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ANGIOSPERM FAMILIES 01
FAGACEAETHE BEECH FAMILY
FAGACEAE THE BEECH FAMILY
• Trees or shrubs• Cosmopolitan except in tropical S America and
tropical and south Africa• About 900 species world wide• Five genera and about 97 species in N America
• Fagus – beech• Castanea – chestnut• Lithocarpus – tanoak• Chrysolepis – western chinkapin• Quercus - oaks
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FAMILY
• HABIT: mostly trees; shrubs.• LEAVES: deciduous or marscecent; alternate,
simple; stipulate.• VENATION: pinnate and netted.• FRUIT: 1-3 seeded nuts partially or completely
surrounded by a spiny husk.• SPECIES HYBRIDS are common.
DETAILS OF THE FLOWER• Usually anemophilous, rarely entomophilous.• Unisexual (monoecious; imperfect).• Sepals lobed and often spiny; • Petals absent; • Staminate flowers in catkins; in Fagus forming
a head; 4-8 stamens; pendent or erect; • Pistillate flowers in groups of 3, 2 or single.
GENUS QUERCUS L.
• LEAVES: deciduous or persistent; lobed or not; margin entire, crenate or serrate; shape and size very variable even on the same tree; stipules usually deciduous.
• FLOWERS: imperfect; appearing before, with or after the new growth leaves; staminate flowers in catkins; pistillate flowers solitary or in flower spikes.
GENUS QUERCUS cont.
• FRUIT: an acorn maturing in one or two seasons.
• TWIGS: stout to slender; commonly angled; straight; buds clustered at the end; terminal bud present with many scales imbricated in 5 ranks; lateral buds similar but smaller.
• SCARS: leaf scars semicircular; bundle scars scattered, numerous
QUERCUS OAKS sp.
INFRAGENERIC CLASSIFICATION
• SUBGENUS QUERCUS (Lucobalanus) white oaks Section QuercusLeaves lobed lacking bristles at the tip of the
lobes; usually with stellate hairs on the underside (adaxial side) and lacking multiradiate hairs; acorns mature in one season.
True white oaks, chestnut oaks and live oaks.
INFRAGENERIC CLASSIFICATION
• SUBGENUS QUERCUS (Erythrobalanus) red and black oaks Section LobataeTips of lobes with bristles; if unlobed, the
margins, apices or both with spines or bristles; with multiradiate hairs, lacking stellate hairs; acorns maturing in two seasons
INFRAGENERIC CLASSIFICATION
• SUBGENUS QUERCUSSection Protobalanus the intermediate oaksLeaves persistent often with aristate teeth;
stellate or multiradiate hairs present; acorns maturing in two seasons
QUERCUS FLOWERSCatkins or aments; male Dichasium; female
QUERCUS MACROCARPABurr oak
QUERCUS MACROCARPABURR OAK
LEAF COMPARISON
WHITE OAK LEAVE RED OAK LEAVES
TRICHOMES OR HAIRSMULTIRADIATE HAIRS STELLATE HAIR
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF OAKS
• Major supplier of timber in N America after conifers.
• Cork from two S European species.• Tannins• Acorns are a major source of food for wildlife.• Popular ornamentals and park species.
FAGUS GRANDIFOLIA American beech
GENUS FAGUS L.
• LEAVES: deciduous; elliptical to oblong-ovate; margin serrate with incurved teeth; apex acuminate; base broadly cuneate; surfaces silky at first, becoming glabrous above and various degrees of puberulent below with tufts of hairs in the vein axils.
• VENATION: secondary veins parallel to each other.
• PETIOLE: short
GENUS FAGUS L. cont.
• FLOWERS: appearing after unfolding of new leaves in the spring; staminate flowers clustered in a globose head; pistillate flowers in 2 to 4 flowered spikes surrounded by a cupule.
• FRUIT: an edible nut, triangular in cross section; in pairs or in threes within a cupule covered with weak spines.
GENUS FAGUS L. cont.
• TWIGS: slender, in zigzag; pseudoterminal buds ¾ to 1 inch long; slender, lanceolate, sharp; covered with imbricating scales; lateral buds similar.
• SCARS: leaf scars small, inconspicuous.• BARK: smooth, bluish-gray, mottled.
FAGUS SYLVATICAEuropean beech
Male flowers Female flower
FAGUS GRANDIFOLIABeech nuts
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF FAGUS
• European beech is an important timber tree of Europe.
• Beech nuts are used in Europe to fatten hogs and produce oil.
• An important ornamental tree with many cultivar varieties.
CASTANEA DENTATA American chestnut
CASTANEA sp. chestnut
Castanea sativa; female Castanea mollisima; male
CASTANEA DENTATAAmerican chestnut
CHRYSOLEPIS CHRYSOPHILLAGiant-golden chinkapin
CHRYSOLEPIS CHRYSOPHILLAGiant-golden chinkapin
LISOCARPUS DENSIFLORUSTanoak
LISOCARPUS DENSIFLORUSTanoak
REFERENCES
• FLORA OF NORTH AMERICA http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10338• FLORA OF MISSOURI http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=11&taxon_id=10338
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