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ANAESTHESIA AND LIVER ANAESTHESIA AND LIVER DISEASEDISEASE
DrPratheeba Durairaj MDDADrPratheeba Durairaj MDDA
Liver FunctionsLiver Functions The liver conjugates bilirubin produced from the The liver conjugates bilirubin produced from the
degradation of the haemoglobindegradation of the haemoglobin - water-soluble form of bilirubin is then excreted - water-soluble form of bilirubin is then excreted
into the bile ducts into the bile ducts The bile salts produced by the liver are passed to the The bile salts produced by the liver are passed to the
gut - necessary for the absorption of the fat-soluble gut - necessary for the absorption of the fat-soluble vitamins A D E and K vitamins A D E and K
Synthesis of proteins - most clotting factors Synthesis of proteins - most clotting factors albumin albumin
Lipid metabolism - cholesterol and triglycerides Lipid metabolism - cholesterol and triglycerides synthesised here synthesised here
Carbohydrate metabolism - synthesis and Carbohydrate metabolism - synthesis and breakdown of glycogen It stores glycogen and breakdown of glycogen It stores glycogen and releases glucose into the blood when the blood releases glucose into the blood when the blood glucose falls for any reasonglucose falls for any reason
Biotransformation of drugs either by oxidation or Biotransformation of drugs either by oxidation or conjugation - render them water-soluble - more conjugation - render them water-soluble - more easily excreted easily excreted
Impaired liver functionImpaired liver function Direct effectsDirect effects Hypoglycemia Lactic acidosis Hyper metabolism Hypoglycemia Lactic acidosis Hyper metabolism
Azotemia and Impaired urea synthesisAzotemia and Impaired urea synthesis Jaundice appears when serum bilirubin exceeds 35 Jaundice appears when serum bilirubin exceeds 35
micromoll micromoll Defects in cholesterol metabolism together with intra-Defects in cholesterol metabolism together with intra-
hepatic cholestasis may lead to production of poor hepatic cholestasis may lead to production of poor quality bile and malabsorbtion of fat and fat-soluble quality bile and malabsorbtion of fat and fat-soluble vitamins vitamins
Reduced synthesis of proteins such as albumin clotting Reduced synthesis of proteins such as albumin clotting factors thyroid binding globulin and pseudo-factors thyroid binding globulin and pseudo-cholinesterasecholinesterase
Impaired hormone biotransformation reduced Impaired hormone biotransformation reduced production of modulator proteins and reduced protein production of modulator proteins and reduced protein binding lead to increased circulating levels of hormones binding lead to increased circulating levels of hormones such as insulin thyroxine T3 aldosterone and oestrogen such as insulin thyroxine T3 aldosterone and oestrogen
Indirect effectsIndirect effects Cardiovascular changesCardiovascular changes Vasodilatation and vascular shunting are Vasodilatation and vascular shunting are
almost invariable in ESLDalmost invariable in ESLD Low systemic vascular resistance (SVR) Low systemic vascular resistance (SVR)
results in high cardiac output and high results in high cardiac output and high mixed venous oxygen saturationsmixed venous oxygen saturations
Intrapulmonary amp arteriovenous shunting Intrapulmonary amp arteriovenous shunting Pulmonary hypertension may developPulmonary hypertension may develop Tachycardia bounding pulse Ejection Tachycardia bounding pulse Ejection
systolic murmur systolic murmur
Pulmonary problems are both vascular and mechanical Pulmonary problems are both vascular and mechanical Hepato-Pulmonary syndromeHepato-Pulmonary syndrome ndash triad of end ndash triad of end
stage liver disease A-a gradient gt2 kPa stage liver disease A-a gradient gt2 kPa intrapulmonary vascular dilationintrapulmonary vascular dilation
Impaired pulmonary function in absence of Impaired pulmonary function in absence of cardiopulmonary diseasecardiopulmonary disease
Impaired hypoxic vaso-constriction and ventilation Impaired hypoxic vaso-constriction and ventilation perfusion mismatch lead to arterial desaturation and perfusion mismatch lead to arterial desaturation and clubbing if chronicclubbing if chronic
Cyanosis dyspnoea platypnea orthodeoxia Cyanosis dyspnoea platypnea orthodeoxia [desaturation pronounced in upright position relieved [desaturation pronounced in upright position relieved by recumbency ]by recumbency ]
Pleural effusions together with ascites can cause Pleural effusions together with ascites can cause considerable mechanical embarrassment of respiration considerable mechanical embarrassment of respiration and a reduction in functional residual lung capacityand a reduction in functional residual lung capacity
Pulmonary changesPulmonary changes
HEPATORENAL SYNDROMEHEPATORENAL SYNDROME
1048708 1048708 Low GFRLow GFR 1048708 1048708 Low renal blood flowLow renal blood flow 1048708 1048708 No other cause for renal failureNo other cause for renal failure 1048708 ldquo1048708 ldquoFunctional renal failurerdquoFunctional renal failurerdquo Symptoms ndash water retention Symptoms ndash water retention
Azotemia hyponatremia amp oliguriaAzotemia hyponatremia amp oliguria
Hepatorenal failureHepatorenal failure Causes may beCauses may be Pre and peroperative dehydrationPre and peroperative dehydration HypovolaemiaHypovolaemia Falls in renal blood flow during surgery Falls in renal blood flow during surgery Direct effect of the excess conjugated Direct effect of the excess conjugated
bilirubin on the renal tubules or possibly an bilirubin on the renal tubules or possibly an increased absorption of endotoxin from the increased absorption of endotoxin from the gutgut
Not a major risk in patients with Prehepatic Not a major risk in patients with Prehepatic jaundice jaundice
ManagementManagementof Hepato renal syndromeof Hepato renal syndrome
Avoid it developing by ensuring adequate hydration Avoid it developing by ensuring adequate hydration and a urine flow of at least 50mlshr in the average and a urine flow of at least 50mlshr in the average adult patientadult patient
In moderately elevated bilirubin - simple fluid loading In moderately elevated bilirubin - simple fluid loading for 12 hours before surgery using 09 NaCl and for 12 hours before surgery using 09 NaCl and during the operation during the operation
If the urine output is not maintained - Mannitol If the urine output is not maintained - Mannitol 1010
Bilirubin greatly elevated (gt140 micromolslitre) - Bilirubin greatly elevated (gt140 micromolslitre) - intravenous fluids during the 24 hours before surgery intravenous fluids during the 24 hours before surgery and for 36 hours postoperatively and for 36 hours postoperatively
Mannitol 10 05-1gkg - prior to surgery Mannitol 10 05-1gkg - prior to surgery without making the patient dehydrated as a result of without making the patient dehydrated as a result of an over-zealous diuresisan over-zealous diuresis
Neurological problemsNeurological problems Mechanisms leading to deepening Mechanisms leading to deepening
encephalopathy -incompletely understood encephalopathy -incompletely understood Due to accumulation of neurotoxic Due to accumulation of neurotoxic
compounds penetrating an impaired blood-compounds penetrating an impaired blood-brain barrier brain barrier
Symptoms can occur in chronic as well as in Symptoms can occur in chronic as well as in acute disease may be rapid in onset acute disease may be rapid in onset
Precipitated by a gastrointestinal bleed Precipitated by a gastrointestinal bleed dietary protein overload or sepsis dietary protein overload or sepsis
Somnolence can be exacerbated by sedative Somnolence can be exacerbated by sedative drugs and narcoticsdrugs and narcotics
Rapid correction of hyponatraemia can lead Rapid correction of hyponatraemia can lead to osmotic demyelination and central pontine to osmotic demyelination and central pontine myelinolysis and should be avoided myelinolysis and should be avoided
HAEMATOLOGICAL PROBLEMS Anaemia may be the result of nutritional Anaemia may be the result of nutritional
deficiency toxic bone marrow depression or deficiency toxic bone marrow depression or gastrointestinal bleeding from varices or gastrointestinal bleeding from varices or erosions erosions
Coagulation defects arise from Coagulation defects arise from thrombocytopenia platelet dysfunction and thrombocytopenia platelet dysfunction and decreased levels of circulating clotting factors decreased levels of circulating clotting factors
Clotting factor levels fall because of impaired Clotting factor levels fall because of impaired synthesis vitamin K malabsorbtion and synthesis vitamin K malabsorbtion and intravascular consumption intravascular consumption
The short half-life of clotting factors means that The short half-life of clotting factors means that INR or Prothrombin Ratio (PTR) can reliably be INR or Prothrombin Ratio (PTR) can reliably be used to evaluate residual hepatic functionused to evaluate residual hepatic function
Treatment ndashVit K FFPTreatment ndashVit K FFP
GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEMGASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM Rupture of oesophageal varicesRupture of oesophageal varices Vassopressin amp octreotide ndashreduce portal Vassopressin amp octreotide ndashreduce portal
hypertensionhypertension Susceptibility to infection - increasedSusceptibility to infection - increasedDrug dispositionDrug disposition Cholestasis will reduce absorption of fat-Cholestasis will reduce absorption of fat-
soluble drugs after oral administrationsoluble drugs after oral administration Compartment changes and altered protein Compartment changes and altered protein
binding will affect volume of distribution binding will affect volume of distribution clearance and re-distribution clearance and re-distribution
Patients with liver dysfunction may be Patients with liver dysfunction may be particularly sensitive to opiates and particularly sensitive to opiates and benzodiazepines due to altered end-organ benzodiazepines due to altered end-organ sensitivitysensitivity
Effect of hepatic dysfunction on Effect of hepatic dysfunction on anaestheticsanaesthetics
darr darr Albumin -increased free fraction Albumin -increased free fraction Altered volume of distribution [Ascites amp increased Altered volume of distribution [Ascites amp increased
total body water compartment]total body water compartment] Reduced metabolism ndashalters drug pharmacodynamics Reduced metabolism ndashalters drug pharmacodynamics Opiods -Opiods - Morphine pethidine -uarr uarr respiratory depression amp Morphine pethidine -uarr uarr respiratory depression amp
sedationsedationSedative hypnotic drugsSedative hypnotic drugs Benzodiazepines ndash prolongedBenzodiazepines ndash prolongedNDMR NDMR Prolonged action for vecuronium and pancuroniumProlonged action for vecuronium and pancuroniumDMRDMR Decreased serum cholinesterase activity Decreased serum cholinesterase activity
The Effect of Anaesthetics on Liver The Effect of Anaesthetics on Liver FunctionFunction
VOLATILE AGENTSVOLATILE AGENTS Halothane -darr HABFPBF disturb HABR [hepatic Halothane -darr HABFPBF disturb HABR [hepatic
arterial buffer response]arterial buffer response] Sevoflurane isoflurane maintain HABR Sevoflurane isoflurane maintain HABR SEVO gt ISO gt DES gt HALOSEVO gt ISO gt DES gt HALOIV ANAESTHETICSIV ANAESTHETICS Thiopentone etomidate -darrTHBFThiopentone etomidate -darrTHBF Propofol - uarrTHBF ndashsplanchnic vasodilatorPropofol - uarrTHBF ndashsplanchnic vasodilator Ketamine ndash no effectsKetamine ndash no effectsREGIONAL ANAESTHESIAREGIONAL ANAESTHESIA High epidural may reduce THBFHigh epidural may reduce THBF
Effect of General Anaesthesia on liver Effect of General Anaesthesia on liver functions in patients with preexisting functions in patients with preexisting
liver diseasesliver diseases Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 1989 Apr 37(2) 61-6Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 1989 Apr 37(2) 61-6 ABSTRACT Effects of anaesthetics on liver ABSTRACT Effects of anaesthetics on liver
functions were studies in 13 patients having no liver functions were studies in 13 patients having no liver disease (group I) and 11 patients having liver disease (group I) and 11 patients having liver disease (group II) disease (group II)
Serum cholinesterase increased significantly in both Serum cholinesterase increased significantly in both the group Rise in SGOT levels was significant only the group Rise in SGOT levels was significant only in group I who had greater surgical trauma and not in group I who had greater surgical trauma and not in the other group of patients (group II) in the other group of patients (group II)
Significant decrease in total serum proteins was Significant decrease in total serum proteins was seen on different postoperative days in group I but seen on different postoperative days in group I but only on 5th postoperative day in group II only on 5th postoperative day in group II
It was concluded that presence of liver disease does It was concluded that presence of liver disease does not increase the adverse effect of anaesthesia on not increase the adverse effect of anaesthesia on liver function and that liver function and that surgical trauma is more surgical trauma is more important than anaesthesia in producingimportant than anaesthesia in producing liver liver dysfunction dysfunction
Signs of Liver DiseaseSigns of Liver Disease JaundiceJaundice HepatomegalyHepatomegaly Spider NaeviSpider Naevi SplenomegalySplenomegaly Scratch MarksScratch Marks AscitesAscites Palmer ErythemaPalmer Erythema
Dilated Abdominal Dilated Abdominal VeinsVeins
Peripheral OedemaPeripheral Oedema Finger ClubbingFinger Clubbing Testicular AtrophyTesticular Atrophy BruisingBruising GynaecomastiaGynaecomastia ConfusionComa ConfusionComa
JaundiceJaundicePrehepatic jaundice [haemolysis]Prehepatic jaundice [haemolysis] Massive intravascular haemolysis - as in Massive intravascular haemolysis - as in
some forms of malaria or in sickle cell some forms of malaria or in sickle cell anemiaanemia
Hepatocellular function is normal but Hepatocellular function is normal but overwhelmed - increased unconjugated overwhelmed - increased unconjugated bilirubin bilirubin
Intact Protein and carbohydrate Intact Protein and carbohydrate metabolism metabolism
No reduction in the absorption of Vitamin K No reduction in the absorption of Vitamin K or production of clotting factorsor production of clotting factors
Hepatocellular jaundiceHepatocellular jaundice Hepatitis or Cirrhosis Hepatitis or Cirrhosis decreased protein synthesis signs of decreased protein synthesis signs of
delayed clotting and even encephalopathy delayed clotting and even encephalopathy
CONTDhellipCONTDhellipObstructive JaundiceObstructive Jaundice Biliary obstruction - from a stone in the common Biliary obstruction - from a stone in the common
bile duct pancreatic tumour or ascending bile duct pancreatic tumour or ascending cholangitischolangitis
Hepatocellular function is normal Hepatocellular function is normal Excess plasma bilirubin is chiefly conjugated - Excess plasma bilirubin is chiefly conjugated -
excreted in the urine which becomes darkexcreted in the urine which becomes dark Stools are pale as a result of poor lipid Stools are pale as a result of poor lipid
absorption absorption Protein synthesis is normalProtein synthesis is normal Vitamin K dependant clotting factors reduced Vitamin K dependant clotting factors reduced as the absorption of vitamin K is as the absorption of vitamin K is
dependent on the excretion of bile salts into the dependent on the excretion of bile salts into the small intestine rarr clotting time prolonged small intestine rarr clotting time prolonged parenteral vitamin K parenteral vitamin K
Renal impairment in Renal impairment in JaundiceJaundice
Release of endotoxins into systemic Release of endotoxins into systemic circulationcirculation
following biliary obstruction ndash renal following biliary obstruction ndash renal failurefailure
Prevention Prevention - in high srbilirubin levels ndash - in high srbilirubin levels ndash
percutaneous drainage of biliary tree percutaneous drainage of biliary tree under antibiotic coverunder antibiotic cover
- pre op oral bile salts -- pre op oral bile salts -darr post op RFdarr post op RF
Liver Function TestsLiver Function Tests Indication of severity help to differentiate Indication of severity help to differentiate
between prehepatic hepatocellular and between prehepatic hepatocellular and obstructive jaundiceobstructive jaundice
Jaundice - sign of an elevation of serum Jaundice - sign of an elevation of serum bilirubin bilirubin
Protein and albumin levels are normal in Protein and albumin levels are normal in prehepatic or obstructive jaundice low prehepatic or obstructive jaundice low values indicate hepatocellular damagevalues indicate hepatocellular damage
clotting - Prothrombin Time clotting - Prothrombin Time An elevated INR may indicate impaired An elevated INR may indicate impaired
synthesis of clotting factors due to synthesis of clotting factors due to hepatocellular damage or malabsorption hepatocellular damage or malabsorption of vitamin K due to biliary obstruction of vitamin K due to biliary obstruction
ContdhellipContdhellip Prothrombin time[ half life - 6 -12 hrs ] ndash best Prothrombin time[ half life - 6 -12 hrs ] ndash best
indicator than Albumin [ half life ndash 24 -48 indicator than Albumin [ half life ndash 24 -48 days]days]
Alanine Transaminase (ALT) and Aspartate Alanine Transaminase (ALT) and Aspartate Transaminase (AST) are enzymes that are released Transaminase (AST) are enzymes that are released into the circulation by damaged hepatocytes into the circulation by damaged hepatocytes Raised levels indicate hepatocellular damageRaised levels indicate hepatocellular damage
AST can also be elevated in other circumstances AST can also be elevated in other circumstances such as myocardial infarction such as myocardial infarction
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme localized Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme localized near the bile cannaliculi and is elevated in biliary near the bile cannaliculi and is elevated in biliary obstruction Not specific to hepatobiliary diseaseobstruction Not specific to hepatobiliary disease[ raised in malignant bone disease][ raised in malignant bone disease]
An accompanying rise in Gamma glutamyl An accompanying rise in Gamma glutamyl Transferase (Gamma GT) suggests that the ALP is Transferase (Gamma GT) suggests that the ALP is from the liverfrom the liver
ContdhellipContdhellip Glutathione ndash S ndash transferase ndashto Glutathione ndash S ndash transferase ndashto
assess damage assess damage due to anaestheticsdue to anaesthetics ALP ndashEarly in biliary obstructionALP ndashEarly in biliary obstruction γγ - Glutamyl trans peptidase ndash rises - Glutamyl trans peptidase ndash rises
after alcohol amp drug induced liver after alcohol amp drug induced liver damagedamage
Plasma glucose should be measuredPlasma glucose should be measured
Risk and severity scoringRisk and severity scoring In 1964 Child and Turcotte classified risk for In 1964 Child and Turcotte classified risk for
patients with liver cirrhosis undergoing porto-patients with liver cirrhosis undergoing porto-caval anastomosis for management of portal caval anastomosis for management of portal hypertensionhypertension
Pugh et al at Kings College Hospital Pugh et al at Kings College Hospital published a severity scoring system for published a severity scoring system for patients undergoing oesophageal transection patients undergoing oesophageal transection for bleeding oesophageal varices for bleeding oesophageal varices
The two systems have been amalgamated and The two systems have been amalgamated and provide a disease severity assessment based provide a disease severity assessment based on two clinical and three laboratory variables on two clinical and three laboratory variables
PUGHlsquoS MODIFICATION OF CHILD GRADINGPUGHlsquoS MODIFICATION OF CHILD GRADING Clinical amp Biochemical Clinical amp Biochemical variablesvariables
POINTS POINTS 11
SCORESCOREDD22
33
Serum albumin (gL)Serum albumin (gL) gt35gt35 28-3528-35 lt28lt28
Serum bilirubin (micromolL)Serum bilirubin (micromolL) [Mg dl][Mg dl]
lt35lt35lt 2lt 2
35-6035-602 -32 -3
gt60gt60gt 3gt 3
PT (seconds) prolongedPT (seconds) prolongedfrom controlfrom control
1-41-4INR [ lt INR [ lt 1 7]1 7]
4-104-10INR [17 INR [17 -23]-23]
1010INR gt23INR gt23
AscitesAscites NoneNone MildMild ModerateModerateEncephalopathyEncephalopathy AbsentAbsent Grade I ndash Grade I ndash
IIIIGrade III ndash Grade III ndash IVIV
POINTS 5- 6 ndash class A [5 Mortality] 7 -9 ndashClass B [10 mortality] 10 -15 ndashClass C [50 mortality]
Surgery in patients with liver Surgery in patients with liver dysfunctiondysfunction
The Child-Pugh classification is a useful method The Child-Pugh classification is a useful method of staging the progress of liver decompensation of staging the progress of liver decompensation
Limited predictive value in anaesthesia and Limited predictive value in anaesthesia and surgerysurgery
Group A patients are lower riskGroup A patients are lower risk and with and with sufficient care can be considered as candidates sufficient care can be considered as candidates for most types of surgeryfor most types of surgery
Group B patients ndash acceptable but correct Group B patients ndash acceptable but correct abnormalities abnormalities
Group C patientsGroup C patients present an extremely high present an extremely high operative risk - surgical procedures in these operative risk - surgical procedures in these patients should be avoided if possible- patients should be avoided if possible- only only emergency or life-saving proceduresemergency or life-saving procedures should should be undertakenbe undertaken
Preoperative assessmentPreoperative assessment Type and extent of liver diseaseType and extent of liver disease Extra hepatic effectsExtra hepatic effects Risk assessmentRisk assessment Patients general condition- hydration nutritionPatients general condition- hydration nutrition Associated co-morbid conditionsAssociated co-morbid conditions LFTLFT ConsentConsent Premedication-short acting temazepam in absence Premedication-short acting temazepam in absence
of neurological impairment orally ndashavoid of neurological impairment orally ndashavoid intramuscular injectionsintramuscular injections
H2 receptor antagonistsH2 receptor antagonists Preop Vit K optimal hydrationPreop Vit K optimal hydration
PREOP INVESTIGATIONSPREOP INVESTIGATIONS
Hematological ndashHb Platelet Hematological ndashHb Platelet countWBC Coagulation profilecountWBC Coagulation profile
Metabolic ndash sr Metabolic ndash sr glucose urea creatinine electrolytesglucose urea creatinine electrolytes
Cardio respiratory ndash chest x-rayECG Cardio respiratory ndash chest x-rayECG PFT ABGPFT ABG
Liver function ndash Liver function ndash srbilirubinalbuminliver enzymessrbilirubinalbuminliver enzymes
Pre-op risk factors Pre-op risk factors associated with associated with
postoperative mortalitypostoperative mortality Serum albumin lt3gLSerum albumin lt3gL Serum bilirubin gt50 micromolLSerum bilirubin gt50 micromolL PT gt15 s over controlPT gt15 s over control Presence of infectionPresence of infection WBC gt 10000WBC gt 10000 Treatment with more than two antibioticsTreatment with more than two antibiotics Presence of AscitesPresence of Ascites MalnutritionMalnutrition Emergency surgeryEmergency surgery
Anaesthetic TechniqueAnaesthetic Technique Avoid hypotensive techniquesmdashintra hepatic necrosisAvoid hypotensive techniquesmdashintra hepatic necrosis High conc of oxygen -- - due to intrapulmonary shuntsHigh conc of oxygen -- - due to intrapulmonary shunts Avoid hypotension amp hypoxemiaAvoid hypotension amp hypoxemia Meticulous fluid balance ndashMeticulous fluid balance ndash Ascites ndash may lose a large amount of fluid rapidlyAscites ndash may lose a large amount of fluid rapidly Concentrated albumin solutions ndashto correct Concentrated albumin solutions ndashto correct
hypoproteinemiahypoproteinemia Fresh blood ndashto prevent hypocalcemia due to Fresh blood ndashto prevent hypocalcemia due to
reduced metabolism of preservativesreduced metabolism of preservatives FFP 12 - 15 mlKg ndashCorrect dilutional FFP 12 - 15 mlKg ndashCorrect dilutional
coagulopathycoagulopathy 1 unit of FFP for every 1 unit of packed cells or 250 1 unit of FFP for every 1 unit of packed cells or 250
ml of 09 saline or colloid [500 ml of FFP - uarr ml of 09 saline or colloid [500 ml of FFP - uarr Clotting factors by 20 ]Clotting factors by 20 ]
Maintenance of temperature Maintenance of temperature
MonitoringMonitoring Monitoring of temperature Monitoring of temperature Coagulation status should be monitored ndashplatelet count fibrin Coagulation status should be monitored ndashplatelet count fibrin
degradation products prothrombin time activated clotting degradation products prothrombin time activated clotting time partial thromboplastin timetime partial thromboplastin time
Thromboelastography has been used as a tool in liver Thromboelastography has been used as a tool in liver transplantationtransplantation
Repeated BP cuff inflation ndashmay lead to bruising in patients Repeated BP cuff inflation ndashmay lead to bruising in patients with altered haemostatic functionwith altered haemostatic function
Insertion of Intra arterial line ndash care to prevent haematoma Insertion of Intra arterial line ndash care to prevent haematoma Jugular route is preferred in CVP monitoringJugular route is preferred in CVP monitoring OximetryOximetry Urine outputUrine output Blood lossBlood loss Monitor ionized calciumMonitor ionized calcium
DRUGSDRUGS
Thiopentone ndash intrinsic clearance delayed Thiopentone ndash intrinsic clearance delayed but recovery not delayed because of but recovery not delayed because of redistributionredistribution
Alcoholic cirrhosis ndash larger dose of thio ndash Alcoholic cirrhosis ndash larger dose of thio ndash cross tolerancecross tolerance
Halothane and enflurane reduce hepatic Halothane and enflurane reduce hepatic arterial flow (vasodilatation negative arterial flow (vasodilatation negative inotropic effects)inotropic effects)
Isoflurane increases hepatic blood flowIsoflurane increases hepatic blood flow [preferred][preferred]
NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING AGENTSAGENTS
Reduced plasma pseudo cholinesterase activityReduced plasma pseudo cholinesterase activity Prolonged action- vecuronium Prolonged action- vecuronium
pancruonium[16 fold]pancruonium[16 fold] Decreased biliary excretionDecreased biliary excretion Increased volume of distribution ndashlarger Increased volume of distribution ndashlarger
initial dosesinitial doses 1048708 1048708 Recommended Atracurium ndash metabolism Recommended Atracurium ndash metabolism
independent of liver and kidneysindependent of liver and kidneys 1048708 1048708 For transplantation ndash long acting agent such For transplantation ndash long acting agent such
as doxacuriumas doxacurium
OPIODS amp SEDATIVESOPIODS amp SEDATIVES
NarcoticsNarcotics Reduced metabolism of morphine and Reduced metabolism of morphine and
pethidinepethidine Prefer fentanylPrefer fentanyl Remifentanyl - ideal Remifentanyl - ideal 1048708 1048708 BenzodiazepinesBenzodiazepines 1048708 1048708 Diazepam - prolonged half lifeDiazepam - prolonged half life 1048708 1048708 Oxazepam and lorazepam preferrred Oxazepam and lorazepam preferrred
ndashmetabolised by glucuronidation ndashmetabolised by glucuronidation without liver requirementwithout liver requirement
Regional Anaesthesia Regional Anaesthesia Contraindicated if PT gt25 s above control Contraindicated if PT gt25 s above control
platelet count lt 50000 cumm bleeding platelet count lt 50000 cumm bleeding time gt12 mtstime gt12 mts
Spinal and epidural anaesthesia carries the Spinal and epidural anaesthesia carries the risk of epidural haematoma and paralysis if risk of epidural haematoma and paralysis if there is abnormal clotting but there are there is abnormal clotting but there are otherwise no special precautionsotherwise no special precautions
The half-life of lignocaine is prolonged in The half-life of lignocaine is prolonged in liver failure but this is not significant when liver failure but this is not significant when used in regional anaesthesia used in regional anaesthesia
LA dose diminished in presence of AscitesLA dose diminished in presence of Ascites
Canadian Journal of Anesthesia Vol 45 452-Canadian Journal of Anesthesia Vol 45 452-459 459
Obstetrical anaesthesia for a parturient with Obstetrical anaesthesia for a parturient with preeclampsia HELLP syndrome and acute cortical preeclampsia HELLP syndrome and acute cortical
blindnessblindness A 39-yr-old woman with three past A 39-yr-old woman with three past uncomplicated pregnancies presented at 33 uncomplicated pregnancies presented at 33 wk with acute cortical blindnesswk with acute cortical blindness
Based on clinical and laboratory assessment Based on clinical and laboratory assessment a diagnosis of preeclampsia with HELLP a diagnosis of preeclampsia with HELLP syndrome was madesyndrome was made
A CT scan of her head demonstrated A CT scan of her head demonstrated ischaemic lesions of her basal ganglia ischaemic lesions of her basal ganglia extending superiorly to involve both posterior extending superiorly to involve both posterior parietal and occipital regionsparietal and occipital regions
Infusions of magnesium sulphate and Infusions of magnesium sulphate and hydralazine were started and an urgent hydralazine were started and an urgent Caesarean section was performed Caesarean section was performed under under subarachnoid anaesthesiasubarachnoid anaesthesia after insertion of an after insertion of an arterial line and intravenous hydration arterial line and intravenous hydration
ContdhellipContdhellip The course of anaesthesia and surgery was uneventful The course of anaesthesia and surgery was uneventful
and she delivered a live 1540 g female infantand she delivered a live 1540 g female infant By the following morning she had recovered some By the following morning she had recovered some
vision and visual recovery was complete by 72 hr vision and visual recovery was complete by 72 hr postpartum postpartum
Her postoperative course was uneventful Her postoperative course was uneventful CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION Provided that it is not contraindicated Provided that it is not contraindicated
because of prohibitive risk to the mother because of prohibitive risk to the mother regional regional anaesthesia has particular advantage in these anaesthesia has particular advantage in these patientspatients
In particular the use of spinal anaesthesia which has In particular the use of spinal anaesthesia which has been discouraged by some for this patient population been discouraged by some for this patient population should be re-evaluated should be re-evaluated
Postoperative Postoperative managementmanagement
Oxygen enriched airOxygen enriched air Major surgery ndash elective post operative Major surgery ndash elective post operative
ventilationventilation Replace blood lossReplace blood loss Maintain adequate urine outputMaintain adequate urine output Dopamine and inotropes should be Dopamine and inotropes should be
continuedcontinued The principle complications are likely The principle complications are likely
to be continued bleeding sepsis and to be continued bleeding sepsis and hepatic decompensation hepatic decompensation
Peri-operative considerations in Child-Peri-operative considerations in Child-Pugh A patientsPugh A patients
Pre-operative Pre-operative Aetiology of condition - virology Aetiology of condition - virology Drug idiosyncrasy Drug idiosyncrasy
Blood count and platelets Blood count and platelets Clotting screen Clotting screen Assess renal function Assess renal function Previous anaesthetics Previous anaesthetics
Per-operative Per-operative Consider drug bio-availability issues Consider drug bio-availability issues Avoid drugs excreted via liverAvoid drugs excreted via liver Regional techniques acceptable if clotting Regional techniques acceptable if clotting
normalnormal Post-operativePost-operative Monitor for post-operative hepatic Monitor for post-operative hepatic
decompensationdecompensation Possible prolonged duration of action in Possible prolonged duration of action in opiates HDU ITU careopiates HDU ITU care
Child-Pugh Group BC patient Child-Pugh Group BC patient undergoing major surgeryundergoing major surgery
Previous upper abdominal surgery portal Previous upper abdominal surgery portal hypertension and coagulopathy dramatically hypertension and coagulopathy dramatically increase the potential for per-operative blood lossincrease the potential for per-operative blood loss
8-12 units of blood together fresh frozen plasma 8-12 units of blood together fresh frozen plasma and platelets should be available and platelets should be available
Pre-medicationPre-medication Sedative premedicants should be avoided in the Sedative premedicants should be avoided in the
encephalopathic patient encephalopathic patient Other drugs may be needed pre-operatively and Other drugs may be needed pre-operatively and
include antibiotics and H2 receptor antagonistsinclude antibiotics and H2 receptor antagonists The oral or intravenous route used - The oral or intravenous route used -
intramuscular injections should be avoidedintramuscular injections should be avoided Coagulopathy may require correction with fresh Coagulopathy may require correction with fresh
frozen plasma and platelets and renal frozen plasma and platelets and renal replacement therapy may need to be consideredreplacement therapy may need to be considered
Per-operative considerationsPer-operative considerations Regional techniques -- considered carefully - Regional techniques -- considered carefully -
coagulopathy epidural varices can pose an coagulopathy epidural varices can pose an additional risk additional risk
Vascular accessVascular access with a multi-lumen central with a multi-lumen central venous catheter together with at least one large venous catheter together with at least one large bore central line bore central line
Monitoring of arterial and central venous Monitoring of arterial and central venous pressures is mandatory pressures is mandatory
Pulmonary artery pulmonary capillary wedge Pulmonary artery pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and cardiac output measurements pressure and cardiac output measurements may be necessary in the sick patientmay be necessary in the sick patient
Trans-oesophageal echocardiography and Trans-oesophageal echocardiography and volumetric haemodynamic monitoring pulse volumetric haemodynamic monitoring pulse contour analysis can provide significant contour analysis can provide significant additional information for the strategic additional information for the strategic management of these patients management of these patients
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Coagulation and fibrinolysisCoagulation and fibrinolysis are major are major
concerns concerns The potential for large volume blood replacement The potential for large volume blood replacement
means that temperature should be measured and means that temperature should be measured and a fluid warmer and warming mattress useda fluid warmer and warming mattress used
Regular per-operative estimation of INRPTR may Regular per-operative estimation of INRPTR may be necessary - thromboelastography provides be necessary - thromboelastography provides useful intra-operative evaluation of coagulationuseful intra-operative evaluation of coagulation
Blood conservationBlood conservation - considered - considered Preservation of hepatic function -Preservation of hepatic function - N- N-
acetylcysteine (NAC) is a sulphur-containing acetylcysteine (NAC) is a sulphur-containing antioxidant - benefit patients with fulminant antioxidant - benefit patients with fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
NAC appears to improve oxygen delivery NAC appears to improve oxygen delivery and consumption and reduce base deficitand consumption and reduce base deficit
Renal FunctionRenal Function - - Dopamine may be usefulDopamine may be useful
Bleeding oesophageal Bleeding oesophageal varicesvarices
Bleeding oesophageal varices - life-threatening Bleeding oesophageal varices - life-threatening complication of - often occur against a complication of - often occur against a background of abnormal clotting background of abnormal clotting thrombocytopenia encephalopathy and Ascitesthrombocytopenia encephalopathy and Ascites
Overall mortality is 30 Overall mortality is 30 The principles of anaesthetic managementThe principles of anaesthetic management Protect the airway Protect the airway Establish good vascular access Establish good vascular access Volume replacement - colloid blood fresh Volume replacement - colloid blood fresh
frozen plasma and platelets Avoid saline frozen plasma and platelets Avoid saline Check correct clotting Give Vitamin K correct Check correct clotting Give Vitamin K correct
fibrinolysis and review blood chemistry fibrinolysis and review blood chemistry
Intoxicated Alcoholic Intoxicated Alcoholic PatientsPatients
Requires less anaesthetic ndashadditive depressant Requires less anaesthetic ndashadditive depressant effect of alcohol amp anaestheticseffect of alcohol amp anaesthetics
Ill - equipped to withstand stress amp Acute blood Ill - equipped to withstand stress amp Acute blood lossloss
Alcohol decrease the tolerance of brain to hypoxiaAlcohol decrease the tolerance of brain to hypoxia uarr uarr Risk of regurgitation amp aspiration - alcohol Risk of regurgitation amp aspiration - alcohol
darrtone of lower oesophageal sphincter amp slows darrtone of lower oesophageal sphincter amp slows gastric emptyinggastric emptying
Alcohol Interferes with platelet aggregationAlcohol Interferes with platelet aggregation Causes uarrconc of plasma catecholamines rarr Causes uarrconc of plasma catecholamines rarr
Intraoperative dysarrhytmiasIntraoperative dysarrhytmias
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE
Mild ndash 17 marked - 4Mild ndash 17 marked - 4 Patient factorsPatient factors Congenital Congenital
hemolytic disordershemolytic disorders Acquired hemolytic Acquired hemolytic
disordersdisorders Pre existing liver Pre existing liver
diseasedisease CoagulopathyCoagulopathy Gilberts syndromeGilberts syndrome SepsisSepsis
Perioperative Perioperative factorsfactors
Anaesthetic induced Anaesthetic induced darrHBFdarrHBF
BleedingBleeding HypotensionHypotension Blood transfusionBlood transfusion Biliary tree traumaBiliary tree trauma Viral hepatitisViral hepatitis DrugsDrugs Halothane antibioticsHalothane antibiotics Nonsteroidal agentsNonsteroidal agents
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -
5000mg Bilirubin5000mg Bilirubin 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg
bilirubinbilirubin Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in
G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cell disease multiple blood transfusionscell disease multiple blood transfusions
Delayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashDelayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashpostop jaundicepostop jaundice
Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgeryuarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgery
ContdhellipContdhellip Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow
non biliary surgery 3- 30 days post opnon biliary surgery 3- 30 days post op Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis
[benign] - associated with multiple blood [benign] - associated with multiple blood transfusions hypoxia hypotension - transfusions hypoxia hypotension - uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks
ManagementManagement Prevention is the best treatment Prevention is the best treatment Avoid precipitating factorsAvoid precipitating factors
Halothane HepatitisHalothane Hepatitis The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane
anaesthetics - higher in women the middle anaesthetics - higher in women the middle aged and the obeseaged and the obese
Rarer in paediatric patients and with the Rarer in paediatric patients and with the newer volatile agents newer volatile agents
Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
ldquoldquoUnexplained liver damage within 28 days of Unexplained liver damage within 28 days of halothane exposure in previously normal halothane exposure in previously normal patientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reactionpatientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reaction
Clinical featuresClinical features malaise anorexiafever malaise anorexiafever within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks
Halothane HepatitisHalothane HepatitisDIAGNOSISDIAGNOSIS Serum antibodies that react with specific liver Serum antibodies that react with specific liver
microsomal proteins that are altered by microsomal proteins that are altered by trifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothanetrifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothane
Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Risk factorsRisk factors High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ]High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ] previous adverse reactionprevious adverse reaction Uncertain - obesityUncertain - obesity Female [16 1 ]Female [16 1 ] Drug allergy [ 15 ]Drug allergy [ 15 ] Family historyFamily history Lymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoinLymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoin
ContdhellipContdhellip The cause not fully established - multifactorial - The cause not fully established - multifactorial -
possible immunological cause possible immunological cause Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated
proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically predisposed subjectspredisposed subjects
Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also to blameto blame
Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile agent so toxic metabolites may be involvedagent so toxic metabolites may be involved
The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with increasing numbers of exposures to halothane increasing numbers of exposures to halothane
Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO database holds 225 and 159 reports respectivelydatabase holds 225 and 159 reports respectively
Halothane exposure Halothane exposure guidelinesguidelines
Avoid Halothane ifAvoid Halothane if Within at least 3 months of a previous Within at least 3 months of a previous
exposure exposure Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or
pyrexia pyrexia Family history of hepatic reactions to Family history of hepatic reactions to
halothanehalothane Pre - existing liver diseasePre - existing liver disease Adverse reactions to Other volatile Adverse reactions to Other volatile
anaesthetic agentsanaesthetic agents
Liver and PregnancyLiver and Pregnancy Normal in sizeNormal in size A decrease in total protein as well albumin A decrease in total protein as well albumin An increase of the liver dependent clotting An increase of the liver dependent clotting
factors such as fibrinogen factors such as fibrinogen An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times
secondary to placental alkalinesecondary to placental alkaline Srcholinesterase Srcholinesterase darr 30darr 30 Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and
bilirubinbilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin
ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver disease disease
Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Intrahepatic Cholestasis of PregnancyPregnancy
Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Rare in black patients Rare in black patients
Strong family history Strong family history High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies
60-7060-70 Pruritus alone - 80 percent Pruritus alone - 80 percent Jaundice develop in 20 percentJaundice develop in 20 percent Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or
no elevation in transaminasesno elevation in transaminases
IChP ndashcontdhellipIChP ndashcontdhellip Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early
delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice ) pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice )
Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts Dexamethasone Dexamethasone
Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but bilurubin within 4-6 weeks bilurubin within 4-6 weeks
Implications on Anaesthesia Implications on Anaesthesia Check coagulation profile Check coagulation profile Ask for vit K IV Ask for vit K IV take care of high incidence of fetal distress take care of high incidence of fetal distress
meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist must attend with incubatormust attend with incubator
Preeclampsia amp EclampsiaPreeclampsia amp Eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia
and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl
If not associated with other criteria of HELLP If not associated with other criteria of HELLP syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 50mlday 50mlday
Implications on anaesthesiaImplications on anaesthesia Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress
response which could continue to anaesthesia response which could continue to anaesthesia provided INR lt15 provided INR lt15
Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed tube 6-7 mm tube 6-7 mm
Adequate analgesia Adequate analgesia Fluids restriction Fluids restriction Continue medications postoperative in ICU Continue medications postoperative in ICU
HELLP syndrome HELLP syndrome Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low
plateletsplatelets Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-
eclampsia result from very active platelets eclampsia result from very active platelets aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia and congestion with deposition of fibrous and congestion with deposition of fibrous network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage
Nausea vomiting headache and upper right Nausea vomiting headache and upper right abdominal pain hypotension shockabdominal pain hypotension shock
Best markers are the maternal lactate Best markers are the maternal lactate dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet count count
Congested liver of HELLP Congested liver of HELLP syndromesyndrome
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high
dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has been shown to markedly improve the laboratory been shown to markedly improve the laboratory abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome
Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is
greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of magnesium sulfate magnesium sulfate
Anesthesia like severe preclampsia Anesthesia like severe preclampsia avoid trauma to liveravoid trauma to liver Vit K if INR gt15Vit K if INR gt15 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60
ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF PREGNANCYPREGNANCY
Rare serious disorder unknown etiologyRare serious disorder unknown etiology Symptoms in third trimesterSymptoms in third trimester ndashabdominal
pain nausea vomiting anorexiafatique fever headache
Rapid progression ndashbleeding jaundice encephalopathy renal failure hepatic failure coagulopathy - PPH
uarrTransaminases hyperbilirubinemia uarrprothrombin time --- DIC
Prompt delivery is advisable
Hepatic Rupture and Hepatic Rupture and Infarction Infarction
Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 to 85 percent) are at higher risk to 85 percent) are at higher risk
Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in
shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy
Therapy for hepatic rupture has included Therapy for hepatic rupture has included transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted in hepatic rupture in hepatic rupture
Hepatic infarctionHepatic infarction was typically present with fever was typically present with fever and marked elevations in transaminase levels In and marked elevations in transaminase levels In surviving patients liver function and histopathology surviving patients liver function and histopathology are normal within six months of delivery are normal within six months of delivery
Anesthesia in pregnant women with Anesthesia in pregnant women with HELLP syndromeHELLP syndrome
Retrospective studyRetrospective study For the period of 1 July For the period of 1 July 1996 through 30 June 2000 1996 through 30 June 2000
RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had cesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal deliverycesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal delivery
Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 postcesarean delivery the range platelet count postcesarean delivery the range platelet count was 19000-143000microl was 19000-143000microl
Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia
There were no neurologic complications or There were no neurologic complications or bleeding in the epidural spacebleeding in the epidural space
CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any neurologic or hematologic complications of women neurologic or hematologic complications of women with HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesiawith HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesia
Subdural Hematoma following dural Subdural Hematoma following dural puncture in a parturient with HELLP puncture in a parturient with HELLP
syndromesyndrome This complication occurred following This complication occurred following accidental dural puncture in a parturient accidental dural puncture in a parturient with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who subsequently developed the syndrome of subsequently developed the syndrome of hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low plateletsplatelets
On the first postoperative day postdural On the first postoperative day postdural puncture headache (PDPH) developed puncture headache (PDPH) developed
An epidural blood patch (EBP) was An epidural blood patch (EBP) was deferred to the third postoperative day deferred to the third postoperative day because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1 because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1
Headache intensified from a typical PDPH Headache intensified from a typical PDPH to one which was not posturally related to one which was not posturally related
A second EBP was abandoned after the A second EBP was abandoned after the
injection of 5 mL of blood because of injection of 5 mL of blood because of increasing headache during the procedure increasing headache during the procedure
Magnetic resonance imaging revealed Magnetic resonance imaging revealed bilateral temporal subdural hematomas bilateral temporal subdural hematomas
The patient was managed conservatively and The patient was managed conservatively and discharged home without any sequelae discharged home without any sequelae
ConclusionConclusion It is conceivable that It is conceivable that thrombocytopenia together with possible thrombocytopenia together with possible abnormal platelet function increased the risk abnormal platelet function increased the risk of subdural hematoma of subdural hematoma
Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be considered whenever headache is not considered whenever headache is not posturally related posturally related
OCUPATIONAL HAZARDOCUPATIONAL HAZARD Risk of transmission of HBV following Risk of transmission of HBV following
inoculation is 5 -30inoculation is 5 -30 May occur through needle prickcuts May occur through needle prickcuts
sharp injuriesmucous membranes- sharp injuriesmucous membranes- waterproof dressingwaterproof dressing
Wear gloves while inserting a Wear gloves while inserting a cannula airways intubation amp extubation cannula airways intubation amp extubation
Sharps should not be handed directly to Sharps should not be handed directly to othersothers
See to the sterilisation of other See to the sterilisation of other contaminated thingscontaminated things
Liver FunctionsLiver Functions The liver conjugates bilirubin produced from the The liver conjugates bilirubin produced from the
degradation of the haemoglobindegradation of the haemoglobin - water-soluble form of bilirubin is then excreted - water-soluble form of bilirubin is then excreted
into the bile ducts into the bile ducts The bile salts produced by the liver are passed to the The bile salts produced by the liver are passed to the
gut - necessary for the absorption of the fat-soluble gut - necessary for the absorption of the fat-soluble vitamins A D E and K vitamins A D E and K
Synthesis of proteins - most clotting factors Synthesis of proteins - most clotting factors albumin albumin
Lipid metabolism - cholesterol and triglycerides Lipid metabolism - cholesterol and triglycerides synthesised here synthesised here
Carbohydrate metabolism - synthesis and Carbohydrate metabolism - synthesis and breakdown of glycogen It stores glycogen and breakdown of glycogen It stores glycogen and releases glucose into the blood when the blood releases glucose into the blood when the blood glucose falls for any reasonglucose falls for any reason
Biotransformation of drugs either by oxidation or Biotransformation of drugs either by oxidation or conjugation - render them water-soluble - more conjugation - render them water-soluble - more easily excreted easily excreted
Impaired liver functionImpaired liver function Direct effectsDirect effects Hypoglycemia Lactic acidosis Hyper metabolism Hypoglycemia Lactic acidosis Hyper metabolism
Azotemia and Impaired urea synthesisAzotemia and Impaired urea synthesis Jaundice appears when serum bilirubin exceeds 35 Jaundice appears when serum bilirubin exceeds 35
micromoll micromoll Defects in cholesterol metabolism together with intra-Defects in cholesterol metabolism together with intra-
hepatic cholestasis may lead to production of poor hepatic cholestasis may lead to production of poor quality bile and malabsorbtion of fat and fat-soluble quality bile and malabsorbtion of fat and fat-soluble vitamins vitamins
Reduced synthesis of proteins such as albumin clotting Reduced synthesis of proteins such as albumin clotting factors thyroid binding globulin and pseudo-factors thyroid binding globulin and pseudo-cholinesterasecholinesterase
Impaired hormone biotransformation reduced Impaired hormone biotransformation reduced production of modulator proteins and reduced protein production of modulator proteins and reduced protein binding lead to increased circulating levels of hormones binding lead to increased circulating levels of hormones such as insulin thyroxine T3 aldosterone and oestrogen such as insulin thyroxine T3 aldosterone and oestrogen
Indirect effectsIndirect effects Cardiovascular changesCardiovascular changes Vasodilatation and vascular shunting are Vasodilatation and vascular shunting are
almost invariable in ESLDalmost invariable in ESLD Low systemic vascular resistance (SVR) Low systemic vascular resistance (SVR)
results in high cardiac output and high results in high cardiac output and high mixed venous oxygen saturationsmixed venous oxygen saturations
Intrapulmonary amp arteriovenous shunting Intrapulmonary amp arteriovenous shunting Pulmonary hypertension may developPulmonary hypertension may develop Tachycardia bounding pulse Ejection Tachycardia bounding pulse Ejection
systolic murmur systolic murmur
Pulmonary problems are both vascular and mechanical Pulmonary problems are both vascular and mechanical Hepato-Pulmonary syndromeHepato-Pulmonary syndrome ndash triad of end ndash triad of end
stage liver disease A-a gradient gt2 kPa stage liver disease A-a gradient gt2 kPa intrapulmonary vascular dilationintrapulmonary vascular dilation
Impaired pulmonary function in absence of Impaired pulmonary function in absence of cardiopulmonary diseasecardiopulmonary disease
Impaired hypoxic vaso-constriction and ventilation Impaired hypoxic vaso-constriction and ventilation perfusion mismatch lead to arterial desaturation and perfusion mismatch lead to arterial desaturation and clubbing if chronicclubbing if chronic
Cyanosis dyspnoea platypnea orthodeoxia Cyanosis dyspnoea platypnea orthodeoxia [desaturation pronounced in upright position relieved [desaturation pronounced in upright position relieved by recumbency ]by recumbency ]
Pleural effusions together with ascites can cause Pleural effusions together with ascites can cause considerable mechanical embarrassment of respiration considerable mechanical embarrassment of respiration and a reduction in functional residual lung capacityand a reduction in functional residual lung capacity
Pulmonary changesPulmonary changes
HEPATORENAL SYNDROMEHEPATORENAL SYNDROME
1048708 1048708 Low GFRLow GFR 1048708 1048708 Low renal blood flowLow renal blood flow 1048708 1048708 No other cause for renal failureNo other cause for renal failure 1048708 ldquo1048708 ldquoFunctional renal failurerdquoFunctional renal failurerdquo Symptoms ndash water retention Symptoms ndash water retention
Azotemia hyponatremia amp oliguriaAzotemia hyponatremia amp oliguria
Hepatorenal failureHepatorenal failure Causes may beCauses may be Pre and peroperative dehydrationPre and peroperative dehydration HypovolaemiaHypovolaemia Falls in renal blood flow during surgery Falls in renal blood flow during surgery Direct effect of the excess conjugated Direct effect of the excess conjugated
bilirubin on the renal tubules or possibly an bilirubin on the renal tubules or possibly an increased absorption of endotoxin from the increased absorption of endotoxin from the gutgut
Not a major risk in patients with Prehepatic Not a major risk in patients with Prehepatic jaundice jaundice
ManagementManagementof Hepato renal syndromeof Hepato renal syndrome
Avoid it developing by ensuring adequate hydration Avoid it developing by ensuring adequate hydration and a urine flow of at least 50mlshr in the average and a urine flow of at least 50mlshr in the average adult patientadult patient
In moderately elevated bilirubin - simple fluid loading In moderately elevated bilirubin - simple fluid loading for 12 hours before surgery using 09 NaCl and for 12 hours before surgery using 09 NaCl and during the operation during the operation
If the urine output is not maintained - Mannitol If the urine output is not maintained - Mannitol 1010
Bilirubin greatly elevated (gt140 micromolslitre) - Bilirubin greatly elevated (gt140 micromolslitre) - intravenous fluids during the 24 hours before surgery intravenous fluids during the 24 hours before surgery and for 36 hours postoperatively and for 36 hours postoperatively
Mannitol 10 05-1gkg - prior to surgery Mannitol 10 05-1gkg - prior to surgery without making the patient dehydrated as a result of without making the patient dehydrated as a result of an over-zealous diuresisan over-zealous diuresis
Neurological problemsNeurological problems Mechanisms leading to deepening Mechanisms leading to deepening
encephalopathy -incompletely understood encephalopathy -incompletely understood Due to accumulation of neurotoxic Due to accumulation of neurotoxic
compounds penetrating an impaired blood-compounds penetrating an impaired blood-brain barrier brain barrier
Symptoms can occur in chronic as well as in Symptoms can occur in chronic as well as in acute disease may be rapid in onset acute disease may be rapid in onset
Precipitated by a gastrointestinal bleed Precipitated by a gastrointestinal bleed dietary protein overload or sepsis dietary protein overload or sepsis
Somnolence can be exacerbated by sedative Somnolence can be exacerbated by sedative drugs and narcoticsdrugs and narcotics
Rapid correction of hyponatraemia can lead Rapid correction of hyponatraemia can lead to osmotic demyelination and central pontine to osmotic demyelination and central pontine myelinolysis and should be avoided myelinolysis and should be avoided
HAEMATOLOGICAL PROBLEMS Anaemia may be the result of nutritional Anaemia may be the result of nutritional
deficiency toxic bone marrow depression or deficiency toxic bone marrow depression or gastrointestinal bleeding from varices or gastrointestinal bleeding from varices or erosions erosions
Coagulation defects arise from Coagulation defects arise from thrombocytopenia platelet dysfunction and thrombocytopenia platelet dysfunction and decreased levels of circulating clotting factors decreased levels of circulating clotting factors
Clotting factor levels fall because of impaired Clotting factor levels fall because of impaired synthesis vitamin K malabsorbtion and synthesis vitamin K malabsorbtion and intravascular consumption intravascular consumption
The short half-life of clotting factors means that The short half-life of clotting factors means that INR or Prothrombin Ratio (PTR) can reliably be INR or Prothrombin Ratio (PTR) can reliably be used to evaluate residual hepatic functionused to evaluate residual hepatic function
Treatment ndashVit K FFPTreatment ndashVit K FFP
GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEMGASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM Rupture of oesophageal varicesRupture of oesophageal varices Vassopressin amp octreotide ndashreduce portal Vassopressin amp octreotide ndashreduce portal
hypertensionhypertension Susceptibility to infection - increasedSusceptibility to infection - increasedDrug dispositionDrug disposition Cholestasis will reduce absorption of fat-Cholestasis will reduce absorption of fat-
soluble drugs after oral administrationsoluble drugs after oral administration Compartment changes and altered protein Compartment changes and altered protein
binding will affect volume of distribution binding will affect volume of distribution clearance and re-distribution clearance and re-distribution
Patients with liver dysfunction may be Patients with liver dysfunction may be particularly sensitive to opiates and particularly sensitive to opiates and benzodiazepines due to altered end-organ benzodiazepines due to altered end-organ sensitivitysensitivity
Effect of hepatic dysfunction on Effect of hepatic dysfunction on anaestheticsanaesthetics
darr darr Albumin -increased free fraction Albumin -increased free fraction Altered volume of distribution [Ascites amp increased Altered volume of distribution [Ascites amp increased
total body water compartment]total body water compartment] Reduced metabolism ndashalters drug pharmacodynamics Reduced metabolism ndashalters drug pharmacodynamics Opiods -Opiods - Morphine pethidine -uarr uarr respiratory depression amp Morphine pethidine -uarr uarr respiratory depression amp
sedationsedationSedative hypnotic drugsSedative hypnotic drugs Benzodiazepines ndash prolongedBenzodiazepines ndash prolongedNDMR NDMR Prolonged action for vecuronium and pancuroniumProlonged action for vecuronium and pancuroniumDMRDMR Decreased serum cholinesterase activity Decreased serum cholinesterase activity
The Effect of Anaesthetics on Liver The Effect of Anaesthetics on Liver FunctionFunction
VOLATILE AGENTSVOLATILE AGENTS Halothane -darr HABFPBF disturb HABR [hepatic Halothane -darr HABFPBF disturb HABR [hepatic
arterial buffer response]arterial buffer response] Sevoflurane isoflurane maintain HABR Sevoflurane isoflurane maintain HABR SEVO gt ISO gt DES gt HALOSEVO gt ISO gt DES gt HALOIV ANAESTHETICSIV ANAESTHETICS Thiopentone etomidate -darrTHBFThiopentone etomidate -darrTHBF Propofol - uarrTHBF ndashsplanchnic vasodilatorPropofol - uarrTHBF ndashsplanchnic vasodilator Ketamine ndash no effectsKetamine ndash no effectsREGIONAL ANAESTHESIAREGIONAL ANAESTHESIA High epidural may reduce THBFHigh epidural may reduce THBF
Effect of General Anaesthesia on liver Effect of General Anaesthesia on liver functions in patients with preexisting functions in patients with preexisting
liver diseasesliver diseases Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 1989 Apr 37(2) 61-6Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 1989 Apr 37(2) 61-6 ABSTRACT Effects of anaesthetics on liver ABSTRACT Effects of anaesthetics on liver
functions were studies in 13 patients having no liver functions were studies in 13 patients having no liver disease (group I) and 11 patients having liver disease (group I) and 11 patients having liver disease (group II) disease (group II)
Serum cholinesterase increased significantly in both Serum cholinesterase increased significantly in both the group Rise in SGOT levels was significant only the group Rise in SGOT levels was significant only in group I who had greater surgical trauma and not in group I who had greater surgical trauma and not in the other group of patients (group II) in the other group of patients (group II)
Significant decrease in total serum proteins was Significant decrease in total serum proteins was seen on different postoperative days in group I but seen on different postoperative days in group I but only on 5th postoperative day in group II only on 5th postoperative day in group II
It was concluded that presence of liver disease does It was concluded that presence of liver disease does not increase the adverse effect of anaesthesia on not increase the adverse effect of anaesthesia on liver function and that liver function and that surgical trauma is more surgical trauma is more important than anaesthesia in producingimportant than anaesthesia in producing liver liver dysfunction dysfunction
Signs of Liver DiseaseSigns of Liver Disease JaundiceJaundice HepatomegalyHepatomegaly Spider NaeviSpider Naevi SplenomegalySplenomegaly Scratch MarksScratch Marks AscitesAscites Palmer ErythemaPalmer Erythema
Dilated Abdominal Dilated Abdominal VeinsVeins
Peripheral OedemaPeripheral Oedema Finger ClubbingFinger Clubbing Testicular AtrophyTesticular Atrophy BruisingBruising GynaecomastiaGynaecomastia ConfusionComa ConfusionComa
JaundiceJaundicePrehepatic jaundice [haemolysis]Prehepatic jaundice [haemolysis] Massive intravascular haemolysis - as in Massive intravascular haemolysis - as in
some forms of malaria or in sickle cell some forms of malaria or in sickle cell anemiaanemia
Hepatocellular function is normal but Hepatocellular function is normal but overwhelmed - increased unconjugated overwhelmed - increased unconjugated bilirubin bilirubin
Intact Protein and carbohydrate Intact Protein and carbohydrate metabolism metabolism
No reduction in the absorption of Vitamin K No reduction in the absorption of Vitamin K or production of clotting factorsor production of clotting factors
Hepatocellular jaundiceHepatocellular jaundice Hepatitis or Cirrhosis Hepatitis or Cirrhosis decreased protein synthesis signs of decreased protein synthesis signs of
delayed clotting and even encephalopathy delayed clotting and even encephalopathy
CONTDhellipCONTDhellipObstructive JaundiceObstructive Jaundice Biliary obstruction - from a stone in the common Biliary obstruction - from a stone in the common
bile duct pancreatic tumour or ascending bile duct pancreatic tumour or ascending cholangitischolangitis
Hepatocellular function is normal Hepatocellular function is normal Excess plasma bilirubin is chiefly conjugated - Excess plasma bilirubin is chiefly conjugated -
excreted in the urine which becomes darkexcreted in the urine which becomes dark Stools are pale as a result of poor lipid Stools are pale as a result of poor lipid
absorption absorption Protein synthesis is normalProtein synthesis is normal Vitamin K dependant clotting factors reduced Vitamin K dependant clotting factors reduced as the absorption of vitamin K is as the absorption of vitamin K is
dependent on the excretion of bile salts into the dependent on the excretion of bile salts into the small intestine rarr clotting time prolonged small intestine rarr clotting time prolonged parenteral vitamin K parenteral vitamin K
Renal impairment in Renal impairment in JaundiceJaundice
Release of endotoxins into systemic Release of endotoxins into systemic circulationcirculation
following biliary obstruction ndash renal following biliary obstruction ndash renal failurefailure
Prevention Prevention - in high srbilirubin levels ndash - in high srbilirubin levels ndash
percutaneous drainage of biliary tree percutaneous drainage of biliary tree under antibiotic coverunder antibiotic cover
- pre op oral bile salts -- pre op oral bile salts -darr post op RFdarr post op RF
Liver Function TestsLiver Function Tests Indication of severity help to differentiate Indication of severity help to differentiate
between prehepatic hepatocellular and between prehepatic hepatocellular and obstructive jaundiceobstructive jaundice
Jaundice - sign of an elevation of serum Jaundice - sign of an elevation of serum bilirubin bilirubin
Protein and albumin levels are normal in Protein and albumin levels are normal in prehepatic or obstructive jaundice low prehepatic or obstructive jaundice low values indicate hepatocellular damagevalues indicate hepatocellular damage
clotting - Prothrombin Time clotting - Prothrombin Time An elevated INR may indicate impaired An elevated INR may indicate impaired
synthesis of clotting factors due to synthesis of clotting factors due to hepatocellular damage or malabsorption hepatocellular damage or malabsorption of vitamin K due to biliary obstruction of vitamin K due to biliary obstruction
ContdhellipContdhellip Prothrombin time[ half life - 6 -12 hrs ] ndash best Prothrombin time[ half life - 6 -12 hrs ] ndash best
indicator than Albumin [ half life ndash 24 -48 indicator than Albumin [ half life ndash 24 -48 days]days]
Alanine Transaminase (ALT) and Aspartate Alanine Transaminase (ALT) and Aspartate Transaminase (AST) are enzymes that are released Transaminase (AST) are enzymes that are released into the circulation by damaged hepatocytes into the circulation by damaged hepatocytes Raised levels indicate hepatocellular damageRaised levels indicate hepatocellular damage
AST can also be elevated in other circumstances AST can also be elevated in other circumstances such as myocardial infarction such as myocardial infarction
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme localized Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme localized near the bile cannaliculi and is elevated in biliary near the bile cannaliculi and is elevated in biliary obstruction Not specific to hepatobiliary diseaseobstruction Not specific to hepatobiliary disease[ raised in malignant bone disease][ raised in malignant bone disease]
An accompanying rise in Gamma glutamyl An accompanying rise in Gamma glutamyl Transferase (Gamma GT) suggests that the ALP is Transferase (Gamma GT) suggests that the ALP is from the liverfrom the liver
ContdhellipContdhellip Glutathione ndash S ndash transferase ndashto Glutathione ndash S ndash transferase ndashto
assess damage assess damage due to anaestheticsdue to anaesthetics ALP ndashEarly in biliary obstructionALP ndashEarly in biliary obstruction γγ - Glutamyl trans peptidase ndash rises - Glutamyl trans peptidase ndash rises
after alcohol amp drug induced liver after alcohol amp drug induced liver damagedamage
Plasma glucose should be measuredPlasma glucose should be measured
Risk and severity scoringRisk and severity scoring In 1964 Child and Turcotte classified risk for In 1964 Child and Turcotte classified risk for
patients with liver cirrhosis undergoing porto-patients with liver cirrhosis undergoing porto-caval anastomosis for management of portal caval anastomosis for management of portal hypertensionhypertension
Pugh et al at Kings College Hospital Pugh et al at Kings College Hospital published a severity scoring system for published a severity scoring system for patients undergoing oesophageal transection patients undergoing oesophageal transection for bleeding oesophageal varices for bleeding oesophageal varices
The two systems have been amalgamated and The two systems have been amalgamated and provide a disease severity assessment based provide a disease severity assessment based on two clinical and three laboratory variables on two clinical and three laboratory variables
PUGHlsquoS MODIFICATION OF CHILD GRADINGPUGHlsquoS MODIFICATION OF CHILD GRADING Clinical amp Biochemical Clinical amp Biochemical variablesvariables
POINTS POINTS 11
SCORESCOREDD22
33
Serum albumin (gL)Serum albumin (gL) gt35gt35 28-3528-35 lt28lt28
Serum bilirubin (micromolL)Serum bilirubin (micromolL) [Mg dl][Mg dl]
lt35lt35lt 2lt 2
35-6035-602 -32 -3
gt60gt60gt 3gt 3
PT (seconds) prolongedPT (seconds) prolongedfrom controlfrom control
1-41-4INR [ lt INR [ lt 1 7]1 7]
4-104-10INR [17 INR [17 -23]-23]
1010INR gt23INR gt23
AscitesAscites NoneNone MildMild ModerateModerateEncephalopathyEncephalopathy AbsentAbsent Grade I ndash Grade I ndash
IIIIGrade III ndash Grade III ndash IVIV
POINTS 5- 6 ndash class A [5 Mortality] 7 -9 ndashClass B [10 mortality] 10 -15 ndashClass C [50 mortality]
Surgery in patients with liver Surgery in patients with liver dysfunctiondysfunction
The Child-Pugh classification is a useful method The Child-Pugh classification is a useful method of staging the progress of liver decompensation of staging the progress of liver decompensation
Limited predictive value in anaesthesia and Limited predictive value in anaesthesia and surgerysurgery
Group A patients are lower riskGroup A patients are lower risk and with and with sufficient care can be considered as candidates sufficient care can be considered as candidates for most types of surgeryfor most types of surgery
Group B patients ndash acceptable but correct Group B patients ndash acceptable but correct abnormalities abnormalities
Group C patientsGroup C patients present an extremely high present an extremely high operative risk - surgical procedures in these operative risk - surgical procedures in these patients should be avoided if possible- patients should be avoided if possible- only only emergency or life-saving proceduresemergency or life-saving procedures should should be undertakenbe undertaken
Preoperative assessmentPreoperative assessment Type and extent of liver diseaseType and extent of liver disease Extra hepatic effectsExtra hepatic effects Risk assessmentRisk assessment Patients general condition- hydration nutritionPatients general condition- hydration nutrition Associated co-morbid conditionsAssociated co-morbid conditions LFTLFT ConsentConsent Premedication-short acting temazepam in absence Premedication-short acting temazepam in absence
of neurological impairment orally ndashavoid of neurological impairment orally ndashavoid intramuscular injectionsintramuscular injections
H2 receptor antagonistsH2 receptor antagonists Preop Vit K optimal hydrationPreop Vit K optimal hydration
PREOP INVESTIGATIONSPREOP INVESTIGATIONS
Hematological ndashHb Platelet Hematological ndashHb Platelet countWBC Coagulation profilecountWBC Coagulation profile
Metabolic ndash sr Metabolic ndash sr glucose urea creatinine electrolytesglucose urea creatinine electrolytes
Cardio respiratory ndash chest x-rayECG Cardio respiratory ndash chest x-rayECG PFT ABGPFT ABG
Liver function ndash Liver function ndash srbilirubinalbuminliver enzymessrbilirubinalbuminliver enzymes
Pre-op risk factors Pre-op risk factors associated with associated with
postoperative mortalitypostoperative mortality Serum albumin lt3gLSerum albumin lt3gL Serum bilirubin gt50 micromolLSerum bilirubin gt50 micromolL PT gt15 s over controlPT gt15 s over control Presence of infectionPresence of infection WBC gt 10000WBC gt 10000 Treatment with more than two antibioticsTreatment with more than two antibiotics Presence of AscitesPresence of Ascites MalnutritionMalnutrition Emergency surgeryEmergency surgery
Anaesthetic TechniqueAnaesthetic Technique Avoid hypotensive techniquesmdashintra hepatic necrosisAvoid hypotensive techniquesmdashintra hepatic necrosis High conc of oxygen -- - due to intrapulmonary shuntsHigh conc of oxygen -- - due to intrapulmonary shunts Avoid hypotension amp hypoxemiaAvoid hypotension amp hypoxemia Meticulous fluid balance ndashMeticulous fluid balance ndash Ascites ndash may lose a large amount of fluid rapidlyAscites ndash may lose a large amount of fluid rapidly Concentrated albumin solutions ndashto correct Concentrated albumin solutions ndashto correct
hypoproteinemiahypoproteinemia Fresh blood ndashto prevent hypocalcemia due to Fresh blood ndashto prevent hypocalcemia due to
reduced metabolism of preservativesreduced metabolism of preservatives FFP 12 - 15 mlKg ndashCorrect dilutional FFP 12 - 15 mlKg ndashCorrect dilutional
coagulopathycoagulopathy 1 unit of FFP for every 1 unit of packed cells or 250 1 unit of FFP for every 1 unit of packed cells or 250
ml of 09 saline or colloid [500 ml of FFP - uarr ml of 09 saline or colloid [500 ml of FFP - uarr Clotting factors by 20 ]Clotting factors by 20 ]
Maintenance of temperature Maintenance of temperature
MonitoringMonitoring Monitoring of temperature Monitoring of temperature Coagulation status should be monitored ndashplatelet count fibrin Coagulation status should be monitored ndashplatelet count fibrin
degradation products prothrombin time activated clotting degradation products prothrombin time activated clotting time partial thromboplastin timetime partial thromboplastin time
Thromboelastography has been used as a tool in liver Thromboelastography has been used as a tool in liver transplantationtransplantation
Repeated BP cuff inflation ndashmay lead to bruising in patients Repeated BP cuff inflation ndashmay lead to bruising in patients with altered haemostatic functionwith altered haemostatic function
Insertion of Intra arterial line ndash care to prevent haematoma Insertion of Intra arterial line ndash care to prevent haematoma Jugular route is preferred in CVP monitoringJugular route is preferred in CVP monitoring OximetryOximetry Urine outputUrine output Blood lossBlood loss Monitor ionized calciumMonitor ionized calcium
DRUGSDRUGS
Thiopentone ndash intrinsic clearance delayed Thiopentone ndash intrinsic clearance delayed but recovery not delayed because of but recovery not delayed because of redistributionredistribution
Alcoholic cirrhosis ndash larger dose of thio ndash Alcoholic cirrhosis ndash larger dose of thio ndash cross tolerancecross tolerance
Halothane and enflurane reduce hepatic Halothane and enflurane reduce hepatic arterial flow (vasodilatation negative arterial flow (vasodilatation negative inotropic effects)inotropic effects)
Isoflurane increases hepatic blood flowIsoflurane increases hepatic blood flow [preferred][preferred]
NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING AGENTSAGENTS
Reduced plasma pseudo cholinesterase activityReduced plasma pseudo cholinesterase activity Prolonged action- vecuronium Prolonged action- vecuronium
pancruonium[16 fold]pancruonium[16 fold] Decreased biliary excretionDecreased biliary excretion Increased volume of distribution ndashlarger Increased volume of distribution ndashlarger
initial dosesinitial doses 1048708 1048708 Recommended Atracurium ndash metabolism Recommended Atracurium ndash metabolism
independent of liver and kidneysindependent of liver and kidneys 1048708 1048708 For transplantation ndash long acting agent such For transplantation ndash long acting agent such
as doxacuriumas doxacurium
OPIODS amp SEDATIVESOPIODS amp SEDATIVES
NarcoticsNarcotics Reduced metabolism of morphine and Reduced metabolism of morphine and
pethidinepethidine Prefer fentanylPrefer fentanyl Remifentanyl - ideal Remifentanyl - ideal 1048708 1048708 BenzodiazepinesBenzodiazepines 1048708 1048708 Diazepam - prolonged half lifeDiazepam - prolonged half life 1048708 1048708 Oxazepam and lorazepam preferrred Oxazepam and lorazepam preferrred
ndashmetabolised by glucuronidation ndashmetabolised by glucuronidation without liver requirementwithout liver requirement
Regional Anaesthesia Regional Anaesthesia Contraindicated if PT gt25 s above control Contraindicated if PT gt25 s above control
platelet count lt 50000 cumm bleeding platelet count lt 50000 cumm bleeding time gt12 mtstime gt12 mts
Spinal and epidural anaesthesia carries the Spinal and epidural anaesthesia carries the risk of epidural haematoma and paralysis if risk of epidural haematoma and paralysis if there is abnormal clotting but there are there is abnormal clotting but there are otherwise no special precautionsotherwise no special precautions
The half-life of lignocaine is prolonged in The half-life of lignocaine is prolonged in liver failure but this is not significant when liver failure but this is not significant when used in regional anaesthesia used in regional anaesthesia
LA dose diminished in presence of AscitesLA dose diminished in presence of Ascites
Canadian Journal of Anesthesia Vol 45 452-Canadian Journal of Anesthesia Vol 45 452-459 459
Obstetrical anaesthesia for a parturient with Obstetrical anaesthesia for a parturient with preeclampsia HELLP syndrome and acute cortical preeclampsia HELLP syndrome and acute cortical
blindnessblindness A 39-yr-old woman with three past A 39-yr-old woman with three past uncomplicated pregnancies presented at 33 uncomplicated pregnancies presented at 33 wk with acute cortical blindnesswk with acute cortical blindness
Based on clinical and laboratory assessment Based on clinical and laboratory assessment a diagnosis of preeclampsia with HELLP a diagnosis of preeclampsia with HELLP syndrome was madesyndrome was made
A CT scan of her head demonstrated A CT scan of her head demonstrated ischaemic lesions of her basal ganglia ischaemic lesions of her basal ganglia extending superiorly to involve both posterior extending superiorly to involve both posterior parietal and occipital regionsparietal and occipital regions
Infusions of magnesium sulphate and Infusions of magnesium sulphate and hydralazine were started and an urgent hydralazine were started and an urgent Caesarean section was performed Caesarean section was performed under under subarachnoid anaesthesiasubarachnoid anaesthesia after insertion of an after insertion of an arterial line and intravenous hydration arterial line and intravenous hydration
ContdhellipContdhellip The course of anaesthesia and surgery was uneventful The course of anaesthesia and surgery was uneventful
and she delivered a live 1540 g female infantand she delivered a live 1540 g female infant By the following morning she had recovered some By the following morning she had recovered some
vision and visual recovery was complete by 72 hr vision and visual recovery was complete by 72 hr postpartum postpartum
Her postoperative course was uneventful Her postoperative course was uneventful CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION Provided that it is not contraindicated Provided that it is not contraindicated
because of prohibitive risk to the mother because of prohibitive risk to the mother regional regional anaesthesia has particular advantage in these anaesthesia has particular advantage in these patientspatients
In particular the use of spinal anaesthesia which has In particular the use of spinal anaesthesia which has been discouraged by some for this patient population been discouraged by some for this patient population should be re-evaluated should be re-evaluated
Postoperative Postoperative managementmanagement
Oxygen enriched airOxygen enriched air Major surgery ndash elective post operative Major surgery ndash elective post operative
ventilationventilation Replace blood lossReplace blood loss Maintain adequate urine outputMaintain adequate urine output Dopamine and inotropes should be Dopamine and inotropes should be
continuedcontinued The principle complications are likely The principle complications are likely
to be continued bleeding sepsis and to be continued bleeding sepsis and hepatic decompensation hepatic decompensation
Peri-operative considerations in Child-Peri-operative considerations in Child-Pugh A patientsPugh A patients
Pre-operative Pre-operative Aetiology of condition - virology Aetiology of condition - virology Drug idiosyncrasy Drug idiosyncrasy
Blood count and platelets Blood count and platelets Clotting screen Clotting screen Assess renal function Assess renal function Previous anaesthetics Previous anaesthetics
Per-operative Per-operative Consider drug bio-availability issues Consider drug bio-availability issues Avoid drugs excreted via liverAvoid drugs excreted via liver Regional techniques acceptable if clotting Regional techniques acceptable if clotting
normalnormal Post-operativePost-operative Monitor for post-operative hepatic Monitor for post-operative hepatic
decompensationdecompensation Possible prolonged duration of action in Possible prolonged duration of action in opiates HDU ITU careopiates HDU ITU care
Child-Pugh Group BC patient Child-Pugh Group BC patient undergoing major surgeryundergoing major surgery
Previous upper abdominal surgery portal Previous upper abdominal surgery portal hypertension and coagulopathy dramatically hypertension and coagulopathy dramatically increase the potential for per-operative blood lossincrease the potential for per-operative blood loss
8-12 units of blood together fresh frozen plasma 8-12 units of blood together fresh frozen plasma and platelets should be available and platelets should be available
Pre-medicationPre-medication Sedative premedicants should be avoided in the Sedative premedicants should be avoided in the
encephalopathic patient encephalopathic patient Other drugs may be needed pre-operatively and Other drugs may be needed pre-operatively and
include antibiotics and H2 receptor antagonistsinclude antibiotics and H2 receptor antagonists The oral or intravenous route used - The oral or intravenous route used -
intramuscular injections should be avoidedintramuscular injections should be avoided Coagulopathy may require correction with fresh Coagulopathy may require correction with fresh
frozen plasma and platelets and renal frozen plasma and platelets and renal replacement therapy may need to be consideredreplacement therapy may need to be considered
Per-operative considerationsPer-operative considerations Regional techniques -- considered carefully - Regional techniques -- considered carefully -
coagulopathy epidural varices can pose an coagulopathy epidural varices can pose an additional risk additional risk
Vascular accessVascular access with a multi-lumen central with a multi-lumen central venous catheter together with at least one large venous catheter together with at least one large bore central line bore central line
Monitoring of arterial and central venous Monitoring of arterial and central venous pressures is mandatory pressures is mandatory
Pulmonary artery pulmonary capillary wedge Pulmonary artery pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and cardiac output measurements pressure and cardiac output measurements may be necessary in the sick patientmay be necessary in the sick patient
Trans-oesophageal echocardiography and Trans-oesophageal echocardiography and volumetric haemodynamic monitoring pulse volumetric haemodynamic monitoring pulse contour analysis can provide significant contour analysis can provide significant additional information for the strategic additional information for the strategic management of these patients management of these patients
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Coagulation and fibrinolysisCoagulation and fibrinolysis are major are major
concerns concerns The potential for large volume blood replacement The potential for large volume blood replacement
means that temperature should be measured and means that temperature should be measured and a fluid warmer and warming mattress useda fluid warmer and warming mattress used
Regular per-operative estimation of INRPTR may Regular per-operative estimation of INRPTR may be necessary - thromboelastography provides be necessary - thromboelastography provides useful intra-operative evaluation of coagulationuseful intra-operative evaluation of coagulation
Blood conservationBlood conservation - considered - considered Preservation of hepatic function -Preservation of hepatic function - N- N-
acetylcysteine (NAC) is a sulphur-containing acetylcysteine (NAC) is a sulphur-containing antioxidant - benefit patients with fulminant antioxidant - benefit patients with fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
NAC appears to improve oxygen delivery NAC appears to improve oxygen delivery and consumption and reduce base deficitand consumption and reduce base deficit
Renal FunctionRenal Function - - Dopamine may be usefulDopamine may be useful
Bleeding oesophageal Bleeding oesophageal varicesvarices
Bleeding oesophageal varices - life-threatening Bleeding oesophageal varices - life-threatening complication of - often occur against a complication of - often occur against a background of abnormal clotting background of abnormal clotting thrombocytopenia encephalopathy and Ascitesthrombocytopenia encephalopathy and Ascites
Overall mortality is 30 Overall mortality is 30 The principles of anaesthetic managementThe principles of anaesthetic management Protect the airway Protect the airway Establish good vascular access Establish good vascular access Volume replacement - colloid blood fresh Volume replacement - colloid blood fresh
frozen plasma and platelets Avoid saline frozen plasma and platelets Avoid saline Check correct clotting Give Vitamin K correct Check correct clotting Give Vitamin K correct
fibrinolysis and review blood chemistry fibrinolysis and review blood chemistry
Intoxicated Alcoholic Intoxicated Alcoholic PatientsPatients
Requires less anaesthetic ndashadditive depressant Requires less anaesthetic ndashadditive depressant effect of alcohol amp anaestheticseffect of alcohol amp anaesthetics
Ill - equipped to withstand stress amp Acute blood Ill - equipped to withstand stress amp Acute blood lossloss
Alcohol decrease the tolerance of brain to hypoxiaAlcohol decrease the tolerance of brain to hypoxia uarr uarr Risk of regurgitation amp aspiration - alcohol Risk of regurgitation amp aspiration - alcohol
darrtone of lower oesophageal sphincter amp slows darrtone of lower oesophageal sphincter amp slows gastric emptyinggastric emptying
Alcohol Interferes with platelet aggregationAlcohol Interferes with platelet aggregation Causes uarrconc of plasma catecholamines rarr Causes uarrconc of plasma catecholamines rarr
Intraoperative dysarrhytmiasIntraoperative dysarrhytmias
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE
Mild ndash 17 marked - 4Mild ndash 17 marked - 4 Patient factorsPatient factors Congenital Congenital
hemolytic disordershemolytic disorders Acquired hemolytic Acquired hemolytic
disordersdisorders Pre existing liver Pre existing liver
diseasedisease CoagulopathyCoagulopathy Gilberts syndromeGilberts syndrome SepsisSepsis
Perioperative Perioperative factorsfactors
Anaesthetic induced Anaesthetic induced darrHBFdarrHBF
BleedingBleeding HypotensionHypotension Blood transfusionBlood transfusion Biliary tree traumaBiliary tree trauma Viral hepatitisViral hepatitis DrugsDrugs Halothane antibioticsHalothane antibiotics Nonsteroidal agentsNonsteroidal agents
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -
5000mg Bilirubin5000mg Bilirubin 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg
bilirubinbilirubin Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in
G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cell disease multiple blood transfusionscell disease multiple blood transfusions
Delayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashDelayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashpostop jaundicepostop jaundice
Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgeryuarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgery
ContdhellipContdhellip Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow
non biliary surgery 3- 30 days post opnon biliary surgery 3- 30 days post op Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis
[benign] - associated with multiple blood [benign] - associated with multiple blood transfusions hypoxia hypotension - transfusions hypoxia hypotension - uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks
ManagementManagement Prevention is the best treatment Prevention is the best treatment Avoid precipitating factorsAvoid precipitating factors
Halothane HepatitisHalothane Hepatitis The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane
anaesthetics - higher in women the middle anaesthetics - higher in women the middle aged and the obeseaged and the obese
Rarer in paediatric patients and with the Rarer in paediatric patients and with the newer volatile agents newer volatile agents
Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
ldquoldquoUnexplained liver damage within 28 days of Unexplained liver damage within 28 days of halothane exposure in previously normal halothane exposure in previously normal patientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reactionpatientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reaction
Clinical featuresClinical features malaise anorexiafever malaise anorexiafever within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks
Halothane HepatitisHalothane HepatitisDIAGNOSISDIAGNOSIS Serum antibodies that react with specific liver Serum antibodies that react with specific liver
microsomal proteins that are altered by microsomal proteins that are altered by trifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothanetrifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothane
Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Risk factorsRisk factors High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ]High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ] previous adverse reactionprevious adverse reaction Uncertain - obesityUncertain - obesity Female [16 1 ]Female [16 1 ] Drug allergy [ 15 ]Drug allergy [ 15 ] Family historyFamily history Lymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoinLymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoin
ContdhellipContdhellip The cause not fully established - multifactorial - The cause not fully established - multifactorial -
possible immunological cause possible immunological cause Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated
proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically predisposed subjectspredisposed subjects
Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also to blameto blame
Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile agent so toxic metabolites may be involvedagent so toxic metabolites may be involved
