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“THE WAR TO END ALL WARS”
World War I (1914 - 1918)
UNDERLYING CAUSES OF WWI (Sources of Tension)
1. Complacency - There Had Not Been a Major War in Europe for 100 Years
“People Remembered the Glory, but had Forgotten the Horror"
UNDERLYING CAUSES OF WWI (Sources of Tension)
2. Nationalism
National Rivalries between Countries (France vs. Germany), (Russia vs. Austria-Hungary)
Various Nationalities Wanting Their Own Country (Serbs)
UNDERLYING CAUSES OF WWI (Sources of Tension)
3. Imperialism - Colonial Rivalries
UNDERLYING CAUSES OF WWI (Sources of Tension)
4. Arms Race - Military Spending Increased 300% from 1871 to 1914, Naval Rivalry between Great Britain and Germany
UNDERLYING CAUSES OF WWI (Sources of Tension)
5. Entangling Alliances
The Triple Alliance (1882) - Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
The Triple Entente (1904) - France, Russia, Great Britain
THE SPARK THAT STARTS THE WAR
The Balkans = Powder Keg of Europe
Nationalism Had Caused Several Wars in the Region
Austria-Hungary and Russia Both Wanted To Dominate the Balkan Peninsula
In 1908, Austria-Hungary Annexed Bosnia And Herzegovina
On June 28, 1914 Arch-Duke Francis Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary Was Assassinated By a Serbian Nationalist in Sarajevo, Bosnia
THE SPARK THAT STARTS THE WAR
Austria-Hungary Received a "Blank Check" Of Support from Germany in Its Conflict with Serbia
Austria-Hungary Declares War on Serbia on July 28, 1914
Russia Mobilized Their Army July 29
Germany Declared War on Russia on August 1, France August 3
Germany Depended On the Von Schlieffen Plan to Win a Two-Front War Quickly
Great Britain Declares War on Germany on August 4
Von Schlieffen Plan Map
Sir Edward Grey
“The Lights were Going Out all over
Europe”
THE WAR YEARS (1914- 1918)
Central Powers Vs. Allied Powers
- Germany - France
- Austria-Hungary - Great Britain
- Ottoman Empire - Russia
- Bulgaria
Later On:
- Italy
- Japan
- U.S.A.
THE BATTLE OF THE MARNE (September 1914)
Stopped the German Advance on Paris
Foiled the Von Schlieffen Plan
A Stalemate of the Western Front Emerged As Both Sides Settled Into Trench Warfare
The War of Attrition
WWI Became a War of Attrition as Both Sides Tried To Outlast Each Other
“No Man’s Land”
“All Quiet on the Western Front”
By Erich Maria Remarque
NEW WEAPONS OF WWI
1. Machine Gun - Killed 95% of Soldiers in WWI
NEW WEAPONS OF WWI
2. Better Artillery
“Big Bertha”
NEW WEAPONS OF WWI
3. Poison Gas - Chlorine (Blindness), Mustard (Lungs)
NEW WEAPONS OF WWI
4. Tanks
NEW WEAPONS OF WWI
5. Airplanes - First Time Used In War, Mostly For Spying
NEW WEAPONS OF WWI
6. Submarines - Used Mainly By Germans (U-Boat)
EASTERN FRONT
One-Sided Victory for Germany over Russia
Battle of Tannenburg (August 1914)
Russians Are Crushed and They Retreated (100,000 Captured Troops)
EASTERN FRONT
In 1917, the Russian Revolution Overthrew the Czar
Vladimir Lenin and the Communists Came To Power; Promised “Peace, Bread and Land”
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk – Takes Russia out of the War
FIGHTING ON OTHER FRONTS
Italy Entered the War on the Allied Side In 1915, was not much help
Fighting against The Ottoman Empire:
Gallipoli Campaign (1915)
Lawrence of Arabia
German Colonies Were Seized In Africa by France and Great Britain, and in Asia by Japan
AMERICA ENTERS THE WAR ON THE ALLIED SIDE, WHY? (April 1917)
1. Unrestricted Submarine Warfare by Germany
Sinking Of the Lusitania (1915)
2. Zimmermann Telegram (1916) Germany Tried To Enter an
Entangling Alliance with Mexico
3. Two Billion Dollars in Loans to the Allies
“Wall Street War”
4. "To Make the World Safe for Democracy"
The End of the Fighting
With the Arrival of the Americans the Allies Turn the Tide and Win the War
Armistice Signed November 11th,1918 at 11:00AM
THE PEACE SETTLEMENTS
President of the U.S., Woodrow Wilson, Took the Lead Role at the Paris Peace Conference (April 1919)
Wilson's Plan for Peace Was Called "The Fourteen Points"
The Fourteen Points
1. Open Diplomacy - No Secrets
2. Freedom Of The Seas
3. Freedom of Trade
4. Reduction of Armaments
5. Reduce Imperialism
6. New Nations Based On "Clear Lines of
Nationality"
7. League Of Nations to Maintain Peace - "Peace without Victory"
THE BIG FOUR DOMINATE THE PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE
United States - Woodrow Wilson
Great Britain - David Lloyd George
France - Georges Clemenceau
Italy - Vittorio Orlando
Great Britain and France Were Determined To Make Germany Pay
THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES (June 28, 1919)
1. Germany Was Forced To Accept Sole Responsibility for Starting WWI
2. Germany Must Pay Reparations - 31 Billion Dollars
3. Germany Lost Their Colonies
4. Germany Lost 13% of Its Own Territory
5. The Size of Germany's Army and Navy Was Strictly Limited
6. New Nations Were Created: Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Finland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia
7. League Of Nations Was To Be Established
Aftermath of WWI
Germany Resents the Treaty of Versailles and It Will Be the Direct Cause of WWII, as Germany seeks Revenge
VENGEANCE IS MINE!
Aftermath of WWI
The American Senate Rejected the Treaty of Versailles
Deathbed Quote: “This Peace will
not last a Generation”
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