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First test next Wednesday In class, Wednesday, January 26th
Bring a blue book (do not write your name on it)
Review opportunities Lecture, Monday, January 24th
CLUE, Thursday, January 20th
First Test Next Wednesday
Format Multiple Choice 20%Theory Identification 20%Short Answer 20%Essay 40%
First Test Next Wednesday Content to be tested
Concepts State Development
Political Economic
Theories Modernization Dependency Statism Neo-liberalism
Case Britain
Political and economic development Parliamentary system Electoral system
First Test Next Wednesday
Sources of information to be tested LectureSyllabus materialClass exercisesShared section content
Industrial Revolution in Britain Industrial Revolution
Defined by shift from human/animal power sources to inanimate energy sources
Why Did Britain Industrialize First?Free Market (Laissez-faire) Explanation
Private property rights Enclosure movement in
agriculture Statute of Monopolies
Why Did Britain Industrialize First?Free Market (Laissez-faire) Explanation
Free marketsLand
Labor
Capital
Why Did Britain Industrialize First?
Are there free markets in land, labor, and capital? Is there a natural “propensity to truck, barter, and
exchange” land?
Why Did Britain Industrialize First?Are all the facts consistent with the free market explanation?
Behind the “free” market and private property rights in land is state coercion Enclosure movement
Why Did Britain Industrialize First? Are all the facts consistent with the free market explanation? British Industrial Revolution
Based on mercantilism Generation of wealth for the purpose of state
power
Why Did Britain Industrialize First? Are all the facts consistent with the free market explanation?
British Industrial Revolution Mercantilism and British colonies
Why Did Britain Industrialize First? Are all the facts consistent with the free market explanation?
British Industrial Revolution Based on mercantilism
British crown chartered companies backed up by military force to generate revenue from colonies
East India Company Virginia Company
Why Did Britain Industrialize First? Are all the facts consistent with the free market explanation?
Based on mercantilism British colony in India
Raw materials like cotton Market for British textiles
British colonies in North America
Another source of cotton for textile industry
Tightly linked to Atlantic slave trade
Why Did Britain Industrialize First?Free Market (Laissez-faire) Explanation Free market account of
British industrialization Remember Adam Smith
Free markets Specialization Division of labor
Assessment Reflect some dynamics
within Britain itself Ignores Britain’s
exploitation of its colonies
Ignores coercion of state against peasants
17
Definition of democracy
Political RightsOpportunity to participate in choice of political
leadersVoting rightsRight to run for office
Civil LibertiesFreedom of speech, press, assembly, religionTrial by juryProtection against cruel government action
Full Democracy in Britain
Today, focus on voting rightsWhen did full male suffrage occur?When did universal suffrage occur?
19
Rise of the working class and the expansion of the franchise
1918 universal male suffrage Also women over 30
1928 full female suffrage
Full Democracy in Britain
Modernization theoryPredicts that early and late modernizers
would go through a similar process. Economic development civic culture values
democracy
20
Britain as portrayed in “Remains of the Day” circa 1930 What attitudes portrayed by
Lords (1930s) Scene 17 “Common Man Interrogation”
Mr. Stephens (1930s) Scene 17, others
Pub-goers (1950s) Scene 18 “Lift”
Britain as portrayed in “Remains of the Day” circa 1930 Think about Lipset's implications of modernization
and Inglehart's "civic culture" attitudes. Lipset
“Education presumably broadens man’s outlook, enables him to understand the need for norms of tolerance, restrains him from adhering to extremist doctrines, and increases his capacity to make rational electoral choices.” p. 272
“The poorer a country and the lower the absolute standard of living of the lower classes, the greater the pressure on the upper strata to treat the lower as vulgar, innately inferior, …Consequently, the upper strata tend to regard political rights for the lower strata, particularly the right to share power, as essentially absurd and immoral.” p. 276
23
Full Democracy in Britain
Achieving universal suffrage Real struggle
Even in countries we think of as having immutable democratic cultures and long-standing democracies
24
Full Democracy in Britain
Modernization theory claims that
“civic culture” values and attitudes
lead to democratic institutions
26
Modernization Theory: Critical Perspective
Question Is a democratic, “civic culture”—feelings of
interpersonal trust, life satisfaction, political competence—something Britons always had, or is it something that people gained as they lived under democratic institutions?