The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with increasing numbers of exposures to halothane increasing numbers of exposures to halothane
Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO database holds 225 and 159 reports respectivelydatabase holds 225 and 159 reports respectively
Halothane exposure Halothane exposure guidelinesguidelines
Avoid Halothane ifAvoid Halothane if Within at least 3 months of a previous Within at least 3 months of a previous
exposure exposure Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or
pyrexia pyrexia Family history of hepatic reactions to Family history of hepatic reactions to
halothanehalothane Pre - existing liver diseasePre - existing liver disease Adverse reactions to Other volatile Adverse reactions to Other volatile
anaesthetic agentsanaesthetic agents
Liver and PregnancyLiver and Pregnancy Normal in sizeNormal in size A decrease in total protein as well albumin A decrease in total protein as well albumin An increase of the liver dependent clotting An increase of the liver dependent clotting
factors such as fibrinogen factors such as fibrinogen An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times
secondary to placental alkalinesecondary to placental alkaline Srcholinesterase Srcholinesterase darr 30darr 30 Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and
bilirubinbilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin
ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver disease disease
Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Intrahepatic Cholestasis of PregnancyPregnancy
Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Rare in black patients Rare in black patients
Strong family history Strong family history High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies
60-7060-70 Pruritus alone - 80 percent Pruritus alone - 80 percent Jaundice develop in 20 percentJaundice develop in 20 percent Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or
no elevation in transaminasesno elevation in transaminases
IChP ndashcontdhellipIChP ndashcontdhellip Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early
delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice ) pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice )
Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts Dexamethasone Dexamethasone
Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but bilurubin within 4-6 weeks bilurubin within 4-6 weeks
Implications on Anaesthesia Implications on Anaesthesia Check coagulation profile Check coagulation profile Ask for vit K IV Ask for vit K IV take care of high incidence of fetal distress take care of high incidence of fetal distress
meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist must attend with incubatormust attend with incubator
Preeclampsia amp EclampsiaPreeclampsia amp Eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia
and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl
If not associated with other criteria of HELLP If not associated with other criteria of HELLP syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 50mlday 50mlday
Implications on anaesthesiaImplications on anaesthesia Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress
response which could continue to anaesthesia response which could continue to anaesthesia provided INR lt15 provided INR lt15
Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed tube 6-7 mm tube 6-7 mm
Adequate analgesia Adequate analgesia Fluids restriction Fluids restriction Continue medications postoperative in ICU Continue medications postoperative in ICU
HELLP syndrome HELLP syndrome Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low
plateletsplatelets Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-
eclampsia result from very active platelets eclampsia result from very active platelets aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia and congestion with deposition of fibrous and congestion with deposition of fibrous network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage
Nausea vomiting headache and upper right Nausea vomiting headache and upper right abdominal pain hypotension shockabdominal pain hypotension shock
Best markers are the maternal lactate Best markers are the maternal lactate dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet count count
Congested liver of HELLP Congested liver of HELLP syndromesyndrome
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high
dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has been shown to markedly improve the laboratory been shown to markedly improve the laboratory abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome
Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is
greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of magnesium sulfate magnesium sulfate
Anesthesia like severe preclampsia Anesthesia like severe preclampsia avoid trauma to liveravoid trauma to liver Vit K if INR gt15Vit K if INR gt15 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60
ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF PREGNANCYPREGNANCY
Rare serious disorder unknown etiologyRare serious disorder unknown etiology Symptoms in third trimesterSymptoms in third trimester ndashabdominal
pain nausea vomiting anorexiafatique fever headache
Rapid progression ndashbleeding jaundice encephalopathy renal failure hepatic failure coagulopathy - PPH
uarrTransaminases hyperbilirubinemia uarrprothrombin time --- DIC
Prompt delivery is advisable
Hepatic Rupture and Hepatic Rupture and Infarction Infarction
Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 to 85 percent) are at higher risk to 85 percent) are at higher risk
Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in
shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy
Therapy for hepatic rupture has included Therapy for hepatic rupture has included transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted in hepatic rupture in hepatic rupture
Hepatic infarctionHepatic infarction was typically present with fever was typically present with fever and marked elevations in transaminase levels In and marked elevations in transaminase levels In surviving patients liver function and histopathology surviving patients liver function and histopathology are normal within six months of delivery are normal within six months of delivery
Anesthesia in pregnant women with Anesthesia in pregnant women with HELLP syndromeHELLP syndrome
Retrospective studyRetrospective study For the period of 1 July For the period of 1 July 1996 through 30 June 2000 1996 through 30 June 2000
RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had cesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal deliverycesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal delivery
Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 postcesarean delivery the range platelet count postcesarean delivery the range platelet count was 19000-143000microl was 19000-143000microl
Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia
There were no neurologic complications or There were no neurologic complications or bleeding in the epidural spacebleeding in the epidural space
CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any neurologic or hematologic complications of women neurologic or hematologic complications of women with HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesiawith HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesia
Subdural Hematoma following dural Subdural Hematoma following dural puncture in a parturient with HELLP puncture in a parturient with HELLP
syndromesyndrome This complication occurred following This complication occurred following accidental dural puncture in a parturient accidental dural puncture in a parturient with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who subsequently developed the syndrome of subsequently developed the syndrome of hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low plateletsplatelets
On the first postoperative day postdural On the first postoperative day postdural puncture headache (PDPH) developed puncture headache (PDPH) developed
An epidural blood patch (EBP) was An epidural blood patch (EBP) was deferred to the third postoperative day deferred to the third postoperative day because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1 because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1
Headache intensified from a typical PDPH Headache intensified from a typical PDPH to one which was not posturally related to one which was not posturally related
A second EBP was abandoned after the A second EBP was abandoned after the
injection of 5 mL of blood because of injection of 5 mL of blood because of increasing headache during the procedure increasing headache during the procedure
Magnetic resonance imaging revealed Magnetic resonance imaging revealed bilateral temporal subdural hematomas bilateral temporal subdural hematomas
The patient was managed conservatively and The patient was managed conservatively and discharged home without any sequelae discharged home without any sequelae
ConclusionConclusion It is conceivable that It is conceivable that thrombocytopenia together with possible thrombocytopenia together with possible abnormal platelet function increased the risk abnormal platelet function increased the risk of subdural hematoma of subdural hematoma
Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be considered whenever headache is not considered whenever headache is not posturally related posturally related
OCUPATIONAL HAZARDOCUPATIONAL HAZARD Risk of transmission of HBV following Risk of transmission of HBV following
inoculation is 5 -30inoculation is 5 -30 May occur through needle prickcuts May occur through needle prickcuts
sharp injuriesmucous membranes- sharp injuriesmucous membranes- waterproof dressingwaterproof dressing
Wear gloves while inserting a Wear gloves while inserting a cannula airways intubation amp extubation cannula airways intubation amp extubation
Sharps should not be handed directly to Sharps should not be handed directly to othersothers
See to the sterilisation of other See to the sterilisation of other contaminated thingscontaminated things
Impaired liver functionImpaired liver function Direct effectsDirect effects Hypoglycemia Lactic acidosis Hyper metabolism Hypoglycemia Lactic acidosis Hyper metabolism
Azotemia and Impaired urea synthesisAzotemia and Impaired urea synthesis Jaundice appears when serum bilirubin exceeds 35 Jaundice appears when serum bilirubin exceeds 35
micromoll micromoll Defects in cholesterol metabolism together with intra-Defects in cholesterol metabolism together with intra-
hepatic cholestasis may lead to production of poor hepatic cholestasis may lead to production of poor quality bile and malabsorbtion of fat and fat-soluble quality bile and malabsorbtion of fat and fat-soluble vitamins vitamins
Reduced synthesis of proteins such as albumin clotting Reduced synthesis of proteins such as albumin clotting factors thyroid binding globulin and pseudo-factors thyroid binding globulin and pseudo-cholinesterasecholinesterase
Impaired hormone biotransformation reduced Impaired hormone biotransformation reduced production of modulator proteins and reduced protein production of modulator proteins and reduced protein binding lead to increased circulating levels of hormones binding lead to increased circulating levels of hormones such as insulin thyroxine T3 aldosterone and oestrogen such as insulin thyroxine T3 aldosterone and oestrogen
Indirect effectsIndirect effects Cardiovascular changesCardiovascular changes Vasodilatation and vascular shunting are Vasodilatation and vascular shunting are
almost invariable in ESLDalmost invariable in ESLD Low systemic vascular resistance (SVR) Low systemic vascular resistance (SVR)
results in high cardiac output and high results in high cardiac output and high mixed venous oxygen saturationsmixed venous oxygen saturations
Intrapulmonary amp arteriovenous shunting Intrapulmonary amp arteriovenous shunting Pulmonary hypertension may developPulmonary hypertension may develop Tachycardia bounding pulse Ejection Tachycardia bounding pulse Ejection
systolic murmur systolic murmur
Pulmonary problems are both vascular and mechanical Pulmonary problems are both vascular and mechanical Hepato-Pulmonary syndromeHepato-Pulmonary syndrome ndash triad of end ndash triad of end
stage liver disease A-a gradient gt2 kPa stage liver disease A-a gradient gt2 kPa intrapulmonary vascular dilationintrapulmonary vascular dilation
Impaired pulmonary function in absence of Impaired pulmonary function in absence of cardiopulmonary diseasecardiopulmonary disease
Impaired hypoxic vaso-constriction and ventilation Impaired hypoxic vaso-constriction and ventilation perfusion mismatch lead to arterial desaturation and perfusion mismatch lead to arterial desaturation and clubbing if chronicclubbing if chronic
Cyanosis dyspnoea platypnea orthodeoxia Cyanosis dyspnoea platypnea orthodeoxia [desaturation pronounced in upright position relieved [desaturation pronounced in upright position relieved by recumbency ]by recumbency ]
Pleural effusions together with ascites can cause Pleural effusions together with ascites can cause considerable mechanical embarrassment of respiration considerable mechanical embarrassment of respiration and a reduction in functional residual lung capacityand a reduction in functional residual lung capacity
Pulmonary changesPulmonary changes
HEPATORENAL SYNDROMEHEPATORENAL SYNDROME
1048708 1048708 Low GFRLow GFR 1048708 1048708 Low renal blood flowLow renal blood flow 1048708 1048708 No other cause for renal failureNo other cause for renal failure 1048708 ldquo1048708 ldquoFunctional renal failurerdquoFunctional renal failurerdquo Symptoms ndash water retention Symptoms ndash water retention
Azotemia hyponatremia amp oliguriaAzotemia hyponatremia amp oliguria
Hepatorenal failureHepatorenal failure Causes may beCauses may be Pre and peroperative dehydrationPre and peroperative dehydration HypovolaemiaHypovolaemia Falls in renal blood flow during surgery Falls in renal blood flow during surgery Direct effect of the excess conjugated Direct effect of the excess conjugated
bilirubin on the renal tubules or possibly an bilirubin on the renal tubules or possibly an increased absorption of endotoxin from the increased absorption of endotoxin from the gutgut
Not a major risk in patients with Prehepatic Not a major risk in patients with Prehepatic jaundice jaundice
ManagementManagementof Hepato renal syndromeof Hepato renal syndrome
Avoid it developing by ensuring adequate hydration Avoid it developing by ensuring adequate hydration and a urine flow of at least 50mlshr in the average and a urine flow of at least 50mlshr in the average adult patientadult patient
In moderately elevated bilirubin - simple fluid loading In moderately elevated bilirubin - simple fluid loading for 12 hours before surgery using 09 NaCl and for 12 hours before surgery using 09 NaCl and during the operation during the operation
If the urine output is not maintained - Mannitol If the urine output is not maintained - Mannitol 1010
Bilirubin greatly elevated (gt140 micromolslitre) - Bilirubin greatly elevated (gt140 micromolslitre) - intravenous fluids during the 24 hours before surgery intravenous fluids during the 24 hours before surgery and for 36 hours postoperatively and for 36 hours postoperatively
Mannitol 10 05-1gkg - prior to surgery Mannitol 10 05-1gkg - prior to surgery without making the patient dehydrated as a result of without making the patient dehydrated as a result of an over-zealous diuresisan over-zealous diuresis
Neurological problemsNeurological problems Mechanisms leading to deepening Mechanisms leading to deepening
encephalopathy -incompletely understood encephalopathy -incompletely understood Due to accumulation of neurotoxic Due to accumulation of neurotoxic
compounds penetrating an impaired blood-compounds penetrating an impaired blood-brain barrier brain barrier
Symptoms can occur in chronic as well as in Symptoms can occur in chronic as well as in acute disease may be rapid in onset acute disease may be rapid in onset
Precipitated by a gastrointestinal bleed Precipitated by a gastrointestinal bleed dietary protein overload or sepsis dietary protein overload or sepsis
Somnolence can be exacerbated by sedative Somnolence can be exacerbated by sedative drugs and narcoticsdrugs and narcotics
Rapid correction of hyponatraemia can lead Rapid correction of hyponatraemia can lead to osmotic demyelination and central pontine to osmotic demyelination and central pontine myelinolysis and should be avoided myelinolysis and should be avoided
HAEMATOLOGICAL PROBLEMS Anaemia may be the result of nutritional Anaemia may be the result of nutritional
deficiency toxic bone marrow depression or deficiency toxic bone marrow depression or gastrointestinal bleeding from varices or gastrointestinal bleeding from varices or erosions erosions
Coagulation defects arise from Coagulation defects arise from thrombocytopenia platelet dysfunction and thrombocytopenia platelet dysfunction and decreased levels of circulating clotting factors decreased levels of circulating clotting factors
Clotting factor levels fall because of impaired Clotting factor levels fall because of impaired synthesis vitamin K malabsorbtion and synthesis vitamin K malabsorbtion and intravascular consumption intravascular consumption
The short half-life of clotting factors means that The short half-life of clotting factors means that INR or Prothrombin Ratio (PTR) can reliably be INR or Prothrombin Ratio (PTR) can reliably be used to evaluate residual hepatic functionused to evaluate residual hepatic function
Treatment ndashVit K FFPTreatment ndashVit K FFP
GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEMGASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM Rupture of oesophageal varicesRupture of oesophageal varices Vassopressin amp octreotide ndashreduce portal Vassopressin amp octreotide ndashreduce portal
hypertensionhypertension Susceptibility to infection - increasedSusceptibility to infection - increasedDrug dispositionDrug disposition Cholestasis will reduce absorption of fat-Cholestasis will reduce absorption of fat-
soluble drugs after oral administrationsoluble drugs after oral administration Compartment changes and altered protein Compartment changes and altered protein
binding will affect volume of distribution binding will affect volume of distribution clearance and re-distribution clearance and re-distribution
Patients with liver dysfunction may be Patients with liver dysfunction may be particularly sensitive to opiates and particularly sensitive to opiates and benzodiazepines due to altered end-organ benzodiazepines due to altered end-organ sensitivitysensitivity
Effect of hepatic dysfunction on Effect of hepatic dysfunction on anaestheticsanaesthetics
darr darr Albumin -increased free fraction Albumin -increased free fraction Altered volume of distribution [Ascites amp increased Altered volume of distribution [Ascites amp increased
total body water compartment]total body water compartment] Reduced metabolism ndashalters drug pharmacodynamics Reduced metabolism ndashalters drug pharmacodynamics Opiods -Opiods - Morphine pethidine -uarr uarr respiratory depression amp Morphine pethidine -uarr uarr respiratory depression amp
sedationsedationSedative hypnotic drugsSedative hypnotic drugs Benzodiazepines ndash prolongedBenzodiazepines ndash prolongedNDMR NDMR Prolonged action for vecuronium and pancuroniumProlonged action for vecuronium and pancuroniumDMRDMR Decreased serum cholinesterase activity Decreased serum cholinesterase activity
The Effect of Anaesthetics on Liver The Effect of Anaesthetics on Liver FunctionFunction
VOLATILE AGENTSVOLATILE AGENTS Halothane -darr HABFPBF disturb HABR [hepatic Halothane -darr HABFPBF disturb HABR [hepatic
arterial buffer response]arterial buffer response] Sevoflurane isoflurane maintain HABR Sevoflurane isoflurane maintain HABR SEVO gt ISO gt DES gt HALOSEVO gt ISO gt DES gt HALOIV ANAESTHETICSIV ANAESTHETICS Thiopentone etomidate -darrTHBFThiopentone etomidate -darrTHBF Propofol - uarrTHBF ndashsplanchnic vasodilatorPropofol - uarrTHBF ndashsplanchnic vasodilator Ketamine ndash no effectsKetamine ndash no effectsREGIONAL ANAESTHESIAREGIONAL ANAESTHESIA High epidural may reduce THBFHigh epidural may reduce THBF
Effect of General Anaesthesia on liver Effect of General Anaesthesia on liver functions in patients with preexisting functions in patients with preexisting
liver diseasesliver diseases Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 1989 Apr 37(2) 61-6Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 1989 Apr 37(2) 61-6 ABSTRACT Effects of anaesthetics on liver ABSTRACT Effects of anaesthetics on liver
functions were studies in 13 patients having no liver functions were studies in 13 patients having no liver disease (group I) and 11 patients having liver disease (group I) and 11 patients having liver disease (group II) disease (group II)
Serum cholinesterase increased significantly in both Serum cholinesterase increased significantly in both the group Rise in SGOT levels was significant only the group Rise in SGOT levels was significant only in group I who had greater surgical trauma and not in group I who had greater surgical trauma and not in the other group of patients (group II) in the other group of patients (group II)
Significant decrease in total serum proteins was Significant decrease in total serum proteins was seen on different postoperative days in group I but seen on different postoperative days in group I but only on 5th postoperative day in group II only on 5th postoperative day in group II
It was concluded that presence of liver disease does It was concluded that presence of liver disease does not increase the adverse effect of anaesthesia on not increase the adverse effect of anaesthesia on liver function and that liver function and that surgical trauma is more surgical trauma is more important than anaesthesia in producingimportant than anaesthesia in producing liver liver dysfunction dysfunction
Signs of Liver DiseaseSigns of Liver Disease JaundiceJaundice HepatomegalyHepatomegaly Spider NaeviSpider Naevi SplenomegalySplenomegaly Scratch MarksScratch Marks AscitesAscites Palmer ErythemaPalmer Erythema
Dilated Abdominal Dilated Abdominal VeinsVeins
Peripheral OedemaPeripheral Oedema Finger ClubbingFinger Clubbing Testicular AtrophyTesticular Atrophy BruisingBruising GynaecomastiaGynaecomastia ConfusionComa ConfusionComa
JaundiceJaundicePrehepatic jaundice [haemolysis]Prehepatic jaundice [haemolysis] Massive intravascular haemolysis - as in Massive intravascular haemolysis - as in
some forms of malaria or in sickle cell some forms of malaria or in sickle cell anemiaanemia
Hepatocellular function is normal but Hepatocellular function is normal but overwhelmed - increased unconjugated overwhelmed - increased unconjugated bilirubin bilirubin
Intact Protein and carbohydrate Intact Protein and carbohydrate metabolism metabolism
No reduction in the absorption of Vitamin K No reduction in the absorption of Vitamin K or production of clotting factorsor production of clotting factors
Hepatocellular jaundiceHepatocellular jaundice Hepatitis or Cirrhosis Hepatitis or Cirrhosis decreased protein synthesis signs of decreased protein synthesis signs of
delayed clotting and even encephalopathy delayed clotting and even encephalopathy
CONTDhellipCONTDhellipObstructive JaundiceObstructive Jaundice Biliary obstruction - from a stone in the common Biliary obstruction - from a stone in the common
bile duct pancreatic tumour or ascending bile duct pancreatic tumour or ascending cholangitischolangitis
Hepatocellular function is normal Hepatocellular function is normal Excess plasma bilirubin is chiefly conjugated - Excess plasma bilirubin is chiefly conjugated -
excreted in the urine which becomes darkexcreted in the urine which becomes dark Stools are pale as a result of poor lipid Stools are pale as a result of poor lipid
absorption absorption Protein synthesis is normalProtein synthesis is normal Vitamin K dependant clotting factors reduced Vitamin K dependant clotting factors reduced as the absorption of vitamin K is as the absorption of vitamin K is
dependent on the excretion of bile salts into the dependent on the excretion of bile salts into the small intestine rarr clotting time prolonged small intestine rarr clotting time prolonged parenteral vitamin K parenteral vitamin K
Renal impairment in Renal impairment in JaundiceJaundice
Release of endotoxins into systemic Release of endotoxins into systemic circulationcirculation
following biliary obstruction ndash renal following biliary obstruction ndash renal failurefailure
Prevention Prevention - in high srbilirubin levels ndash - in high srbilirubin levels ndash
percutaneous drainage of biliary tree percutaneous drainage of biliary tree under antibiotic coverunder antibiotic cover
- pre op oral bile salts -- pre op oral bile salts -darr post op RFdarr post op RF
Liver Function TestsLiver Function Tests Indication of severity help to differentiate Indication of severity help to differentiate
between prehepatic hepatocellular and between prehepatic hepatocellular and obstructive jaundiceobstructive jaundice
Jaundice - sign of an elevation of serum Jaundice - sign of an elevation of serum bilirubin bilirubin
Protein and albumin levels are normal in Protein and albumin levels are normal in prehepatic or obstructive jaundice low prehepatic or obstructive jaundice low values indicate hepatocellular damagevalues indicate hepatocellular damage
clotting - Prothrombin Time clotting - Prothrombin Time An elevated INR may indicate impaired An elevated INR may indicate impaired
synthesis of clotting factors due to synthesis of clotting factors due to hepatocellular damage or malabsorption hepatocellular damage or malabsorption of vitamin K due to biliary obstruction of vitamin K due to biliary obstruction
ContdhellipContdhellip Prothrombin time[ half life - 6 -12 hrs ] ndash best Prothrombin time[ half life - 6 -12 hrs ] ndash best
indicator than Albumin [ half life ndash 24 -48 indicator than Albumin [ half life ndash 24 -48 days]days]
Alanine Transaminase (ALT) and Aspartate Alanine Transaminase (ALT) and Aspartate Transaminase (AST) are enzymes that are released Transaminase (AST) are enzymes that are released into the circulation by damaged hepatocytes into the circulation by damaged hepatocytes Raised levels indicate hepatocellular damageRaised levels indicate hepatocellular damage
AST can also be elevated in other circumstances AST can also be elevated in other circumstances such as myocardial infarction such as myocardial infarction
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme localized Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme localized near the bile cannaliculi and is elevated in biliary near the bile cannaliculi and is elevated in biliary obstruction Not specific to hepatobiliary diseaseobstruction Not specific to hepatobiliary disease[ raised in malignant bone disease][ raised in malignant bone disease]
An accompanying rise in Gamma glutamyl An accompanying rise in Gamma glutamyl Transferase (Gamma GT) suggests that the ALP is Transferase (Gamma GT) suggests that the ALP is from the liverfrom the liver
ContdhellipContdhellip Glutathione ndash S ndash transferase ndashto Glutathione ndash S ndash transferase ndashto
assess damage assess damage due to anaestheticsdue to anaesthetics ALP ndashEarly in biliary obstructionALP ndashEarly in biliary obstruction γγ - Glutamyl trans peptidase ndash rises - Glutamyl trans peptidase ndash rises
after alcohol amp drug induced liver after alcohol amp drug induced liver damagedamage
Plasma glucose should be measuredPlasma glucose should be measured
Risk and severity scoringRisk and severity scoring In 1964 Child and Turcotte classified risk for In 1964 Child and Turcotte classified risk for
patients with liver cirrhosis undergoing porto-patients with liver cirrhosis undergoing porto-caval anastomosis for management of portal caval anastomosis for management of portal hypertensionhypertension
Pugh et al at Kings College Hospital Pugh et al at Kings College Hospital published a severity scoring system for published a severity scoring system for patients undergoing oesophageal transection patients undergoing oesophageal transection for bleeding oesophageal varices for bleeding oesophageal varices
The two systems have been amalgamated and The two systems have been amalgamated and provide a disease severity assessment based provide a disease severity assessment based on two clinical and three laboratory variables on two clinical and three laboratory variables
PUGHlsquoS MODIFICATION OF CHILD GRADINGPUGHlsquoS MODIFICATION OF CHILD GRADING Clinical amp Biochemical Clinical amp Biochemical variablesvariables
POINTS POINTS 11
SCORESCOREDD22
33
Serum albumin (gL)Serum albumin (gL) gt35gt35 28-3528-35 lt28lt28
Serum bilirubin (micromolL)Serum bilirubin (micromolL) [Mg dl][Mg dl]
lt35lt35lt 2lt 2
35-6035-602 -32 -3
gt60gt60gt 3gt 3
PT (seconds) prolongedPT (seconds) prolongedfrom controlfrom control
1-41-4INR [ lt INR [ lt 1 7]1 7]
4-104-10INR [17 INR [17 -23]-23]
1010INR gt23INR gt23
AscitesAscites NoneNone MildMild ModerateModerateEncephalopathyEncephalopathy AbsentAbsent Grade I ndash Grade I ndash
IIIIGrade III ndash Grade III ndash IVIV
POINTS 5- 6 ndash class A [5 Mortality] 7 -9 ndashClass B [10 mortality] 10 -15 ndashClass C [50 mortality]
Surgery in patients with liver Surgery in patients with liver dysfunctiondysfunction
The Child-Pugh classification is a useful method The Child-Pugh classification is a useful method of staging the progress of liver decompensation of staging the progress of liver decompensation
Limited predictive value in anaesthesia and Limited predictive value in anaesthesia and surgerysurgery
Group A patients are lower riskGroup A patients are lower risk and with and with sufficient care can be considered as candidates sufficient care can be considered as candidates for most types of surgeryfor most types of surgery
Group B patients ndash acceptable but correct Group B patients ndash acceptable but correct abnormalities abnormalities
Group C patientsGroup C patients present an extremely high present an extremely high operative risk - surgical procedures in these operative risk - surgical procedures in these patients should be avoided if possible- patients should be avoided if possible- only only emergency or life-saving proceduresemergency or life-saving procedures should should be undertakenbe undertaken
Preoperative assessmentPreoperative assessment Type and extent of liver diseaseType and extent of liver disease Extra hepatic effectsExtra hepatic effects Risk assessmentRisk assessment Patients general condition- hydration nutritionPatients general condition- hydration nutrition Associated co-morbid conditionsAssociated co-morbid conditions LFTLFT ConsentConsent Premedication-short acting temazepam in absence Premedication-short acting temazepam in absence
of neurological impairment orally ndashavoid of neurological impairment orally ndashavoid intramuscular injectionsintramuscular injections
H2 receptor antagonistsH2 receptor antagonists Preop Vit K optimal hydrationPreop Vit K optimal hydration
PREOP INVESTIGATIONSPREOP INVESTIGATIONS
Hematological ndashHb Platelet Hematological ndashHb Platelet countWBC Coagulation profilecountWBC Coagulation profile
Metabolic ndash sr Metabolic ndash sr glucose urea creatinine electrolytesglucose urea creatinine electrolytes
Cardio respiratory ndash chest x-rayECG Cardio respiratory ndash chest x-rayECG PFT ABGPFT ABG
Liver function ndash Liver function ndash srbilirubinalbuminliver enzymessrbilirubinalbuminliver enzymes
Pre-op risk factors Pre-op risk factors associated with associated with
postoperative mortalitypostoperative mortality Serum albumin lt3gLSerum albumin lt3gL Serum bilirubin gt50 micromolLSerum bilirubin gt50 micromolL PT gt15 s over controlPT gt15 s over control Presence of infectionPresence of infection WBC gt 10000WBC gt 10000 Treatment with more than two antibioticsTreatment with more than two antibiotics Presence of AscitesPresence of Ascites MalnutritionMalnutrition Emergency surgeryEmergency surgery
Anaesthetic TechniqueAnaesthetic Technique Avoid hypotensive techniquesmdashintra hepatic necrosisAvoid hypotensive techniquesmdashintra hepatic necrosis High conc of oxygen -- - due to intrapulmonary shuntsHigh conc of oxygen -- - due to intrapulmonary shunts Avoid hypotension amp hypoxemiaAvoid hypotension amp hypoxemia Meticulous fluid balance ndashMeticulous fluid balance ndash Ascites ndash may lose a large amount of fluid rapidlyAscites ndash may lose a large amount of fluid rapidly Concentrated albumin solutions ndashto correct Concentrated albumin solutions ndashto correct
hypoproteinemiahypoproteinemia Fresh blood ndashto prevent hypocalcemia due to Fresh blood ndashto prevent hypocalcemia due to
reduced metabolism of preservativesreduced metabolism of preservatives FFP 12 - 15 mlKg ndashCorrect dilutional FFP 12 - 15 mlKg ndashCorrect dilutional
coagulopathycoagulopathy 1 unit of FFP for every 1 unit of packed cells or 250 1 unit of FFP for every 1 unit of packed cells or 250
ml of 09 saline or colloid [500 ml of FFP - uarr ml of 09 saline or colloid [500 ml of FFP - uarr Clotting factors by 20 ]Clotting factors by 20 ]
Maintenance of temperature Maintenance of temperature
MonitoringMonitoring Monitoring of temperature Monitoring of temperature Coagulation status should be monitored ndashplatelet count fibrin Coagulation status should be monitored ndashplatelet count fibrin
degradation products prothrombin time activated clotting degradation products prothrombin time activated clotting time partial thromboplastin timetime partial thromboplastin time
Thromboelastography has been used as a tool in liver Thromboelastography has been used as a tool in liver transplantationtransplantation
Repeated BP cuff inflation ndashmay lead to bruising in patients Repeated BP cuff inflation ndashmay lead to bruising in patients with altered haemostatic functionwith altered haemostatic function
Insertion of Intra arterial line ndash care to prevent haematoma Insertion of Intra arterial line ndash care to prevent haematoma Jugular route is preferred in CVP monitoringJugular route is preferred in CVP monitoring OximetryOximetry Urine outputUrine output Blood lossBlood loss Monitor ionized calciumMonitor ionized calcium
DRUGSDRUGS
Thiopentone ndash intrinsic clearance delayed Thiopentone ndash intrinsic clearance delayed but recovery not delayed because of but recovery not delayed because of redistributionredistribution
Alcoholic cirrhosis ndash larger dose of thio ndash Alcoholic cirrhosis ndash larger dose of thio ndash cross tolerancecross tolerance
Halothane and enflurane reduce hepatic Halothane and enflurane reduce hepatic arterial flow (vasodilatation negative arterial flow (vasodilatation negative inotropic effects)inotropic effects)
Isoflurane increases hepatic blood flowIsoflurane increases hepatic blood flow [preferred][preferred]
NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING AGENTSAGENTS
Reduced plasma pseudo cholinesterase activityReduced plasma pseudo cholinesterase activity Prolonged action- vecuronium Prolonged action- vecuronium
pancruonium[16 fold]pancruonium[16 fold] Decreased biliary excretionDecreased biliary excretion Increased volume of distribution ndashlarger Increased volume of distribution ndashlarger
initial dosesinitial doses 1048708 1048708 Recommended Atracurium ndash metabolism Recommended Atracurium ndash metabolism
independent of liver and kidneysindependent of liver and kidneys 1048708 1048708 For transplantation ndash long acting agent such For transplantation ndash long acting agent such
as doxacuriumas doxacurium
OPIODS amp SEDATIVESOPIODS amp SEDATIVES
NarcoticsNarcotics Reduced metabolism of morphine and Reduced metabolism of morphine and
pethidinepethidine Prefer fentanylPrefer fentanyl Remifentanyl - ideal Remifentanyl - ideal 1048708 1048708 BenzodiazepinesBenzodiazepines 1048708 1048708 Diazepam - prolonged half lifeDiazepam - prolonged half life 1048708 1048708 Oxazepam and lorazepam preferrred Oxazepam and lorazepam preferrred
ndashmetabolised by glucuronidation ndashmetabolised by glucuronidation without liver requirementwithout liver requirement
Regional Anaesthesia Regional Anaesthesia Contraindicated if PT gt25 s above control Contraindicated if PT gt25 s above control
platelet count lt 50000 cumm bleeding platelet count lt 50000 cumm bleeding time gt12 mtstime gt12 mts
Spinal and epidural anaesthesia carries the Spinal and epidural anaesthesia carries the risk of epidural haematoma and paralysis if risk of epidural haematoma and paralysis if there is abnormal clotting but there are there is abnormal clotting but there are otherwise no special precautionsotherwise no special precautions
The half-life of lignocaine is prolonged in The half-life of lignocaine is prolonged in liver failure but this is not significant when liver failure but this is not significant when used in regional anaesthesia used in regional anaesthesia
LA dose diminished in presence of AscitesLA dose diminished in presence of Ascites
Canadian Journal of Anesthesia Vol 45 452-Canadian Journal of Anesthesia Vol 45 452-459 459
Obstetrical anaesthesia for a parturient with Obstetrical anaesthesia for a parturient with preeclampsia HELLP syndrome and acute cortical preeclampsia HELLP syndrome and acute cortical
blindnessblindness A 39-yr-old woman with three past A 39-yr-old woman with three past uncomplicated pregnancies presented at 33 uncomplicated pregnancies presented at 33 wk with acute cortical blindnesswk with acute cortical blindness
Based on clinical and laboratory assessment Based on clinical and laboratory assessment a diagnosis of preeclampsia with HELLP a diagnosis of preeclampsia with HELLP syndrome was madesyndrome was made
A CT scan of her head demonstrated A CT scan of her head demonstrated ischaemic lesions of her basal ganglia ischaemic lesions of her basal ganglia extending superiorly to involve both posterior extending superiorly to involve both posterior parietal and occipital regionsparietal and occipital regions
Infusions of magnesium sulphate and Infusions of magnesium sulphate and hydralazine were started and an urgent hydralazine were started and an urgent Caesarean section was performed Caesarean section was performed under under subarachnoid anaesthesiasubarachnoid anaesthesia after insertion of an after insertion of an arterial line and intravenous hydration arterial line and intravenous hydration
ContdhellipContdhellip The course of anaesthesia and surgery was uneventful The course of anaesthesia and surgery was uneventful
and she delivered a live 1540 g female infantand she delivered a live 1540 g female infant By the following morning she had recovered some By the following morning she had recovered some
vision and visual recovery was complete by 72 hr vision and visual recovery was complete by 72 hr postpartum postpartum
Her postoperative course was uneventful Her postoperative course was uneventful CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION Provided that it is not contraindicated Provided that it is not contraindicated
because of prohibitive risk to the mother because of prohibitive risk to the mother regional regional anaesthesia has particular advantage in these anaesthesia has particular advantage in these patientspatients
In particular the use of spinal anaesthesia which has In particular the use of spinal anaesthesia which has been discouraged by some for this patient population been discouraged by some for this patient population should be re-evaluated should be re-evaluated
Postoperative Postoperative managementmanagement
Oxygen enriched airOxygen enriched air Major surgery ndash elective post operative Major surgery ndash elective post operative
ventilationventilation Replace blood lossReplace blood loss Maintain adequate urine outputMaintain adequate urine output Dopamine and inotropes should be Dopamine and inotropes should be
continuedcontinued The principle complications are likely The principle complications are likely
to be continued bleeding sepsis and to be continued bleeding sepsis and hepatic decompensation hepatic decompensation
Peri-operative considerations in Child-Peri-operative considerations in Child-Pugh A patientsPugh A patients
Pre-operative Pre-operative Aetiology of condition - virology Aetiology of condition - virology Drug idiosyncrasy Drug idiosyncrasy
Blood count and platelets Blood count and platelets Clotting screen Clotting screen Assess renal function Assess renal function Previous anaesthetics Previous anaesthetics
Per-operative Per-operative Consider drug bio-availability issues Consider drug bio-availability issues Avoid drugs excreted via liverAvoid drugs excreted via liver Regional techniques acceptable if clotting Regional techniques acceptable if clotting
normalnormal Post-operativePost-operative Monitor for post-operative hepatic Monitor for post-operative hepatic
decompensationdecompensation Possible prolonged duration of action in Possible prolonged duration of action in opiates HDU ITU careopiates HDU ITU care
Child-Pugh Group BC patient Child-Pugh Group BC patient undergoing major surgeryundergoing major surgery
Previous upper abdominal surgery portal Previous upper abdominal surgery portal hypertension and coagulopathy dramatically hypertension and coagulopathy dramatically increase the potential for per-operative blood lossincrease the potential for per-operative blood loss
8-12 units of blood together fresh frozen plasma 8-12 units of blood together fresh frozen plasma and platelets should be available and platelets should be available
Pre-medicationPre-medication Sedative premedicants should be avoided in the Sedative premedicants should be avoided in the
encephalopathic patient encephalopathic patient Other drugs may be needed pre-operatively and Other drugs may be needed pre-operatively and
include antibiotics and H2 receptor antagonistsinclude antibiotics and H2 receptor antagonists The oral or intravenous route used - The oral or intravenous route used -
intramuscular injections should be avoidedintramuscular injections should be avoided Coagulopathy may require correction with fresh Coagulopathy may require correction with fresh
frozen plasma and platelets and renal frozen plasma and platelets and renal replacement therapy may need to be consideredreplacement therapy may need to be considered
Per-operative considerationsPer-operative considerations Regional techniques -- considered carefully - Regional techniques -- considered carefully -
coagulopathy epidural varices can pose an coagulopathy epidural varices can pose an additional risk additional risk
Vascular accessVascular access with a multi-lumen central with a multi-lumen central venous catheter together with at least one large venous catheter together with at least one large bore central line bore central line
Monitoring of arterial and central venous Monitoring of arterial and central venous pressures is mandatory pressures is mandatory
Pulmonary artery pulmonary capillary wedge Pulmonary artery pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and cardiac output measurements pressure and cardiac output measurements may be necessary in the sick patientmay be necessary in the sick patient
Trans-oesophageal echocardiography and Trans-oesophageal echocardiography and volumetric haemodynamic monitoring pulse volumetric haemodynamic monitoring pulse contour analysis can provide significant contour analysis can provide significant additional information for the strategic additional information for the strategic management of these patients management of these patients
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Coagulation and fibrinolysisCoagulation and fibrinolysis are major are major
concerns concerns The potential for large volume blood replacement The potential for large volume blood replacement
means that temperature should be measured and means that temperature should be measured and a fluid warmer and warming mattress useda fluid warmer and warming mattress used
Regular per-operative estimation of INRPTR may Regular per-operative estimation of INRPTR may be necessary - thromboelastography provides be necessary - thromboelastography provides useful intra-operative evaluation of coagulationuseful intra-operative evaluation of coagulation
Blood conservationBlood conservation - considered - considered Preservation of hepatic function -Preservation of hepatic function - N- N-
acetylcysteine (NAC) is a sulphur-containing acetylcysteine (NAC) is a sulphur-containing antioxidant - benefit patients with fulminant antioxidant - benefit patients with fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
NAC appears to improve oxygen delivery NAC appears to improve oxygen delivery and consumption and reduce base deficitand consumption and reduce base deficit
Renal FunctionRenal Function - - Dopamine may be usefulDopamine may be useful
Bleeding oesophageal Bleeding oesophageal varicesvarices
Bleeding oesophageal varices - life-threatening Bleeding oesophageal varices - life-threatening complication of - often occur against a complication of - often occur against a background of abnormal clotting background of abnormal clotting thrombocytopenia encephalopathy and Ascitesthrombocytopenia encephalopathy and Ascites
Overall mortality is 30 Overall mortality is 30 The principles of anaesthetic managementThe principles of anaesthetic management Protect the airway Protect the airway Establish good vascular access Establish good vascular access Volume replacement - colloid blood fresh Volume replacement - colloid blood fresh
frozen plasma and platelets Avoid saline frozen plasma and platelets Avoid saline Check correct clotting Give Vitamin K correct Check correct clotting Give Vitamin K correct
fibrinolysis and review blood chemistry fibrinolysis and review blood chemistry
Intoxicated Alcoholic Intoxicated Alcoholic PatientsPatients
Requires less anaesthetic ndashadditive depressant Requires less anaesthetic ndashadditive depressant effect of alcohol amp anaestheticseffect of alcohol amp anaesthetics
Ill - equipped to withstand stress amp Acute blood Ill - equipped to withstand stress amp Acute blood lossloss
Alcohol decrease the tolerance of brain to hypoxiaAlcohol decrease the tolerance of brain to hypoxia uarr uarr Risk of regurgitation amp aspiration - alcohol Risk of regurgitation amp aspiration - alcohol
darrtone of lower oesophageal sphincter amp slows darrtone of lower oesophageal sphincter amp slows gastric emptyinggastric emptying
Alcohol Interferes with platelet aggregationAlcohol Interferes with platelet aggregation Causes uarrconc of plasma catecholamines rarr Causes uarrconc of plasma catecholamines rarr
Intraoperative dysarrhytmiasIntraoperative dysarrhytmias
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE
Mild ndash 17 marked - 4Mild ndash 17 marked - 4 Patient factorsPatient factors Congenital Congenital
hemolytic disordershemolytic disorders Acquired hemolytic Acquired hemolytic
disordersdisorders Pre existing liver Pre existing liver
diseasedisease CoagulopathyCoagulopathy Gilberts syndromeGilberts syndrome SepsisSepsis
Perioperative Perioperative factorsfactors
Anaesthetic induced Anaesthetic induced darrHBFdarrHBF
