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Using APA Style 1
Running head: USING APA STYLE: A BRIEF GUIDE
Using APA Style: A Brief Guide to Formatting Papers
Binghamton University
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Using APA Style 2
Using APA Style: A Brief Guide to Formatting Papers
Finding Information in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association
(APA)
APA TOPIC PAGE NUMBER(S)
Abbreviations 103-111
Appendixes 205-207, 299-300
Figures 176-201, 302
Font (typeface) 285-286
Headings (levels of) 111-115, 289-290
Margins 286-287
Numbers 122-130
Order of Manuscript Pages 287-288
Page Headers 288
Page Numbers 288
Punctuation 78-88, 290-291
Quotations 117-122, 292-293
Reference Citations (in text) 207-214
Reference List 215-231, 299
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Using APA Style 3
Order of Manuscript:
1. Title page (separate page)2. Abstract (separate page)3. Text (start on a separate page)4. References (start on a separate page)5. Appendixes (start each on separate page)
Title Page:
T
itle should be 10 - 12 words Byline = Author's Name + Institutional Affiliation
Author First Name + Middle Initial + Last Name(Omit all titles and degrees)
Institutional Affiliation "Binghamton University"
Title & Byline title caps, double-space, center-aligned, center vertically
Instructor's Name [NOTE: This information is NOT APA, but PLEASE
include!] Header = Page Header + 5 spaces + Page Number
Page Header First 2 or 3 words from the title
Page Number Title Page = page 1
Header title caps, double-spaced
Running Head = The words "Running head:" + ABBREVIATED TITLE
Abbreviated title MAX 50 characters, all uppercase letters
Running head
top of page, left-aligned
Subsequent Page Formatting: First Page of Text
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Using APA Style 4
Font size should be 12 points
Double-space between all lines (i.e., set the line spacing to 2)
Do NOT use single-spacing or one-and-a-half spacing
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Using APA Style 5
Capitalization and Alignment:
lower case no letters are capitalized Title Case (Title Caps) Only the Important Words are Capitalized
Sentence case (Sentence caps) Only the first word is capitalized
UPPER CASE ALL LETTERS ARE CAPITALIZED
Left Alignment
Center-Alignment
Right-Alignment
These lines are justified both left and right since the words on the page extend toboth the left and right margins. For text within the body of your paper, use leftalignment and NOT the left and right justification.
Headings:
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Using APA Style 6
How to Determine Which Levels of Heading to Use:
# OF HEADING LEVELS INMANUSCRIPT
HEADING LEVELS (STYLES) USEDAND ORDER OF USE
1 Level 1
2 Level 1Level 3
3 Level 1Level 3
Level 44 Level 1
Level 2Level 3Level 4
5 Level 5Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4
FOR EXAMPLE: Suppose you have an outline as follows:
OUTLINE FORMAT HEADING LEVEL (STYLE) USED
Title of Paper Level 1I. Topic 1 Level 3
A. Subtopic 1A
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Using APA Style 7
A. Subtopic 3A
Level 4
B. Subtopic 3B Level 4
C. Subtopic 3C
Level 4
Note that the paper actually has three levels of headings: (a) Title (b) RomanNumerals (Topic), and (c) Capital Letters (Subtopic).
Refer to the table entitled "How to Determine Which Levels of Heading to Use."If a paper that has three levels of headings (left column), then the correctHeading Levels (Styles) used are 1, 3, and 4 (right column).
Thus, if this paper was formatted using the above outline, the headings wouldappear in the paper as follows on the next page:
Title of Paper
Topic 1(italized)
The purpose of this sample paper is to demonstrate the use of heading levels in a scholarly
paper. Note that the title is the first level and is center-aligned, and uses upper and lower case
letters (title capitalization). The next heading level is the first Roman numeral topic and uses
the level-three heading style. This style is left aligned, underlined, and uses upper and lower
case letters (title capitalization). Note that the paragraph then starts on the next line below the
heading and is indented 5-7 spaces Once an introductory paragraph is written the author may
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Using APA Style 8
continue in the same manner as this one until all relevant information is discussed. Remember
to avoid orphans that are just a few words or a single line of a paragraph that appears at the
very bottom or very top of a page. Always split your paragraphs so that at least two lines of the
paragraph are on any given page.
