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8/16/2019 Anthro Outline CH. 1
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Welcome toIntroduction Anthropology
ANT 101
Dr. Zev Gottdiener
1
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Anthropology Anthropos: Human
Ology: The study of
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Five subelds o!"nthropology
•
#hysic"l "nthropology
• Archeology
• $inguistic "nthropology
• %ultur"l "nthropology
• Applied Anthropology&
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'"(or Go"ls
o! "nthropologic"l in)uiry
*To underst"nd the uni)ueness "nddiversity o! hum"n beh"vior "ndsocieties "round the +orld in both thep"st "nd the present.,
*To discover the !und"ment"lsimil"rities th"t lin- hum"n beingsthroughout the +orld in both the p"st
"nd the present.,
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#hysic"l Anthropology
/
• %oncerned +ith hum"ns "s biologic"lspecies
• el"ted to the n"tur"l sciences
•
%oncerns – 2um"n evolution
– 'odern hum"n v"ri"tion
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#hysic"l subelds
3
• 4iologic"l "nthropology
• Forensic "nthropology
•#oleo"nthropology
• 2um"n "n"tomy 5 t"6onomy
• #opul"tion genetics
• #"leop"thology• #rim"tology
• 2um"n ecology
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Arch"eology
• 76"mines the m"teri"l tr"ces o! p"stsocieties
• In!orms us "bout the culture o! those
societies
• culture re!ers to the sh"red +"y o! li!e o! "group o! people th"t includes their v"lues8
belie!s8 "nd norms.
• Also concerned +ith ho+ the m"teri"l p"st
"9ects contempor"ry societies. :
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Arch"eologic"l subelds
• #rehistoric
• 2istoric"l
•
%l"ssic"l• Demogr"phic
• 4iblic"l
•
'"ritime• ;nder+"ter
<
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$inguistic Anthropology
• Focuses on the rel"tionship bet+eenl"ngu"ge "nd culture8 ho+ l"ngu"geis used +ithin society8 "nd ho+ the
hum"n br"in "c)uires "nd usesl"ngu"ge.
• =ee- to discover the +"ys in +hichl"ngu"ges "re di9erent "nd simil"r
>
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$inguistic =ubelds
• =tructur"l linguistics
• 2istoric"l linguistics
• #honology
• 'orphology
• %omp"r"tive synt"6
• 7thnosem"ntics
• %ognitive linguistics
• #r"gm"tics
• sociolinguistics
10
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A denition o! *culture, ?7.4. Tylor81
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=ome -ey ch"r"cteristics o!culture
%ulture is not the s"me "s biology.
There "re some univers"l hum"n !unctionsth"t everyone must per!orm in order to st"y
"live8 but people h"ve not c"rried them outin the s"me +"y in "ll pl"ces "nd times
7"ting
Drin-ing=leeping
7limin"ting
1
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=ome -ey ch"r"cteristics o!culture
%ulture is le"rned8 in m"ny respectst"citly.
76"mple spe"-ing dist"nces
7d+"rd 2"ll intim"te8 person"l8 soci"l8"nd public spe"-ing dist"nces
1&
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'"-ing the =tr"nge F"mili"r8 "nd theF"mili"r =tr"nge
• Anthropologic"l rese"rch eld+or-
•
#"rticip"ntBobserv"tion the princip"l"nthropologic"l rese"rch techni)ue
•
Anthropologists +rite descriptions o!culture in boo-s "nd "rticles c"lledethnogr"phies.
1
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%ultur"l =ubelds
• 7cologic"l
• Demogr"phic
•
7conomic• =oci"l
• #olitic"l
•
$eg"l• eligion
• #sychologic"l
• 'edic"l 1/
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Applied Anthropology
• ;se o! d"t" !rom "ny o! the subeldsto "ddress modern problems "ndconcerns
• Anthropologists h"ve begun toper!orm l"rger roles in the !orm"tion
o! government policy8 pl"nneddevelopment8 m"r-eting8 "nd evenl"+ en!orcement "nd milit"ry
opper"tions 13
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We o!ten do "nd thin- things +ithout!ully underst"nding +hy +e do them8or +h"t their conse)uences "re.
Anthropology )uestions our"ssumptions th"t " p"rticul"r +"y o!doing things is the only possible orn"tur"l one.
1:
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2olism
• A bro"d8 comprehensive"ccount th"t dr"+s on "ll !our
subelds under the umbrell"o! "nthropology "s " +"y tounderst"nd hum"n-ind
1<
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Glob"l #erspectives
• %onsiders the biologic"l8environment"l8 psychologic"l8economic8 historic"l8 soci"l8 "nd
cultur"l conditions o! hum"ns "t "lltimes "nd in "ll pl"ces.