BleedingBleeding HypotensionHypotension Blood transfusionBlood transfusion Biliary tree traumaBiliary tree trauma Viral hepatitisViral hepatitis DrugsDrugs Halothane antibioticsHalothane antibiotics Nonsteroidal agentsNonsteroidal agents
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -
5000mg Bilirubin5000mg Bilirubin 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg
bilirubinbilirubin Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in
G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cell disease multiple blood transfusionscell disease multiple blood transfusions
Delayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashDelayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashpostop jaundicepostop jaundice
Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgeryuarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgery
ContdhellipContdhellip Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow
non biliary surgery 3- 30 days post opnon biliary surgery 3- 30 days post op Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis
[benign] - associated with multiple blood [benign] - associated with multiple blood transfusions hypoxia hypotension - transfusions hypoxia hypotension - uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks
ManagementManagement Prevention is the best treatment Prevention is the best treatment Avoid precipitating factorsAvoid precipitating factors
Halothane HepatitisHalothane Hepatitis The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane
anaesthetics - higher in women the middle anaesthetics - higher in women the middle aged and the obeseaged and the obese
Rarer in paediatric patients and with the Rarer in paediatric patients and with the newer volatile agents newer volatile agents
Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
ldquoldquoUnexplained liver damage within 28 days of Unexplained liver damage within 28 days of halothane exposure in previously normal halothane exposure in previously normal patientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reactionpatientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reaction
Clinical featuresClinical features malaise anorexiafever malaise anorexiafever within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks
Halothane HepatitisHalothane HepatitisDIAGNOSISDIAGNOSIS Serum antibodies that react with specific liver Serum antibodies that react with specific liver
microsomal proteins that are altered by microsomal proteins that are altered by trifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothanetrifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothane
Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Risk factorsRisk factors High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ]High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ] previous adverse reactionprevious adverse reaction Uncertain - obesityUncertain - obesity Female [16 1 ]Female [16 1 ] Drug allergy [ 15 ]Drug allergy [ 15 ] Family historyFamily history Lymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoinLymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoin
ContdhellipContdhellip The cause not fully established - multifactorial - The cause not fully established - multifactorial -
possible immunological cause possible immunological cause Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated
proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically predisposed subjectspredisposed subjects
Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also to blameto blame
Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile agent so toxic metabolites may be involvedagent so toxic metabolites may be involved
The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with increasing numbers of exposures to halothane increasing numbers of exposures to halothane
Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO database holds 225 and 159 reports respectivelydatabase holds 225 and 159 reports respectively
Halothane exposure Halothane exposure guidelinesguidelines
Avoid Halothane ifAvoid Halothane if Within at least 3 months of a previous Within at least 3 months of a previous
exposure exposure Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or
pyrexia pyrexia Family history of hepatic reactions to Family history of hepatic reactions to
halothanehalothane Pre - existing liver diseasePre - existing liver disease Adverse reactions to Other volatile Adverse reactions to Other volatile
anaesthetic agentsanaesthetic agents
Liver and PregnancyLiver and Pregnancy Normal in sizeNormal in size A decrease in total protein as well albumin A decrease in total protein as well albumin An increase of the liver dependent clotting An increase of the liver dependent clotting
factors such as fibrinogen factors such as fibrinogen An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times
secondary to placental alkalinesecondary to placental alkaline Srcholinesterase Srcholinesterase darr 30darr 30 Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and
bilirubinbilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin
ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver disease disease
Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Intrahepatic Cholestasis of PregnancyPregnancy
Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Rare in black patients Rare in black patients
Strong family history Strong family history High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies
60-7060-70 Pruritus alone - 80 percent Pruritus alone - 80 percent Jaundice develop in 20 percentJaundice develop in 20 percent Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or
no elevation in transaminasesno elevation in transaminases
IChP ndashcontdhellipIChP ndashcontdhellip Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early
delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice ) pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice )
Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts Dexamethasone Dexamethasone
Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but bilurubin within 4-6 weeks bilurubin within 4-6 weeks
Implications on Anaesthesia Implications on Anaesthesia Check coagulation profile Check coagulation profile Ask for vit K IV Ask for vit K IV take care of high incidence of fetal distress take care of high incidence of fetal distress
meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist must attend with incubatormust attend with incubator
Preeclampsia amp EclampsiaPreeclampsia amp Eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia
and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl
If not associated with other criteria of HELLP If not associated with other criteria of HELLP syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 50mlday 50mlday
Implications on anaesthesiaImplications on anaesthesia Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress
response which could continue to anaesthesia response which could continue to anaesthesia provided INR lt15 provided INR lt15
Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed tube 6-7 mm tube 6-7 mm
Adequate analgesia Adequate analgesia Fluids restriction Fluids restriction Continue medications postoperative in ICU Continue medications postoperative in ICU
HELLP syndrome HELLP syndrome Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low
plateletsplatelets Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-
eclampsia result from very active platelets eclampsia result from very active platelets aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia and congestion with deposition of fibrous and congestion with deposition of fibrous network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage
Nausea vomiting headache and upper right Nausea vomiting headache and upper right abdominal pain hypotension shockabdominal pain hypotension shock
Best markers are the maternal lactate Best markers are the maternal lactate dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet count count
Congested liver of HELLP Congested liver of HELLP syndromesyndrome
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high
dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has been shown to markedly improve the laboratory been shown to markedly improve the laboratory abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome
Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is
greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of magnesium sulfate magnesium sulfate
Anesthesia like severe preclampsia Anesthesia like severe preclampsia avoid trauma to liveravoid trauma to liver Vit K if INR gt15Vit K if INR gt15 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60
ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF PREGNANCYPREGNANCY
Rare serious disorder unknown etiologyRare serious disorder unknown etiology Symptoms in third trimesterSymptoms in third trimester ndashabdominal
pain nausea vomiting anorexiafatique fever headache
Rapid progression ndashbleeding jaundice encephalopathy renal failure hepatic failure coagulopathy - PPH
uarrTransaminases hyperbilirubinemia uarrprothrombin time --- DIC
Prompt delivery is advisable
Hepatic Rupture and Hepatic Rupture and Infarction Infarction
Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 to 85 percent) are at higher risk to 85 percent) are at higher risk
Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in
shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy
Therapy for hepatic rupture has included Therapy for hepatic rupture has included transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted in hepatic rupture in hepatic rupture
Hepatic infarctionHepatic infarction was typically present with fever was typically present with fever and marked elevations in transaminase levels In and marked elevations in transaminase levels In surviving patients liver function and histopathology surviving patients liver function and histopathology are normal within six months of delivery are normal within six months of delivery
Anesthesia in pregnant women with Anesthesia in pregnant women with HELLP syndromeHELLP syndrome
Retrospective studyRetrospective study For the period of 1 July For the period of 1 July 1996 through 30 June 2000 1996 through 30 June 2000
RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had cesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal deliverycesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal delivery
Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 postcesarean delivery the range platelet count postcesarean delivery the range platelet count was 19000-143000microl was 19000-143000microl
Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia
There were no neurologic complications or There were no neurologic complications or bleeding in the epidural spacebleeding in the epidural space
CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any neurologic or hematologic complications of women neurologic or hematologic complications of women with HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesiawith HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesia
Subdural Hematoma following dural Subdural Hematoma following dural puncture in a parturient with HELLP puncture in a parturient with HELLP
syndromesyndrome This complication occurred following This complication occurred following accidental dural puncture in a parturient accidental dural puncture in a parturient with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who subsequently developed the syndrome of subsequently developed the syndrome of hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low plateletsplatelets
On the first postoperative day postdural On the first postoperative day postdural puncture headache (PDPH) developed puncture headache (PDPH) developed
An epidural blood patch (EBP) was An epidural blood patch (EBP) was deferred to the third postoperative day deferred to the third postoperative day because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1 because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1
Headache intensified from a typical PDPH Headache intensified from a typical PDPH to one which was not posturally related to one which was not posturally related
A second EBP was abandoned after the A second EBP was abandoned after the
injection of 5 mL of blood because of injection of 5 mL of blood because of increasing headache during the procedure increasing headache during the procedure
Magnetic resonance imaging revealed Magnetic resonance imaging revealed bilateral temporal subdural hematomas bilateral temporal subdural hematomas
The patient was managed conservatively and The patient was managed conservatively and discharged home without any sequelae discharged home without any sequelae
ConclusionConclusion It is conceivable that It is conceivable that thrombocytopenia together with possible thrombocytopenia together with possible abnormal platelet function increased the risk abnormal platelet function increased the risk of subdural hematoma of subdural hematoma
Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be considered whenever headache is not considered whenever headache is not posturally related posturally related
OCUPATIONAL HAZARDOCUPATIONAL HAZARD Risk of transmission of HBV following Risk of transmission of HBV following
inoculation is 5 -30inoculation is 5 -30 May occur through needle prickcuts May occur through needle prickcuts
sharp injuriesmucous membranes- sharp injuriesmucous membranes- waterproof dressingwaterproof dressing
Wear gloves while inserting a Wear gloves while inserting a cannula airways intubation amp extubation cannula airways intubation amp extubation
Sharps should not be handed directly to Sharps should not be handed directly to othersothers
See to the sterilisation of other See to the sterilisation of other contaminated thingscontaminated things
Indirect effectsIndirect effects Cardiovascular changesCardiovascular changes Vasodilatation and vascular shunting are Vasodilatation and vascular shunting are
almost invariable in ESLDalmost invariable in ESLD Low systemic vascular resistance (SVR) Low systemic vascular resistance (SVR)
results in high cardiac output and high results in high cardiac output and high mixed venous oxygen saturationsmixed venous oxygen saturations
Intrapulmonary amp arteriovenous shunting Intrapulmonary amp arteriovenous shunting Pulmonary hypertension may developPulmonary hypertension may develop Tachycardia bounding pulse Ejection Tachycardia bounding pulse Ejection
systolic murmur systolic murmur
Pulmonary problems are both vascular and mechanical Pulmonary problems are both vascular and mechanical Hepato-Pulmonary syndromeHepato-Pulmonary syndrome ndash triad of end ndash triad of end
stage liver disease A-a gradient gt2 kPa stage liver disease A-a gradient gt2 kPa intrapulmonary vascular dilationintrapulmonary vascular dilation
Impaired pulmonary function in absence of Impaired pulmonary function in absence of cardiopulmonary diseasecardiopulmonary disease
Impaired hypoxic vaso-constriction and ventilation Impaired hypoxic vaso-constriction and ventilation perfusion mismatch lead to arterial desaturation and perfusion mismatch lead to arterial desaturation and clubbing if chronicclubbing if chronic
Cyanosis dyspnoea platypnea orthodeoxia Cyanosis dyspnoea platypnea orthodeoxia [desaturation pronounced in upright position relieved [desaturation pronounced in upright position relieved by recumbency ]by recumbency ]
Pleural effusions together with ascites can cause Pleural effusions together with ascites can cause considerable mechanical embarrassment of respiration considerable mechanical embarrassment of respiration and a reduction in functional residual lung capacityand a reduction in functional residual lung capacity
Pulmonary changesPulmonary changes
HEPATORENAL SYNDROMEHEPATORENAL SYNDROME
1048708 1048708 Low GFRLow GFR 1048708 1048708 Low renal blood flowLow renal blood flow 1048708 1048708 No other cause for renal failureNo other cause for renal failure 1048708 ldquo1048708 ldquoFunctional renal failurerdquoFunctional renal failurerdquo Symptoms ndash water retention Symptoms ndash water retention
Azotemia hyponatremia amp oliguriaAzotemia hyponatremia amp oliguria
Hepatorenal failureHepatorenal failure Causes may beCauses may be Pre and peroperative dehydrationPre and peroperative dehydration HypovolaemiaHypovolaemia Falls in renal blood flow during surgery Falls in renal blood flow during surgery Direct effect of the excess conjugated Direct effect of the excess conjugated
bilirubin on the renal tubules or possibly an bilirubin on the renal tubules or possibly an increased absorption of endotoxin from the increased absorption of endotoxin from the gutgut
Not a major risk in patients with Prehepatic Not a major risk in patients with Prehepatic jaundice jaundice
ManagementManagementof Hepato renal syndromeof Hepato renal syndrome
Avoid it developing by ensuring adequate hydration Avoid it developing by ensuring adequate hydration and a urine flow of at least 50mlshr in the average and a urine flow of at least 50mlshr in the average adult patientadult patient
In moderately elevated bilirubin - simple fluid loading In moderately elevated bilirubin - simple fluid loading for 12 hours before surgery using 09 NaCl and for 12 hours before surgery using 09 NaCl and during the operation during the operation
If the urine output is not maintained - Mannitol If the urine output is not maintained - Mannitol 1010
Bilirubin greatly elevated (gt140 micromolslitre) - Bilirubin greatly elevated (gt140 micromolslitre) - intravenous fluids during the 24 hours before surgery intravenous fluids during the 24 hours before surgery and for 36 hours postoperatively and for 36 hours postoperatively
Mannitol 10 05-1gkg - prior to surgery Mannitol 10 05-1gkg - prior to surgery without making the patient dehydrated as a result of without making the patient dehydrated as a result of an over-zealous diuresisan over-zealous diuresis
Neurological problemsNeurological problems Mechanisms leading to deepening Mechanisms leading to deepening
encephalopathy -incompletely understood encephalopathy -incompletely understood Due to accumulation of neurotoxic Due to accumulation of neurotoxic
compounds penetrating an impaired blood-compounds penetrating an impaired blood-brain barrier brain barrier
Symptoms can occur in chronic as well as in Symptoms can occur in chronic as well as in acute disease may be rapid in onset acute disease may be rapid in onset
Precipitated by a gastrointestinal bleed Precipitated by a gastrointestinal bleed dietary protein overload or sepsis dietary protein overload or sepsis
Somnolence can be exacerbated by sedative Somnolence can be exacerbated by sedative drugs and narcoticsdrugs and narcotics
Rapid correction of hyponatraemia can lead Rapid correction of hyponatraemia can lead to osmotic demyelination and central pontine to osmotic demyelination and central pontine myelinolysis and should be avoided myelinolysis and should be avoided
HAEMATOLOGICAL PROBLEMS Anaemia may be the result of nutritional Anaemia may be the result of nutritional
deficiency toxic bone marrow depression or deficiency toxic bone marrow depression or gastrointestinal bleeding from varices or gastrointestinal bleeding from varices or erosions erosions
Coagulation defects arise from Coagulation defects arise from thrombocytopenia platelet dysfunction and thrombocytopenia platelet dysfunction and decreased levels of circulating clotting factors decreased levels of circulating clotting factors
Clotting factor levels fall because of impaired Clotting factor levels fall because of impaired synthesis vitamin K malabsorbtion and synthesis vitamin K malabsorbtion and intravascular consumption intravascular consumption
The short half-life of clotting factors means that The short half-life of clotting factors means that INR or Prothrombin Ratio (PTR) can reliably be INR or Prothrombin Ratio (PTR) can reliably be used to evaluate residual hepatic functionused to evaluate residual hepatic function
Treatment ndashVit K FFPTreatment ndashVit K FFP
GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEMGASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM Rupture of oesophageal varicesRupture of oesophageal varices Vassopressin amp octreotide ndashreduce portal Vassopressin amp octreotide ndashreduce portal
hypertensionhypertension Susceptibility to infection - increasedSusceptibility to infection - increasedDrug dispositionDrug disposition Cholestasis will reduce absorption of fat-Cholestasis will reduce absorption of fat-
soluble drugs after oral administrationsoluble drugs after oral administration Compartment changes and altered protein Compartment changes and altered protein
binding will affect volume of distribution binding will affect volume of distribution clearance and re-distribution clearance and re-distribution
Patients with liver dysfunction may be Patients with liver dysfunction may be particularly sensitive to opiates and particularly sensitive to opiates and benzodiazepines due to altered end-organ benzodiazepines due to altered end-organ sensitivitysensitivity
Effect of hepatic dysfunction on Effect of hepatic dysfunction on anaestheticsanaesthetics
darr darr Albumin -increased free fraction Albumin -increased free fraction Altered volume of distribution [Ascites amp increased Altered volume of distribution [Ascites amp increased
total body water compartment]total body water compartment] Reduced metabolism ndashalters drug pharmacodynamics Reduced metabolism ndashalters drug pharmacodynamics Opiods -Opiods - Morphine pethidine -uarr uarr respiratory depression amp Morphine pethidine -uarr uarr respiratory depression amp
sedationsedationSedative hypnotic drugsSedative hypnotic drugs Benzodiazepines ndash prolongedBenzodiazepines ndash prolongedNDMR NDMR Prolonged action for vecuronium and pancuroniumProlonged action for vecuronium and pancuroniumDMRDMR Decreased serum cholinesterase activity Decreased serum cholinesterase activity
The Effect of Anaesthetics on Liver The Effect of Anaesthetics on Liver FunctionFunction
VOLATILE AGENTSVOLATILE AGENTS Halothane -darr HABFPBF disturb HABR [hepatic Halothane -darr HABFPBF disturb HABR [hepatic
arterial buffer response]arterial buffer response] Sevoflurane isoflurane maintain HABR Sevoflurane isoflurane maintain HABR SEVO gt ISO gt DES gt HALOSEVO gt ISO gt DES gt HALOIV ANAESTHETICSIV ANAESTHETICS Thiopentone etomidate -darrTHBFThiopentone etomidate -darrTHBF Propofol - uarrTHBF ndashsplanchnic vasodilatorPropofol - uarrTHBF ndashsplanchnic vasodilator Ketamine ndash no effectsKetamine ndash no effectsREGIONAL ANAESTHESIAREGIONAL ANAESTHESIA High epidural may reduce THBFHigh epidural may reduce THBF
Effect of General Anaesthesia on liver Effect of General Anaesthesia on liver functions in patients with preexisting functions in patients with preexisting
liver diseasesliver diseases Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 1989 Apr 37(2) 61-6Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 1989 Apr 37(2) 61-6 ABSTRACT Effects of anaesthetics on liver ABSTRACT Effects of anaesthetics on liver
functions were studies in 13 patients having no liver functions were studies in 13 patients having no liver disease (group I) and 11 patients having liver disease (group I) and 11 patients having liver disease (group II) disease (group II)
Serum cholinesterase increased significantly in both Serum cholinesterase increased significantly in both the group Rise in SGOT levels was significant only the group Rise in SGOT levels was significant only in group I who had greater surgical trauma and not in group I who had greater surgical trauma and not in the other group of patients (group II) in the other group of patients (group II)
Significant decrease in total serum proteins was Significant decrease in total serum proteins was seen on different postoperative days in group I but seen on different postoperative days in group I but only on 5th postoperative day in group II only on 5th postoperative day in group II
It was concluded that presence of liver disease does It was concluded that presence of liver disease does not increase the adverse effect of anaesthesia on not increase the adverse effect of anaesthesia on liver function and that liver function and that surgical trauma is more surgical trauma is more important than anaesthesia in producingimportant than anaesthesia in producing liver liver dysfunction dysfunction
Signs of Liver DiseaseSigns of Liver Disease JaundiceJaundice HepatomegalyHepatomegaly Spider NaeviSpider Naevi SplenomegalySplenomegaly Scratch MarksScratch Marks AscitesAscites Palmer ErythemaPalmer Erythema
Dilated Abdominal Dilated Abdominal VeinsVeins
Peripheral OedemaPeripheral Oedema Finger ClubbingFinger Clubbing Testicular AtrophyTesticular Atrophy BruisingBruising GynaecomastiaGynaecomastia ConfusionComa ConfusionComa
JaundiceJaundicePrehepatic jaundice [haemolysis]Prehepatic jaundice [haemolysis] Massive intravascular haemolysis - as in Massive intravascular haemolysis - as in
some forms of malaria or in sickle cell some forms of malaria or in sickle cell anemiaanemia
Hepatocellular function is normal but Hepatocellular function is normal but overwhelmed - increased unconjugated overwhelmed - increased unconjugated bilirubin bilirubin
Intact Protein and carbohydrate Intact Protein and carbohydrate metabolism metabolism
No reduction in the absorption of Vitamin K No reduction in the absorption of Vitamin K or production of clotting factorsor production of clotting factors
Hepatocellular jaundiceHepatocellular jaundice Hepatitis or Cirrhosis Hepatitis or Cirrhosis decreased protein synthesis signs of decreased protein synthesis signs of
delayed clotting and even encephalopathy delayed clotting and even encephalopathy
CONTDhellipCONTDhellipObstructive JaundiceObstructive Jaundice Biliary obstruction - from a stone in the common Biliary obstruction - from a stone in the common
bile duct pancreatic tumour or ascending bile duct pancreatic tumour or ascending cholangitischolangitis
Hepatocellular function is normal Hepatocellular function is normal Excess plasma bilirubin is chiefly conjugated - Excess plasma bilirubin is chiefly conjugated -
excreted in the urine which becomes darkexcreted in the urine which becomes dark Stools are pale as a result of poor lipid Stools are pale as a result of poor lipid
absorption absorption Protein synthesis is normalProtein synthesis is normal Vitamin K dependant clotting factors reduced Vitamin K dependant clotting factors reduced as the absorption of vitamin K is as the absorption of vitamin K is
dependent on the excretion of bile salts into the dependent on the excretion of bile salts into the small intestine rarr clotting time prolonged small intestine rarr clotting time prolonged parenteral vitamin K parenteral vitamin K
Renal impairment in Renal impairment in JaundiceJaundice
Release of endotoxins into systemic Release of endotoxins into systemic circulationcirculation
following biliary obstruction ndash renal following biliary obstruction ndash renal failurefailure
Prevention Prevention - in high srbilirubin levels ndash - in high srbilirubin levels ndash
percutaneous drainage of biliary tree percutaneous drainage of biliary tree under antibiotic coverunder antibiotic cover
- pre op oral bile salts -- pre op oral bile salts -darr post op RFdarr post op RF
Liver Function TestsLiver Function Tests Indication of severity help to differentiate Indication of severity help to differentiate
between prehepatic hepatocellular and between prehepatic hepatocellular and obstructive jaundiceobstructive jaundice
Jaundice - sign of an elevation of serum Jaundice - sign of an elevation of serum bilirubin bilirubin
Protein and albumin levels are normal in Protein and albumin levels are normal in prehepatic or obstructive jaundice low prehepatic or obstructive jaundice low values indicate hepatocellular damagevalues indicate hepatocellular damage
clotting - Prothrombin Time clotting - Prothrombin Time An elevated INR may indicate impaired An elevated INR may indicate impaired
synthesis of clotting factors due to synthesis of clotting factors due to hepatocellular damage or malabsorption hepatocellular damage or malabsorption of vitamin K due to biliary obstruction of vitamin K due to biliary obstruction
ContdhellipContdhellip Prothrombin time[ half life - 6 -12 hrs ] ndash best Prothrombin time[ half life - 6 -12 hrs ] ndash best
indicator than Albumin [ half life ndash 24 -48 indicator than Albumin [ half life ndash 24 -48 days]days]
Alanine Transaminase (ALT) and Aspartate Alanine Transaminase (ALT) and Aspartate Transaminase (AST) are enzymes that are released Transaminase (AST) are enzymes that are released into the circulation by damaged hepatocytes into the circulation by damaged hepatocytes Raised levels indicate hepatocellular damageRaised levels indicate hepatocellular damage
AST can also be elevated in other circumstances AST can also be elevated in other circumstances such as myocardial infarction such as myocardial infarction
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme localized Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme localized near the bile cannaliculi and is elevated in biliary near the bile cannaliculi and is elevated in biliary obstruction Not specific to hepatobiliary diseaseobstruction Not specific to hepatobiliary disease[ raised in malignant bone disease][ raised in malignant bone disease]
An accompanying rise in Gamma glutamyl An accompanying rise in Gamma glutamyl Transferase (Gamma GT) suggests that the ALP is Transferase (Gamma GT) suggests that the ALP is from the liverfrom the liver
ContdhellipContdhellip Glutathione ndash S ndash transferase ndashto Glutathione ndash S ndash transferase ndashto
assess damage assess damage due to anaestheticsdue to anaesthetics ALP ndashEarly in biliary obstructionALP ndashEarly in biliary obstruction γγ - Glutamyl trans peptidase ndash rises - Glutamyl trans peptidase ndash rises
after alcohol amp drug induced liver after alcohol amp drug induced liver damagedamage
Plasma glucose should be measuredPlasma glucose should be measured
Risk and severity scoringRisk and severity scoring In 1964 Child and Turcotte classified risk for In 1964 Child and Turcotte classified risk for
patients with liver cirrhosis undergoing porto-patients with liver cirrhosis undergoing porto-caval anastomosis for management of portal caval anastomosis for management of portal hypertensionhypertension
Pugh et al at Kings College Hospital Pugh et al at Kings College Hospital published a severity scoring system for published a severity scoring system for patients undergoing oesophageal transection patients undergoing oesophageal transection for bleeding oesophageal varices for bleeding oesophageal varices
The two systems have been amalgamated and The two systems have been amalgamated and provide a disease severity assessment based provide a disease severity assessment based on two clinical and three laboratory variables on two clinical and three laboratory variables
PUGHlsquoS MODIFICATION OF CHILD GRADINGPUGHlsquoS MODIFICATION OF CHILD GRADING Clinical amp Biochemical Clinical amp Biochemical variablesvariables
POINTS POINTS 11
SCORESCOREDD22
33
Serum albumin (gL)Serum albumin (gL) gt35gt35 28-3528-35 lt28lt28
Serum bilirubin (micromolL)Serum bilirubin (micromolL) [Mg dl][Mg dl]
lt35lt35lt 2lt 2
35-6035-602 -32 -3
gt60gt60gt 3gt 3
PT (seconds) prolongedPT (seconds) prolongedfrom controlfrom control
1-41-4INR [ lt INR [ lt 1 7]1 7]
4-104-10INR [17 INR [17 -23]-23]
1010INR gt23INR gt23
AscitesAscites NoneNone MildMild ModerateModerateEncephalopathyEncephalopathy AbsentAbsent Grade I ndash Grade I ndash
IIIIGrade III ndash Grade III ndash IVIV
POINTS 5- 6 ndash class A [5 Mortality] 7 -9 ndashClass B [10 mortality] 10 -15 ndashClass C [50 mortality]
Surgery in patients with liver Surgery in patients with liver dysfunctiondysfunction
The Child-Pugh classification is a useful method The Child-Pugh classification is a useful method of staging the progress of liver decompensation of staging the progress of liver decompensation
Limited predictive value in anaesthesia and Limited predictive value in anaesthesia and surgerysurgery
Group A patients are lower riskGroup A patients are lower risk and with and with sufficient care can be considered as candidates sufficient care can be considered as candidates for most types of surgeryfor most types of surgery
Group B patients ndash acceptable but correct Group B patients ndash acceptable but correct abnormalities abnormalities
Group C patientsGroup C patients present an extremely high present an extremely high operative risk - surgical procedures in these operative risk - surgical procedures in these patients should be avoided if possible- patients should be avoided if possible- only only emergency or life-saving proceduresemergency or life-saving procedures should should be undertakenbe undertaken
Preoperative assessmentPreoperative assessment Type and extent of liver diseaseType and extent of liver disease Extra hepatic effectsExtra hepatic effects Risk assessmentRisk assessment Patients general condition- hydration nutritionPatients general condition- hydration nutrition Associated co-morbid conditionsAssociated co-morbid conditions LFTLFT ConsentConsent Premedication-short acting temazepam in absence Premedication-short acting temazepam in absence
of neurological impairment orally ndashavoid of neurological impairment orally ndashavoid intramuscular injectionsintramuscular injections
H2 receptor antagonistsH2 receptor antagonists Preop Vit K optimal hydrationPreop Vit K optimal hydration
PREOP INVESTIGATIONSPREOP INVESTIGATIONS
Hematological ndashHb Platelet Hematological ndashHb Platelet countWBC Coagulation profilecountWBC Coagulation profile
Metabolic ndash sr Metabolic ndash sr glucose urea creatinine electrolytesglucose urea creatinine electrolytes
Cardio respiratory ndash chest x-rayECG Cardio respiratory ndash chest x-rayECG PFT ABGPFT ABG
Liver function ndash Liver function ndash srbilirubinalbuminliver enzymessrbilirubinalbuminliver enzymes
Pre-op risk factors Pre-op risk factors associated with associated with
postoperative mortalitypostoperative mortality Serum albumin lt3gLSerum albumin lt3gL Serum bilirubin gt50 micromolLSerum bilirubin gt50 micromolL PT gt15 s over controlPT gt15 s over control Presence of infectionPresence of infection WBC gt 10000WBC gt 10000 Treatment with more than two antibioticsTreatment with more than two antibiotics Presence of AscitesPresence of Ascites MalnutritionMalnutrition Emergency surgeryEmergency surgery
Anaesthetic TechniqueAnaesthetic Technique Avoid hypotensive techniquesmdashintra hepatic necrosisAvoid hypotensive techniquesmdashintra hepatic necrosis High conc of oxygen -- - due to intrapulmonary shuntsHigh conc of oxygen -- - due to intrapulmonary shunts Avoid hypotension amp hypoxemiaAvoid hypotension amp hypoxemia Meticulous fluid balance ndashMeticulous fluid balance ndash Ascites ndash may lose a large amount of fluid rapidlyAscites ndash may lose a large amount of fluid rapidly Concentrated albumin solutions ndashto correct Concentrated albumin solutions ndashto correct
hypoproteinemiahypoproteinemia Fresh blood ndashto prevent hypocalcemia due to Fresh blood ndashto prevent hypocalcemia due to
reduced metabolism of preservativesreduced metabolism of preservatives FFP 12 - 15 mlKg ndashCorrect dilutional FFP 12 - 15 mlKg ndashCorrect dilutional
coagulopathycoagulopathy 1 unit of FFP for every 1 unit of packed cells or 250 1 unit of FFP for every 1 unit of packed cells or 250
ml of 09 saline or colloid [500 ml of FFP - uarr ml of 09 saline or colloid [500 ml of FFP - uarr Clotting factors by 20 ]Clotting factors by 20 ]
Maintenance of temperature Maintenance of temperature
MonitoringMonitoring Monitoring of temperature Monitoring of temperature Coagulation status should be monitored ndashplatelet count fibrin Coagulation status should be monitored ndashplatelet count fibrin
degradation products prothrombin time activated clotting degradation products prothrombin time activated clotting time partial thromboplastin timetime partial thromboplastin time
Thromboelastography has been used as a tool in liver Thromboelastography has been used as a tool in liver transplantationtransplantation
Repeated BP cuff inflation ndashmay lead to bruising in patients Repeated BP cuff inflation ndashmay lead to bruising in patients with altered haemostatic functionwith altered haemostatic function
Insertion of Intra arterial line ndash care to prevent haematoma Insertion of Intra arterial line ndash care to prevent haematoma Jugular route is preferred in CVP monitoringJugular route is preferred in CVP monitoring OximetryOximetry Urine outputUrine output Blood lossBlood loss Monitor ionized calciumMonitor ionized calcium
DRUGSDRUGS
Thiopentone ndash intrinsic clearance delayed Thiopentone ndash intrinsic clearance delayed but recovery not delayed because of but recovery not delayed because of redistributionredistribution
Alcoholic cirrhosis ndash larger dose of thio ndash Alcoholic cirrhosis ndash larger dose of thio ndash cross tolerancecross tolerance
Halothane and enflurane reduce hepatic Halothane and enflurane reduce hepatic arterial flow (vasodilatation negative arterial flow (vasodilatation negative inotropic effects)inotropic effects)
Isoflurane increases hepatic blood flowIsoflurane increases hepatic blood flow [preferred][preferred]
NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING AGENTSAGENTS
Reduced plasma pseudo cholinesterase activityReduced plasma pseudo cholinesterase activity Prolonged action- vecuronium Prolonged action- vecuronium
pancruonium[16 fold]pancruonium[16 fold] Decreased biliary excretionDecreased biliary excretion Increased volume of distribution ndashlarger Increased volume of distribution ndashlarger
initial dosesinitial doses 1048708 1048708 Recommended Atracurium ndash metabolism Recommended Atracurium ndash metabolism
independent of liver and kidneysindependent of liver and kidneys 1048708 1048708 For transplantation ndash long acting agent such For transplantation ndash long acting agent such
as doxacuriumas doxacurium
OPIODS amp SEDATIVESOPIODS amp SEDATIVES
NarcoticsNarcotics Reduced metabolism of morphine and Reduced metabolism of morphine and
pethidinepethidine Prefer fentanylPrefer fentanyl Remifentanyl - ideal Remifentanyl - ideal 1048708 1048708 BenzodiazepinesBenzodiazepines 1048708 1048708 Diazepam - prolonged half lifeDiazepam - prolonged half life 1048708 1048708 Oxazepam and lorazepam preferrred Oxazepam and lorazepam preferrred
ndashmetabolised by glucuronidation ndashmetabolised by glucuronidation without liver requirementwithout liver requirement
Regional Anaesthesia Regional Anaesthesia Contraindicated if PT gt25 s above control Contraindicated if PT gt25 s above control
platelet count lt 50000 cumm bleeding platelet count lt 50000 cumm bleeding time gt12 mtstime gt12 mts
Spinal and epidural anaesthesia carries the Spinal and epidural anaesthesia carries the risk of epidural haematoma and paralysis if risk of epidural haematoma and paralysis if there is abnormal clotting but there are there is abnormal clotting but there are otherwise no special precautionsotherwise no special precautions
The half-life of lignocaine is prolonged in The half-life of lignocaine is prolonged in liver failure but this is not significant when liver failure but this is not significant when used in regional anaesthesia used in regional anaesthesia
LA dose diminished in presence of AscitesLA dose diminished in presence of Ascites
Canadian Journal of Anesthesia Vol 45 452-Canadian Journal of Anesthesia Vol 45 452-459 459
Obstetrical anaesthesia for a parturient with Obstetrical anaesthesia for a parturient with preeclampsia HELLP syndrome and acute cortical preeclampsia HELLP syndrome and acute cortical
blindnessblindness A 39-yr-old woman with three past A 39-yr-old woman with three past uncomplicated pregnancies presented at 33 uncomplicated pregnancies presented at 33 wk with acute cortical blindnesswk with acute cortical blindness
Based on clinical and laboratory assessment Based on clinical and laboratory assessment a diagnosis of preeclampsia with HELLP a diagnosis of preeclampsia with HELLP syndrome was madesyndrome was made
A CT scan of her head demonstrated A CT scan of her head demonstrated ischaemic lesions of her basal ganglia ischaemic lesions of her basal ganglia extending superiorly to involve both posterior extending superiorly to involve both posterior parietal and occipital regionsparietal and occipital regions
Infusions of magnesium sulphate and Infusions of magnesium sulphate and hydralazine were started and an urgent hydralazine were started and an urgent Caesarean section was performed Caesarean section was performed under under subarachnoid anaesthesiasubarachnoid anaesthesia after insertion of an after insertion of an arterial line and intravenous hydration arterial line and intravenous hydration
ContdhellipContdhellip The course of anaesthesia and surgery was uneventful The course of anaesthesia and surgery was uneventful
and she delivered a live 1540 g female infantand she delivered a live 1540 g female infant By the following morning she had recovered some By the following morning she had recovered some
vision and visual recovery was complete by 72 hr vision and visual recovery was complete by 72 hr postpartum postpartum
Her postoperative course was uneventful Her postoperative course was uneventful CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION Provided that it is not contraindicated Provided that it is not contraindicated
because of prohibitive risk to the mother because of prohibitive risk to the mother regional regional anaesthesia has particular advantage in these anaesthesia has particular advantage in these patientspatients
In particular the use of spinal anaesthesia which has In particular the use of spinal anaesthesia which has been discouraged by some for this patient population been discouraged by some for this patient population should be re-evaluated should be re-evaluated
Postoperative Postoperative managementmanagement
Oxygen enriched airOxygen enriched air Major surgery ndash elective post operative Major surgery ndash elective post operative
ventilationventilation Replace blood lossReplace blood loss Maintain adequate urine outputMaintain adequate urine output Dopamine and inotropes should be Dopamine and inotropes should be
continuedcontinued The principle complications are likely The principle complications are likely
to be continued bleeding sepsis and to be continued bleeding sepsis and hepatic decompensation hepatic decompensation
Peri-operative considerations in Child-Peri-operative considerations in Child-Pugh A patientsPugh A patients
Pre-operative Pre-operative Aetiology of condition - virology Aetiology of condition - virology Drug idiosyncrasy Drug idiosyncrasy
Blood count and platelets Blood count and platelets Clotting screen Clotting screen Assess renal function Assess renal function Previous anaesthetics Previous anaesthetics
Per-operative Per-operative Consider drug bio-availability issues Consider drug bio-availability issues Avoid drugs excreted via liverAvoid drugs excreted via liver Regional techniques acceptable if clotting Regional techniques acceptable if clotting
normalnormal Post-operativePost-operative Monitor for post-operative hepatic Monitor for post-operative hepatic
decompensationdecompensation Possible prolonged duration of action in Possible prolonged duration of action in opiates HDU ITU careopiates HDU ITU care
Child-Pugh Group BC patient Child-Pugh Group BC patient undergoing major surgeryundergoing major surgery
Previous upper abdominal surgery portal Previous upper abdominal surgery portal hypertension and coagulopathy dramatically hypertension and coagulopathy dramatically increase the potential for per-operative blood lossincrease the potential for per-operative blood loss
8-12 units of blood together fresh frozen plasma 8-12 units of blood together fresh frozen plasma and platelets should be available and platelets should be available
Pre-medicationPre-medication Sedative premedicants should be avoided in the Sedative premedicants should be avoided in the
encephalopathic patient encephalopathic patient Other drugs may be needed pre-operatively and Other drugs may be needed pre-operatively and
include antibiotics and H2 receptor antagonistsinclude antibiotics and H2 receptor antagonists The oral or intravenous route used - The oral or intravenous route used -
intramuscular injections should be avoidedintramuscular injections should be avoided Coagulopathy may require correction with fresh Coagulopathy may require correction with fresh
frozen plasma and platelets and renal frozen plasma and platelets and renal replacement therapy may need to be consideredreplacement therapy may need to be considered
Per-operative considerationsPer-operative considerations Regional techniques -- considered carefully - Regional techniques -- considered carefully -
coagulopathy epidural varices can pose an coagulopathy epidural varices can pose an additional risk additional risk
Vascular accessVascular access with a multi-lumen central with a multi-lumen central venous catheter together with at least one large venous catheter together with at least one large bore central line bore central line
Monitoring of arterial and central venous Monitoring of arterial and central venous pressures is mandatory pressures is mandatory
Pulmonary artery pulmonary capillary wedge Pulmonary artery pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and cardiac output measurements pressure and cardiac output measurements may be necessary in the sick patientmay be necessary in the sick patient
Trans-oesophageal echocardiography and Trans-oesophageal echocardiography and volumetric haemodynamic monitoring pulse volumetric haemodynamic monitoring pulse contour analysis can provide significant contour analysis can provide significant additional information for the strategic additional information for the strategic management of these patients management of these patients
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Coagulation and fibrinolysisCoagulation and fibrinolysis are major are major
concerns concerns The potential for large volume blood replacement The potential for large volume blood replacement
means that temperature should be measured and means that temperature should be measured and a fluid warmer and warming mattress useda fluid warmer and warming mattress used
Regular per-operative estimation of INRPTR may Regular per-operative estimation of INRPTR may be necessary - thromboelastography provides be necessary - thromboelastography provides useful intra-operative evaluation of coagulationuseful intra-operative evaluation of coagulation
Blood conservationBlood conservation - considered - considered Preservation of hepatic function -Preservation of hepatic function - N- N-
acetylcysteine (NAC) is a sulphur-containing acetylcysteine (NAC) is a sulphur-containing antioxidant - benefit patients with fulminant antioxidant - benefit patients with fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
NAC appears to improve oxygen delivery NAC appears to improve oxygen delivery and consumption and reduce base deficitand consumption and reduce base deficit
Renal FunctionRenal Function - - Dopamine may be usefulDopamine may be useful
Bleeding oesophageal Bleeding oesophageal varicesvarices