Subtopic 1B. For each subtopic in the paper, the format is consistent with other headings at
the same level. Thus, subtopic 1B will appear similar to subtopic 1A. The
heading is indented, underlined, uses sentence capitalization, ends with a period, and the
paragraph continues on the same line.
Subtopic 1C. Again, the same style heading is used for subtopic 1C as for subtopics 1A and
1B. When this section is complete and the author is ready to move onto the next section.
Topic A
Topic A would then continue in this manner . . .
NOTE: For DSON papers, headings labeled the same as the sections in thepaper are very helpful for faculty!
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Using APA Style 9
2. Nondepressed persons exposed to . . . [paragraphcontinues]
3. Depressed persons exposed to . . . [paragraphcontinues]
4. Depressed and nondepressed participants in theno-noise groups . . . [paragraph continues]
NOTE: Series MUST be syntactically and conceptually parallel.Pay particular attention to commas, semi-colons, and periods.
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Using APA Style 11
Use words to express:
numbers below 10 that do not represent precise measurements and thatare grouped for comparison with numbers below 10
the numbers zero and one when the words would be easier tocomprehend than the figures or when the words do not appear in context withnumbers 10 and above
any number that begins a sentence, title, or heading
common fractions
universally accepted usage
Combine figures and words to express numbers for:
rounded large numbers (e.g., 3 million people)
back-to-back modifiers (e.g., ten 7-point scales, the first 10 items)
Decimals, decimal points and zeroes:
Use a zero before the decimal point when numbers are less than 1
Do NOT use a zero before the decimal point when the number cannot begreater than 1 (e.g., probabilities)
Plurals of numbers:
Add "s" or "es" -- no apostrophe (e.g., fours and sixes, 1950s, 10s and
20s)
Tables:
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Using APA Style 12
Abbreviations:
Use sparingly--use only those that will clarify communication with thereader
Use if the abbreviation is accepted convention or if considerable spacecan be saved and cumbersome repetition avoided
All acronyms and abbreviations MUST be explained
First time term used write out term completely then encloseabbreviation in parentheses immediately after (e.g., a complete blood count(CBC) was drawn)
Subsequently Use abbreviation in text without further explanation
Do NOT switch between the abbreviated and written-out forms of a term
Reference List:
chap. = chaptered. = edition
Rev. ed. = revised edition2nd ed. = second editionEd. (Eds.) = Editor (Editors)n.d. = no datep. (pp.) = page (pages)Vol. = VolumeVols. = volumesNo. = Number
Pt. = PartSuppl. = Supplement
Latin Abbreviations:
cf. = comparee.g., = for example
etc. = and so forthi.e., = that isviz., = namelyvs. = versus, against
Routes of Administration:
im = intramuscular
ip = intraperitonealiv = intravenoussc = subcutaneous
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Using APA Style 13
In text, refer to appendixes by their labels (e.g., Appendix A contains . . . )
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Using APA Style 14
Quotations:
Direct quotes MUST be accurate
ALWAYS provide author, year, and specific page citation in the text (see p.118)
For electronic media, paragraph numbers may be used in place of pagenumbers
When paraphrasing, authors are not required to provide a page number, but
are encouraged to do so especially when it would help an interested reader locatethe text
If original source is incorrect insert the word sic underlined and inbrackets immediately after the error (e.g., if a word is speled [sic] wrong within thequotes)
Use single quotation marks within double quotation marks to set off materialthat was enclosed by double quotation marks in the original source
Use double quotation marks within block quotes to set off material that wasenclosed by double quotation marks in the original source
Place commas and periods within closing single or double quotation marks
Place other punctuation marks inside quotation marks only when part ofquoted material
The first letter of the first word of a quote may be changed to uppercase orlowercase
The punctuation at the end of a sentence may be changed to fit the syntax
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Using APA Style 15
Enclose with double quotation marks
Long 40 Block quote--double-spaced block of typewritten lines
Start on a new line Indent block 5-7 spaces from left margin
Do NOT indent first paragraph, but indent subsequentparagraphs 5-7 spaces
No quotation marks
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Using APA Style 16
Short Quotes Citation in Mid-sentence:
She stated, The placebo effect . . . disappeared when behaviors were studied in
this manner (Miele, 1993, p. 276), but she did not clarify which behaviors were
studied.
