to

define

“China Town”

“Little Italy”“Main Street”

“Wall Street”

CULTURAL LANDSCAPES & IDENTITY

2. SYMBOLIC LANDSCAPES –

size of Hindu/Buddhist temples are smaller than Islamic mosque or Christian church

toponyms (New York, Washington, D.C., Palestine/Rome/Paris Texas)

CULTURE HEARTH Point of origin

and source of cultural growth and diffusion

CULTURAL DIFFUSION From the

hearths, cultural innovations and ideas spread to other areas

CONCEPTS OF CULTURE

PERCEPTION Varying ideas

and attitudes about space, place, and territory

CONCEPTS OF CULTURE

Process in whichACCULTURATION

a culture is substantially changed through interaction with another culture but it does not completely disappear

CONCEPTS OF CULTURE

REGIONS – areas in which there is a degree of homogeneity in the cultural characteristics; areas with similar landscapes

1 – the Americas2 – Western Europe3 – Eastern Europe4 – Far East/Orient5 – South Asia

CONCEPTS OF CULTURE

6 – Southeast Asia

7 – Oceania

8 – Middle East/Arab World

9 – West Africa

10 – Sub-Saharan Africa

LANGUAGESFamily – shared but distant origins (Indo-European)

Branch – collection of languages related through a common ancestor (Romance, Germanic)

Group – collection of languages within a branch that share common origin and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary (West Germanic: English, German, Dutch

Lingua Franca – common language understood by many people although they each speak another language

Pidgin – language that has a small vocabulary and is combined and distorted from two or more languages

LANGUAGES2007 Statistics

LANGUAGE FAMILY MAJOR LANGUAGE #/MILLIONS

Indo-European Spanish 488 English 468 Hindi 274 Portuguese 269 Bengali 259 Russian 220

Sino-Tibetan Mandarin Chinese 1322

Japanese-Korean Japanese 185 Korean 75

Afro-Asiatic Arabic 312

RELIGIONdifficult to define, but contains some common characteristics:

1 – belief in a god or gods 3 – literature/book2 – rituals 4 – ethics/rules

monotheism – belief in one god

polytheism – belief in more than one god

animism – a soul or spirit is attributed to various phenomena

universalizing – actively seeking converts - *CONFLICT*

ethnic – closely identified with a specific cultural group

RELIGION 2007 statisticsRELIGION TOTAL # %

Christianity 2,112,000 33.32

Islam 1, 344,000 21.01

Hinduism 832,000 13.26

No Religion 541,420 11.77

Buddhism 373,760 5.84

Atheism 148,480 2.32

Sikhism 22,400 .35

Judaism 14,720 0.23

RELIGION

Cultural Landscape

food eaten/meals

festivals/clothing

temples/mosques/churches

statues/figurines

ETHNICITY

Combination of a people’s culture (traditions, customs, language, & religion) and racial ancestry

Ethnic cleansing is the slaughter or forced removal of one ethnic group from its home by another group

Ethnic conflicts – Yugoslavia, Quebec, Holocaust(?)

GENDER

Roles performed culturally as designated by gender

Women still perform the majority of the domestic work

In the workplace, women do not get paid the same as men or have the same number of opportunities

Urban landscapes – statues and monuments typically male (war heroes, etc.)

POPULAR CULTUREMassive,

homogeneous, diffuse rapidly, technological

FOLK CULTURETraditional, small, individualistic, family, little if any technology

POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY

POLITICAL DEFINITIONS

Territoriality• The attempt by an individual or group to

affect, influence, or control people, phenomena, and relationships, by delimiting and asserting control over a geographic area

POLITICAL DEFINITIONS

Sovereignty

Principle that final authority over social, economic, and political matters should rest with the legitimate rulers of independent states and be recognized by other states and codified by international law

POLITICAL DEFINITIONS

Unitary State• An internal

organization of a state that places most power in the hands of central government officials

POLITICAL DEFINITIONS

Federal State• Allocation of

strong power to units of local government within the country

POLITICAL DEFINITIONS

Democratization

The transition to a more democratic political regime

POLITICAL DEFINITIONSNation

• a group of people who possess common cultural traits

• Kurdistan

POLITICAL DEFINITIONS

• State• a political entity that possesses

sovereignty over an area delimited by internationally recognized boundaries

• Mexico

POLITICAL DEFINITIONS

Nation-state

• a political unit that contains one principal national group that gives it its identity and defines its territory