Bleeding oesophageal varices - life-threatening Bleeding oesophageal varices - life-threatening complication of - often occur against a complication of - often occur against a background of abnormal clotting background of abnormal clotting thrombocytopenia encephalopathy and Ascitesthrombocytopenia encephalopathy and Ascites
Overall mortality is 30 Overall mortality is 30 The principles of anaesthetic managementThe principles of anaesthetic management Protect the airway Protect the airway Establish good vascular access Establish good vascular access Volume replacement - colloid blood fresh Volume replacement - colloid blood fresh
frozen plasma and platelets Avoid saline frozen plasma and platelets Avoid saline Check correct clotting Give Vitamin K correct Check correct clotting Give Vitamin K correct
fibrinolysis and review blood chemistry fibrinolysis and review blood chemistry
Intoxicated Alcoholic Intoxicated Alcoholic PatientsPatients
Requires less anaesthetic ndashadditive depressant Requires less anaesthetic ndashadditive depressant effect of alcohol amp anaestheticseffect of alcohol amp anaesthetics
Ill - equipped to withstand stress amp Acute blood Ill - equipped to withstand stress amp Acute blood lossloss
Alcohol decrease the tolerance of brain to hypoxiaAlcohol decrease the tolerance of brain to hypoxia uarr uarr Risk of regurgitation amp aspiration - alcohol Risk of regurgitation amp aspiration - alcohol
darrtone of lower oesophageal sphincter amp slows darrtone of lower oesophageal sphincter amp slows gastric emptyinggastric emptying
Alcohol Interferes with platelet aggregationAlcohol Interferes with platelet aggregation Causes uarrconc of plasma catecholamines rarr Causes uarrconc of plasma catecholamines rarr
Intraoperative dysarrhytmiasIntraoperative dysarrhytmias
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE
Mild ndash 17 marked - 4Mild ndash 17 marked - 4 Patient factorsPatient factors Congenital Congenital
hemolytic disordershemolytic disorders Acquired hemolytic Acquired hemolytic
disordersdisorders Pre existing liver Pre existing liver
diseasedisease CoagulopathyCoagulopathy Gilberts syndromeGilberts syndrome SepsisSepsis
Perioperative Perioperative factorsfactors
Anaesthetic induced Anaesthetic induced darrHBFdarrHBF
BleedingBleeding HypotensionHypotension Blood transfusionBlood transfusion Biliary tree traumaBiliary tree trauma Viral hepatitisViral hepatitis DrugsDrugs Halothane antibioticsHalothane antibiotics Nonsteroidal agentsNonsteroidal agents
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -
5000mg Bilirubin5000mg Bilirubin 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg
bilirubinbilirubin Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in
G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cell disease multiple blood transfusionscell disease multiple blood transfusions
Delayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashDelayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashpostop jaundicepostop jaundice
Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgeryuarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgery
ContdhellipContdhellip Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow
non biliary surgery 3- 30 days post opnon biliary surgery 3- 30 days post op Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis
[benign] - associated with multiple blood [benign] - associated with multiple blood transfusions hypoxia hypotension - transfusions hypoxia hypotension - uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks
ManagementManagement Prevention is the best treatment Prevention is the best treatment Avoid precipitating factorsAvoid precipitating factors
Halothane HepatitisHalothane Hepatitis The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane
anaesthetics - higher in women the middle anaesthetics - higher in women the middle aged and the obeseaged and the obese
Rarer in paediatric patients and with the Rarer in paediatric patients and with the newer volatile agents newer volatile agents
Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
ldquoldquoUnexplained liver damage within 28 days of Unexplained liver damage within 28 days of halothane exposure in previously normal halothane exposure in previously normal patientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reactionpatientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reaction
Clinical featuresClinical features malaise anorexiafever malaise anorexiafever within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks
Halothane HepatitisHalothane HepatitisDIAGNOSISDIAGNOSIS Serum antibodies that react with specific liver Serum antibodies that react with specific liver
microsomal proteins that are altered by microsomal proteins that are altered by trifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothanetrifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothane
Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Risk factorsRisk factors High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ]High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ] previous adverse reactionprevious adverse reaction Uncertain - obesityUncertain - obesity Female [16 1 ]Female [16 1 ] Drug allergy [ 15 ]Drug allergy [ 15 ] Family historyFamily history Lymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoinLymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoin
ContdhellipContdhellip The cause not fully established - multifactorial - The cause not fully established - multifactorial -
possible immunological cause possible immunological cause Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated
proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically predisposed subjectspredisposed subjects
Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also to blameto blame
Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile agent so toxic metabolites may be involvedagent so toxic metabolites may be involved
The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with increasing numbers of exposures to halothane increasing numbers of exposures to halothane
Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO database holds 225 and 159 reports respectivelydatabase holds 225 and 159 reports respectively
Halothane exposure Halothane exposure guidelinesguidelines
Avoid Halothane ifAvoid Halothane if Within at least 3 months of a previous Within at least 3 months of a previous
exposure exposure Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or
pyrexia pyrexia Family history of hepatic reactions to Family history of hepatic reactions to
halothanehalothane Pre - existing liver diseasePre - existing liver disease Adverse reactions to Other volatile Adverse reactions to Other volatile
anaesthetic agentsanaesthetic agents
Liver and PregnancyLiver and Pregnancy Normal in sizeNormal in size A decrease in total protein as well albumin A decrease in total protein as well albumin An increase of the liver dependent clotting An increase of the liver dependent clotting
factors such as fibrinogen factors such as fibrinogen An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times
secondary to placental alkalinesecondary to placental alkaline Srcholinesterase Srcholinesterase darr 30darr 30 Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and
bilirubinbilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin
ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver disease disease
Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Intrahepatic Cholestasis of PregnancyPregnancy
Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Rare in black patients Rare in black patients
Strong family history Strong family history High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies
60-7060-70 Pruritus alone - 80 percent Pruritus alone - 80 percent Jaundice develop in 20 percentJaundice develop in 20 percent Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or
no elevation in transaminasesno elevation in transaminases
IChP ndashcontdhellipIChP ndashcontdhellip Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early
delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice ) pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice )
Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts Dexamethasone Dexamethasone
Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but bilurubin within 4-6 weeks bilurubin within 4-6 weeks
Implications on Anaesthesia Implications on Anaesthesia Check coagulation profile Check coagulation profile Ask for vit K IV Ask for vit K IV take care of high incidence of fetal distress take care of high incidence of fetal distress
meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist must attend with incubatormust attend with incubator
Preeclampsia amp EclampsiaPreeclampsia amp Eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia
and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl
If not associated with other criteria of HELLP If not associated with other criteria of HELLP syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 50mlday 50mlday
Implications on anaesthesiaImplications on anaesthesia Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress
response which could continue to anaesthesia response which could continue to anaesthesia provided INR lt15 provided INR lt15
Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed tube 6-7 mm tube 6-7 mm
Adequate analgesia Adequate analgesia Fluids restriction Fluids restriction Continue medications postoperative in ICU Continue medications postoperative in ICU
HELLP syndrome HELLP syndrome Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low
plateletsplatelets Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-
eclampsia result from very active platelets eclampsia result from very active platelets aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia and congestion with deposition of fibrous and congestion with deposition of fibrous network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage
Nausea vomiting headache and upper right Nausea vomiting headache and upper right abdominal pain hypotension shockabdominal pain hypotension shock
Best markers are the maternal lactate Best markers are the maternal lactate dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet count count
Congested liver of HELLP Congested liver of HELLP syndromesyndrome
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high
dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has been shown to markedly improve the laboratory been shown to markedly improve the laboratory abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome
Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is
greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of magnesium sulfate magnesium sulfate
Anesthesia like severe preclampsia Anesthesia like severe preclampsia avoid trauma to liveravoid trauma to liver Vit K if INR gt15Vit K if INR gt15 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60
ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF PREGNANCYPREGNANCY
Rare serious disorder unknown etiologyRare serious disorder unknown etiology Symptoms in third trimesterSymptoms in third trimester ndashabdominal
pain nausea vomiting anorexiafatique fever headache
Rapid progression ndashbleeding jaundice encephalopathy renal failure hepatic failure coagulopathy - PPH
uarrTransaminases hyperbilirubinemia uarrprothrombin time --- DIC
Prompt delivery is advisable
Hepatic Rupture and Hepatic Rupture and Infarction Infarction
Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 to 85 percent) are at higher risk to 85 percent) are at higher risk
Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in
shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy
Therapy for hepatic rupture has included Therapy for hepatic rupture has included transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted in hepatic rupture in hepatic rupture
Hepatic infarctionHepatic infarction was typically present with fever was typically present with fever and marked elevations in transaminase levels In and marked elevations in transaminase levels In surviving patients liver function and histopathology surviving patients liver function and histopathology are normal within six months of delivery are normal within six months of delivery
Anesthesia in pregnant women with Anesthesia in pregnant women with HELLP syndromeHELLP syndrome
Retrospective studyRetrospective study For the period of 1 July For the period of 1 July 1996 through 30 June 2000 1996 through 30 June 2000
RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had cesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal deliverycesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal delivery
Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 postcesarean delivery the range platelet count postcesarean delivery the range platelet count was 19000-143000microl was 19000-143000microl
Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia
There were no neurologic complications or There were no neurologic complications or bleeding in the epidural spacebleeding in the epidural space
CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any neurologic or hematologic complications of women neurologic or hematologic complications of women with HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesiawith HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesia
Subdural Hematoma following dural Subdural Hematoma following dural puncture in a parturient with HELLP puncture in a parturient with HELLP
syndromesyndrome This complication occurred following This complication occurred following accidental dural puncture in a parturient accidental dural puncture in a parturient with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who subsequently developed the syndrome of subsequently developed the syndrome of hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low plateletsplatelets
On the first postoperative day postdural On the first postoperative day postdural puncture headache (PDPH) developed puncture headache (PDPH) developed
An epidural blood patch (EBP) was An epidural blood patch (EBP) was deferred to the third postoperative day deferred to the third postoperative day because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1 because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1
Headache intensified from a typical PDPH Headache intensified from a typical PDPH to one which was not posturally related to one which was not posturally related
A second EBP was abandoned after the A second EBP was abandoned after the
injection of 5 mL of blood because of injection of 5 mL of blood because of increasing headache during the procedure increasing headache during the procedure
Magnetic resonance imaging revealed Magnetic resonance imaging revealed bilateral temporal subdural hematomas bilateral temporal subdural hematomas
The patient was managed conservatively and The patient was managed conservatively and discharged home without any sequelae discharged home without any sequelae
ConclusionConclusion It is conceivable that It is conceivable that thrombocytopenia together with possible thrombocytopenia together with possible abnormal platelet function increased the risk abnormal platelet function increased the risk of subdural hematoma of subdural hematoma
Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be considered whenever headache is not considered whenever headache is not posturally related posturally related
OCUPATIONAL HAZARDOCUPATIONAL HAZARD Risk of transmission of HBV following Risk of transmission of HBV following
inoculation is 5 -30inoculation is 5 -30 May occur through needle prickcuts May occur through needle prickcuts
sharp injuriesmucous membranes- sharp injuriesmucous membranes- waterproof dressingwaterproof dressing
Wear gloves while inserting a Wear gloves while inserting a cannula airways intubation amp extubation cannula airways intubation amp extubation
Sharps should not be handed directly to Sharps should not be handed directly to othersothers
See to the sterilisation of other See to the sterilisation of other contaminated thingscontaminated things
Pulmonary problems are both vascular and mechanical Pulmonary problems are both vascular and mechanical Hepato-Pulmonary syndromeHepato-Pulmonary syndrome ndash triad of end ndash triad of end
stage liver disease A-a gradient gt2 kPa stage liver disease A-a gradient gt2 kPa intrapulmonary vascular dilationintrapulmonary vascular dilation
Impaired pulmonary function in absence of Impaired pulmonary function in absence of cardiopulmonary diseasecardiopulmonary disease
Impaired hypoxic vaso-constriction and ventilation Impaired hypoxic vaso-constriction and ventilation perfusion mismatch lead to arterial desaturation and perfusion mismatch lead to arterial desaturation and clubbing if chronicclubbing if chronic
Cyanosis dyspnoea platypnea orthodeoxia Cyanosis dyspnoea platypnea orthodeoxia [desaturation pronounced in upright position relieved [desaturation pronounced in upright position relieved by recumbency ]by recumbency ]
Pleural effusions together with ascites can cause Pleural effusions together with ascites can cause considerable mechanical embarrassment of respiration considerable mechanical embarrassment of respiration and a reduction in functional residual lung capacityand a reduction in functional residual lung capacity
Pulmonary changesPulmonary changes
HEPATORENAL SYNDROMEHEPATORENAL SYNDROME
1048708 1048708 Low GFRLow GFR 1048708 1048708 Low renal blood flowLow renal blood flow 1048708 1048708 No other cause for renal failureNo other cause for renal failure 1048708 ldquo1048708 ldquoFunctional renal failurerdquoFunctional renal failurerdquo Symptoms ndash water retention Symptoms ndash water retention
Azotemia hyponatremia amp oliguriaAzotemia hyponatremia amp oliguria
Hepatorenal failureHepatorenal failure Causes may beCauses may be Pre and peroperative dehydrationPre and peroperative dehydration HypovolaemiaHypovolaemia Falls in renal blood flow during surgery Falls in renal blood flow during surgery Direct effect of the excess conjugated Direct effect of the excess conjugated
bilirubin on the renal tubules or possibly an bilirubin on the renal tubules or possibly an increased absorption of endotoxin from the increased absorption of endotoxin from the gutgut
Not a major risk in patients with Prehepatic Not a major risk in patients with Prehepatic jaundice jaundice
ManagementManagementof Hepato renal syndromeof Hepato renal syndrome
Avoid it developing by ensuring adequate hydration Avoid it developing by ensuring adequate hydration and a urine flow of at least 50mlshr in the average and a urine flow of at least 50mlshr in the average adult patientadult patient
In moderately elevated bilirubin - simple fluid loading In moderately elevated bilirubin - simple fluid loading for 12 hours before surgery using 09 NaCl and for 12 hours before surgery using 09 NaCl and during the operation during the operation
If the urine output is not maintained - Mannitol If the urine output is not maintained - Mannitol 1010
Bilirubin greatly elevated (gt140 micromolslitre) - Bilirubin greatly elevated (gt140 micromolslitre) - intravenous fluids during the 24 hours before surgery intravenous fluids during the 24 hours before surgery and for 36 hours postoperatively and for 36 hours postoperatively
Mannitol 10 05-1gkg - prior to surgery Mannitol 10 05-1gkg - prior to surgery without making the patient dehydrated as a result of without making the patient dehydrated as a result of an over-zealous diuresisan over-zealous diuresis
Neurological problemsNeurological problems Mechanisms leading to deepening Mechanisms leading to deepening
encephalopathy -incompletely understood encephalopathy -incompletely understood Due to accumulation of neurotoxic Due to accumulation of neurotoxic
compounds penetrating an impaired blood-compounds penetrating an impaired blood-brain barrier brain barrier
Symptoms can occur in chronic as well as in Symptoms can occur in chronic as well as in acute disease may be rapid in onset acute disease may be rapid in onset
Precipitated by a gastrointestinal bleed Precipitated by a gastrointestinal bleed dietary protein overload or sepsis dietary protein overload or sepsis
Somnolence can be exacerbated by sedative Somnolence can be exacerbated by sedative drugs and narcoticsdrugs and narcotics
Rapid correction of hyponatraemia can lead Rapid correction of hyponatraemia can lead to osmotic demyelination and central pontine to osmotic demyelination and central pontine myelinolysis and should be avoided myelinolysis and should be avoided
HAEMATOLOGICAL PROBLEMS Anaemia may be the result of nutritional Anaemia may be the result of nutritional
deficiency toxic bone marrow depression or deficiency toxic bone marrow depression or gastrointestinal bleeding from varices or gastrointestinal bleeding from varices or erosions erosions
Coagulation defects arise from Coagulation defects arise from thrombocytopenia platelet dysfunction and thrombocytopenia platelet dysfunction and decreased levels of circulating clotting factors decreased levels of circulating clotting factors
Clotting factor levels fall because of impaired Clotting factor levels fall because of impaired synthesis vitamin K malabsorbtion and synthesis vitamin K malabsorbtion and intravascular consumption intravascular consumption
The short half-life of clotting factors means that The short half-life of clotting factors means that INR or Prothrombin Ratio (PTR) can reliably be INR or Prothrombin Ratio (PTR) can reliably be used to evaluate residual hepatic functionused to evaluate residual hepatic function
Treatment ndashVit K FFPTreatment ndashVit K FFP
GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEMGASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM Rupture of oesophageal varicesRupture of oesophageal varices Vassopressin amp octreotide ndashreduce portal Vassopressin amp octreotide ndashreduce portal
hypertensionhypertension Susceptibility to infection - increasedSusceptibility to infection - increasedDrug dispositionDrug disposition Cholestasis will reduce absorption of fat-Cholestasis will reduce absorption of fat-
soluble drugs after oral administrationsoluble drugs after oral administration Compartment changes and altered protein Compartment changes and altered protein
binding will affect volume of distribution binding will affect volume of distribution clearance and re-distribution clearance and re-distribution
Patients with liver dysfunction may be Patients with liver dysfunction may be particularly sensitive to opiates and particularly sensitive to opiates and benzodiazepines due to altered end-organ benzodiazepines due to altered end-organ sensitivitysensitivity
Effect of hepatic dysfunction on Effect of hepatic dysfunction on anaestheticsanaesthetics
darr darr Albumin -increased free fraction Albumin -increased free fraction Altered volume of distribution [Ascites amp increased Altered volume of distribution [Ascites amp increased
total body water compartment]total body water compartment] Reduced metabolism ndashalters drug pharmacodynamics Reduced metabolism ndashalters drug pharmacodynamics Opiods -Opiods - Morphine pethidine -uarr uarr respiratory depression amp Morphine pethidine -uarr uarr respiratory depression amp
sedationsedationSedative hypnotic drugsSedative hypnotic drugs Benzodiazepines ndash prolongedBenzodiazepines ndash prolongedNDMR NDMR Prolonged action for vecuronium and pancuroniumProlonged action for vecuronium and pancuroniumDMRDMR Decreased serum cholinesterase activity Decreased serum cholinesterase activity
The Effect of Anaesthetics on Liver The Effect of Anaesthetics on Liver FunctionFunction
VOLATILE AGENTSVOLATILE AGENTS Halothane -darr HABFPBF disturb HABR [hepatic Halothane -darr HABFPBF disturb HABR [hepatic
arterial buffer response]arterial buffer response] Sevoflurane isoflurane maintain HABR Sevoflurane isoflurane maintain HABR SEVO gt ISO gt DES gt HALOSEVO gt ISO gt DES gt HALOIV ANAESTHETICSIV ANAESTHETICS Thiopentone etomidate -darrTHBFThiopentone etomidate -darrTHBF Propofol - uarrTHBF ndashsplanchnic vasodilatorPropofol - uarrTHBF ndashsplanchnic vasodilator Ketamine ndash no effectsKetamine ndash no effectsREGIONAL ANAESTHESIAREGIONAL ANAESTHESIA High epidural may reduce THBFHigh epidural may reduce THBF
Effect of General Anaesthesia on liver Effect of General Anaesthesia on liver functions in patients with preexisting functions in patients with preexisting
liver diseasesliver diseases Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 1989 Apr 37(2) 61-6Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 1989 Apr 37(2) 61-6 ABSTRACT Effects of anaesthetics on liver ABSTRACT Effects of anaesthetics on liver
functions were studies in 13 patients having no liver functions were studies in 13 patients having no liver disease (group I) and 11 patients having liver disease (group I) and 11 patients having liver disease (group II) disease (group II)
Serum cholinesterase increased significantly in both Serum cholinesterase increased significantly in both the group Rise in SGOT levels was significant only the group Rise in SGOT levels was significant only in group I who had greater surgical trauma and not in group I who had greater surgical trauma and not in the other group of patients (group II) in the other group of patients (group II)
Significant decrease in total serum proteins was Significant decrease in total serum proteins was seen on different postoperative days in group I but seen on different postoperative days in group I but only on 5th postoperative day in group II only on 5th postoperative day in group II
It was concluded that presence of liver disease does It was concluded that presence of liver disease does not increase the adverse effect of anaesthesia on not increase the adverse effect of anaesthesia on liver function and that liver function and that surgical trauma is more surgical trauma is more important than anaesthesia in producingimportant than anaesthesia in producing liver liver dysfunction dysfunction
Signs of Liver DiseaseSigns of Liver Disease JaundiceJaundice HepatomegalyHepatomegaly Spider NaeviSpider Naevi SplenomegalySplenomegaly Scratch MarksScratch Marks AscitesAscites Palmer ErythemaPalmer Erythema
Dilated Abdominal Dilated Abdominal VeinsVeins
Peripheral OedemaPeripheral Oedema Finger ClubbingFinger Clubbing Testicular AtrophyTesticular Atrophy BruisingBruising GynaecomastiaGynaecomastia ConfusionComa ConfusionComa
JaundiceJaundicePrehepatic jaundice [haemolysis]Prehepatic jaundice [haemolysis] Massive intravascular haemolysis - as in Massive intravascular haemolysis - as in
some forms of malaria or in sickle cell some forms of malaria or in sickle cell anemiaanemia
Hepatocellular function is normal but Hepatocellular function is normal but overwhelmed - increased unconjugated overwhelmed - increased unconjugated bilirubin bilirubin
Intact Protein and carbohydrate Intact Protein and carbohydrate metabolism metabolism
No reduction in the absorption of Vitamin K No reduction in the absorption of Vitamin K or production of clotting factorsor production of clotting factors
Hepatocellular jaundiceHepatocellular jaundice Hepatitis or Cirrhosis Hepatitis or Cirrhosis decreased protein synthesis signs of decreased protein synthesis signs of
delayed clotting and even encephalopathy delayed clotting and even encephalopathy
CONTDhellipCONTDhellipObstructive JaundiceObstructive Jaundice Biliary obstruction - from a stone in the common Biliary obstruction - from a stone in the common
bile duct pancreatic tumour or ascending bile duct pancreatic tumour or ascending cholangitischolangitis
Hepatocellular function is normal Hepatocellular function is normal Excess plasma bilirubin is chiefly conjugated - Excess plasma bilirubin is chiefly conjugated -
excreted in the urine which becomes darkexcreted in the urine which becomes dark Stools are pale as a result of poor lipid Stools are pale as a result of poor lipid
absorption absorption Protein synthesis is normalProtein synthesis is normal Vitamin K dependant clotting factors reduced Vitamin K dependant clotting factors reduced as the absorption of vitamin K is as the absorption of vitamin K is
dependent on the excretion of bile salts into the dependent on the excretion of bile salts into the small intestine rarr clotting time prolonged small intestine rarr clotting time prolonged parenteral vitamin K parenteral vitamin K
Renal impairment in Renal impairment in JaundiceJaundice
Release of endotoxins into systemic Release of endotoxins into systemic circulationcirculation
following biliary obstruction ndash renal following biliary obstruction ndash renal failurefailure
Prevention Prevention - in high srbilirubin levels ndash - in high srbilirubin levels ndash
percutaneous drainage of biliary tree percutaneous drainage of biliary tree under antibiotic coverunder antibiotic cover
- pre op oral bile salts -- pre op oral bile salts -darr post op RFdarr post op RF
Liver Function TestsLiver Function Tests Indication of severity help to differentiate Indication of severity help to differentiate
between prehepatic hepatocellular and between prehepatic hepatocellular and obstructive jaundiceobstructive jaundice
Jaundice - sign of an elevation of serum Jaundice - sign of an elevation of serum bilirubin bilirubin
Protein and albumin levels are normal in Protein and albumin levels are normal in prehepatic or obstructive jaundice low prehepatic or obstructive jaundice low values indicate hepatocellular damagevalues indicate hepatocellular damage
clotting - Prothrombin Time clotting - Prothrombin Time An elevated INR may indicate impaired An elevated INR may indicate impaired
synthesis of clotting factors due to synthesis of clotting factors due to hepatocellular damage or malabsorption hepatocellular damage or malabsorption of vitamin K due to biliary obstruction of vitamin K due to biliary obstruction
ContdhellipContdhellip Prothrombin time[ half life - 6 -12 hrs ] ndash best Prothrombin time[ half life - 6 -12 hrs ] ndash best
indicator than Albumin [ half life ndash 24 -48 indicator than Albumin [ half life ndash 24 -48 days]days]
Alanine Transaminase (ALT) and Aspartate Alanine Transaminase (ALT) and Aspartate Transaminase (AST) are enzymes that are released Transaminase (AST) are enzymes that are released into the circulation by damaged hepatocytes into the circulation by damaged hepatocytes Raised levels indicate hepatocellular damageRaised levels indicate hepatocellular damage
AST can also be elevated in other circumstances AST can also be elevated in other circumstances such as myocardial infarction such as myocardial infarction
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme localized Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme localized near the bile cannaliculi and is elevated in biliary near the bile cannaliculi and is elevated in biliary obstruction Not specific to hepatobiliary diseaseobstruction Not specific to hepatobiliary disease[ raised in malignant bone disease][ raised in malignant bone disease]
An accompanying rise in Gamma glutamyl An accompanying rise in Gamma glutamyl Transferase (Gamma GT) suggests that the ALP is Transferase (Gamma GT) suggests that the ALP is from the liverfrom the liver
ContdhellipContdhellip Glutathione ndash S ndash transferase ndashto Glutathione ndash S ndash transferase ndashto
assess damage assess damage due to anaestheticsdue to anaesthetics ALP ndashEarly in biliary obstructionALP ndashEarly in biliary obstruction γγ - Glutamyl trans peptidase ndash rises - Glutamyl trans peptidase ndash rises
after alcohol amp drug induced liver after alcohol amp drug induced liver damagedamage
Plasma glucose should be measuredPlasma glucose should be measured
Risk and severity scoringRisk and severity scoring In 1964 Child and Turcotte classified risk for In 1964 Child and Turcotte classified risk for
patients with liver cirrhosis undergoing porto-patients with liver cirrhosis undergoing porto-caval anastomosis for management of portal caval anastomosis for management of portal hypertensionhypertension
Pugh et al at Kings College Hospital Pugh et al at Kings College Hospital published a severity scoring system for published a severity scoring system for patients undergoing oesophageal transection patients undergoing oesophageal transection for bleeding oesophageal varices for bleeding oesophageal varices
The two systems have been amalgamated and The two systems have been amalgamated and provide a disease severity assessment based provide a disease severity assessment based on two clinical and three laboratory variables on two clinical and three laboratory variables
PUGHlsquoS MODIFICATION OF CHILD GRADINGPUGHlsquoS MODIFICATION OF CHILD GRADING Clinical amp Biochemical Clinical amp Biochemical variablesvariables
POINTS POINTS 11
SCORESCOREDD22
33
Serum albumin (gL)Serum albumin (gL) gt35gt35 28-3528-35 lt28lt28
Serum bilirubin (micromolL)Serum bilirubin (micromolL) [Mg dl][Mg dl]
lt35lt35lt 2lt 2
35-6035-602 -32 -3
gt60gt60gt 3gt 3
PT (seconds) prolongedPT (seconds) prolongedfrom controlfrom control
1-41-4INR [ lt INR [ lt 1 7]1 7]
4-104-10INR [17 INR [17 -23]-23]
1010INR gt23INR gt23
AscitesAscites NoneNone MildMild ModerateModerateEncephalopathyEncephalopathy AbsentAbsent Grade I ndash Grade I ndash
IIIIGrade III ndash Grade III ndash IVIV
POINTS 5- 6 ndash class A [5 Mortality] 7 -9 ndashClass B [10 mortality] 10 -15 ndashClass C [50 mortality]
Surgery in patients with liver Surgery in patients with liver dysfunctiondysfunction
The Child-Pugh classification is a useful method The Child-Pugh classification is a useful method of staging the progress of liver decompensation of staging the progress of liver decompensation
Limited predictive value in anaesthesia and Limited predictive value in anaesthesia and surgerysurgery
Group A patients are lower riskGroup A patients are lower risk and with and with sufficient care can be considered as candidates sufficient care can be considered as candidates for most types of surgeryfor most types of surgery
Group B patients ndash acceptable but correct Group B patients ndash acceptable but correct abnormalities abnormalities
Group C patientsGroup C patients present an extremely high present an extremely high operative risk - surgical procedures in these operative risk - surgical procedures in these patients should be avoided if possible- patients should be avoided if possible- only only emergency or life-saving proceduresemergency or life-saving procedures should should be undertakenbe undertaken
Preoperative assessmentPreoperative assessment Type and extent of liver diseaseType and extent of liver disease Extra hepatic effectsExtra hepatic effects Risk assessmentRisk assessment Patients general condition- hydration nutritionPatients general condition- hydration nutrition Associated co-morbid conditionsAssociated co-morbid conditions LFTLFT ConsentConsent Premedication-short acting temazepam in absence Premedication-short acting temazepam in absence
of neurological impairment orally ndashavoid of neurological impairment orally ndashavoid intramuscular injectionsintramuscular injections
H2 receptor antagonistsH2 receptor antagonists Preop Vit K optimal hydrationPreop Vit K optimal hydration
PREOP INVESTIGATIONSPREOP INVESTIGATIONS
Hematological ndashHb Platelet Hematological ndashHb Platelet countWBC Coagulation profilecountWBC Coagulation profile
Metabolic ndash sr Metabolic ndash sr glucose urea creatinine electrolytesglucose urea creatinine electrolytes
Cardio respiratory ndash chest x-rayECG Cardio respiratory ndash chest x-rayECG PFT ABGPFT ABG
Liver function ndash Liver function ndash srbilirubinalbuminliver enzymessrbilirubinalbuminliver enzymes
Pre-op risk factors Pre-op risk factors associated with associated with
postoperative mortalitypostoperative mortality Serum albumin lt3gLSerum albumin lt3gL Serum bilirubin gt50 micromolLSerum bilirubin gt50 micromolL PT gt15 s over controlPT gt15 s over control Presence of infectionPresence of infection WBC gt 10000WBC gt 10000 Treatment with more than two antibioticsTreatment with more than two antibiotics Presence of AscitesPresence of Ascites MalnutritionMalnutrition Emergency surgeryEmergency surgery
Anaesthetic TechniqueAnaesthetic Technique Avoid hypotensive techniquesmdashintra hepatic necrosisAvoid hypotensive techniquesmdashintra hepatic necrosis High conc of oxygen -- - due to intrapulmonary shuntsHigh conc of oxygen -- - due to intrapulmonary shunts Avoid hypotension amp hypoxemiaAvoid hypotension amp hypoxemia Meticulous fluid balance ndashMeticulous fluid balance ndash Ascites ndash may lose a large amount of fluid rapidlyAscites ndash may lose a large amount of fluid rapidly Concentrated albumin solutions ndashto correct Concentrated albumin solutions ndashto correct
hypoproteinemiahypoproteinemia Fresh blood ndashto prevent hypocalcemia due to Fresh blood ndashto prevent hypocalcemia due to
reduced metabolism of preservativesreduced metabolism of preservatives FFP 12 - 15 mlKg ndashCorrect dilutional FFP 12 - 15 mlKg ndashCorrect dilutional
coagulopathycoagulopathy 1 unit of FFP for every 1 unit of packed cells or 250 1 unit of FFP for every 1 unit of packed cells or 250
ml of 09 saline or colloid [500 ml of FFP - uarr ml of 09 saline or colloid [500 ml of FFP - uarr Clotting factors by 20 ]Clotting factors by 20 ]
Maintenance of temperature Maintenance of temperature
MonitoringMonitoring Monitoring of temperature Monitoring of temperature Coagulation status should be monitored ndashplatelet count fibrin Coagulation status should be monitored ndashplatelet count fibrin
degradation products prothrombin time activated clotting degradation products prothrombin time activated clotting time partial thromboplastin timetime partial thromboplastin time
Thromboelastography has been used as a tool in liver Thromboelastography has been used as a tool in liver transplantationtransplantation
Repeated BP cuff inflation ndashmay lead to bruising in patients Repeated BP cuff inflation ndashmay lead to bruising in patients with altered haemostatic functionwith altered haemostatic function
Insertion of Intra arterial line ndash care to prevent haematoma Insertion of Intra arterial line ndash care to prevent haematoma Jugular route is preferred in CVP monitoringJugular route is preferred in CVP monitoring OximetryOximetry Urine outputUrine output Blood lossBlood loss Monitor ionized calciumMonitor ionized calcium
DRUGSDRUGS
Thiopentone ndash intrinsic clearance delayed Thiopentone ndash intrinsic clearance delayed but recovery not delayed because of but recovery not delayed because of redistributionredistribution
Alcoholic cirrhosis ndash larger dose of thio ndash Alcoholic cirrhosis ndash larger dose of thio ndash cross tolerancecross tolerance
Halothane and enflurane reduce hepatic Halothane and enflurane reduce hepatic arterial flow (vasodilatation negative arterial flow (vasodilatation negative inotropic effects)inotropic effects)
Isoflurane increases hepatic blood flowIsoflurane increases hepatic blood flow [preferred][preferred]
NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING AGENTSAGENTS
Reduced plasma pseudo cholinesterase activityReduced plasma pseudo cholinesterase activity Prolonged action- vecuronium Prolonged action- vecuronium
pancruonium[16 fold]pancruonium[16 fold] Decreased biliary excretionDecreased biliary excretion Increased volume of distribution ndashlarger Increased volume of distribution ndashlarger
initial dosesinitial doses 1048708 1048708 Recommended Atracurium ndash metabolism Recommended Atracurium ndash metabolism
independent of liver and kidneysindependent of liver and kidneys 1048708 1048708 For transplantation ndash long acting agent such For transplantation ndash long acting agent such
as doxacuriumas doxacurium
OPIODS amp SEDATIVESOPIODS amp SEDATIVES
NarcoticsNarcotics Reduced metabolism of morphine and Reduced metabolism of morphine and
pethidinepethidine Prefer fentanylPrefer fentanyl Remifentanyl - ideal Remifentanyl - ideal 1048708 1048708 BenzodiazepinesBenzodiazepines 1048708 1048708 Diazepam - prolonged half lifeDiazepam - prolonged half life 1048708 1048708 Oxazepam and lorazepam preferrred Oxazepam and lorazepam preferrred
ndashmetabolised by glucuronidation ndashmetabolised by glucuronidation without liver requirementwithout liver requirement
Regional Anaesthesia Regional Anaesthesia Contraindicated if PT gt25 s above control Contraindicated if PT gt25 s above control
platelet count lt 50000 cumm bleeding platelet count lt 50000 cumm bleeding time gt12 mtstime gt12 mts
Spinal and epidural anaesthesia carries the Spinal and epidural anaesthesia carries the risk of epidural haematoma and paralysis if risk of epidural haematoma and paralysis if there is abnormal clotting but there are there is abnormal clotting but there are otherwise no special precautionsotherwise no special precautions
The half-life of lignocaine is prolonged in The half-life of lignocaine is prolonged in liver failure but this is not significant when liver failure but this is not significant when used in regional anaesthesia used in regional anaesthesia
LA dose diminished in presence of AscitesLA dose diminished in presence of Ascites
Canadian Journal of Anesthesia Vol 45 452-Canadian Journal of Anesthesia Vol 45 452-459 459
Obstetrical anaesthesia for a parturient with Obstetrical anaesthesia for a parturient with preeclampsia HELLP syndrome and acute cortical preeclampsia HELLP syndrome and acute cortical
blindnessblindness A 39-yr-old woman with three past A 39-yr-old woman with three past uncomplicated pregnancies presented at 33 uncomplicated pregnancies presented at 33 wk with acute cortical blindnesswk with acute cortical blindness
Based on clinical and laboratory assessment Based on clinical and laboratory assessment a diagnosis of preeclampsia with HELLP a diagnosis of preeclampsia with HELLP syndrome was madesyndrome was made
A CT scan of her head demonstrated A CT scan of her head demonstrated ischaemic lesions of her basal ganglia ischaemic lesions of her basal ganglia extending superiorly to involve both posterior extending superiorly to involve both posterior parietal and occipital regionsparietal and occipital regions
Infusions of magnesium sulphate and Infusions of magnesium sulphate and hydralazine were started and an urgent hydralazine were started and an urgent Caesarean section was performed Caesarean section was performed under under subarachnoid anaesthesiasubarachnoid anaesthesia after insertion of an after insertion of an arterial line and intravenous hydration arterial line and intravenous hydration
ContdhellipContdhellip The course of anaesthesia and surgery was uneventful The course of anaesthesia and surgery was uneventful
and she delivered a live 1540 g female infantand she delivered a live 1540 g female infant By the following morning she had recovered some By the following morning she had recovered some
vision and visual recovery was complete by 72 hr vision and visual recovery was complete by 72 hr postpartum postpartum
Her postoperative course was uneventful Her postoperative course was uneventful CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION Provided that it is not contraindicated Provided that it is not contraindicated
because of prohibitive risk to the mother because of prohibitive risk to the mother regional regional anaesthesia has particular advantage in these anaesthesia has particular advantage in these patientspatients
In particular the use of spinal anaesthesia which has In particular the use of spinal anaesthesia which has been discouraged by some for this patient population been discouraged by some for this patient population should be re-evaluated should be re-evaluated
Postoperative Postoperative managementmanagement
Oxygen enriched airOxygen enriched air Major surgery ndash elective post operative Major surgery ndash elective post operative
ventilationventilation Replace blood lossReplace blood loss Maintain adequate urine outputMaintain adequate urine output Dopamine and inotropes should be Dopamine and inotropes should be
continuedcontinued The principle complications are likely The principle complications are likely
to be continued bleeding sepsis and to be continued bleeding sepsis and hepatic decompensation hepatic decompensation
Peri-operative considerations in Child-Peri-operative considerations in Child-Pugh A patientsPugh A patients
Pre-operative Pre-operative Aetiology of condition - virology Aetiology of condition - virology Drug idiosyncrasy Drug idiosyncrasy
Blood count and platelets Blood count and platelets Clotting screen Clotting screen Assess renal function Assess renal function Previous anaesthetics Previous anaesthetics
Per-operative Per-operative Consider drug bio-availability issues Consider drug bio-availability issues Avoid drugs excreted via liverAvoid drugs excreted via liver Regional techniques acceptable if clotting Regional techniques acceptable if clotting
normalnormal Post-operativePost-operative Monitor for post-operative hepatic Monitor for post-operative hepatic
decompensationdecompensation Possible prolonged duration of action in Possible prolonged duration of action in opiates HDU ITU careopiates HDU ITU care
Child-Pugh Group BC patient Child-Pugh Group BC patient undergoing major surgeryundergoing major surgery
Previous upper abdominal surgery portal Previous upper abdominal surgery portal hypertension and coagulopathy dramatically hypertension and coagulopathy dramatically increase the potential for per-operative blood lossincrease the potential for per-operative blood loss
8-12 units of blood together fresh frozen plasma 8-12 units of blood together fresh frozen plasma and platelets should be available and platelets should be available
Pre-medicationPre-medication Sedative premedicants should be avoided in the Sedative premedicants should be avoided in the
encephalopathic patient encephalopathic patient Other drugs may be needed pre-operatively and Other drugs may be needed pre-operatively and
include antibiotics and H2 receptor antagonistsinclude antibiotics and H2 receptor antagonists The oral or intravenous route used - The oral or intravenous route used -
intramuscular injections should be avoidedintramuscular injections should be avoided Coagulopathy may require correction with fresh Coagulopathy may require correction with fresh
frozen plasma and platelets and renal frozen plasma and platelets and renal replacement therapy may need to be consideredreplacement therapy may need to be considered
Per-operative considerationsPer-operative considerations Regional techniques -- considered carefully - Regional techniques -- considered carefully -
coagulopathy epidural varices can pose an coagulopathy epidural varices can pose an additional risk additional risk
Vascular accessVascular access with a multi-lumen central with a multi-lumen central venous catheter together with at least one large venous catheter together with at least one large bore central line bore central line
Monitoring of arterial and central venous Monitoring of arterial and central venous pressures is mandatory pressures is mandatory
Pulmonary artery pulmonary capillary wedge Pulmonary artery pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and cardiac output measurements pressure and cardiac output measurements may be necessary in the sick patientmay be necessary in the sick patient