Short Quote Citation at End of Sentence:
Miele (1993) found that the placebo effect, which had been verified in previous
studies, disappeared when [only the first groups] behaviors were studied in this
manner (p. 276). (author+ year + page number)
Block Quote Citation After Final Punctuation (use block indent)
Miele (1993) found the following:
The placebo effect, which had been verified in previous studies,
disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner. Furthermore, the
behaviors were never exhibited again [italics added], even when reel [sic]
drugs were administered. Earlier studies (e.g., Abdullah, 1984; Fox, 1979)
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Using APA Style 17
Arrange entries in alphabetical order by the surname of the first author
Do NOT include personal communications
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ALPHABETIZING REFERENCES ON THE REFERENCE PAGE
SITUATION: RULE EXAMPLE
Alphabetize letter by letter
Nothing precedes something
Brown, J. R.Browning, J. R.
M', Mc, Mac
Disregard apostrophe Alphabetize prefixes literally
MacArthur
MacNeilMcAllisterM'Carthy
Names with articles and prepositions
If prefix is used as part of name
If prefix is not used as part of name
DeBaseDe VriesHelmholtz, H. von
One-author entry by the same author
Arrange by year of publication, earliest first
Kim, L. S. (1991).Kim, L. S. (1994).
One author + multiple author entries with same surname
Single author precedes multiple author
Kaufman, J. R. (1991).Kaufman, J. R., & Cochran, D. F. (1987).
Same first author with different second or third authors
Alphabetically be surname of subsequent authors
Kaufman, J. R., Jones, K., & Cochran, D. F. (1992).
Kaufman, J. R., & Wong, D. F. (1989).Letterman, D., Hall, A., & Leno, J. (1993).Letterman, D., Hall, A., & Seinfeld, J. (1993).
Same authors in the same order
Arrange by year of publication, earliest first
Kaufman, J. R., & Jones, K. (1987).Kaufman, J. R., & Jones, K. (1990).
Same authors in the same order with the same publication date
Arrange alphabetically by title that follows date (exclude a or the)
Lowercase letters are placed immediately after the year within theparentheses
Kaufman, J. R. (1990a). Control . . .Kaufman, J. R. (1990b). Roles of . . .
Different first authors with same surname
Arranged alphabetically by first initial
Elliot, A. L., & Wallston, J. (1983).
Elliot, G. E., & Ahlers, R. J. (1980).Group author
Alphabetize by first significant word of name American Psychological Association. (1994).
No author
Title moves to the author position
Alphabetize by first significant word of title
Mosby's medical, nursing, and allied health dictionary(5th ed).
Anonymous - No date
Used if and only if work is signed anonymous Anonymous. (n.d.).
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FORMATTING REFERENCES ON THE REFERENCE PAGE
SITUATION (NAME OF
JOURNAL)
EXAMPLE (FORMAT)
Journal Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume(issue), pages.1 Author Wendler, M. C. (1996). Understanding healing: A conceptual analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 24,
836-842.
2 Authors (if 2 authors
place &)
Lazar, J. S., & O'Connor, B. B. (1997). Talking with patients about their use of alternative therapies.
Primary Care, 24, 699-713.
3 - 6 Authors Cribb, A., Bignold, S., & Ball, S. J. (1994). Linking the parts: An exemplar of philosophical and practical
issues in holistic nursing. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 20, 233-238.
> 6 Authors
list first 6 authors
then et al.
Wells-Federman, C. L., Stuart, E. M., Deckro, J. P., Mandle, C. L., Baim, M., & Medich, C. (1995). The
mind-body connection: The psychophysiology of many traditional nursing interventions. Clinical
Nurse Specialist, 9(1), 59-66.
Continuous Pagination Ward, S. L. (1998). Caring and healing in the 21st century. Maternal Child Nursing, 23, 210-215.
Pagination by Issue Keegan, L. (1998). Getting comfortable with alternative & complementary therapies. Nursing, 98(4),
50-53.
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FORMATTING REFERENCES ON THE REFERENCE PAGE
SITUATION EXAMPLE
Magazine Author, A. (Year, Month). Title of article. Title of Magazine, volume, pages.
Monthly - Discontinuous
Pagination
Yeager, S. (1998, February). A consumer's guide to alternative medicine. Prevention, 50, 86-91,
166-169.
Book Author, A. (Year). Title of book. Location: Publisher.