• United Kingdom

RISE OF NATION-STATES1. in response to the rise of nationalist political

philosophies during the 18th century 2. humans want to be close to those of similar

background

3. necessary and logical component of the transition from feudalism to capitalism

4. logical accompaniment of economic growth based on expanding technologies

5. arose from the collapse of local communities and the need for effective communication within a large unit

GROWTH THEORIES

Wallerstein’s World Systems

• World is divided into three spheres:

core

semi periphery

periphery

GROWTH THEORIES

1. Size will increase as culture develops

2. Growth of a state is subsequent to other manifestations of the growth of the people

3. Growth from a process of annexing smaller members

4. Boundaries are peripheral organs that take part in all transformations of the state

RATZEL’S SEVEN LAWS OF SPATIAL GROWTH

GROWTH THEORIESRATZEL’S SEVEN LAWS OF SPATIAL GROWTH

5. As state grows, it will strive to occupy some politically valuable locations

6. Initial stimulus for growth is external

7. Tendency to grow continually increases in intensity

GROWTH THEORIES

What connection is there between these growth theories and the concepts of

Environmental Determinism and

Possiblism?

Colonialism and Imperialism• Core – higher levels of

education, salaries, more technology

• Semi-periphery – transition between the two

• Periphery – lower levels of education, salaries, less technology

INFLUENCE OF ETHNICITY

Ethnic homogeneity of countries vary, but the extent of a state’s cultural diversity often influences its political stability

CHANGES IN POLITICAL ARRANGEMENTS

Ethnic diversity can be a strong centrifugal force – leading to civil disorder, international conflict, unspeakable human rights abuses Yugoslavia

CHANGES IN POLITICAL ARRANGEMENTS

Centripetal Forces

Unifying tendencies, such as a widespread commitment to a national culture, shared ideological objectives, and a common faith

CHANGES IN POLITICAL ARRANGEMENTS

SupranationalismOrganization

involving three or more nation-states involving formal political, economic, and/or cultural cooperation to promote shared objectives

CHANGES IN POLITICAL ARRANGEMENTS

DevolutionProcess by which

regions within a state demand and gain political strength and growth authority at the expense of central government

BOUNDARIES

I. Generic Boundaries

• identified on the basis of their inherent characteristics

• natural or physical, ethnographic or cultural, historical, geometric

BOUNDARIESI. Generic Boundaries: • Natural boundary follows a river or

mountain range

arguments over mineral and usage rights, bridge construction and maintenance, territory lost as a result of course changes over time

BOUNDARIES

• Ethnographic boundary

Cultural differences mark separation

Partition of India

BOUNDARIES• GeometricUsing grid

systems such as latitude and longitude or township and range

BOUNDARIESCompact StateDistance from center

to any boundary does not vary significantly

Prorupted StateCompact state with a

large projecting extension

BOUNDARIESFragmented State

Includes several discontinuous pieces of territory

Perforated State

A state that completely surrounds another one

BOUNDARIES

Elongated State

States with long and narrow shape

AGRICULTURE AND RURAL LAND USE

DEVELOPMENT AND DIFFUSION• NEOLITHIC

REVOLUTION – w,w,w,w

• SECOND AG REVOLUTION – w,w,w,w

• THIRD AG REVOLUTION – w,w,w,w

AG PRODUCTION HEARTHS

• Upper SE Asian Mainland

• Lower SE Asian Mainland

• Eastern India• SWA• East African Highlands

• Meso-America• North-Central China• Mediterranean Basin• Western Sudan• Andean Highlands• Eastern South America

AG PRODUCTION VARIANCES• Nigerian women

spread seeds• Slash and burn in Peru

• Center pivot irrigation in Oregon

AG SYSTEMS in CLIMATE ZONES

AGRICULTURAL EVOLUTION

• Hunting & Gathering

• Shifting Cultivation(slash-and-burn)