Trans-oesophageal echocardiography and Trans-oesophageal echocardiography and volumetric haemodynamic monitoring pulse volumetric haemodynamic monitoring pulse contour analysis can provide significant contour analysis can provide significant additional information for the strategic additional information for the strategic management of these patients management of these patients
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Coagulation and fibrinolysisCoagulation and fibrinolysis are major are major
concerns concerns The potential for large volume blood replacement The potential for large volume blood replacement
means that temperature should be measured and means that temperature should be measured and a fluid warmer and warming mattress useda fluid warmer and warming mattress used
Regular per-operative estimation of INRPTR may Regular per-operative estimation of INRPTR may be necessary - thromboelastography provides be necessary - thromboelastography provides useful intra-operative evaluation of coagulationuseful intra-operative evaluation of coagulation
Blood conservationBlood conservation - considered - considered Preservation of hepatic function -Preservation of hepatic function - N- N-
acetylcysteine (NAC) is a sulphur-containing acetylcysteine (NAC) is a sulphur-containing antioxidant - benefit patients with fulminant antioxidant - benefit patients with fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
NAC appears to improve oxygen delivery NAC appears to improve oxygen delivery and consumption and reduce base deficitand consumption and reduce base deficit
Renal FunctionRenal Function - - Dopamine may be usefulDopamine may be useful
Bleeding oesophageal Bleeding oesophageal varicesvarices
Bleeding oesophageal varices - life-threatening Bleeding oesophageal varices - life-threatening complication of - often occur against a complication of - often occur against a background of abnormal clotting background of abnormal clotting thrombocytopenia encephalopathy and Ascitesthrombocytopenia encephalopathy and Ascites
Overall mortality is 30 Overall mortality is 30 The principles of anaesthetic managementThe principles of anaesthetic management Protect the airway Protect the airway Establish good vascular access Establish good vascular access Volume replacement - colloid blood fresh Volume replacement - colloid blood fresh
frozen plasma and platelets Avoid saline frozen plasma and platelets Avoid saline Check correct clotting Give Vitamin K correct Check correct clotting Give Vitamin K correct
fibrinolysis and review blood chemistry fibrinolysis and review blood chemistry
Intoxicated Alcoholic Intoxicated Alcoholic PatientsPatients
Requires less anaesthetic ndashadditive depressant Requires less anaesthetic ndashadditive depressant effect of alcohol amp anaestheticseffect of alcohol amp anaesthetics
Ill - equipped to withstand stress amp Acute blood Ill - equipped to withstand stress amp Acute blood lossloss
Alcohol decrease the tolerance of brain to hypoxiaAlcohol decrease the tolerance of brain to hypoxia uarr uarr Risk of regurgitation amp aspiration - alcohol Risk of regurgitation amp aspiration - alcohol
darrtone of lower oesophageal sphincter amp slows darrtone of lower oesophageal sphincter amp slows gastric emptyinggastric emptying
Alcohol Interferes with platelet aggregationAlcohol Interferes with platelet aggregation Causes uarrconc of plasma catecholamines rarr Causes uarrconc of plasma catecholamines rarr
Intraoperative dysarrhytmiasIntraoperative dysarrhytmias
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE
Mild ndash 17 marked - 4Mild ndash 17 marked - 4 Patient factorsPatient factors Congenital Congenital
hemolytic disordershemolytic disorders Acquired hemolytic Acquired hemolytic
disordersdisorders Pre existing liver Pre existing liver
diseasedisease CoagulopathyCoagulopathy Gilberts syndromeGilberts syndrome SepsisSepsis
Perioperative Perioperative factorsfactors
Anaesthetic induced Anaesthetic induced darrHBFdarrHBF
BleedingBleeding HypotensionHypotension Blood transfusionBlood transfusion Biliary tree traumaBiliary tree trauma Viral hepatitisViral hepatitis DrugsDrugs Halothane antibioticsHalothane antibiotics Nonsteroidal agentsNonsteroidal agents
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -
5000mg Bilirubin5000mg Bilirubin 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg
bilirubinbilirubin Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in
G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cell disease multiple blood transfusionscell disease multiple blood transfusions
Delayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashDelayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashpostop jaundicepostop jaundice
Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgeryuarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgery
ContdhellipContdhellip Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow
non biliary surgery 3- 30 days post opnon biliary surgery 3- 30 days post op Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis
[benign] - associated with multiple blood [benign] - associated with multiple blood transfusions hypoxia hypotension - transfusions hypoxia hypotension - uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks
ManagementManagement Prevention is the best treatment Prevention is the best treatment Avoid precipitating factorsAvoid precipitating factors
Halothane HepatitisHalothane Hepatitis The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane
anaesthetics - higher in women the middle anaesthetics - higher in women the middle aged and the obeseaged and the obese
Rarer in paediatric patients and with the Rarer in paediatric patients and with the newer volatile agents newer volatile agents
Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
ldquoldquoUnexplained liver damage within 28 days of Unexplained liver damage within 28 days of halothane exposure in previously normal halothane exposure in previously normal patientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reactionpatientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reaction
Clinical featuresClinical features malaise anorexiafever malaise anorexiafever within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks
Halothane HepatitisHalothane HepatitisDIAGNOSISDIAGNOSIS Serum antibodies that react with specific liver Serum antibodies that react with specific liver
microsomal proteins that are altered by microsomal proteins that are altered by trifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothanetrifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothane
Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Risk factorsRisk factors High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ]High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ] previous adverse reactionprevious adverse reaction Uncertain - obesityUncertain - obesity Female [16 1 ]Female [16 1 ] Drug allergy [ 15 ]Drug allergy [ 15 ] Family historyFamily history Lymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoinLymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoin
ContdhellipContdhellip The cause not fully established - multifactorial - The cause not fully established - multifactorial -
possible immunological cause possible immunological cause Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated
proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically predisposed subjectspredisposed subjects
Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also to blameto blame
Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile agent so toxic metabolites may be involvedagent so toxic metabolites may be involved
The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with increasing numbers of exposures to halothane increasing numbers of exposures to halothane
Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO database holds 225 and 159 reports respectivelydatabase holds 225 and 159 reports respectively
Halothane exposure Halothane exposure guidelinesguidelines
Avoid Halothane ifAvoid Halothane if Within at least 3 months of a previous Within at least 3 months of a previous
exposure exposure Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or
pyrexia pyrexia Family history of hepatic reactions to Family history of hepatic reactions to
halothanehalothane Pre - existing liver diseasePre - existing liver disease Adverse reactions to Other volatile Adverse reactions to Other volatile
anaesthetic agentsanaesthetic agents
Liver and PregnancyLiver and Pregnancy Normal in sizeNormal in size A decrease in total protein as well albumin A decrease in total protein as well albumin An increase of the liver dependent clotting An increase of the liver dependent clotting
factors such as fibrinogen factors such as fibrinogen An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times
secondary to placental alkalinesecondary to placental alkaline Srcholinesterase Srcholinesterase darr 30darr 30 Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and
bilirubinbilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin
ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver disease disease
Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Intrahepatic Cholestasis of PregnancyPregnancy
Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Rare in black patients Rare in black patients
Strong family history Strong family history High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies
60-7060-70 Pruritus alone - 80 percent Pruritus alone - 80 percent Jaundice develop in 20 percentJaundice develop in 20 percent Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or
no elevation in transaminasesno elevation in transaminases
IChP ndashcontdhellipIChP ndashcontdhellip Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early
delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice ) pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice )
Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts Dexamethasone Dexamethasone
Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but bilurubin within 4-6 weeks bilurubin within 4-6 weeks
Implications on Anaesthesia Implications on Anaesthesia Check coagulation profile Check coagulation profile Ask for vit K IV Ask for vit K IV take care of high incidence of fetal distress take care of high incidence of fetal distress
meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist must attend with incubatormust attend with incubator
Preeclampsia amp EclampsiaPreeclampsia amp Eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia
and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl
If not associated with other criteria of HELLP If not associated with other criteria of HELLP syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 50mlday 50mlday
Implications on anaesthesiaImplications on anaesthesia Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress
response which could continue to anaesthesia response which could continue to anaesthesia provided INR lt15 provided INR lt15
Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed tube 6-7 mm tube 6-7 mm
Adequate analgesia Adequate analgesia Fluids restriction Fluids restriction Continue medications postoperative in ICU Continue medications postoperative in ICU
HELLP syndrome HELLP syndrome Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low
plateletsplatelets Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-
eclampsia result from very active platelets eclampsia result from very active platelets aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia and congestion with deposition of fibrous and congestion with deposition of fibrous network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage
Nausea vomiting headache and upper right Nausea vomiting headache and upper right abdominal pain hypotension shockabdominal pain hypotension shock
Best markers are the maternal lactate Best markers are the maternal lactate dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet count count
Congested liver of HELLP Congested liver of HELLP syndromesyndrome
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high
dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has been shown to markedly improve the laboratory been shown to markedly improve the laboratory abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome
Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is
greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of magnesium sulfate magnesium sulfate
Anesthesia like severe preclampsia Anesthesia like severe preclampsia avoid trauma to liveravoid trauma to liver Vit K if INR gt15Vit K if INR gt15 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60
ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF PREGNANCYPREGNANCY
Rare serious disorder unknown etiologyRare serious disorder unknown etiology Symptoms in third trimesterSymptoms in third trimester ndashabdominal
pain nausea vomiting anorexiafatique fever headache
Rapid progression ndashbleeding jaundice encephalopathy renal failure hepatic failure coagulopathy - PPH
uarrTransaminases hyperbilirubinemia uarrprothrombin time --- DIC
Prompt delivery is advisable
Hepatic Rupture and Hepatic Rupture and Infarction Infarction
Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 to 85 percent) are at higher risk to 85 percent) are at higher risk
Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in
shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy
Therapy for hepatic rupture has included Therapy for hepatic rupture has included transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted in hepatic rupture in hepatic rupture
Hepatic infarctionHepatic infarction was typically present with fever was typically present with fever and marked elevations in transaminase levels In and marked elevations in transaminase levels In surviving patients liver function and histopathology surviving patients liver function and histopathology are normal within six months of delivery are normal within six months of delivery
Anesthesia in pregnant women with Anesthesia in pregnant women with HELLP syndromeHELLP syndrome
Retrospective studyRetrospective study For the period of 1 July For the period of 1 July 1996 through 30 June 2000 1996 through 30 June 2000
RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had cesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal deliverycesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal delivery
Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 postcesarean delivery the range platelet count postcesarean delivery the range platelet count was 19000-143000microl was 19000-143000microl
Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia
There were no neurologic complications or There were no neurologic complications or bleeding in the epidural spacebleeding in the epidural space
CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any neurologic or hematologic complications of women neurologic or hematologic complications of women with HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesiawith HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesia
Subdural Hematoma following dural Subdural Hematoma following dural puncture in a parturient with HELLP puncture in a parturient with HELLP
syndromesyndrome This complication occurred following This complication occurred following accidental dural puncture in a parturient accidental dural puncture in a parturient with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who subsequently developed the syndrome of subsequently developed the syndrome of hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low plateletsplatelets
On the first postoperative day postdural On the first postoperative day postdural puncture headache (PDPH) developed puncture headache (PDPH) developed
An epidural blood patch (EBP) was An epidural blood patch (EBP) was deferred to the third postoperative day deferred to the third postoperative day because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1 because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1
Headache intensified from a typical PDPH Headache intensified from a typical PDPH to one which was not posturally related to one which was not posturally related
A second EBP was abandoned after the A second EBP was abandoned after the
injection of 5 mL of blood because of injection of 5 mL of blood because of increasing headache during the procedure increasing headache during the procedure
Magnetic resonance imaging revealed Magnetic resonance imaging revealed bilateral temporal subdural hematomas bilateral temporal subdural hematomas
The patient was managed conservatively and The patient was managed conservatively and discharged home without any sequelae discharged home without any sequelae
ConclusionConclusion It is conceivable that It is conceivable that thrombocytopenia together with possible thrombocytopenia together with possible abnormal platelet function increased the risk abnormal platelet function increased the risk of subdural hematoma of subdural hematoma
Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be considered whenever headache is not considered whenever headache is not posturally related posturally related
OCUPATIONAL HAZARDOCUPATIONAL HAZARD Risk of transmission of HBV following Risk of transmission of HBV following
inoculation is 5 -30inoculation is 5 -30 May occur through needle prickcuts May occur through needle prickcuts
sharp injuriesmucous membranes- sharp injuriesmucous membranes- waterproof dressingwaterproof dressing
Wear gloves while inserting a Wear gloves while inserting a cannula airways intubation amp extubation cannula airways intubation amp extubation
Sharps should not be handed directly to Sharps should not be handed directly to othersothers
See to the sterilisation of other See to the sterilisation of other contaminated thingscontaminated things
HEPATORENAL SYNDROMEHEPATORENAL SYNDROME
1048708 1048708 Low GFRLow GFR 1048708 1048708 Low renal blood flowLow renal blood flow 1048708 1048708 No other cause for renal failureNo other cause for renal failure 1048708 ldquo1048708 ldquoFunctional renal failurerdquoFunctional renal failurerdquo Symptoms ndash water retention Symptoms ndash water retention
Azotemia hyponatremia amp oliguriaAzotemia hyponatremia amp oliguria
Hepatorenal failureHepatorenal failure Causes may beCauses may be Pre and peroperative dehydrationPre and peroperative dehydration HypovolaemiaHypovolaemia Falls in renal blood flow during surgery Falls in renal blood flow during surgery Direct effect of the excess conjugated Direct effect of the excess conjugated
bilirubin on the renal tubules or possibly an bilirubin on the renal tubules or possibly an increased absorption of endotoxin from the increased absorption of endotoxin from the gutgut
Not a major risk in patients with Prehepatic Not a major risk in patients with Prehepatic jaundice jaundice
ManagementManagementof Hepato renal syndromeof Hepato renal syndrome
Avoid it developing by ensuring adequate hydration Avoid it developing by ensuring adequate hydration and a urine flow of at least 50mlshr in the average and a urine flow of at least 50mlshr in the average adult patientadult patient
In moderately elevated bilirubin - simple fluid loading In moderately elevated bilirubin - simple fluid loading for 12 hours before surgery using 09 NaCl and for 12 hours before surgery using 09 NaCl and during the operation during the operation
If the urine output is not maintained - Mannitol If the urine output is not maintained - Mannitol 1010
Bilirubin greatly elevated (gt140 micromolslitre) - Bilirubin greatly elevated (gt140 micromolslitre) - intravenous fluids during the 24 hours before surgery intravenous fluids during the 24 hours before surgery and for 36 hours postoperatively and for 36 hours postoperatively
Mannitol 10 05-1gkg - prior to surgery Mannitol 10 05-1gkg - prior to surgery without making the patient dehydrated as a result of without making the patient dehydrated as a result of an over-zealous diuresisan over-zealous diuresis
Neurological problemsNeurological problems Mechanisms leading to deepening Mechanisms leading to deepening
encephalopathy -incompletely understood encephalopathy -incompletely understood Due to accumulation of neurotoxic Due to accumulation of neurotoxic
compounds penetrating an impaired blood-compounds penetrating an impaired blood-brain barrier brain barrier
Symptoms can occur in chronic as well as in Symptoms can occur in chronic as well as in acute disease may be rapid in onset acute disease may be rapid in onset
Precipitated by a gastrointestinal bleed Precipitated by a gastrointestinal bleed dietary protein overload or sepsis dietary protein overload or sepsis
Somnolence can be exacerbated by sedative Somnolence can be exacerbated by sedative drugs and narcoticsdrugs and narcotics
Rapid correction of hyponatraemia can lead Rapid correction of hyponatraemia can lead to osmotic demyelination and central pontine to osmotic demyelination and central pontine myelinolysis and should be avoided myelinolysis and should be avoided
HAEMATOLOGICAL PROBLEMS Anaemia may be the result of nutritional Anaemia may be the result of nutritional
deficiency toxic bone marrow depression or deficiency toxic bone marrow depression or gastrointestinal bleeding from varices or gastrointestinal bleeding from varices or erosions erosions
Coagulation defects arise from Coagulation defects arise from thrombocytopenia platelet dysfunction and thrombocytopenia platelet dysfunction and decreased levels of circulating clotting factors decreased levels of circulating clotting factors
Clotting factor levels fall because of impaired Clotting factor levels fall because of impaired synthesis vitamin K malabsorbtion and synthesis vitamin K malabsorbtion and intravascular consumption intravascular consumption
The short half-life of clotting factors means that The short half-life of clotting factors means that INR or Prothrombin Ratio (PTR) can reliably be INR or Prothrombin Ratio (PTR) can reliably be used to evaluate residual hepatic functionused to evaluate residual hepatic function
Treatment ndashVit K FFPTreatment ndashVit K FFP
GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEMGASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM Rupture of oesophageal varicesRupture of oesophageal varices Vassopressin amp octreotide ndashreduce portal Vassopressin amp octreotide ndashreduce portal
hypertensionhypertension Susceptibility to infection - increasedSusceptibility to infection - increasedDrug dispositionDrug disposition Cholestasis will reduce absorption of fat-Cholestasis will reduce absorption of fat-
soluble drugs after oral administrationsoluble drugs after oral administration Compartment changes and altered protein Compartment changes and altered protein
binding will affect volume of distribution binding will affect volume of distribution clearance and re-distribution clearance and re-distribution
Patients with liver dysfunction may be Patients with liver dysfunction may be particularly sensitive to opiates and particularly sensitive to opiates and benzodiazepines due to altered end-organ benzodiazepines due to altered end-organ sensitivitysensitivity
Effect of hepatic dysfunction on Effect of hepatic dysfunction on anaestheticsanaesthetics
darr darr Albumin -increased free fraction Albumin -increased free fraction Altered volume of distribution [Ascites amp increased Altered volume of distribution [Ascites amp increased
total body water compartment]total body water compartment] Reduced metabolism ndashalters drug pharmacodynamics Reduced metabolism ndashalters drug pharmacodynamics Opiods -Opiods - Morphine pethidine -uarr uarr respiratory depression amp Morphine pethidine -uarr uarr respiratory depression amp
sedationsedationSedative hypnotic drugsSedative hypnotic drugs Benzodiazepines ndash prolongedBenzodiazepines ndash prolongedNDMR NDMR Prolonged action for vecuronium and pancuroniumProlonged action for vecuronium and pancuroniumDMRDMR Decreased serum cholinesterase activity Decreased serum cholinesterase activity
The Effect of Anaesthetics on Liver The Effect of Anaesthetics on Liver FunctionFunction
VOLATILE AGENTSVOLATILE AGENTS Halothane -darr HABFPBF disturb HABR [hepatic Halothane -darr HABFPBF disturb HABR [hepatic
arterial buffer response]arterial buffer response] Sevoflurane isoflurane maintain HABR Sevoflurane isoflurane maintain HABR SEVO gt ISO gt DES gt HALOSEVO gt ISO gt DES gt HALOIV ANAESTHETICSIV ANAESTHETICS Thiopentone etomidate -darrTHBFThiopentone etomidate -darrTHBF Propofol - uarrTHBF ndashsplanchnic vasodilatorPropofol - uarrTHBF ndashsplanchnic vasodilator Ketamine ndash no effectsKetamine ndash no effectsREGIONAL ANAESTHESIAREGIONAL ANAESTHESIA High epidural may reduce THBFHigh epidural may reduce THBF
Effect of General Anaesthesia on liver Effect of General Anaesthesia on liver functions in patients with preexisting functions in patients with preexisting
liver diseasesliver diseases Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 1989 Apr 37(2) 61-6Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 1989 Apr 37(2) 61-6 ABSTRACT Effects of anaesthetics on liver ABSTRACT Effects of anaesthetics on liver
functions were studies in 13 patients having no liver functions were studies in 13 patients having no liver disease (group I) and 11 patients having liver disease (group I) and 11 patients having liver disease (group II) disease (group II)
Serum cholinesterase increased significantly in both Serum cholinesterase increased significantly in both the group Rise in SGOT levels was significant only the group Rise in SGOT levels was significant only in group I who had greater surgical trauma and not in group I who had greater surgical trauma and not in the other group of patients (group II) in the other group of patients (group II)
Significant decrease in total serum proteins was Significant decrease in total serum proteins was seen on different postoperative days in group I but seen on different postoperative days in group I but only on 5th postoperative day in group II only on 5th postoperative day in group II
It was concluded that presence of liver disease does It was concluded that presence of liver disease does not increase the adverse effect of anaesthesia on not increase the adverse effect of anaesthesia on liver function and that liver function and that surgical trauma is more surgical trauma is more important than anaesthesia in producingimportant than anaesthesia in producing liver liver dysfunction dysfunction
Signs of Liver DiseaseSigns of Liver Disease JaundiceJaundice HepatomegalyHepatomegaly Spider NaeviSpider Naevi SplenomegalySplenomegaly Scratch MarksScratch Marks AscitesAscites Palmer ErythemaPalmer Erythema
Dilated Abdominal Dilated Abdominal VeinsVeins
Peripheral OedemaPeripheral Oedema Finger ClubbingFinger Clubbing Testicular AtrophyTesticular Atrophy BruisingBruising GynaecomastiaGynaecomastia ConfusionComa ConfusionComa
JaundiceJaundicePrehepatic jaundice [haemolysis]Prehepatic jaundice [haemolysis] Massive intravascular haemolysis - as in Massive intravascular haemolysis - as in
some forms of malaria or in sickle cell some forms of malaria or in sickle cell anemiaanemia
Hepatocellular function is normal but Hepatocellular function is normal but overwhelmed - increased unconjugated overwhelmed - increased unconjugated bilirubin bilirubin
Intact Protein and carbohydrate Intact Protein and carbohydrate metabolism metabolism
No reduction in the absorption of Vitamin K No reduction in the absorption of Vitamin K or production of clotting factorsor production of clotting factors
Hepatocellular jaundiceHepatocellular jaundice Hepatitis or Cirrhosis Hepatitis or Cirrhosis decreased protein synthesis signs of decreased protein synthesis signs of
delayed clotting and even encephalopathy delayed clotting and even encephalopathy
CONTDhellipCONTDhellipObstructive JaundiceObstructive Jaundice Biliary obstruction - from a stone in the common Biliary obstruction - from a stone in the common
bile duct pancreatic tumour or ascending bile duct pancreatic tumour or ascending cholangitischolangitis
Hepatocellular function is normal Hepatocellular function is normal Excess plasma bilirubin is chiefly conjugated - Excess plasma bilirubin is chiefly conjugated -
excreted in the urine which becomes darkexcreted in the urine which becomes dark Stools are pale as a result of poor lipid Stools are pale as a result of poor lipid
absorption absorption Protein synthesis is normalProtein synthesis is normal Vitamin K dependant clotting factors reduced Vitamin K dependant clotting factors reduced as the absorption of vitamin K is as the absorption of vitamin K is
dependent on the excretion of bile salts into the dependent on the excretion of bile salts into the small intestine rarr clotting time prolonged small intestine rarr clotting time prolonged parenteral vitamin K parenteral vitamin K
Renal impairment in Renal impairment in JaundiceJaundice
Release of endotoxins into systemic Release of endotoxins into systemic circulationcirculation
following biliary obstruction ndash renal following biliary obstruction ndash renal failurefailure
Prevention Prevention - in high srbilirubin levels ndash - in high srbilirubin levels ndash
percutaneous drainage of biliary tree percutaneous drainage of biliary tree under antibiotic coverunder antibiotic cover
- pre op oral bile salts -- pre op oral bile salts -darr post op RFdarr post op RF
Liver Function TestsLiver Function Tests Indication of severity help to differentiate Indication of severity help to differentiate
between prehepatic hepatocellular and between prehepatic hepatocellular and obstructive jaundiceobstructive jaundice
Jaundice - sign of an elevation of serum Jaundice - sign of an elevation of serum bilirubin bilirubin
Protein and albumin levels are normal in Protein and albumin levels are normal in prehepatic or obstructive jaundice low prehepatic or obstructive jaundice low values indicate hepatocellular damagevalues indicate hepatocellular damage
clotting - Prothrombin Time clotting - Prothrombin Time An elevated INR may indicate impaired An elevated INR may indicate impaired
synthesis of clotting factors due to synthesis of clotting factors due to hepatocellular damage or malabsorption hepatocellular damage or malabsorption of vitamin K due to biliary obstruction of vitamin K due to biliary obstruction
ContdhellipContdhellip Prothrombin time[ half life - 6 -12 hrs ] ndash best Prothrombin time[ half life - 6 -12 hrs ] ndash best
indicator than Albumin [ half life ndash 24 -48 indicator than Albumin [ half life ndash 24 -48 days]days]
Alanine Transaminase (ALT) and Aspartate Alanine Transaminase (ALT) and Aspartate Transaminase (AST) are enzymes that are released Transaminase (AST) are enzymes that are released into the circulation by damaged hepatocytes into the circulation by damaged hepatocytes Raised levels indicate hepatocellular damageRaised levels indicate hepatocellular damage
AST can also be elevated in other circumstances AST can also be elevated in other circumstances such as myocardial infarction such as myocardial infarction
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme localized Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme localized near the bile cannaliculi and is elevated in biliary near the bile cannaliculi and is elevated in biliary obstruction Not specific to hepatobiliary diseaseobstruction Not specific to hepatobiliary disease[ raised in malignant bone disease][ raised in malignant bone disease]
An accompanying rise in Gamma glutamyl An accompanying rise in Gamma glutamyl Transferase (Gamma GT) suggests that the ALP is Transferase (Gamma GT) suggests that the ALP is from the liverfrom the liver
ContdhellipContdhellip Glutathione ndash S ndash transferase ndashto Glutathione ndash S ndash transferase ndashto
assess damage assess damage due to anaestheticsdue to anaesthetics ALP ndashEarly in biliary obstructionALP ndashEarly in biliary obstruction γγ - Glutamyl trans peptidase ndash rises - Glutamyl trans peptidase ndash rises
after alcohol amp drug induced liver after alcohol amp drug induced liver damagedamage
Plasma glucose should be measuredPlasma glucose should be measured
Risk and severity scoringRisk and severity scoring In 1964 Child and Turcotte classified risk for In 1964 Child and Turcotte classified risk for
patients with liver cirrhosis undergoing porto-patients with liver cirrhosis undergoing porto-caval anastomosis for management of portal caval anastomosis for management of portal hypertensionhypertension
Pugh et al at Kings College Hospital Pugh et al at Kings College Hospital published a severity scoring system for published a severity scoring system for patients undergoing oesophageal transection patients undergoing oesophageal transection for bleeding oesophageal varices for bleeding oesophageal varices
The two systems have been amalgamated and The two systems have been amalgamated and provide a disease severity assessment based provide a disease severity assessment based on two clinical and three laboratory variables on two clinical and three laboratory variables
PUGHlsquoS MODIFICATION OF CHILD GRADINGPUGHlsquoS MODIFICATION OF CHILD GRADING Clinical amp Biochemical Clinical amp Biochemical variablesvariables
POINTS POINTS 11
SCORESCOREDD22
33
Serum albumin (gL)Serum albumin (gL) gt35gt35 28-3528-35 lt28lt28
Serum bilirubin (micromolL)Serum bilirubin (micromolL) [Mg dl][Mg dl]
lt35lt35lt 2lt 2
35-6035-602 -32 -3
gt60gt60gt 3gt 3
PT (seconds) prolongedPT (seconds) prolongedfrom controlfrom control
1-41-4INR [ lt INR [ lt 1 7]1 7]
4-104-10INR [17 INR [17 -23]-23]
1010INR gt23INR gt23
AscitesAscites NoneNone MildMild ModerateModerateEncephalopathyEncephalopathy AbsentAbsent Grade I ndash Grade I ndash
IIIIGrade III ndash Grade III ndash IVIV
POINTS 5- 6 ndash class A [5 Mortality] 7 -9 ndashClass B [10 mortality] 10 -15 ndashClass C [50 mortality]
Surgery in patients with liver Surgery in patients with liver dysfunctiondysfunction
The Child-Pugh classification is a useful method The Child-Pugh classification is a useful method of staging the progress of liver decompensation of staging the progress of liver decompensation
Limited predictive value in anaesthesia and Limited predictive value in anaesthesia and surgerysurgery
Group A patients are lower riskGroup A patients are lower risk and with and with sufficient care can be considered as candidates sufficient care can be considered as candidates for most types of surgeryfor most types of surgery
Group B patients ndash acceptable but correct Group B patients ndash acceptable but correct abnormalities abnormalities
Group C patientsGroup C patients present an extremely high present an extremely high operative risk - surgical procedures in these operative risk - surgical procedures in these patients should be avoided if possible- patients should be avoided if possible- only only emergency or life-saving proceduresemergency or life-saving procedures should should be undertakenbe undertaken
Preoperative assessmentPreoperative assessment Type and extent of liver diseaseType and extent of liver disease Extra hepatic effectsExtra hepatic effects Risk assessmentRisk assessment Patients general condition- hydration nutritionPatients general condition- hydration nutrition Associated co-morbid conditionsAssociated co-morbid conditions LFTLFT ConsentConsent Premedication-short acting temazepam in absence Premedication-short acting temazepam in absence
of neurological impairment orally ndashavoid of neurological impairment orally ndashavoid intramuscular injectionsintramuscular injections
H2 receptor antagonistsH2 receptor antagonists Preop Vit K optimal hydrationPreop Vit K optimal hydration
PREOP INVESTIGATIONSPREOP INVESTIGATIONS
Hematological ndashHb Platelet Hematological ndashHb Platelet countWBC Coagulation profilecountWBC Coagulation profile
Metabolic ndash sr Metabolic ndash sr glucose urea creatinine electrolytesglucose urea creatinine electrolytes
Cardio respiratory ndash chest x-rayECG Cardio respiratory ndash chest x-rayECG PFT ABGPFT ABG
Liver function ndash Liver function ndash srbilirubinalbuminliver enzymessrbilirubinalbuminliver enzymes
Pre-op risk factors Pre-op risk factors associated with associated with
postoperative mortalitypostoperative mortality Serum albumin lt3gLSerum albumin lt3gL Serum bilirubin gt50 micromolLSerum bilirubin gt50 micromolL PT gt15 s over controlPT gt15 s over control Presence of infectionPresence of infection WBC gt 10000WBC gt 10000 Treatment with more than two antibioticsTreatment with more than two antibiotics Presence of AscitesPresence of Ascites MalnutritionMalnutrition Emergency surgeryEmergency surgery
Anaesthetic TechniqueAnaesthetic Technique Avoid hypotensive techniquesmdashintra hepatic necrosisAvoid hypotensive techniquesmdashintra hepatic necrosis High conc of oxygen -- - due to intrapulmonary shuntsHigh conc of oxygen -- - due to intrapulmonary shunts Avoid hypotension amp hypoxemiaAvoid hypotension amp hypoxemia Meticulous fluid balance ndashMeticulous fluid balance ndash Ascites ndash may lose a large amount of fluid rapidlyAscites ndash may lose a large amount of fluid rapidly Concentrated albumin solutions ndashto correct Concentrated albumin solutions ndashto correct
hypoproteinemiahypoproteinemia Fresh blood ndashto prevent hypocalcemia due to Fresh blood ndashto prevent hypocalcemia due to
reduced metabolism of preservativesreduced metabolism of preservatives FFP 12 - 15 mlKg ndashCorrect dilutional FFP 12 - 15 mlKg ndashCorrect dilutional
coagulopathycoagulopathy 1 unit of FFP for every 1 unit of packed cells or 250 1 unit of FFP for every 1 unit of packed cells or 250
ml of 09 saline or colloid [500 ml of FFP - uarr ml of 09 saline or colloid [500 ml of FFP - uarr Clotting factors by 20 ]Clotting factors by 20 ]
Maintenance of temperature Maintenance of temperature
MonitoringMonitoring Monitoring of temperature Monitoring of temperature Coagulation status should be monitored ndashplatelet count fibrin Coagulation status should be monitored ndashplatelet count fibrin
degradation products prothrombin time activated clotting degradation products prothrombin time activated clotting time partial thromboplastin timetime partial thromboplastin time
Thromboelastography has been used as a tool in liver Thromboelastography has been used as a tool in liver transplantationtransplantation
Repeated BP cuff inflation ndashmay lead to bruising in patients Repeated BP cuff inflation ndashmay lead to bruising in patients with altered haemostatic functionwith altered haemostatic function
Insertion of Intra arterial line ndash care to prevent haematoma Insertion of Intra arterial line ndash care to prevent haematoma Jugular route is preferred in CVP monitoringJugular route is preferred in CVP monitoring OximetryOximetry Urine outputUrine output Blood lossBlood loss Monitor ionized calciumMonitor ionized calcium
DRUGSDRUGS
Thiopentone ndash intrinsic clearance delayed Thiopentone ndash intrinsic clearance delayed but recovery not delayed because of but recovery not delayed because of redistributionredistribution
Alcoholic cirrhosis ndash larger dose of thio ndash Alcoholic cirrhosis ndash larger dose of thio ndash cross tolerancecross tolerance
Halothane and enflurane reduce hepatic Halothane and enflurane reduce hepatic arterial flow (vasodilatation negative arterial flow (vasodilatation negative inotropic effects)inotropic effects)
Isoflurane increases hepatic blood flowIsoflurane increases hepatic blood flow [preferred][preferred]
NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING AGENTSAGENTS
Reduced plasma pseudo cholinesterase activityReduced plasma pseudo cholinesterase activity Prolonged action- vecuronium Prolonged action- vecuronium
pancruonium[16 fold]pancruonium[16 fold] Decreased biliary excretionDecreased biliary excretion Increased volume of distribution ndashlarger Increased volume of distribution ndashlarger
initial dosesinitial doses 1048708 1048708 Recommended Atracurium ndash metabolism Recommended Atracurium ndash metabolism
independent of liver and kidneysindependent of liver and kidneys 1048708 1048708 For transplantation ndash long acting agent such For transplantation ndash long acting agent such
as doxacuriumas doxacurium
OPIODS amp SEDATIVESOPIODS amp SEDATIVES
NarcoticsNarcotics Reduced metabolism of morphine and Reduced metabolism of morphine and
pethidinepethidine Prefer fentanylPrefer fentanyl Remifentanyl - ideal Remifentanyl - ideal 1048708 1048708 BenzodiazepinesBenzodiazepines 1048708 1048708 Diazepam - prolonged half lifeDiazepam - prolonged half life 1048708 1048708 Oxazepam and lorazepam preferrred Oxazepam and lorazepam preferrred
ndashmetabolised by glucuronidation ndashmetabolised by glucuronidation without liver requirementwithout liver requirement
Regional Anaesthesia Regional Anaesthesia Contraindicated if PT gt25 s above control Contraindicated if PT gt25 s above control
platelet count lt 50000 cumm bleeding platelet count lt 50000 cumm bleeding time gt12 mtstime gt12 mts
Spinal and epidural anaesthesia carries the Spinal and epidural anaesthesia carries the risk of epidural haematoma and paralysis if risk of epidural haematoma and paralysis if there is abnormal clotting but there are there is abnormal clotting but there are otherwise no special precautionsotherwise no special precautions
The half-life of lignocaine is prolonged in The half-life of lignocaine is prolonged in liver failure but this is not significant when liver failure but this is not significant when used in regional anaesthesia used in regional anaesthesia
LA dose diminished in presence of AscitesLA dose diminished in presence of Ascites
Canadian Journal of Anesthesia Vol 45 452-Canadian Journal of Anesthesia Vol 45 452-459 459
Obstetrical anaesthesia for a parturient with Obstetrical anaesthesia for a parturient with preeclampsia HELLP syndrome and acute cortical preeclampsia HELLP syndrome and acute cortical
blindnessblindness A 39-yr-old woman with three past A 39-yr-old woman with three past uncomplicated pregnancies presented at 33 uncomplicated pregnancies presented at 33 wk with acute cortical blindnesswk with acute cortical blindness
Based on clinical and laboratory assessment Based on clinical and laboratory assessment a diagnosis of preeclampsia with HELLP a diagnosis of preeclampsia with HELLP syndrome was madesyndrome was made
A CT scan of her head demonstrated A CT scan of her head demonstrated ischaemic lesions of her basal ganglia ischaemic lesions of her basal ganglia extending superiorly to involve both posterior extending superiorly to involve both posterior parietal and occipital regionsparietal and occipital regions
Infusions of magnesium sulphate and Infusions of magnesium sulphate and hydralazine were started and an urgent hydralazine were started and an urgent Caesarean section was performed Caesarean section was performed under under subarachnoid anaesthesiasubarachnoid anaesthesia after insertion of an after insertion of an arterial line and intravenous hydration arterial line and intravenous hydration
ContdhellipContdhellip The course of anaesthesia and surgery was uneventful The course of anaesthesia and surgery was uneventful
and she delivered a live 1540 g female infantand she delivered a live 1540 g female infant By the following morning she had recovered some By the following morning she had recovered some
vision and visual recovery was complete by 72 hr vision and visual recovery was complete by 72 hr postpartum postpartum
Her postoperative course was uneventful Her postoperative course was uneventful CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION Provided that it is not contraindicated Provided that it is not contraindicated
because of prohibitive risk to the mother because of prohibitive risk to the mother regional regional anaesthesia has particular advantage in these anaesthesia has particular advantage in these patientspatients
In particular the use of spinal anaesthesia which has In particular the use of spinal anaesthesia which has been discouraged by some for this patient population been discouraged by some for this patient population should be re-evaluated should be re-evaluated
Postoperative Postoperative managementmanagement
Oxygen enriched airOxygen enriched air Major surgery ndash elective post operative Major surgery ndash elective post operative
ventilationventilation Replace blood lossReplace blood loss Maintain adequate urine outputMaintain adequate urine output Dopamine and inotropes should be Dopamine and inotropes should be
continuedcontinued The principle complications are likely The principle complications are likely
to be continued bleeding sepsis and to be continued bleeding sepsis and hepatic decompensation hepatic decompensation
Peri-operative considerations in Child-Peri-operative considerations in Child-Pugh A patientsPugh A patients
Pre-operative Pre-operative Aetiology of condition - virology Aetiology of condition - virology Drug idiosyncrasy Drug idiosyncrasy
Blood count and platelets Blood count and platelets Clotting screen Clotting screen Assess renal function Assess renal function Previous anaesthetics Previous anaesthetics
Per-operative Per-operative Consider drug bio-availability issues Consider drug bio-availability issues Avoid drugs excreted via liverAvoid drugs excreted via liver Regional techniques acceptable if clotting Regional techniques acceptable if clotting
normalnormal Post-operativePost-operative Monitor for post-operative hepatic Monitor for post-operative hepatic
decompensationdecompensation Possible prolonged duration of action in Possible prolonged duration of action in opiates HDU ITU careopiates HDU ITU care
Child-Pugh Group BC patient Child-Pugh Group BC patient undergoing major surgeryundergoing major surgery
Previous upper abdominal surgery portal Previous upper abdominal surgery portal hypertension and coagulopathy dramatically hypertension and coagulopathy dramatically increase the potential for per-operative blood lossincrease the potential for per-operative blood loss
8-12 units of blood together fresh frozen plasma 8-12 units of blood together fresh frozen plasma and platelets should be available and platelets should be available
Pre-medicationPre-medication Sedative premedicants should be avoided in the Sedative premedicants should be avoided in the
encephalopathic patient encephalopathic patient Other drugs may be needed pre-operatively and Other drugs may be needed pre-operatively and
include antibiotics and H2 receptor antagonistsinclude antibiotics and H2 receptor antagonists The oral or intravenous route used - The oral or intravenous route used -
intramuscular injections should be avoidedintramuscular injections should be avoided Coagulopathy may require correction with fresh Coagulopathy may require correction with fresh
frozen plasma and platelets and renal frozen plasma and platelets and renal replacement therapy may need to be consideredreplacement therapy may need to be considered
Per-operative considerationsPer-operative considerations Regional techniques -- considered carefully - Regional techniques -- considered carefully -
coagulopathy epidural varices can pose an coagulopathy epidural varices can pose an additional risk additional risk
Vascular accessVascular access with a multi-lumen central with a multi-lumen central venous catheter together with at least one large venous catheter together with at least one large bore central line bore central line
Monitoring of arterial and central venous Monitoring of arterial and central venous pressures is mandatory pressures is mandatory