• Anthropologists connect loc"lperspectives +ith emerging+orld+ide conte6t.
1>
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The =cientic 'ethod
0
DeductiveMethod
Inductive
2ypothesisDerived !rom theory8
tested by specic observ"tion
Gener"l Theory=pecic
Cbserv"tions
76pl"n"tionDerived !rom spec. observ"tions to build gener"l theory
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The ecord o! the #"st
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#"leo "nthropology
• =tudies the tr"ces o! "ncienthum"ns "nd hum"n
"ncestors to comprehend thebiologic"l evolution o! thehum"n species "nd to
underst"nd the li!estyles o!these dist"nt rel"tives
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Geologic Inuences• #"leontology
–Fossils
• Geology
• =tr"tigr"phy
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FossiliE"tion
• T"phonomy – 4iologic"l or Geologic"l
•4uri"l
• Absorption o! miner"ls – #etric"tion
• Tr"ce Fossils
• %oprolites
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Arch"eology
The study o! p"st hum"n
cultures through them"teri"l tr"ces they le!t
behind
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%ulture
7ncomp"sses "ll "spectso! hum"n "ctivity8 !romthe ne "rts to pop medi"8!rom everyd"y beh"vior to
the most deeply rootedreligious belie!s.
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'"teri"l %ulture
• The physic"l products o!
hum"n society
• =tone tools B computers
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Geologic Time =c"le
Th A h l i l
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The Arch"eologic"lecord
#"st hum"n "ctivity is!ound in sites8 +hich "recomposed o! !e"tures.
=ites "re loc"ted byconducting surveys
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=urvey Techni)ues
Archiv"l resources such "sm"ps
In!orm"ntsW"l-ing surveysunHsystem"tic
emote sensingAeri"l #hotogr"phyIn!r"red
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76c"v"tion
%ostly8 time consuming
The controlled destruction o!the p"st
GridB+or-s8 d"tum points8"nd inde6 !e"tures.
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el"tive D"ting
• $ithostr"tigr"phy – Geologic record
• F"un"l succession
– ;sing evolution"ry-no+ns
• #"lynology –
#ollen "nd spores• %hemic"l D"ting
– Tr"ce elements
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=tr"tigr"phy
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#rinciple o! Crigin"l2oriEont"lity
l"yers o! sediment "re origin"lly depositedhoriEont"lly under the "ction o! gr"vity
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Principle of Cross-CuttingRelationships
"n igneous intrusion is "l+"ys youngerth"n the roc- it cuts "cross.
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#rinciple o! =uperposition
in " se)uence o! undisturbedsediment"ry l"yers or l"v" o+s8 theoldest l"yers "re "t the bottom.
#rinciple o! F"un"l
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#rinciple o! F"un"l=uccession
sediment"ry roc- str"t" cont"in
!ossiliEed or" "nd !"un"8 "nd th"tthese !ossils succeed e"ch othervertic"lly in " specic8 reli"ble order
th"t c"n be identied over +idehoriEont"l dist"nces.
Method Basis Material Date Range
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g
RELATIVE DATI!
La" of#uperposition
$lder is lo"er %ust a&outan'thing
%ust a&out an'ti(e
#tratigraphicCorrelation
Li)e strata fro(di*erentregions arerelated to thesa(e event
Roc)s andfossils
%ust a&out an'ti(e
Biostratigraphic+faunal, dating
Evolution ofani(als
Bones andteeth
%ust a&out an'ti(e
Che(ical dating ossils a&sor&
che(icals+eg. /ourine,fro( soil
Bones Less than
0112111 'ears
Cultural Dating Artifacts are
ti(e-speci3c
Technolog' 4p to a&out
567('
Method Basis Material Date Range
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AB#$L4TE DATI!
Dendrochronolog'
Tree gro"th #peci3c treet'pes
052111-82111'&p
Radiocar&ondating
Car&on 09 An'thing organic 712111'&p-0:71CE
Radiopotassiu(dating
Potassiu( 91 Volcanic roc)s More than5112111 '&p
A(ino acid dating Race(i;ation Bones2 shells 0('a-912111'&p
ission Trac)Dating
ission trac)s onroc) cr'stal
Volcanic roc ) 4p to
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%hronometric D"ting
• "diometric D"ting – 2"lives
•
%1• JBAr
• ArBAr
• Fission
Tr"c-D"ting
• AlB4e
• ; series
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%"libr"ted el"tive D"ting
• Geom"gnetic#ol"rity – G#T=
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