27
Democracy in Britain
“Civic Culture and Democracy: The Question of Causal Relationships”Muller and SeligsonAmerican Political Science Review (Sept ‘94)
28
Civic Culture and Democracy: The Question of Causal Relationships
Data from 27 countries including Britain, Japan, and Mexico from our 6 cases
World Values Survey data available beginning in 1981
Lack data from early 20th C
29
Civic Culture and Democracy: The Question of Causal Relationships
“Variables included under the rubric of civic culture (trust, satisfaction, competence) do not have statistically significant effects on change in democracy.”
“A country’s long-term experience of democracy… has a positive effect on the percentage of the general public with a high level of interpersonal trust.”
“…the institutional opportunities for peaceful collective action afforded by democratic regimes could be expected to promote relatively high levels of interpersonal trust.”
Rise of the working class and the expansion of the franchise Indeed, the attainment of universal
suffrage was a long and sometimes violent struggle.
31
Rise of the working class and the expansion of the franchise Reform Act of 1832
and subsequent reforms Reflection of shifting
economic power due to industrialization
Sketch of massive workers’ demonstration in 1866 for electoral reform
32
Rise of the working class and the expansion of the franchise Universal male
suffrage 1918 (and women over 30) Reflection of rise of
working class Union strikes, marches
Reflection of impact of WW I
Soldiers and women workers
34
Rise of the working class and the expansion of the franchise Labour Party founded
1906 Roots in trade union
movement of late 19th C Goal to give working class
voters representation in parliament
Grew to become major challenger of Conservative Party
35
Rise of the working class and the expansion of the franchise
Electorate as Share of Adult PopulationYear Percent
1831 4.4
1868 16.4
1914 30.0
1921 74.0
1931 96.6
Labour Party (founded 1906) share of vote
Year Percent1907 7.5
1921 22.2
1945 48.3
36
Working class and rise of welfare state
Once enfranchised, what do workers care about? Economic security, well-being
37
Institutions and functions of government expanded
Welfare state—why?Class power: newly enfranchised working classWar: legacies of World Wars I and IICrisis: legacy of Great Depression of 1930s Ideas: emergence of Keynesian economics
38
Class politics and rise of welfare state Once enfranchised, what do workers care about? Economic security, well-being
The welfare state emerged in capitalist economies to balance economic efficiency of the labor market with social equality and provision of basic needs
Contrast Britain’s legacy as “laissez-faire” state Neo-Marxists view the welfare state as a way to
“buy off” worker discontent and diffuse class conflict
39
Institutions and functions of government expanded in the 20thC Britain Welfare state
state guarantees minimum level of socio-economic welfare and security
Post-WW I Public health care Public education Public housing Some unemployment insurance, old-age pensions
Post WW II “National Assistance” (welfare payments, old-age
pensions, unemployment insurance)
40
Rise of the Welfare State in Britain
20th C increases in social expenditures by British stateSpending increased as share of GDP
1910 4% 1950 16% 1970 25%
42
Institutions and functions of government expanded
Depression-era protectionism“Death of free trade’
State control of industryPost WWI
Railways, mining
Post WW II Coal, steel, gas, electricity, transportation
In the aftermath of WW II, about 20% of productive capacity run by state
43
Institutions and functions of government expanded
Post WW II “Collectivist consensus” around larger stateConservative and Labour parties agree
BUT consensus broken by economic declineOil shock of 1973“Stagflation”
Inflation unemployment
44
Homework: StudyRise of the Welfare State in Britain Why did the responsibilities of government
expand so dramatically in the 20th-21st C?Class power: newly enfranchised working
classWar: legacies of World Wars I and IICrisis: legacy of Great Depression of 1930s Ideas: emergence of Keynesian economics
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