Edition Dossey, B. M., Keegan, L., & Guzzetta, C. E. (2000). Holistic nursing: A handbook for nursing practice
(3nd ed.). Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen.
Revised Edition Kunz, D. (Ed.). (1995). Spiritual healing(Rev. ed.). Wheaton, IL: Theosophical Publishing House.
Group Author -
Alphabetized under "B"
The Burton Goldberg Group. (1993).Alternative medicine: The definitive guide. Puyallup, WA: Future
Medicine.
Group Author as
Publisher
American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication manual of the American Psychological
Association (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
Edited Book Cant, S., & Sharma, U. (Eds.). (1996). Complementary and alternative medicines: Knowledge in
practice. New York: Free Association Books.
No Author or Editor Nursing 99 drug handbook. (1999). Springhouse, PA: Springhouse.(place name of book and publisher)
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FORMATTING REFERENCES ON THE REFERENCE PAGE
SITUATION EXAMPLE
Chapter in a Book Author, A. A. (Year). Title of chapter. In Title of book(pp. pages). Location: Publisher.
Edited 1 Editor Mulloney, S. S., & Wells-Federman, C. L. (1998). Therapeutic touch: A healing modality. In C. E. Guzetta
(Ed.), Essential readings in holistic nursing(pp. 296-315). Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen.
2 Editors Edition Egan, E. C. (1998). Therapeutic touch. In M. Snyder & R. Lindquist (Eds.), Complementary / alternative
therapies in nursing(3rd ed., pp. 49-62). New York: Springer.
3 Editors Edition Dossey, B. M. (1995). The psychophysiology of bodymind healing. In B. M. Dossey, L. Keegan, C. E.
Guzzetta, & L. G. Kolkmeier (Eds.), Holistic nursing: A handbook for practice (2nd ed., pp. 87-111).
Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen.
Brochure Author, A. A. (Year). Title of brochure [Brochure]. Location: Publisher.
Individual Author Eggleston, P. A. (1993). Childhood asthma: A guide for parents [Brochure]. San Ramon, CA: Health
Information Network.
Corporate Author Bard Access Systems. (1992). Patient guide: How to care for your Hickman or Broviac catheter
[Brochure]. Salt Lake City, UT: Author.
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FORMATTING REFERENCES ON THE REFERENCE PAGE
SITUATION EXAMPLE
Internet Journal Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume(issue), pages. Retrieved Month Day, Year,
from source.Internet Article based on a
print source - online
format differs from print
Lee, R. (1999). Survival of a species: Harvesting the real treasure of the Amazon [Electronic version].
Holistic Health Journal, 5(2). Retrieved September 16, 1999(kung kelan kinuha), from
http://holistichealthjournal.com/text/rainforest.txt (place the link)
Article in an Internet-only
journal - no volume or
issue
Collins, M. S. (1997, August 13). Issues of accreditation: A dean's perspective. Online Journal of
Nursing. Retrieved September 16, 1999, from http://www.nursingworld.org/ojin/tpc4/tpc4_1.htm
Internet article retrieved
from a database
Bragadottir, H. (1998). Every nurse can be an author: On writing for publication [Electronic version].
Nursing Forum 33(4). Retrieved September 19, 2001 from Infotrac database.
Individual Work Author, A. (Year). Title of work. Retrieved Month Day, year, from source.
Book - Author
Reprinted On-line
Strunk, W. (1999, July). The elements of style (On-line ed.). Retrieved September 19, 2001, from
http://www.bartleby.com/141/
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FORMATTING REFERENCES ON THE REFERENCE PAGE
SITUATION EXAMPLE
Online Web Page Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of web page. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from source.
Individual Author -
No Date
Smith, C. (n.d.). Therapeutic touch. Retrieved September 16, 1999, from
http://adultpain.nursing.uiowa.edu/Nonpharm/AROMATtt.htm
Corporate Author American Holistic Nurses' Association. (1998). Standards of holistic nursing practice. Retrieved
September 16, 1999 from http://ahna.org/standards.html
No author/date - title in
author position
The Neumann systems model. (n.d.). Retrieved September 19, 2001, from
http://www.lemmus.demon.co.uk/neumodel.htm
Document retrieved
from a large complex
Web site
Lamos, S. (1998, April 28). Grammar handbook. Retrieved September 19, 2001 from University of Illinois
at Urbana-Champagne Writers Workshop Web site:
http://www.english.uiuc.edu/cws/wworkshop/index.htm
Considerations for citing Internet sources:
Credit the author - intellectual property
Provide sufficient information for the reader to locate the source
Avoid division of electronic address at the end of a line
If necessary: divide at a diagonal ( / ), period ( . ), or hyphen ( - ) Do NOT add hyphen or other punctuation
Do NOT use a period after the address to indicate the end of the element
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FORMATTING CITATIONS IN TEXT
SITUATION Author in Text Author in Parentheses
One Work
1 Author First citation and
subsequent citations arethe same
Wendler (1996) discussed . . . . . . is the basis of all healing (Wendler, 1996).