• Pastoral Nomadism

AGRICULTURAL EVOLUTION

• Subsistence Ag

• Commercial Ag

• Mixed Crop & Livestock

AGRICULTURAL EVOLUTION

• Dairy Farming

• Grain Farming

• Livestock Ranching

AGRICULTURAL EVOLUTION• Mediterranean Ag

• Commercial Gardening/Fruit Farming

• Plantation Farming

AGRICULTURAL FLOWS

• Columbian Exchange• NAFTA

von THUNEN MODEL

• Originator of spatial models

• Focused on maximizing the profit from his agricultural lands

von THUNEN MODEL

• “Isolated state” – no trade connections

• Possessed only one market

• Located centrally in the state

• Uniform soil, climate, level of terrain

• All farmers lived equal distance from market and had equal access to it

• Farmers sought maximum profits

von THUNEN MODEL

von THUNEN MODEL

von THUNEN MODEL

von THUNEN MODEL

von THUNEN MODEL

THIRD AG REVOLUTION• The complex of seed and

management improvements adapted to the needs of intensive agriculture that have brought larger harvests from a given area of farmland

• 1965-1995, world cereal production rose 90%, mostly due to increased crop yields rather than expanding cropland

THIRD AG REVOLUTION

• 1965-1983 average yields• Rice 52%; Wheat 66%;

THIRD AG REVOLUTION

• Advancements in PINGS (Mali) has helped delay famine and extended life expectancies

• PEDS haven’t slowed down – always pushing to find new technologies

THIRD AG REVOLUTION

• HIGH INPUT – HIGH YIELD CROPS• New variations of seeds/plants

• Irrigation• Mechanization

• Fertilization• Use of pesticides• More food

THIRD AG REVOLUTION• Irrigation has destroyed large tracts of

land

• Ground water depletion• Conflict between agricultural societies

and urban sprawl

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE THIRD AG REVOLUTION

• Blending of primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary sectors

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE THIRD AG REVOLUTION

• Increased mechanization

• Development of

biotechnology

HOPES & FEARS ABOUT THE FUTURE

• Will we be able to produce enough food for the world’s people? At what cost – economic and environmental?

INDUSTRIALIZATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

“HE WHO HAS THE GOLD, MAKES THE RULE!”

GROWTH AND DIFFUSIONIndustrial Revolution – w,w,w,w,h

GROWTH AND DIFFUSION

LOCATIONAL ADVANTAGES• Location theory

helps explain the spatial positioning of industries and their successes or failures

• Transportation, labor, energy, infrastructure costs are all a part in the location of heavy industries

LOCATIONAL ADVANTAGES

• Weber’s least-cost theory

• Growth or decline of industries are influenced by political and environmental fluctuations

GROWTH AND DIFFUSION• Global industrial pattern dominated by the first countries

that industrialized• Evolution of 3 economic cores and peripheries

GROWTH AND DIFFUSION• North American

manufacturing complex is the largest in the world today

• Asian Pacific Rim is the fastest growing industrial region in the world today

LEVELS OF DEVELOPMENT• Enormous gaps

between rich and poor, both globally and regionally

• Underlying economic disparities is a core-periphery relationship among different regions of the world

LEVELS OF DEVELOPMENT• 21st century opened

with some countries stuck in the primary sector whereas some were pushing the quaternary sector

• Rapid development is usually associated with democracy, but some are growing under authoritarian regimes as well

CONTEMPORARY PATTERNS

• Spatial organization of world economy

ECONOMIC RESTRUCTURING

• Declining cost of transportation and communication led to enormous changes in tertiary sector in 20th century

• Technology is accelerating the pace of life

ECONOMIC RESTRUCTURING• Deindustrialization

in core has led to growth of labor intensive manufacturing in the periphery

• International labor has increased globalization leading to both positive and negative impacts

QUALITY OF LIFE LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT

QUALITY OF LIFE LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT

ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE & SUSTAINABILITY

IMPACTS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION & DEVELOPMENT

CRITIQUES OF MODELS

• Immanuel Wallerstein’s World Systems TheoryCore Semi-peripheryPeriphery

CRITIQUES OF MODELS• Alfred Weber – Least Cost Theory

• #1 cost in industrial location… transportation of raw materials to factory as well as finished product to market

• Cost-minimizing and Profit-maximizing theories have their impact as well

URBANIZATION

“Cities have always been the fireplaces of

civilization, whence light and heat radiated out into

the dark, cold world.”

- Theodore Parker

STATISTICS OF URBANIZATION

Total Population:

World: 6,666,825,298

USA: 304,052,606

Urban Population:

World: 340,094, 520 or 51%

USA: 243,545,650 or 80.1%

http://www.census.gov/main/www/popclock.html

MEGACITIES

CHARACTERISTICS OF URBANIZATION

TransportationAccess to water routes more

important prior to railroads

NYC, Pittsburgh, San Francisco

Fall Line cities – NYC, Philadelphia, Washington DC, Richmond Va., Columbia SC, Columbus Ga.