Pulmonary artery pulmonary capillary wedge Pulmonary artery pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and cardiac output measurements pressure and cardiac output measurements may be necessary in the sick patientmay be necessary in the sick patient
Trans-oesophageal echocardiography and Trans-oesophageal echocardiography and volumetric haemodynamic monitoring pulse volumetric haemodynamic monitoring pulse contour analysis can provide significant contour analysis can provide significant additional information for the strategic additional information for the strategic management of these patients management of these patients
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Coagulation and fibrinolysisCoagulation and fibrinolysis are major are major
concerns concerns The potential for large volume blood replacement The potential for large volume blood replacement
means that temperature should be measured and means that temperature should be measured and a fluid warmer and warming mattress useda fluid warmer and warming mattress used
Regular per-operative estimation of INRPTR may Regular per-operative estimation of INRPTR may be necessary - thromboelastography provides be necessary - thromboelastography provides useful intra-operative evaluation of coagulationuseful intra-operative evaluation of coagulation
Blood conservationBlood conservation - considered - considered Preservation of hepatic function -Preservation of hepatic function - N- N-
acetylcysteine (NAC) is a sulphur-containing acetylcysteine (NAC) is a sulphur-containing antioxidant - benefit patients with fulminant antioxidant - benefit patients with fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
NAC appears to improve oxygen delivery NAC appears to improve oxygen delivery and consumption and reduce base deficitand consumption and reduce base deficit
Renal FunctionRenal Function - - Dopamine may be usefulDopamine may be useful
Bleeding oesophageal Bleeding oesophageal varicesvarices
Bleeding oesophageal varices - life-threatening Bleeding oesophageal varices - life-threatening complication of - often occur against a complication of - often occur against a background of abnormal clotting background of abnormal clotting thrombocytopenia encephalopathy and Ascitesthrombocytopenia encephalopathy and Ascites
Overall mortality is 30 Overall mortality is 30 The principles of anaesthetic managementThe principles of anaesthetic management Protect the airway Protect the airway Establish good vascular access Establish good vascular access Volume replacement - colloid blood fresh Volume replacement - colloid blood fresh
frozen plasma and platelets Avoid saline frozen plasma and platelets Avoid saline Check correct clotting Give Vitamin K correct Check correct clotting Give Vitamin K correct
fibrinolysis and review blood chemistry fibrinolysis and review blood chemistry
Intoxicated Alcoholic Intoxicated Alcoholic PatientsPatients
Requires less anaesthetic ndashadditive depressant Requires less anaesthetic ndashadditive depressant effect of alcohol amp anaestheticseffect of alcohol amp anaesthetics
Ill - equipped to withstand stress amp Acute blood Ill - equipped to withstand stress amp Acute blood lossloss
Alcohol decrease the tolerance of brain to hypoxiaAlcohol decrease the tolerance of brain to hypoxia uarr uarr Risk of regurgitation amp aspiration - alcohol Risk of regurgitation amp aspiration - alcohol
darrtone of lower oesophageal sphincter amp slows darrtone of lower oesophageal sphincter amp slows gastric emptyinggastric emptying
Alcohol Interferes with platelet aggregationAlcohol Interferes with platelet aggregation Causes uarrconc of plasma catecholamines rarr Causes uarrconc of plasma catecholamines rarr
Intraoperative dysarrhytmiasIntraoperative dysarrhytmias
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE
Mild ndash 17 marked - 4Mild ndash 17 marked - 4 Patient factorsPatient factors Congenital Congenital
hemolytic disordershemolytic disorders Acquired hemolytic Acquired hemolytic
disordersdisorders Pre existing liver Pre existing liver
diseasedisease CoagulopathyCoagulopathy Gilberts syndromeGilberts syndrome SepsisSepsis
Perioperative Perioperative factorsfactors
Anaesthetic induced Anaesthetic induced darrHBFdarrHBF
BleedingBleeding HypotensionHypotension Blood transfusionBlood transfusion Biliary tree traumaBiliary tree trauma Viral hepatitisViral hepatitis DrugsDrugs Halothane antibioticsHalothane antibiotics Nonsteroidal agentsNonsteroidal agents
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -
5000mg Bilirubin5000mg Bilirubin 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg
bilirubinbilirubin Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in
G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cell disease multiple blood transfusionscell disease multiple blood transfusions
Delayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashDelayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashpostop jaundicepostop jaundice
Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgeryuarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgery
ContdhellipContdhellip Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow
non biliary surgery 3- 30 days post opnon biliary surgery 3- 30 days post op Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis
[benign] - associated with multiple blood [benign] - associated with multiple blood transfusions hypoxia hypotension - transfusions hypoxia hypotension - uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks
ManagementManagement Prevention is the best treatment Prevention is the best treatment Avoid precipitating factorsAvoid precipitating factors
Halothane HepatitisHalothane Hepatitis The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane
anaesthetics - higher in women the middle anaesthetics - higher in women the middle aged and the obeseaged and the obese
Rarer in paediatric patients and with the Rarer in paediatric patients and with the newer volatile agents newer volatile agents
Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
ldquoldquoUnexplained liver damage within 28 days of Unexplained liver damage within 28 days of halothane exposure in previously normal halothane exposure in previously normal patientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reactionpatientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reaction
Clinical featuresClinical features malaise anorexiafever malaise anorexiafever within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks
Halothane HepatitisHalothane HepatitisDIAGNOSISDIAGNOSIS Serum antibodies that react with specific liver Serum antibodies that react with specific liver
microsomal proteins that are altered by microsomal proteins that are altered by trifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothanetrifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothane
Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Risk factorsRisk factors High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ]High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ] previous adverse reactionprevious adverse reaction Uncertain - obesityUncertain - obesity Female [16 1 ]Female [16 1 ] Drug allergy [ 15 ]Drug allergy [ 15 ] Family historyFamily history Lymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoinLymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoin
ContdhellipContdhellip The cause not fully established - multifactorial - The cause not fully established - multifactorial -
possible immunological cause possible immunological cause Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated
proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically predisposed subjectspredisposed subjects
Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also to blameto blame
Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile agent so toxic metabolites may be involvedagent so toxic metabolites may be involved
The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with increasing numbers of exposures to halothane increasing numbers of exposures to halothane
Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO database holds 225 and 159 reports respectivelydatabase holds 225 and 159 reports respectively
Halothane exposure Halothane exposure guidelinesguidelines
Avoid Halothane ifAvoid Halothane if Within at least 3 months of a previous Within at least 3 months of a previous
exposure exposure Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or
pyrexia pyrexia Family history of hepatic reactions to Family history of hepatic reactions to
halothanehalothane Pre - existing liver diseasePre - existing liver disease Adverse reactions to Other volatile Adverse reactions to Other volatile
anaesthetic agentsanaesthetic agents
Liver and PregnancyLiver and Pregnancy Normal in sizeNormal in size A decrease in total protein as well albumin A decrease in total protein as well albumin An increase of the liver dependent clotting An increase of the liver dependent clotting
factors such as fibrinogen factors such as fibrinogen An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times
secondary to placental alkalinesecondary to placental alkaline Srcholinesterase Srcholinesterase darr 30darr 30 Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and
bilirubinbilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin
ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver disease disease
Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Intrahepatic Cholestasis of PregnancyPregnancy
Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Rare in black patients Rare in black patients
Strong family history Strong family history High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies
60-7060-70 Pruritus alone - 80 percent Pruritus alone - 80 percent Jaundice develop in 20 percentJaundice develop in 20 percent Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or
no elevation in transaminasesno elevation in transaminases
IChP ndashcontdhellipIChP ndashcontdhellip Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early
delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice ) pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice )
Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts Dexamethasone Dexamethasone
Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but bilurubin within 4-6 weeks bilurubin within 4-6 weeks
Implications on Anaesthesia Implications on Anaesthesia Check coagulation profile Check coagulation profile Ask for vit K IV Ask for vit K IV take care of high incidence of fetal distress take care of high incidence of fetal distress
meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist must attend with incubatormust attend with incubator
Preeclampsia amp EclampsiaPreeclampsia amp Eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia
and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl
If not associated with other criteria of HELLP If not associated with other criteria of HELLP syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 50mlday 50mlday
Implications on anaesthesiaImplications on anaesthesia Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress
response which could continue to anaesthesia response which could continue to anaesthesia provided INR lt15 provided INR lt15
Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed tube 6-7 mm tube 6-7 mm
Adequate analgesia Adequate analgesia Fluids restriction Fluids restriction Continue medications postoperative in ICU Continue medications postoperative in ICU
HELLP syndrome HELLP syndrome Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low
plateletsplatelets Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-
eclampsia result from very active platelets eclampsia result from very active platelets aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia and congestion with deposition of fibrous and congestion with deposition of fibrous network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage
Nausea vomiting headache and upper right Nausea vomiting headache and upper right abdominal pain hypotension shockabdominal pain hypotension shock
Best markers are the maternal lactate Best markers are the maternal lactate dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet count count
Congested liver of HELLP Congested liver of HELLP syndromesyndrome
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high
dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has been shown to markedly improve the laboratory been shown to markedly improve the laboratory abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome
Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is
greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of magnesium sulfate magnesium sulfate
Anesthesia like severe preclampsia Anesthesia like severe preclampsia avoid trauma to liveravoid trauma to liver Vit K if INR gt15Vit K if INR gt15 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60
ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF PREGNANCYPREGNANCY
Rare serious disorder unknown etiologyRare serious disorder unknown etiology Symptoms in third trimesterSymptoms in third trimester ndashabdominal
pain nausea vomiting anorexiafatique fever headache
Rapid progression ndashbleeding jaundice encephalopathy renal failure hepatic failure coagulopathy - PPH
uarrTransaminases hyperbilirubinemia uarrprothrombin time --- DIC
Prompt delivery is advisable
Hepatic Rupture and Hepatic Rupture and Infarction Infarction
Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 to 85 percent) are at higher risk to 85 percent) are at higher risk
Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in
shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy
Therapy for hepatic rupture has included Therapy for hepatic rupture has included transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted in hepatic rupture in hepatic rupture
Hepatic infarctionHepatic infarction was typically present with fever was typically present with fever and marked elevations in transaminase levels In and marked elevations in transaminase levels In surviving patients liver function and histopathology surviving patients liver function and histopathology are normal within six months of delivery are normal within six months of delivery
Anesthesia in pregnant women with Anesthesia in pregnant women with HELLP syndromeHELLP syndrome
Retrospective studyRetrospective study For the period of 1 July For the period of 1 July 1996 through 30 June 2000 1996 through 30 June 2000
RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had cesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal deliverycesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal delivery
Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 postcesarean delivery the range platelet count postcesarean delivery the range platelet count was 19000-143000microl was 19000-143000microl
Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia
There were no neurologic complications or There were no neurologic complications or bleeding in the epidural spacebleeding in the epidural space
CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any neurologic or hematologic complications of women neurologic or hematologic complications of women with HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesiawith HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesia
Subdural Hematoma following dural Subdural Hematoma following dural puncture in a parturient with HELLP puncture in a parturient with HELLP
syndromesyndrome This complication occurred following This complication occurred following accidental dural puncture in a parturient accidental dural puncture in a parturient with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who subsequently developed the syndrome of subsequently developed the syndrome of hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low plateletsplatelets
On the first postoperative day postdural On the first postoperative day postdural puncture headache (PDPH) developed puncture headache (PDPH) developed
An epidural blood patch (EBP) was An epidural blood patch (EBP) was deferred to the third postoperative day deferred to the third postoperative day because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1 because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1
Headache intensified from a typical PDPH Headache intensified from a typical PDPH to one which was not posturally related to one which was not posturally related
A second EBP was abandoned after the A second EBP was abandoned after the
injection of 5 mL of blood because of injection of 5 mL of blood because of increasing headache during the procedure increasing headache during the procedure
Magnetic resonance imaging revealed Magnetic resonance imaging revealed bilateral temporal subdural hematomas bilateral temporal subdural hematomas
The patient was managed conservatively and The patient was managed conservatively and discharged home without any sequelae discharged home without any sequelae
ConclusionConclusion It is conceivable that It is conceivable that thrombocytopenia together with possible thrombocytopenia together with possible abnormal platelet function increased the risk abnormal platelet function increased the risk of subdural hematoma of subdural hematoma
Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be considered whenever headache is not considered whenever headache is not posturally related posturally related
OCUPATIONAL HAZARDOCUPATIONAL HAZARD Risk of transmission of HBV following Risk of transmission of HBV following
inoculation is 5 -30inoculation is 5 -30 May occur through needle prickcuts May occur through needle prickcuts
sharp injuriesmucous membranes- sharp injuriesmucous membranes- waterproof dressingwaterproof dressing
Wear gloves while inserting a Wear gloves while inserting a cannula airways intubation amp extubation cannula airways intubation amp extubation
Sharps should not be handed directly to Sharps should not be handed directly to othersothers
See to the sterilisation of other See to the sterilisation of other contaminated thingscontaminated things
Hepatorenal failureHepatorenal failure Causes may beCauses may be Pre and peroperative dehydrationPre and peroperative dehydration HypovolaemiaHypovolaemia Falls in renal blood flow during surgery Falls in renal blood flow during surgery Direct effect of the excess conjugated Direct effect of the excess conjugated
bilirubin on the renal tubules or possibly an bilirubin on the renal tubules or possibly an increased absorption of endotoxin from the increased absorption of endotoxin from the gutgut
Not a major risk in patients with Prehepatic Not a major risk in patients with Prehepatic jaundice jaundice
ManagementManagementof Hepato renal syndromeof Hepato renal syndrome
Avoid it developing by ensuring adequate hydration Avoid it developing by ensuring adequate hydration and a urine flow of at least 50mlshr in the average and a urine flow of at least 50mlshr in the average adult patientadult patient
In moderately elevated bilirubin - simple fluid loading In moderately elevated bilirubin - simple fluid loading for 12 hours before surgery using 09 NaCl and for 12 hours before surgery using 09 NaCl and during the operation during the operation
If the urine output is not maintained - Mannitol If the urine output is not maintained - Mannitol 1010
Bilirubin greatly elevated (gt140 micromolslitre) - Bilirubin greatly elevated (gt140 micromolslitre) - intravenous fluids during the 24 hours before surgery intravenous fluids during the 24 hours before surgery and for 36 hours postoperatively and for 36 hours postoperatively
Mannitol 10 05-1gkg - prior to surgery Mannitol 10 05-1gkg - prior to surgery without making the patient dehydrated as a result of without making the patient dehydrated as a result of an over-zealous diuresisan over-zealous diuresis
Neurological problemsNeurological problems Mechanisms leading to deepening Mechanisms leading to deepening
encephalopathy -incompletely understood encephalopathy -incompletely understood Due to accumulation of neurotoxic Due to accumulation of neurotoxic
compounds penetrating an impaired blood-compounds penetrating an impaired blood-brain barrier brain barrier
Symptoms can occur in chronic as well as in Symptoms can occur in chronic as well as in acute disease may be rapid in onset acute disease may be rapid in onset
Precipitated by a gastrointestinal bleed Precipitated by a gastrointestinal bleed dietary protein overload or sepsis dietary protein overload or sepsis
Somnolence can be exacerbated by sedative Somnolence can be exacerbated by sedative drugs and narcoticsdrugs and narcotics
Rapid correction of hyponatraemia can lead Rapid correction of hyponatraemia can lead to osmotic demyelination and central pontine to osmotic demyelination and central pontine myelinolysis and should be avoided myelinolysis and should be avoided
HAEMATOLOGICAL PROBLEMS Anaemia may be the result of nutritional Anaemia may be the result of nutritional
deficiency toxic bone marrow depression or deficiency toxic bone marrow depression or gastrointestinal bleeding from varices or gastrointestinal bleeding from varices or erosions erosions
Coagulation defects arise from Coagulation defects arise from thrombocytopenia platelet dysfunction and thrombocytopenia platelet dysfunction and decreased levels of circulating clotting factors decreased levels of circulating clotting factors
Clotting factor levels fall because of impaired Clotting factor levels fall because of impaired synthesis vitamin K malabsorbtion and synthesis vitamin K malabsorbtion and intravascular consumption intravascular consumption
The short half-life of clotting factors means that The short half-life of clotting factors means that INR or Prothrombin Ratio (PTR) can reliably be INR or Prothrombin Ratio (PTR) can reliably be used to evaluate residual hepatic functionused to evaluate residual hepatic function
Treatment ndashVit K FFPTreatment ndashVit K FFP
GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEMGASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM Rupture of oesophageal varicesRupture of oesophageal varices Vassopressin amp octreotide ndashreduce portal Vassopressin amp octreotide ndashreduce portal
hypertensionhypertension Susceptibility to infection - increasedSusceptibility to infection - increasedDrug dispositionDrug disposition Cholestasis will reduce absorption of fat-Cholestasis will reduce absorption of fat-
soluble drugs after oral administrationsoluble drugs after oral administration Compartment changes and altered protein Compartment changes and altered protein
binding will affect volume of distribution binding will affect volume of distribution clearance and re-distribution clearance and re-distribution
Patients with liver dysfunction may be Patients with liver dysfunction may be particularly sensitive to opiates and particularly sensitive to opiates and benzodiazepines due to altered end-organ benzodiazepines due to altered end-organ sensitivitysensitivity
Effect of hepatic dysfunction on Effect of hepatic dysfunction on anaestheticsanaesthetics
darr darr Albumin -increased free fraction Albumin -increased free fraction Altered volume of distribution [Ascites amp increased Altered volume of distribution [Ascites amp increased
total body water compartment]total body water compartment] Reduced metabolism ndashalters drug pharmacodynamics Reduced metabolism ndashalters drug pharmacodynamics Opiods -Opiods - Morphine pethidine -uarr uarr respiratory depression amp Morphine pethidine -uarr uarr respiratory depression amp
sedationsedationSedative hypnotic drugsSedative hypnotic drugs Benzodiazepines ndash prolongedBenzodiazepines ndash prolongedNDMR NDMR Prolonged action for vecuronium and pancuroniumProlonged action for vecuronium and pancuroniumDMRDMR Decreased serum cholinesterase activity Decreased serum cholinesterase activity
The Effect of Anaesthetics on Liver The Effect of Anaesthetics on Liver FunctionFunction
VOLATILE AGENTSVOLATILE AGENTS Halothane -darr HABFPBF disturb HABR [hepatic Halothane -darr HABFPBF disturb HABR [hepatic
arterial buffer response]arterial buffer response] Sevoflurane isoflurane maintain HABR Sevoflurane isoflurane maintain HABR SEVO gt ISO gt DES gt HALOSEVO gt ISO gt DES gt HALOIV ANAESTHETICSIV ANAESTHETICS Thiopentone etomidate -darrTHBFThiopentone etomidate -darrTHBF Propofol - uarrTHBF ndashsplanchnic vasodilatorPropofol - uarrTHBF ndashsplanchnic vasodilator Ketamine ndash no effectsKetamine ndash no effectsREGIONAL ANAESTHESIAREGIONAL ANAESTHESIA High epidural may reduce THBFHigh epidural may reduce THBF
Effect of General Anaesthesia on liver Effect of General Anaesthesia on liver functions in patients with preexisting functions in patients with preexisting
liver diseasesliver diseases Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 1989 Apr 37(2) 61-6Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 1989 Apr 37(2) 61-6 ABSTRACT Effects of anaesthetics on liver ABSTRACT Effects of anaesthetics on liver
functions were studies in 13 patients having no liver functions were studies in 13 patients having no liver disease (group I) and 11 patients having liver disease (group I) and 11 patients having liver disease (group II) disease (group II)
Serum cholinesterase increased significantly in both Serum cholinesterase increased significantly in both the group Rise in SGOT levels was significant only the group Rise in SGOT levels was significant only in group I who had greater surgical trauma and not in group I who had greater surgical trauma and not in the other group of patients (group II) in the other group of patients (group II)
Significant decrease in total serum proteins was Significant decrease in total serum proteins was seen on different postoperative days in group I but seen on different postoperative days in group I but only on 5th postoperative day in group II only on 5th postoperative day in group II
It was concluded that presence of liver disease does It was concluded that presence of liver disease does not increase the adverse effect of anaesthesia on not increase the adverse effect of anaesthesia on liver function and that liver function and that surgical trauma is more surgical trauma is more important than anaesthesia in producingimportant than anaesthesia in producing liver liver dysfunction dysfunction
Signs of Liver DiseaseSigns of Liver Disease JaundiceJaundice HepatomegalyHepatomegaly Spider NaeviSpider Naevi SplenomegalySplenomegaly Scratch MarksScratch Marks AscitesAscites Palmer ErythemaPalmer Erythema
Dilated Abdominal Dilated Abdominal VeinsVeins
Peripheral OedemaPeripheral Oedema Finger ClubbingFinger Clubbing Testicular AtrophyTesticular Atrophy BruisingBruising GynaecomastiaGynaecomastia ConfusionComa ConfusionComa
JaundiceJaundicePrehepatic jaundice [haemolysis]Prehepatic jaundice [haemolysis] Massive intravascular haemolysis - as in Massive intravascular haemolysis - as in
some forms of malaria or in sickle cell some forms of malaria or in sickle cell anemiaanemia
Hepatocellular function is normal but Hepatocellular function is normal but overwhelmed - increased unconjugated overwhelmed - increased unconjugated bilirubin bilirubin
Intact Protein and carbohydrate Intact Protein and carbohydrate metabolism metabolism
No reduction in the absorption of Vitamin K No reduction in the absorption of Vitamin K or production of clotting factorsor production of clotting factors
Hepatocellular jaundiceHepatocellular jaundice Hepatitis or Cirrhosis Hepatitis or Cirrhosis decreased protein synthesis signs of decreased protein synthesis signs of
delayed clotting and even encephalopathy delayed clotting and even encephalopathy
CONTDhellipCONTDhellipObstructive JaundiceObstructive Jaundice Biliary obstruction - from a stone in the common Biliary obstruction - from a stone in the common
bile duct pancreatic tumour or ascending bile duct pancreatic tumour or ascending cholangitischolangitis
Hepatocellular function is normal Hepatocellular function is normal Excess plasma bilirubin is chiefly conjugated - Excess plasma bilirubin is chiefly conjugated -
excreted in the urine which becomes darkexcreted in the urine which becomes dark Stools are pale as a result of poor lipid Stools are pale as a result of poor lipid
absorption absorption Protein synthesis is normalProtein synthesis is normal Vitamin K dependant clotting factors reduced Vitamin K dependant clotting factors reduced as the absorption of vitamin K is as the absorption of vitamin K is
dependent on the excretion of bile salts into the dependent on the excretion of bile salts into the small intestine rarr clotting time prolonged small intestine rarr clotting time prolonged parenteral vitamin K parenteral vitamin K
Renal impairment in Renal impairment in JaundiceJaundice
Release of endotoxins into systemic Release of endotoxins into systemic circulationcirculation
following biliary obstruction ndash renal following biliary obstruction ndash renal failurefailure
Prevention Prevention - in high srbilirubin levels ndash - in high srbilirubin levels ndash
percutaneous drainage of biliary tree percutaneous drainage of biliary tree under antibiotic coverunder antibiotic cover
- pre op oral bile salts -- pre op oral bile salts -darr post op RFdarr post op RF
Liver Function TestsLiver Function Tests Indication of severity help to differentiate Indication of severity help to differentiate
between prehepatic hepatocellular and between prehepatic hepatocellular and obstructive jaundiceobstructive jaundice
Jaundice - sign of an elevation of serum Jaundice - sign of an elevation of serum bilirubin bilirubin
Protein and albumin levels are normal in Protein and albumin levels are normal in prehepatic or obstructive jaundice low prehepatic or obstructive jaundice low values indicate hepatocellular damagevalues indicate hepatocellular damage
clotting - Prothrombin Time clotting - Prothrombin Time An elevated INR may indicate impaired An elevated INR may indicate impaired
synthesis of clotting factors due to synthesis of clotting factors due to hepatocellular damage or malabsorption hepatocellular damage or malabsorption of vitamin K due to biliary obstruction of vitamin K due to biliary obstruction
ContdhellipContdhellip Prothrombin time[ half life - 6 -12 hrs ] ndash best Prothrombin time[ half life - 6 -12 hrs ] ndash best
indicator than Albumin [ half life ndash 24 -48 indicator than Albumin [ half life ndash 24 -48 days]days]
Alanine Transaminase (ALT) and Aspartate Alanine Transaminase (ALT) and Aspartate Transaminase (AST) are enzymes that are released Transaminase (AST) are enzymes that are released into the circulation by damaged hepatocytes into the circulation by damaged hepatocytes Raised levels indicate hepatocellular damageRaised levels indicate hepatocellular damage
AST can also be elevated in other circumstances AST can also be elevated in other circumstances such as myocardial infarction such as myocardial infarction
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme localized Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme localized near the bile cannaliculi and is elevated in biliary near the bile cannaliculi and is elevated in biliary obstruction Not specific to hepatobiliary diseaseobstruction Not specific to hepatobiliary disease[ raised in malignant bone disease][ raised in malignant bone disease]
An accompanying rise in Gamma glutamyl An accompanying rise in Gamma glutamyl Transferase (Gamma GT) suggests that the ALP is Transferase (Gamma GT) suggests that the ALP is from the liverfrom the liver
ContdhellipContdhellip Glutathione ndash S ndash transferase ndashto Glutathione ndash S ndash transferase ndashto
assess damage assess damage due to anaestheticsdue to anaesthetics ALP ndashEarly in biliary obstructionALP ndashEarly in biliary obstruction γγ - Glutamyl trans peptidase ndash rises - Glutamyl trans peptidase ndash rises
after alcohol amp drug induced liver after alcohol amp drug induced liver damagedamage
Plasma glucose should be measuredPlasma glucose should be measured
Risk and severity scoringRisk and severity scoring In 1964 Child and Turcotte classified risk for In 1964 Child and Turcotte classified risk for
patients with liver cirrhosis undergoing porto-patients with liver cirrhosis undergoing porto-caval anastomosis for management of portal caval anastomosis for management of portal hypertensionhypertension
Pugh et al at Kings College Hospital Pugh et al at Kings College Hospital published a severity scoring system for published a severity scoring system for patients undergoing oesophageal transection patients undergoing oesophageal transection for bleeding oesophageal varices for bleeding oesophageal varices
The two systems have been amalgamated and The two systems have been amalgamated and provide a disease severity assessment based provide a disease severity assessment based on two clinical and three laboratory variables on two clinical and three laboratory variables
PUGHlsquoS MODIFICATION OF CHILD GRADINGPUGHlsquoS MODIFICATION OF CHILD GRADING Clinical amp Biochemical Clinical amp Biochemical variablesvariables
POINTS POINTS 11
SCORESCOREDD22
33
Serum albumin (gL)Serum albumin (gL) gt35gt35 28-3528-35 lt28lt28
Serum bilirubin (micromolL)Serum bilirubin (micromolL) [Mg dl][Mg dl]
lt35lt35lt 2lt 2
35-6035-602 -32 -3
gt60gt60gt 3gt 3
PT (seconds) prolongedPT (seconds) prolongedfrom controlfrom control
1-41-4INR [ lt INR [ lt 1 7]1 7]
4-104-10INR [17 INR [17 -23]-23]
1010INR gt23INR gt23
AscitesAscites NoneNone MildMild ModerateModerateEncephalopathyEncephalopathy AbsentAbsent Grade I ndash Grade I ndash
IIIIGrade III ndash Grade III ndash IVIV
POINTS 5- 6 ndash class A [5 Mortality] 7 -9 ndashClass B [10 mortality] 10 -15 ndashClass C [50 mortality]
Surgery in patients with liver Surgery in patients with liver dysfunctiondysfunction
The Child-Pugh classification is a useful method The Child-Pugh classification is a useful method of staging the progress of liver decompensation of staging the progress of liver decompensation
Limited predictive value in anaesthesia and Limited predictive value in anaesthesia and surgerysurgery
Group A patients are lower riskGroup A patients are lower risk and with and with sufficient care can be considered as candidates sufficient care can be considered as candidates for most types of surgeryfor most types of surgery
Group B patients ndash acceptable but correct Group B patients ndash acceptable but correct abnormalities abnormalities
Group C patientsGroup C patients present an extremely high present an extremely high operative risk - surgical procedures in these operative risk - surgical procedures in these patients should be avoided if possible- patients should be avoided if possible- only only emergency or life-saving proceduresemergency or life-saving procedures should should be undertakenbe undertaken
Preoperative assessmentPreoperative assessment Type and extent of liver diseaseType and extent of liver disease Extra hepatic effectsExtra hepatic effects Risk assessmentRisk assessment Patients general condition- hydration nutritionPatients general condition- hydration nutrition Associated co-morbid conditionsAssociated co-morbid conditions LFTLFT ConsentConsent Premedication-short acting temazepam in absence Premedication-short acting temazepam in absence
of neurological impairment orally ndashavoid of neurological impairment orally ndashavoid intramuscular injectionsintramuscular injections
H2 receptor antagonistsH2 receptor antagonists Preop Vit K optimal hydrationPreop Vit K optimal hydration
PREOP INVESTIGATIONSPREOP INVESTIGATIONS
Hematological ndashHb Platelet Hematological ndashHb Platelet countWBC Coagulation profilecountWBC Coagulation profile
Metabolic ndash sr Metabolic ndash sr glucose urea creatinine electrolytesglucose urea creatinine electrolytes
Cardio respiratory ndash chest x-rayECG Cardio respiratory ndash chest x-rayECG PFT ABGPFT ABG
Liver function ndash Liver function ndash srbilirubinalbuminliver enzymessrbilirubinalbuminliver enzymes
Pre-op risk factors Pre-op risk factors associated with associated with
postoperative mortalitypostoperative mortality Serum albumin lt3gLSerum albumin lt3gL Serum bilirubin gt50 micromolLSerum bilirubin gt50 micromolL PT gt15 s over controlPT gt15 s over control Presence of infectionPresence of infection WBC gt 10000WBC gt 10000 Treatment with more than two antibioticsTreatment with more than two antibiotics Presence of AscitesPresence of Ascites MalnutritionMalnutrition Emergency surgeryEmergency surgery
Anaesthetic TechniqueAnaesthetic Technique Avoid hypotensive techniquesmdashintra hepatic necrosisAvoid hypotensive techniquesmdashintra hepatic necrosis High conc of oxygen -- - due to intrapulmonary shuntsHigh conc of oxygen -- - due to intrapulmonary shunts Avoid hypotension amp hypoxemiaAvoid hypotension amp hypoxemia Meticulous fluid balance ndashMeticulous fluid balance ndash Ascites ndash may lose a large amount of fluid rapidlyAscites ndash may lose a large amount of fluid rapidly Concentrated albumin solutions ndashto correct Concentrated albumin solutions ndashto correct
hypoproteinemiahypoproteinemia Fresh blood ndashto prevent hypocalcemia due to Fresh blood ndashto prevent hypocalcemia due to
reduced metabolism of preservativesreduced metabolism of preservatives FFP 12 - 15 mlKg ndashCorrect dilutional FFP 12 - 15 mlKg ndashCorrect dilutional
coagulopathycoagulopathy 1 unit of FFP for every 1 unit of packed cells or 250 1 unit of FFP for every 1 unit of packed cells or 250
ml of 09 saline or colloid [500 ml of FFP - uarr ml of 09 saline or colloid [500 ml of FFP - uarr Clotting factors by 20 ]Clotting factors by 20 ]
Maintenance of temperature Maintenance of temperature
MonitoringMonitoring Monitoring of temperature Monitoring of temperature Coagulation status should be monitored ndashplatelet count fibrin Coagulation status should be monitored ndashplatelet count fibrin
degradation products prothrombin time activated clotting degradation products prothrombin time activated clotting time partial thromboplastin timetime partial thromboplastin time
Thromboelastography has been used as a tool in liver Thromboelastography has been used as a tool in liver transplantationtransplantation
Repeated BP cuff inflation ndashmay lead to bruising in patients Repeated BP cuff inflation ndashmay lead to bruising in patients with altered haemostatic functionwith altered haemostatic function
Insertion of Intra arterial line ndash care to prevent haematoma Insertion of Intra arterial line ndash care to prevent haematoma Jugular route is preferred in CVP monitoringJugular route is preferred in CVP monitoring OximetryOximetry Urine outputUrine output Blood lossBlood loss Monitor ionized calciumMonitor ionized calcium
DRUGSDRUGS
Thiopentone ndash intrinsic clearance delayed Thiopentone ndash intrinsic clearance delayed but recovery not delayed because of but recovery not delayed because of redistributionredistribution
Alcoholic cirrhosis ndash larger dose of thio ndash Alcoholic cirrhosis ndash larger dose of thio ndash cross tolerancecross tolerance
Halothane and enflurane reduce hepatic Halothane and enflurane reduce hepatic arterial flow (vasodilatation negative arterial flow (vasodilatation negative inotropic effects)inotropic effects)
Isoflurane increases hepatic blood flowIsoflurane increases hepatic blood flow [preferred][preferred]
NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING AGENTSAGENTS
Reduced plasma pseudo cholinesterase activityReduced plasma pseudo cholinesterase activity Prolonged action- vecuronium Prolonged action- vecuronium
pancruonium[16 fold]pancruonium[16 fold] Decreased biliary excretionDecreased biliary excretion Increased volume of distribution ndashlarger Increased volume of distribution ndashlarger
initial dosesinitial doses 1048708 1048708 Recommended Atracurium ndash metabolism Recommended Atracurium ndash metabolism
independent of liver and kidneysindependent of liver and kidneys 1048708 1048708 For transplantation ndash long acting agent such For transplantation ndash long acting agent such
as doxacuriumas doxacurium
OPIODS amp SEDATIVESOPIODS amp SEDATIVES
NarcoticsNarcotics Reduced metabolism of morphine and Reduced metabolism of morphine and
pethidinepethidine Prefer fentanylPrefer fentanyl Remifentanyl - ideal Remifentanyl - ideal 1048708 1048708 BenzodiazepinesBenzodiazepines 1048708 1048708 Diazepam - prolonged half lifeDiazepam - prolonged half life 1048708 1048708 Oxazepam and lorazepam preferrred Oxazepam and lorazepam preferrred
ndashmetabolised by glucuronidation ndashmetabolised by glucuronidation without liver requirementwithout liver requirement
Regional Anaesthesia Regional Anaesthesia Contraindicated if PT gt25 s above control Contraindicated if PT gt25 s above control
platelet count lt 50000 cumm bleeding platelet count lt 50000 cumm bleeding time gt12 mtstime gt12 mts
Spinal and epidural anaesthesia carries the Spinal and epidural anaesthesia carries the risk of epidural haematoma and paralysis if risk of epidural haematoma and paralysis if there is abnormal clotting but there are there is abnormal clotting but there are otherwise no special precautionsotherwise no special precautions
The half-life of lignocaine is prolonged in The half-life of lignocaine is prolonged in liver failure but this is not significant when liver failure but this is not significant when used in regional anaesthesia used in regional anaesthesia
LA dose diminished in presence of AscitesLA dose diminished in presence of Ascites
Canadian Journal of Anesthesia Vol 45 452-Canadian Journal of Anesthesia Vol 45 452-459 459
Obstetrical anaesthesia for a parturient with Obstetrical anaesthesia for a parturient with preeclampsia HELLP syndrome and acute cortical preeclampsia HELLP syndrome and acute cortical
blindnessblindness A 39-yr-old woman with three past A 39-yr-old woman with three past uncomplicated pregnancies presented at 33 uncomplicated pregnancies presented at 33 wk with acute cortical blindnesswk with acute cortical blindness
Based on clinical and laboratory assessment Based on clinical and laboratory assessment a diagnosis of preeclampsia with HELLP a diagnosis of preeclampsia with HELLP syndrome was madesyndrome was made
A CT scan of her head demonstrated A CT scan of her head demonstrated ischaemic lesions of her basal ganglia ischaemic lesions of her basal ganglia extending superiorly to involve both posterior extending superiorly to involve both posterior parietal and occipital regionsparietal and occipital regions
Infusions of magnesium sulphate and Infusions of magnesium sulphate and hydralazine were started and an urgent hydralazine were started and an urgent Caesarean section was performed Caesarean section was performed under under subarachnoid anaesthesiasubarachnoid anaesthesia after insertion of an after insertion of an arterial line and intravenous hydration arterial line and intravenous hydration
ContdhellipContdhellip The course of anaesthesia and surgery was uneventful The course of anaesthesia and surgery was uneventful
and she delivered a live 1540 g female infantand she delivered a live 1540 g female infant By the following morning she had recovered some By the following morning she had recovered some
vision and visual recovery was complete by 72 hr vision and visual recovery was complete by 72 hr postpartum postpartum
Her postoperative course was uneventful Her postoperative course was uneventful CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION Provided that it is not contraindicated Provided that it is not contraindicated
because of prohibitive risk to the mother because of prohibitive risk to the mother regional regional anaesthesia has particular advantage in these anaesthesia has particular advantage in these patientspatients
In particular the use of spinal anaesthesia which has In particular the use of spinal anaesthesia which has been discouraged by some for this patient population been discouraged by some for this patient population should be re-evaluated should be re-evaluated
Postoperative Postoperative managementmanagement
Oxygen enriched airOxygen enriched air Major surgery ndash elective post operative Major surgery ndash elective post operative
ventilationventilation Replace blood lossReplace blood loss Maintain adequate urine outputMaintain adequate urine output Dopamine and inotropes should be Dopamine and inotropes should be
continuedcontinued The principle complications are likely The principle complications are likely
to be continued bleeding sepsis and to be continued bleeding sepsis and hepatic decompensation hepatic decompensation
Peri-operative considerations in Child-Peri-operative considerations in Child-Pugh A patientsPugh A patients
Pre-operative Pre-operative Aetiology of condition - virology Aetiology of condition - virology Drug idiosyncrasy Drug idiosyncrasy
Blood count and platelets Blood count and platelets Clotting screen Clotting screen Assess renal function Assess renal function Previous anaesthetics Previous anaesthetics
Per-operative Per-operative Consider drug bio-availability issues Consider drug bio-availability issues Avoid drugs excreted via liverAvoid drugs excreted via liver Regional techniques acceptable if clotting Regional techniques acceptable if clotting
normalnormal Post-operativePost-operative Monitor for post-operative hepatic Monitor for post-operative hepatic
decompensationdecompensation Possible prolonged duration of action in Possible prolonged duration of action in opiates HDU ITU careopiates HDU ITU care
Child-Pugh Group BC patient Child-Pugh Group BC patient undergoing major surgeryundergoing major surgery
Previous upper abdominal surgery portal Previous upper abdominal surgery portal hypertension and coagulopathy dramatically hypertension and coagulopathy dramatically increase the potential for per-operative blood lossincrease the potential for per-operative blood loss
8-12 units of blood together fresh frozen plasma 8-12 units of blood together fresh frozen plasma and platelets should be available and platelets should be available
Pre-medicationPre-medication Sedative premedicants should be avoided in the Sedative premedicants should be avoided in the
encephalopathic patient encephalopathic patient Other drugs may be needed pre-operatively and Other drugs may be needed pre-operatively and
include antibiotics and H2 receptor antagonistsinclude antibiotics and H2 receptor antagonists The oral or intravenous route used - The oral or intravenous route used -
intramuscular injections should be avoidedintramuscular injections should be avoided Coagulopathy may require correction with fresh Coagulopathy may require correction with fresh
frozen plasma and platelets and renal frozen plasma and platelets and renal replacement therapy may need to be consideredreplacement therapy may need to be considered
Per-operative considerationsPer-operative considerations Regional techniques -- considered carefully - Regional techniques -- considered carefully -
coagulopathy epidural varices can pose an coagulopathy epidural varices can pose an additional risk additional risk
Vascular accessVascular access with a multi-lumen central with a multi-lumen central venous catheter together with at least one large venous catheter together with at least one large bore central line bore central line
Monitoring of arterial and central venous Monitoring of arterial and central venous pressures is mandatory pressures is mandatory
Pulmonary artery pulmonary capillary wedge Pulmonary artery pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and cardiac output measurements pressure and cardiac output measurements may be necessary in the sick patientmay be necessary in the sick patient