2 Authors
Cite both names everytime
Lazar and O'Connor (1997) presented . . . . . . is important for maintaining a patient's trust(Lazar & O'Connor, 1997).
3 - 5 Authors
First Citation--Cite allauthors
Subsequent Citations--Cite surname of firstauthor followed by et al.
Cribb, Bignold, and Ball (1994) described . . .
Cribb et al. (1994) also delineated . . .
. . . is fundamental to holistic nursing (Cribb, Bignold,& Ball, 1994).
. . . as the philosphical basis for nursing (Cribb et al.,1994).
6 Authors
First citation andsubsequent citations--Cite surname of firstauthor followed by et al.
Wells-Federman et al. (1994) also contrasted .. .
. . . has both a psychologic and physiologic basis(Wells-Federman et al., 1994)
Two References Shorten tothe Same Form
Cite surnames of firstauthors and as many ofsubsequent authors asnecessary to distinguishthe two referencesfollowed by et al.
Kosslyn, Koenig, Barrett, et al. (1992) andKosslyn, Koenig, Gabrieli, et al. (1992) foundthat . . .
. . . had similar results (Kosslyn, Koenig, Barrett, etal., 1992; Kosslyn, Koenig, Gabrieli, et al., 1992).
Electronic Sources
If no page numberprovided use paragraphnumber
(Meyers, 2000, 5) using symbol OR
(Beutler, 2000, Conclusion section, para. 1)using section heading and paragraph withinsection and abbreviation para.
. . . quoted text material (Meyers, 2000, 5).Beutler (2000) stated:
Block quote greater than 40 words . . . end ofquotation. (Conclusion section, para. 1).
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FORMATTING CITATIONS IN TEXT
SITUATION Author in Text Author in Parentheses
One Work
Group as Author The Burton Goldberg Group (1993) stated . . . . . . are philosphically different (The Burton GoldbergGroup, 1993).
Group as Author withRecognized Abbreviation
First Citation--give groupauthor with abbreviationin brackets
Subsequent Citations--use abbreviation only
In 1998, the Office of Alternative Medicine(OAM) was renamed the National Center forComplementary and Alternative Medicine(NCCAM), and the budget was significantlyincreased as well. According to the NCCAM(1998), the most widely used alternativetherapies are . . .
. . . has not been fully studied (National Center forComplementary and Alternative Medicine [NCCAM],1998).
. . . has been reconsidered in light of new research(NCCAM, 1998).
Work with No Author According to the Nursing 99 Drug Handbook(1999), doses up to 40 mg / kg / day may begiven.
. . . should not exceed the maximum daily dose(Nursing 99 Drug Handbook, 1999).
Authors with the SameSurname
Both E. A. Schuster (1992) and J. Schuster(1997) believe caring for the environment . . . NOTE: Alphabetically by first initial
Two or More Works
Same Author
Order by year ofpublication
Keegan (1996, 1998) states . . . . . . in understanding hoslitic nursing practice(Keegan, 1996, 1998).
Different Authors Alphabetical order by first
author's surname
Both Hoekstra (1994) and Boschma (1994)explore . . .
. . . historical as well as scientifiic foundations(Boschma, 1994; Hoekstra, 1994)
Personal Communications
NOTE: e-mail and otherunretrievable electronicsources should be cited aspersonal communications
Professor Johnston stated a need for moreresearch in this area (personalcommunication, September 10, 1999).
. . . as more research is needed in this area(Y. Johnston, personal communication, September10, 1999).
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NOTE: When writing papers within the Decker School of Nursing, be sure to maintain confidentiality GIVE INITIALS ONLY!!!
( e.g., Y. J. stated feeling . . . ) EXTREMELY IMPORTANT!!!
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