CHARACTERISTICS OF URBANIZATIONSITE – the physical

characteristics of a specific areaOriginally located for

commerce and defensepeninsulas and

islands for earliest cities (Venice, Paris)

hills useful because of defense and drainage (Rome)

CHARACTERISTICS OF URBANIZATION

Access to fresh waterdomestic

consumptionlevel of

industrialization, standard of living, and population growth

CHARACTERISTICS OF URBANIZATION

Geological character

- Manhattan Island on stable bedrock

- Venice, Los Angeles, Mexico City are on earthquake and flood plains

CHARACTERISTICS OF URBANIZATION

SITUATION – relative location of a place

Mumbai, India – adjacent to cotton fieldsBirmingham, England – near coal deposits Johannesburg, South Africa – centrally

located around diamond minesHouston, Tex. – near oil fields in Gulf of

MexicoChicago, Ill. – major manufacturing adjacent to

Corn Belt

CHARACTERISTICS OF URBANIZATION

SITUATION – relative location of a place

Situation can change over time –

+ discovery of new resource

+ construction of new recreational lake

- change in transportation patterns

- agricultural areas effected by drought

FUNCTIONS OF A CITYJobs and Services

Residential

Trade and Commerce

Manufacturing

Public Administration

Personal Services

IMPACT OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ON URBANIZATION

Urbanization has nearly doubled every 50 years since 1800

Mechanization has brought an increased flow of migrant labor

England was the first place in world history to have more urban dwellers than rural dwellers (1850)

In 1800, Paris was only European city on mainland to exceed 500,000; by end of century Paris, Berlin, Vienna, St. Petersburg, and Moscow all over 1 million!

METROPOLITAN DEVELOPMENT IN USJOHN BORCHERT

Sail – Wagon Epoch (1790-1830)Atlantic coastal communities oriented toward

EuropeBoston, NYC, Philadelphia have only small

domestic hinterlands

Iron Horse Epoch (183-1870)Crude national railroad networkRailroads converged with internal waterwaysChicago, Detroit, Cleveland St. Louis develop

METROPOLITAN DEVELOPMENT IN USJOHN BORCHERT

Steel-Rail Epoch (1870-1920)Rapid development of iron and steel industriesRapid industrial growth within Northeast and

Midwest

Auto-Air-Amenity Epoch (1920-present)Complex highway and air transportationImproved amenities and speed led to increase

suburban developmentSunbelt migration

URBANIZATION

RANK-SIZE RULE AND MEGALOPOLIS

PRIMATE CITY STATUSA country’s leading city is always is proportionately

large and exceptionally expressive of national capacity and feeling. The primate city is commonly at least twice as large as the next largest city and more than twice as significant.

- Mark Jefferson

PRIMATE CITY STATUSNot all countries have a

primate city

• India – New Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Bangalore

• China & Brazil – Beijing, Shanghai, Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro

RANK-SIZE RULE

• The second and subsequent smaller cities should represent a proportion of the largest city. The second city would be ½ the size of the largest city; the third largest city would be 1/3 of the size, etc.

- George Zipf

RANK-SIZE RULE• Paris (2.2 million) v.

Marseilles (800,000)

• London (6.9 million) v. Birmingham (1 million)

• Mexico City (9.8 million) v. Guadalajara (1.7 million)

MEGALOPOLIS

• Jean Gottman (1950s)

• 300 mile stretch of BosWash

• Greek for “very large city”

• Inter-linked relationships between a variety of culturally and political urban areas

MEGALOPOLIS• Initially colonial settlements from the 1400’s and

grew into villages, then cities, and now urban areas

• As time progressed, the need for tight communication between Boston and Washington increased dramatically

• Currently contains 17% of the country’s total population in only 1.5% of the total area of the country

MEGALOPOLIS• Economic activity, transportation, commuting, and communications linkages are most important

• Government center, banking center, media center, academic center, immigration center, clothing manufacturing, cultural center

• 40% of all commercial international air-passenger departures have Megalopolitan origins

• 30% of American export trade passes through the ports of Megalopolis

PRIMATE CITY of the World• New York, New York• The City That Never Sleeps!

Tom WurstLoneStar CollegeHouston, Texas

tomwurst@gmail.com