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AP Biology
Agenda for 3/19 Cell Communication Booklet Review using PPT “My Dog is Broken” Organize work and concept mapping
That’s life- Why you and your iPod must die ~ due Monday
Behavior booklet due Wednesday
Mini-test _____– Development, Nervous System and Cell Communication
AP Biology
Agenda for 3/20 Complete Cell Communication Booklet
Review My Dog is Broken - Case Study Cell Signaling Project Assignment
AP Biology
A. Cell Signaling Yeast cells
Identify their mates by cell signaling factor
Receptor Exchange of
mating factors. Each cell type
secretes a mating factor that binds to receptors on the other cell
type.
1
Mating. Binding of the factors to
receptors induces changes in the cells that
lead to their fusion.
New a/ cell. The nucleus of the fused cell
includes all the genes from the a and cells.
2
3
factorYeast cell,mating type a
Yeast cell,mating type
a/
a
a
Figure 11.2
AP Biology
Water and Mineral Absorption –Water Transport in Roots
Apoplastic or symplastic Until the
endodermis Is reached!!
AP Biology
Translocation of Phloem Sap-Loading of Sugars
Flow through the symplast or apoplast in mesophyll cells into sieve-tube members
Active co-transport of sucrose with H+
Proton pump
AP Biology
Cell Junctions
AP Biology
Regulation & Communication Animals rely on 2 systems for regulation
endocrine system system of ductless glands
secrete chemical signals directly into blood chemical travels to target tissue target cells have receptor proteins slow, long-lasting response
nervous system system of neurons
transmits “electrical” signal & release neurotransmitters to target tissue
fast, short-lasting response
AP Biology
Short Distance w/chemical messengers
axon
endocrine gland
receptor proteins
target cell
Neurotransmitters released by neurons Hormones release by endocrine glands
receptor proteins
hormone carried by blood
neurotransmitter
Lock & Keysystem
AP Biology
Paracrine Signaling on your tongue
AP Biology
Nitric Oxide Signaling in the Penis and Heart
AP Biology
Prostaglandin Signaling by Sperm in the Uterine Cells
AP Biology
AP Biology 2007-2008
Endocrine SystemHormones
AP Biology
Why are hormones needed? chemical messages from one
body part to another communication needed to
coordinate whole body daily homeostasis & regulation of
large scale changes solute levels in blood
glucose, Ca++, salts, etc. metabolism growth development maturation reproduction
Regulation
growth hormones
AP Biology
Lipid-based hormones hydrophobic & lipid-soluble
diffuse across cell membrane & enter cells bind to receptor proteins in cytoplasm & nucleus bind to DNA as transcription factors
turn on genes
Structure Steroids- modified cholesterol
testosterone-muscles, bone mass, body hair, testis and prostate development
estrogen – female development, menstrual cycle control (maintains lining of uterus)
Aldosterone – controls sodium and potassium balance and blood pressure
AP Biology
Steroid Hormone
AP Biology
nucleus
target cell
DNAmRNA
protein
blood
proteincarrier
S
S
S
S
Action of lipid (steroid) hormones
binds to receptor protein
cytoplasm
becomes transcription factor
ex: secreted protein = growth factor (hair, bone, muscle, gametes)
2
4
6
cross cell membrane
1
steroid hormone
mRNA read by ribosome5
plasma membrane
protein secreted7
3
AP Biology
Protein Based Hormones hydrophilic & not lipid soluble
can’t diffuse across cell membrane bind to receptor proteins in cell membrane trigger secondary messenger pathway activate internal cellular response
enzyme action, uptake or secretion of molecules…
Structure polypeptides
small proteins: insulin, ADH glycoproteins
large proteins + carbohydrate: FSH, LH Amines-modified amino acids:
epinephrine – see example
melatonin – regulates sleep/wake cycle by lowering body temperature and causing drowsiness
insulin
AP Biology
Action of protein hormones
activatesenzyme
activatesenzyme
activates enzyme
ATP
produces an action
P1
2
3
cytoplasm
receptor protein
response
signal
secondarymessengersystem
signal-transduction pathway
acts as 2° messenger
target cell
plasma membrane
binds to receptor protein
proteinhormone
ATPactivatescytoplasmicsignal
cAMP
GTP
activatesG-protein
transduction
AP Biology
adrenal gland
Ex: Action of epinephrine (adrenaline)
activatesprotein kinase-A
activatesglycogen phosphorylase
activates adenylyl cyclase
epinephrine
liver cell
releasedto blood
1
25
receptorproteinin cell membrane
cytoplasm
6glycogen
activatesphosphorylase kinase
GDP
cAMP
4
activatesG protein
ATP
glucose
activates GTP
3
signal
transduction
response7
GTP
AP Biology
Benefits of a 2° messenger system
Amplification!
signal
receptor proteinActivated adenylyl cyclase
amplification
amplification
amplification
amplification
GTP G protein
product
enzyme
protein kinase
cAMP
Not yetactivated
1
2
4
35
6
7
FAST response!
amplification
Cascade multiplier!
AP Biology
Negative Feedback Loop
high
low
hormone 1
lowersbody condition
hormone 2
gland
specific body condition
raisesbody condition
gland
Negative FeedbackModel
AP Biology
liver
pancreas
liver
Regulation of Blood Sugar
blood sugar level(90mg/100ml)
insulin
body cells takeup sugar
from blood
liver storesglycogen
reducesappetite
glucagon
pancreas
liver releasesglucose
triggershunger
high
low
FeedbackEndocrine System Control
islets of Langerhans beta islet cells
islets of Langerhansalpha islet cells
AP Biology
AP Biology
Positive Feedback Loop
AP Biology
Controlling Body Temperature
high
low
nerve signals
sweat
nerve signals
body temperature(37°C)
shiver
dilates surfaceblood vessels
constricts surfaceblood vessels
Nervous System Control Feedback
hypothalamus
hypothalamus
AP Biology
AP Biology
AP Biology
Quorum Sensing in Bacteria
AP Biology
Nervous & Endocrine systems linked Hypothalamus = “master nerve control center”
nervous system receives information from nerves around body
about internal conditions releasing hormones: regulates release of hormones
from pituitary
Pituitary gland = “master gland” endocrine system secretes broad range
of “tropic” hormones regulating other glands in body
hypothalamus
pituitary
posterior
anterior
AP Biology
Thyroid gland
hypothalamus
anteriorpituitary
gonadotropic hormones:follicle-stimulatinghormone (FSH) & luteinizing hormone (LH)
Mammaryglandsin mammals
Musclesof uterus
Kidneytubules
posteriorpituitary
thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH)
antidiuretic hormone(ADH)
Adrenalcortex
Boneand muscle
Testes Ovaries
Melanocytein amphibian
adrenocorticotropic
hormone (ACTH)melanocyte-stimulating hormone
(MSH)
oxytocin
prolactin (PRL)
grow
th h
orm
one
(GH
)
tropic hormones = target endocrine glands
AP Biology
Homology in hormones
prolactin
mammals
milkproduction
birds
fatmetabolism
amphibians
metamorphosis& maturation
fish
salt &water
balance
growth& development
What does this tell you about these hormones?
growthhormone
same gene familygene duplication?
How could these hormones have different effects?
AP Biology
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