Trans-oesophageal echocardiography and Trans-oesophageal echocardiography and volumetric haemodynamic monitoring pulse volumetric haemodynamic monitoring pulse contour analysis can provide significant contour analysis can provide significant additional information for the strategic additional information for the strategic management of these patients management of these patients
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Coagulation and fibrinolysisCoagulation and fibrinolysis are major are major
concerns concerns The potential for large volume blood replacement The potential for large volume blood replacement
means that temperature should be measured and means that temperature should be measured and a fluid warmer and warming mattress useda fluid warmer and warming mattress used
Regular per-operative estimation of INRPTR may Regular per-operative estimation of INRPTR may be necessary - thromboelastography provides be necessary - thromboelastography provides useful intra-operative evaluation of coagulationuseful intra-operative evaluation of coagulation
Blood conservationBlood conservation - considered - considered Preservation of hepatic function -Preservation of hepatic function - N- N-
acetylcysteine (NAC) is a sulphur-containing acetylcysteine (NAC) is a sulphur-containing antioxidant - benefit patients with fulminant antioxidant - benefit patients with fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
NAC appears to improve oxygen delivery NAC appears to improve oxygen delivery and consumption and reduce base deficitand consumption and reduce base deficit
Renal FunctionRenal Function - - Dopamine may be usefulDopamine may be useful
Bleeding oesophageal Bleeding oesophageal varicesvarices
Bleeding oesophageal varices - life-threatening Bleeding oesophageal varices - life-threatening complication of - often occur against a complication of - often occur against a background of abnormal clotting background of abnormal clotting thrombocytopenia encephalopathy and Ascitesthrombocytopenia encephalopathy and Ascites
Overall mortality is 30 Overall mortality is 30 The principles of anaesthetic managementThe principles of anaesthetic management Protect the airway Protect the airway Establish good vascular access Establish good vascular access Volume replacement - colloid blood fresh Volume replacement - colloid blood fresh
frozen plasma and platelets Avoid saline frozen plasma and platelets Avoid saline Check correct clotting Give Vitamin K correct Check correct clotting Give Vitamin K correct
fibrinolysis and review blood chemistry fibrinolysis and review blood chemistry
Intoxicated Alcoholic Intoxicated Alcoholic PatientsPatients
Requires less anaesthetic ndashadditive depressant Requires less anaesthetic ndashadditive depressant effect of alcohol amp anaestheticseffect of alcohol amp anaesthetics
Ill - equipped to withstand stress amp Acute blood Ill - equipped to withstand stress amp Acute blood lossloss
Alcohol decrease the tolerance of brain to hypoxiaAlcohol decrease the tolerance of brain to hypoxia uarr uarr Risk of regurgitation amp aspiration - alcohol Risk of regurgitation amp aspiration - alcohol
darrtone of lower oesophageal sphincter amp slows darrtone of lower oesophageal sphincter amp slows gastric emptyinggastric emptying
Alcohol Interferes with platelet aggregationAlcohol Interferes with platelet aggregation Causes uarrconc of plasma catecholamines rarr Causes uarrconc of plasma catecholamines rarr
Intraoperative dysarrhytmiasIntraoperative dysarrhytmias
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE
Mild ndash 17 marked - 4Mild ndash 17 marked - 4 Patient factorsPatient factors Congenital Congenital
hemolytic disordershemolytic disorders Acquired hemolytic Acquired hemolytic
disordersdisorders Pre existing liver Pre existing liver
diseasedisease CoagulopathyCoagulopathy Gilberts syndromeGilberts syndrome SepsisSepsis
Perioperative Perioperative factorsfactors
Anaesthetic induced Anaesthetic induced darrHBFdarrHBF
BleedingBleeding HypotensionHypotension Blood transfusionBlood transfusion Biliary tree traumaBiliary tree trauma Viral hepatitisViral hepatitis DrugsDrugs Halothane antibioticsHalothane antibiotics Nonsteroidal agentsNonsteroidal agents
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -
5000mg Bilirubin5000mg Bilirubin 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg
bilirubinbilirubin Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in
G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cell disease multiple blood transfusionscell disease multiple blood transfusions
Delayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashDelayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashpostop jaundicepostop jaundice
Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgeryuarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgery
ContdhellipContdhellip Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow
non biliary surgery 3- 30 days post opnon biliary surgery 3- 30 days post op Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis
[benign] - associated with multiple blood [benign] - associated with multiple blood transfusions hypoxia hypotension - transfusions hypoxia hypotension - uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks
ManagementManagement Prevention is the best treatment Prevention is the best treatment Avoid precipitating factorsAvoid precipitating factors
Halothane HepatitisHalothane Hepatitis The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane
anaesthetics - higher in women the middle anaesthetics - higher in women the middle aged and the obeseaged and the obese
Rarer in paediatric patients and with the Rarer in paediatric patients and with the newer volatile agents newer volatile agents
Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
ldquoldquoUnexplained liver damage within 28 days of Unexplained liver damage within 28 days of halothane exposure in previously normal halothane exposure in previously normal patientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reactionpatientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reaction
Clinical featuresClinical features malaise anorexiafever malaise anorexiafever within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks
Halothane HepatitisHalothane HepatitisDIAGNOSISDIAGNOSIS Serum antibodies that react with specific liver Serum antibodies that react with specific liver
microsomal proteins that are altered by microsomal proteins that are altered by trifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothanetrifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothane
Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Risk factorsRisk factors High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ]High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ] previous adverse reactionprevious adverse reaction Uncertain - obesityUncertain - obesity Female [16 1 ]Female [16 1 ] Drug allergy [ 15 ]Drug allergy [ 15 ] Family historyFamily history Lymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoinLymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoin
ContdhellipContdhellip The cause not fully established - multifactorial - The cause not fully established - multifactorial -
possible immunological cause possible immunological cause Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated
proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically predisposed subjectspredisposed subjects
Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also to blameto blame
Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile agent so toxic metabolites may be involvedagent so toxic metabolites may be involved
The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with increasing numbers of exposures to halothane increasing numbers of exposures to halothane
Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO database holds 225 and 159 reports respectivelydatabase holds 225 and 159 reports respectively
Halothane exposure Halothane exposure guidelinesguidelines
Avoid Halothane ifAvoid Halothane if Within at least 3 months of a previous Within at least 3 months of a previous
exposure exposure Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or
pyrexia pyrexia Family history of hepatic reactions to Family history of hepatic reactions to
halothanehalothane Pre - existing liver diseasePre - existing liver disease Adverse reactions to Other volatile Adverse reactions to Other volatile
anaesthetic agentsanaesthetic agents
Liver and PregnancyLiver and Pregnancy Normal in sizeNormal in size A decrease in total protein as well albumin A decrease in total protein as well albumin An increase of the liver dependent clotting An increase of the liver dependent clotting
factors such as fibrinogen factors such as fibrinogen An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times
secondary to placental alkalinesecondary to placental alkaline Srcholinesterase Srcholinesterase darr 30darr 30 Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and
bilirubinbilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin
ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver disease disease
Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Intrahepatic Cholestasis of PregnancyPregnancy
Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Rare in black patients Rare in black patients
Strong family history Strong family history High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies
60-7060-70 Pruritus alone - 80 percent Pruritus alone - 80 percent Jaundice develop in 20 percentJaundice develop in 20 percent Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or
no elevation in transaminasesno elevation in transaminases
IChP ndashcontdhellipIChP ndashcontdhellip Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early
delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice ) pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice )
Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts Dexamethasone Dexamethasone
Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but bilurubin within 4-6 weeks bilurubin within 4-6 weeks
Implications on Anaesthesia Implications on Anaesthesia Check coagulation profile Check coagulation profile Ask for vit K IV Ask for vit K IV take care of high incidence of fetal distress take care of high incidence of fetal distress
meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist must attend with incubatormust attend with incubator
Preeclampsia amp EclampsiaPreeclampsia amp Eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia
and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl
If not associated with other criteria of HELLP If not associated with other criteria of HELLP syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 50mlday 50mlday
Implications on anaesthesiaImplications on anaesthesia Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress
response which could continue to anaesthesia response which could continue to anaesthesia provided INR lt15 provided INR lt15
Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed tube 6-7 mm tube 6-7 mm
Adequate analgesia Adequate analgesia Fluids restriction Fluids restriction Continue medications postoperative in ICU Continue medications postoperative in ICU
HELLP syndrome HELLP syndrome Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low
plateletsplatelets Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-
eclampsia result from very active platelets eclampsia result from very active platelets aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia and congestion with deposition of fibrous and congestion with deposition of fibrous network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage
Nausea vomiting headache and upper right Nausea vomiting headache and upper right abdominal pain hypotension shockabdominal pain hypotension shock
Best markers are the maternal lactate Best markers are the maternal lactate dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet count count
Congested liver of HELLP Congested liver of HELLP syndromesyndrome
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high
dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has been shown to markedly improve the laboratory been shown to markedly improve the laboratory abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome
Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is
greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of magnesium sulfate magnesium sulfate
Anesthesia like severe preclampsia Anesthesia like severe preclampsia avoid trauma to liveravoid trauma to liver Vit K if INR gt15Vit K if INR gt15 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60
ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF PREGNANCYPREGNANCY
Rare serious disorder unknown etiologyRare serious disorder unknown etiology Symptoms in third trimesterSymptoms in third trimester ndashabdominal
pain nausea vomiting anorexiafatique fever headache
Rapid progression ndashbleeding jaundice encephalopathy renal failure hepatic failure coagulopathy - PPH
uarrTransaminases hyperbilirubinemia uarrprothrombin time --- DIC
Prompt delivery is advisable
Hepatic Rupture and Hepatic Rupture and Infarction Infarction
Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 to 85 percent) are at higher risk to 85 percent) are at higher risk
Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in
shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy
Therapy for hepatic rupture has included Therapy for hepatic rupture has included transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted in hepatic rupture in hepatic rupture
Hepatic infarctionHepatic infarction was typically present with fever was typically present with fever and marked elevations in transaminase levels In and marked elevations in transaminase levels In surviving patients liver function and histopathology surviving patients liver function and histopathology are normal within six months of delivery are normal within six months of delivery
Anesthesia in pregnant women with Anesthesia in pregnant women with HELLP syndromeHELLP syndrome
Retrospective studyRetrospective study For the period of 1 July For the period of 1 July 1996 through 30 June 2000 1996 through 30 June 2000
RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had cesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal deliverycesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal delivery
Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 postcesarean delivery the range platelet count postcesarean delivery the range platelet count was 19000-143000microl was 19000-143000microl
Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia
There were no neurologic complications or There were no neurologic complications or bleeding in the epidural spacebleeding in the epidural space
CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any neurologic or hematologic complications of women neurologic or hematologic complications of women with HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesiawith HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesia
Subdural Hematoma following dural Subdural Hematoma following dural puncture in a parturient with HELLP puncture in a parturient with HELLP
syndromesyndrome This complication occurred following This complication occurred following accidental dural puncture in a parturient accidental dural puncture in a parturient with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who subsequently developed the syndrome of subsequently developed the syndrome of hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low plateletsplatelets
On the first postoperative day postdural On the first postoperative day postdural puncture headache (PDPH) developed puncture headache (PDPH) developed
An epidural blood patch (EBP) was An epidural blood patch (EBP) was deferred to the third postoperative day deferred to the third postoperative day because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1 because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1
Headache intensified from a typical PDPH Headache intensified from a typical PDPH to one which was not posturally related to one which was not posturally related
A second EBP was abandoned after the A second EBP was abandoned after the
injection of 5 mL of blood because of injection of 5 mL of blood because of increasing headache during the procedure increasing headache during the procedure
Magnetic resonance imaging revealed Magnetic resonance imaging revealed bilateral temporal subdural hematomas bilateral temporal subdural hematomas
The patient was managed conservatively and The patient was managed conservatively and discharged home without any sequelae discharged home without any sequelae
ConclusionConclusion It is conceivable that It is conceivable that thrombocytopenia together with possible thrombocytopenia together with possible abnormal platelet function increased the risk abnormal platelet function increased the risk of subdural hematoma of subdural hematoma
Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be considered whenever headache is not considered whenever headache is not posturally related posturally related
OCUPATIONAL HAZARDOCUPATIONAL HAZARD Risk of transmission of HBV following Risk of transmission of HBV following
inoculation is 5 -30inoculation is 5 -30 May occur through needle prickcuts May occur through needle prickcuts
sharp injuriesmucous membranes- sharp injuriesmucous membranes- waterproof dressingwaterproof dressing
Wear gloves while inserting a Wear gloves while inserting a cannula airways intubation amp extubation cannula airways intubation amp extubation
Sharps should not be handed directly to Sharps should not be handed directly to othersothers
See to the sterilisation of other See to the sterilisation of other contaminated thingscontaminated things
ManagementManagementof Hepato renal syndromeof Hepato renal syndrome
Avoid it developing by ensuring adequate hydration Avoid it developing by ensuring adequate hydration and a urine flow of at least 50mlshr in the average and a urine flow of at least 50mlshr in the average adult patientadult patient
In moderately elevated bilirubin - simple fluid loading In moderately elevated bilirubin - simple fluid loading for 12 hours before surgery using 09 NaCl and for 12 hours before surgery using 09 NaCl and during the operation during the operation
If the urine output is not maintained - Mannitol If the urine output is not maintained - Mannitol 1010
Bilirubin greatly elevated (gt140 micromolslitre) - Bilirubin greatly elevated (gt140 micromolslitre) - intravenous fluids during the 24 hours before surgery intravenous fluids during the 24 hours before surgery and for 36 hours postoperatively and for 36 hours postoperatively
Mannitol 10 05-1gkg - prior to surgery Mannitol 10 05-1gkg - prior to surgery without making the patient dehydrated as a result of without making the patient dehydrated as a result of an over-zealous diuresisan over-zealous diuresis
Neurological problemsNeurological problems Mechanisms leading to deepening Mechanisms leading to deepening
encephalopathy -incompletely understood encephalopathy -incompletely understood Due to accumulation of neurotoxic Due to accumulation of neurotoxic
compounds penetrating an impaired blood-compounds penetrating an impaired blood-brain barrier brain barrier
Symptoms can occur in chronic as well as in Symptoms can occur in chronic as well as in acute disease may be rapid in onset acute disease may be rapid in onset
Precipitated by a gastrointestinal bleed Precipitated by a gastrointestinal bleed dietary protein overload or sepsis dietary protein overload or sepsis
Somnolence can be exacerbated by sedative Somnolence can be exacerbated by sedative drugs and narcoticsdrugs and narcotics
Rapid correction of hyponatraemia can lead Rapid correction of hyponatraemia can lead to osmotic demyelination and central pontine to osmotic demyelination and central pontine myelinolysis and should be avoided myelinolysis and should be avoided
HAEMATOLOGICAL PROBLEMS Anaemia may be the result of nutritional Anaemia may be the result of nutritional
deficiency toxic bone marrow depression or deficiency toxic bone marrow depression or gastrointestinal bleeding from varices or gastrointestinal bleeding from varices or erosions erosions
Coagulation defects arise from Coagulation defects arise from thrombocytopenia platelet dysfunction and thrombocytopenia platelet dysfunction and decreased levels of circulating clotting factors decreased levels of circulating clotting factors
Clotting factor levels fall because of impaired Clotting factor levels fall because of impaired synthesis vitamin K malabsorbtion and synthesis vitamin K malabsorbtion and intravascular consumption intravascular consumption
The short half-life of clotting factors means that The short half-life of clotting factors means that INR or Prothrombin Ratio (PTR) can reliably be INR or Prothrombin Ratio (PTR) can reliably be used to evaluate residual hepatic functionused to evaluate residual hepatic function
Treatment ndashVit K FFPTreatment ndashVit K FFP
GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEMGASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM Rupture of oesophageal varicesRupture of oesophageal varices Vassopressin amp octreotide ndashreduce portal Vassopressin amp octreotide ndashreduce portal
hypertensionhypertension Susceptibility to infection - increasedSusceptibility to infection - increasedDrug dispositionDrug disposition Cholestasis will reduce absorption of fat-Cholestasis will reduce absorption of fat-
soluble drugs after oral administrationsoluble drugs after oral administration Compartment changes and altered protein Compartment changes and altered protein
binding will affect volume of distribution binding will affect volume of distribution clearance and re-distribution clearance and re-distribution
Patients with liver dysfunction may be Patients with liver dysfunction may be particularly sensitive to opiates and particularly sensitive to opiates and benzodiazepines due to altered end-organ benzodiazepines due to altered end-organ sensitivitysensitivity
Effect of hepatic dysfunction on Effect of hepatic dysfunction on anaestheticsanaesthetics
darr darr Albumin -increased free fraction Albumin -increased free fraction Altered volume of distribution [Ascites amp increased Altered volume of distribution [Ascites amp increased
total body water compartment]total body water compartment] Reduced metabolism ndashalters drug pharmacodynamics Reduced metabolism ndashalters drug pharmacodynamics Opiods -Opiods - Morphine pethidine -uarr uarr respiratory depression amp Morphine pethidine -uarr uarr respiratory depression amp
sedationsedationSedative hypnotic drugsSedative hypnotic drugs Benzodiazepines ndash prolongedBenzodiazepines ndash prolongedNDMR NDMR Prolonged action for vecuronium and pancuroniumProlonged action for vecuronium and pancuroniumDMRDMR Decreased serum cholinesterase activity Decreased serum cholinesterase activity
The Effect of Anaesthetics on Liver The Effect of Anaesthetics on Liver FunctionFunction
VOLATILE AGENTSVOLATILE AGENTS Halothane -darr HABFPBF disturb HABR [hepatic Halothane -darr HABFPBF disturb HABR [hepatic
arterial buffer response]arterial buffer response] Sevoflurane isoflurane maintain HABR Sevoflurane isoflurane maintain HABR SEVO gt ISO gt DES gt HALOSEVO gt ISO gt DES gt HALOIV ANAESTHETICSIV ANAESTHETICS Thiopentone etomidate -darrTHBFThiopentone etomidate -darrTHBF Propofol - uarrTHBF ndashsplanchnic vasodilatorPropofol - uarrTHBF ndashsplanchnic vasodilator Ketamine ndash no effectsKetamine ndash no effectsREGIONAL ANAESTHESIAREGIONAL ANAESTHESIA High epidural may reduce THBFHigh epidural may reduce THBF
Effect of General Anaesthesia on liver Effect of General Anaesthesia on liver functions in patients with preexisting functions in patients with preexisting
liver diseasesliver diseases Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 1989 Apr 37(2) 61-6Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 1989 Apr 37(2) 61-6 ABSTRACT Effects of anaesthetics on liver ABSTRACT Effects of anaesthetics on liver
functions were studies in 13 patients having no liver functions were studies in 13 patients having no liver disease (group I) and 11 patients having liver disease (group I) and 11 patients having liver disease (group II) disease (group II)
Serum cholinesterase increased significantly in both Serum cholinesterase increased significantly in both the group Rise in SGOT levels was significant only the group Rise in SGOT levels was significant only in group I who had greater surgical trauma and not in group I who had greater surgical trauma and not in the other group of patients (group II) in the other group of patients (group II)
Significant decrease in total serum proteins was Significant decrease in total serum proteins was seen on different postoperative days in group I but seen on different postoperative days in group I but only on 5th postoperative day in group II only on 5th postoperative day in group II
It was concluded that presence of liver disease does It was concluded that presence of liver disease does not increase the adverse effect of anaesthesia on not increase the adverse effect of anaesthesia on liver function and that liver function and that surgical trauma is more surgical trauma is more important than anaesthesia in producingimportant than anaesthesia in producing liver liver dysfunction dysfunction
Signs of Liver DiseaseSigns of Liver Disease JaundiceJaundice HepatomegalyHepatomegaly Spider NaeviSpider Naevi SplenomegalySplenomegaly Scratch MarksScratch Marks AscitesAscites Palmer ErythemaPalmer Erythema
Dilated Abdominal Dilated Abdominal VeinsVeins
Peripheral OedemaPeripheral Oedema Finger ClubbingFinger Clubbing Testicular AtrophyTesticular Atrophy BruisingBruising GynaecomastiaGynaecomastia ConfusionComa ConfusionComa
JaundiceJaundicePrehepatic jaundice [haemolysis]Prehepatic jaundice [haemolysis] Massive intravascular haemolysis - as in Massive intravascular haemolysis - as in
some forms of malaria or in sickle cell some forms of malaria or in sickle cell anemiaanemia
Hepatocellular function is normal but Hepatocellular function is normal but overwhelmed - increased unconjugated overwhelmed - increased unconjugated bilirubin bilirubin
Intact Protein and carbohydrate Intact Protein and carbohydrate metabolism metabolism
No reduction in the absorption of Vitamin K No reduction in the absorption of Vitamin K or production of clotting factorsor production of clotting factors
Hepatocellular jaundiceHepatocellular jaundice Hepatitis or Cirrhosis Hepatitis or Cirrhosis decreased protein synthesis signs of decreased protein synthesis signs of
delayed clotting and even encephalopathy delayed clotting and even encephalopathy
CONTDhellipCONTDhellipObstructive JaundiceObstructive Jaundice Biliary obstruction - from a stone in the common Biliary obstruction - from a stone in the common
bile duct pancreatic tumour or ascending bile duct pancreatic tumour or ascending cholangitischolangitis
Hepatocellular function is normal Hepatocellular function is normal Excess plasma bilirubin is chiefly conjugated - Excess plasma bilirubin is chiefly conjugated -
excreted in the urine which becomes darkexcreted in the urine which becomes dark Stools are pale as a result of poor lipid Stools are pale as a result of poor lipid
absorption absorption Protein synthesis is normalProtein synthesis is normal Vitamin K dependant clotting factors reduced Vitamin K dependant clotting factors reduced as the absorption of vitamin K is as the absorption of vitamin K is
dependent on the excretion of bile salts into the dependent on the excretion of bile salts into the small intestine rarr clotting time prolonged small intestine rarr clotting time prolonged parenteral vitamin K parenteral vitamin K
Renal impairment in Renal impairment in JaundiceJaundice
Release of endotoxins into systemic Release of endotoxins into systemic circulationcirculation
following biliary obstruction ndash renal following biliary obstruction ndash renal failurefailure
Prevention Prevention - in high srbilirubin levels ndash - in high srbilirubin levels ndash
percutaneous drainage of biliary tree percutaneous drainage of biliary tree under antibiotic coverunder antibiotic cover
- pre op oral bile salts -- pre op oral bile salts -darr post op RFdarr post op RF
Liver Function TestsLiver Function Tests Indication of severity help to differentiate Indication of severity help to differentiate
between prehepatic hepatocellular and between prehepatic hepatocellular and obstructive jaundiceobstructive jaundice
Jaundice - sign of an elevation of serum Jaundice - sign of an elevation of serum bilirubin bilirubin
Protein and albumin levels are normal in Protein and albumin levels are normal in prehepatic or obstructive jaundice low prehepatic or obstructive jaundice low values indicate hepatocellular damagevalues indicate hepatocellular damage
clotting - Prothrombin Time clotting - Prothrombin Time An elevated INR may indicate impaired An elevated INR may indicate impaired
synthesis of clotting factors due to synthesis of clotting factors due to hepatocellular damage or malabsorption hepatocellular damage or malabsorption of vitamin K due to biliary obstruction of vitamin K due to biliary obstruction
ContdhellipContdhellip Prothrombin time[ half life - 6 -12 hrs ] ndash best Prothrombin time[ half life - 6 -12 hrs ] ndash best
indicator than Albumin [ half life ndash 24 -48 indicator than Albumin [ half life ndash 24 -48 days]days]
Alanine Transaminase (ALT) and Aspartate Alanine Transaminase (ALT) and Aspartate Transaminase (AST) are enzymes that are released Transaminase (AST) are enzymes that are released into the circulation by damaged hepatocytes into the circulation by damaged hepatocytes Raised levels indicate hepatocellular damageRaised levels indicate hepatocellular damage
AST can also be elevated in other circumstances AST can also be elevated in other circumstances such as myocardial infarction such as myocardial infarction
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme localized Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme localized near the bile cannaliculi and is elevated in biliary near the bile cannaliculi and is elevated in biliary obstruction Not specific to hepatobiliary diseaseobstruction Not specific to hepatobiliary disease[ raised in malignant bone disease][ raised in malignant bone disease]
An accompanying rise in Gamma glutamyl An accompanying rise in Gamma glutamyl Transferase (Gamma GT) suggests that the ALP is Transferase (Gamma GT) suggests that the ALP is from the liverfrom the liver
ContdhellipContdhellip Glutathione ndash S ndash transferase ndashto Glutathione ndash S ndash transferase ndashto
assess damage assess damage due to anaestheticsdue to anaesthetics ALP ndashEarly in biliary obstructionALP ndashEarly in biliary obstruction γγ - Glutamyl trans peptidase ndash rises - Glutamyl trans peptidase ndash rises
after alcohol amp drug induced liver after alcohol amp drug induced liver damagedamage
Plasma glucose should be measuredPlasma glucose should be measured
Risk and severity scoringRisk and severity scoring In 1964 Child and Turcotte classified risk for In 1964 Child and Turcotte classified risk for
patients with liver cirrhosis undergoing porto-patients with liver cirrhosis undergoing porto-caval anastomosis for management of portal caval anastomosis for management of portal hypertensionhypertension
Pugh et al at Kings College Hospital Pugh et al at Kings College Hospital published a severity scoring system for published a severity scoring system for patients undergoing oesophageal transection patients undergoing oesophageal transection for bleeding oesophageal varices for bleeding oesophageal varices
The two systems have been amalgamated and The two systems have been amalgamated and provide a disease severity assessment based provide a disease severity assessment based on two clinical and three laboratory variables on two clinical and three laboratory variables
PUGHlsquoS MODIFICATION OF CHILD GRADINGPUGHlsquoS MODIFICATION OF CHILD GRADING Clinical amp Biochemical Clinical amp Biochemical variablesvariables
POINTS POINTS 11
SCORESCOREDD22
33
Serum albumin (gL)Serum albumin (gL) gt35gt35 28-3528-35 lt28lt28
Serum bilirubin (micromolL)Serum bilirubin (micromolL) [Mg dl][Mg dl]
lt35lt35lt 2lt 2
35-6035-602 -32 -3
gt60gt60gt 3gt 3
PT (seconds) prolongedPT (seconds) prolongedfrom controlfrom control
1-41-4INR [ lt INR [ lt 1 7]1 7]
4-104-10INR [17 INR [17 -23]-23]
1010INR gt23INR gt23
AscitesAscites NoneNone MildMild ModerateModerateEncephalopathyEncephalopathy AbsentAbsent Grade I ndash Grade I ndash
IIIIGrade III ndash Grade III ndash IVIV
POINTS 5- 6 ndash class A [5 Mortality] 7 -9 ndashClass B [10 mortality] 10 -15 ndashClass C [50 mortality]
Surgery in patients with liver Surgery in patients with liver dysfunctiondysfunction
The Child-Pugh classification is a useful method The Child-Pugh classification is a useful method of staging the progress of liver decompensation of staging the progress of liver decompensation
Limited predictive value in anaesthesia and Limited predictive value in anaesthesia and surgerysurgery
Group A patients are lower riskGroup A patients are lower risk and with and with sufficient care can be considered as candidates sufficient care can be considered as candidates for most types of surgeryfor most types of surgery
Group B patients ndash acceptable but correct Group B patients ndash acceptable but correct abnormalities abnormalities
Group C patientsGroup C patients present an extremely high present an extremely high operative risk - surgical procedures in these operative risk - surgical procedures in these patients should be avoided if possible- patients should be avoided if possible- only only emergency or life-saving proceduresemergency or life-saving procedures should should be undertakenbe undertaken
Preoperative assessmentPreoperative assessment Type and extent of liver diseaseType and extent of liver disease Extra hepatic effectsExtra hepatic effects Risk assessmentRisk assessment Patients general condition- hydration nutritionPatients general condition- hydration nutrition Associated co-morbid conditionsAssociated co-morbid conditions LFTLFT ConsentConsent Premedication-short acting temazepam in absence Premedication-short acting temazepam in absence
of neurological impairment orally ndashavoid of neurological impairment orally ndashavoid intramuscular injectionsintramuscular injections
H2 receptor antagonistsH2 receptor antagonists Preop Vit K optimal hydrationPreop Vit K optimal hydration
PREOP INVESTIGATIONSPREOP INVESTIGATIONS
Hematological ndashHb Platelet Hematological ndashHb Platelet countWBC Coagulation profilecountWBC Coagulation profile
Metabolic ndash sr Metabolic ndash sr glucose urea creatinine electrolytesglucose urea creatinine electrolytes
Cardio respiratory ndash chest x-rayECG Cardio respiratory ndash chest x-rayECG PFT ABGPFT ABG
Liver function ndash Liver function ndash srbilirubinalbuminliver enzymessrbilirubinalbuminliver enzymes
Pre-op risk factors Pre-op risk factors associated with associated with
postoperative mortalitypostoperative mortality Serum albumin lt3gLSerum albumin lt3gL Serum bilirubin gt50 micromolLSerum bilirubin gt50 micromolL PT gt15 s over controlPT gt15 s over control Presence of infectionPresence of infection WBC gt 10000WBC gt 10000 Treatment with more than two antibioticsTreatment with more than two antibiotics Presence of AscitesPresence of Ascites MalnutritionMalnutrition Emergency surgeryEmergency surgery
Anaesthetic TechniqueAnaesthetic Technique Avoid hypotensive techniquesmdashintra hepatic necrosisAvoid hypotensive techniquesmdashintra hepatic necrosis High conc of oxygen -- - due to intrapulmonary shuntsHigh conc of oxygen -- - due to intrapulmonary shunts Avoid hypotension amp hypoxemiaAvoid hypotension amp hypoxemia Meticulous fluid balance ndashMeticulous fluid balance ndash Ascites ndash may lose a large amount of fluid rapidlyAscites ndash may lose a large amount of fluid rapidly Concentrated albumin solutions ndashto correct Concentrated albumin solutions ndashto correct
hypoproteinemiahypoproteinemia Fresh blood ndashto prevent hypocalcemia due to Fresh blood ndashto prevent hypocalcemia due to
reduced metabolism of preservativesreduced metabolism of preservatives FFP 12 - 15 mlKg ndashCorrect dilutional FFP 12 - 15 mlKg ndashCorrect dilutional
coagulopathycoagulopathy 1 unit of FFP for every 1 unit of packed cells or 250 1 unit of FFP for every 1 unit of packed cells or 250
ml of 09 saline or colloid [500 ml of FFP - uarr ml of 09 saline or colloid [500 ml of FFP - uarr Clotting factors by 20 ]Clotting factors by 20 ]
Maintenance of temperature Maintenance of temperature
MonitoringMonitoring Monitoring of temperature Monitoring of temperature Coagulation status should be monitored ndashplatelet count fibrin Coagulation status should be monitored ndashplatelet count fibrin
degradation products prothrombin time activated clotting degradation products prothrombin time activated clotting time partial thromboplastin timetime partial thromboplastin time
Thromboelastography has been used as a tool in liver Thromboelastography has been used as a tool in liver transplantationtransplantation
Repeated BP cuff inflation ndashmay lead to bruising in patients Repeated BP cuff inflation ndashmay lead to bruising in patients with altered haemostatic functionwith altered haemostatic function
Insertion of Intra arterial line ndash care to prevent haematoma Insertion of Intra arterial line ndash care to prevent haematoma Jugular route is preferred in CVP monitoringJugular route is preferred in CVP monitoring OximetryOximetry Urine outputUrine output Blood lossBlood loss Monitor ionized calciumMonitor ionized calcium
DRUGSDRUGS
Thiopentone ndash intrinsic clearance delayed Thiopentone ndash intrinsic clearance delayed but recovery not delayed because of but recovery not delayed because of redistributionredistribution
Alcoholic cirrhosis ndash larger dose of thio ndash Alcoholic cirrhosis ndash larger dose of thio ndash cross tolerancecross tolerance
Halothane and enflurane reduce hepatic Halothane and enflurane reduce hepatic arterial flow (vasodilatation negative arterial flow (vasodilatation negative inotropic effects)inotropic effects)
Isoflurane increases hepatic blood flowIsoflurane increases hepatic blood flow [preferred][preferred]
NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING AGENTSAGENTS
Reduced plasma pseudo cholinesterase activityReduced plasma pseudo cholinesterase activity Prolonged action- vecuronium Prolonged action- vecuronium
pancruonium[16 fold]pancruonium[16 fold] Decreased biliary excretionDecreased biliary excretion Increased volume of distribution ndashlarger Increased volume of distribution ndashlarger
initial dosesinitial doses 1048708 1048708 Recommended Atracurium ndash metabolism Recommended Atracurium ndash metabolism
independent of liver and kidneysindependent of liver and kidneys 1048708 1048708 For transplantation ndash long acting agent such For transplantation ndash long acting agent such
as doxacuriumas doxacurium
OPIODS amp SEDATIVESOPIODS amp SEDATIVES
NarcoticsNarcotics Reduced metabolism of morphine and Reduced metabolism of morphine and
pethidinepethidine Prefer fentanylPrefer fentanyl Remifentanyl - ideal Remifentanyl - ideal 1048708 1048708 BenzodiazepinesBenzodiazepines 1048708 1048708 Diazepam - prolonged half lifeDiazepam - prolonged half life 1048708 1048708 Oxazepam and lorazepam preferrred Oxazepam and lorazepam preferrred
ndashmetabolised by glucuronidation ndashmetabolised by glucuronidation without liver requirementwithout liver requirement
Regional Anaesthesia Regional Anaesthesia Contraindicated if PT gt25 s above control Contraindicated if PT gt25 s above control
platelet count lt 50000 cumm bleeding platelet count lt 50000 cumm bleeding time gt12 mtstime gt12 mts
Spinal and epidural anaesthesia carries the Spinal and epidural anaesthesia carries the risk of epidural haematoma and paralysis if risk of epidural haematoma and paralysis if there is abnormal clotting but there are there is abnormal clotting but there are otherwise no special precautionsotherwise no special precautions
The half-life of lignocaine is prolonged in The half-life of lignocaine is prolonged in liver failure but this is not significant when liver failure but this is not significant when used in regional anaesthesia used in regional anaesthesia
LA dose diminished in presence of AscitesLA dose diminished in presence of Ascites
Canadian Journal of Anesthesia Vol 45 452-Canadian Journal of Anesthesia Vol 45 452-459 459
Obstetrical anaesthesia for a parturient with Obstetrical anaesthesia for a parturient with preeclampsia HELLP syndrome and acute cortical preeclampsia HELLP syndrome and acute cortical
blindnessblindness A 39-yr-old woman with three past A 39-yr-old woman with three past uncomplicated pregnancies presented at 33 uncomplicated pregnancies presented at 33 wk with acute cortical blindnesswk with acute cortical blindness
Based on clinical and laboratory assessment Based on clinical and laboratory assessment a diagnosis of preeclampsia with HELLP a diagnosis of preeclampsia with HELLP syndrome was madesyndrome was made
A CT scan of her head demonstrated A CT scan of her head demonstrated ischaemic lesions of her basal ganglia ischaemic lesions of her basal ganglia extending superiorly to involve both posterior extending superiorly to involve both posterior parietal and occipital regionsparietal and occipital regions
Infusions of magnesium sulphate and Infusions of magnesium sulphate and hydralazine were started and an urgent hydralazine were started and an urgent Caesarean section was performed Caesarean section was performed under under subarachnoid anaesthesiasubarachnoid anaesthesia after insertion of an after insertion of an arterial line and intravenous hydration arterial line and intravenous hydration
ContdhellipContdhellip The course of anaesthesia and surgery was uneventful The course of anaesthesia and surgery was uneventful
and she delivered a live 1540 g female infantand she delivered a live 1540 g female infant By the following morning she had recovered some By the following morning she had recovered some
vision and visual recovery was complete by 72 hr vision and visual recovery was complete by 72 hr postpartum postpartum
Her postoperative course was uneventful Her postoperative course was uneventful CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION Provided that it is not contraindicated Provided that it is not contraindicated
because of prohibitive risk to the mother because of prohibitive risk to the mother regional regional anaesthesia has particular advantage in these anaesthesia has particular advantage in these patientspatients
In particular the use of spinal anaesthesia which has In particular the use of spinal anaesthesia which has been discouraged by some for this patient population been discouraged by some for this patient population should be re-evaluated should be re-evaluated
Postoperative Postoperative managementmanagement
Oxygen enriched airOxygen enriched air Major surgery ndash elective post operative Major surgery ndash elective post operative
ventilationventilation Replace blood lossReplace blood loss Maintain adequate urine outputMaintain adequate urine output Dopamine and inotropes should be Dopamine and inotropes should be
continuedcontinued The principle complications are likely The principle complications are likely
to be continued bleeding sepsis and to be continued bleeding sepsis and hepatic decompensation hepatic decompensation
Peri-operative considerations in Child-Peri-operative considerations in Child-Pugh A patientsPugh A patients
Pre-operative Pre-operative Aetiology of condition - virology Aetiology of condition - virology Drug idiosyncrasy Drug idiosyncrasy
Blood count and platelets Blood count and platelets Clotting screen Clotting screen Assess renal function Assess renal function Previous anaesthetics Previous anaesthetics
Per-operative Per-operative Consider drug bio-availability issues Consider drug bio-availability issues Avoid drugs excreted via liverAvoid drugs excreted via liver Regional techniques acceptable if clotting Regional techniques acceptable if clotting
normalnormal Post-operativePost-operative Monitor for post-operative hepatic Monitor for post-operative hepatic
decompensationdecompensation Possible prolonged duration of action in Possible prolonged duration of action in opiates HDU ITU careopiates HDU ITU care
Child-Pugh Group BC patient Child-Pugh Group BC patient undergoing major surgeryundergoing major surgery
Previous upper abdominal surgery portal Previous upper abdominal surgery portal hypertension and coagulopathy dramatically hypertension and coagulopathy dramatically increase the potential for per-operative blood lossincrease the potential for per-operative blood loss
8-12 units of blood together fresh frozen plasma 8-12 units of blood together fresh frozen plasma and platelets should be available and platelets should be available
Pre-medicationPre-medication Sedative premedicants should be avoided in the Sedative premedicants should be avoided in the
encephalopathic patient encephalopathic patient Other drugs may be needed pre-operatively and Other drugs may be needed pre-operatively and
include antibiotics and H2 receptor antagonistsinclude antibiotics and H2 receptor antagonists The oral or intravenous route used - The oral or intravenous route used -
intramuscular injections should be avoidedintramuscular injections should be avoided Coagulopathy may require correction with fresh Coagulopathy may require correction with fresh
frozen plasma and platelets and renal frozen plasma and platelets and renal replacement therapy may need to be consideredreplacement therapy may need to be considered
Per-operative considerationsPer-operative considerations Regional techniques -- considered carefully - Regional techniques -- considered carefully -
coagulopathy epidural varices can pose an coagulopathy epidural varices can pose an additional risk additional risk
Vascular accessVascular access with a multi-lumen central with a multi-lumen central venous catheter together with at least one large venous catheter together with at least one large bore central line bore central line
Monitoring of arterial and central venous Monitoring of arterial and central venous pressures is mandatory pressures is mandatory
Pulmonary artery pulmonary capillary wedge Pulmonary artery pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and cardiac output measurements pressure and cardiac output measurements may be necessary in the sick patientmay be necessary in the sick patient
Trans-oesophageal echocardiography and Trans-oesophageal echocardiography and volumetric haemodynamic monitoring pulse volumetric haemodynamic monitoring pulse contour analysis can provide significant contour analysis can provide significant additional information for the strategic additional information for the strategic management of these patients management of these patients
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Coagulation and fibrinolysisCoagulation and fibrinolysis are major are major
concerns concerns The potential for large volume blood replacement The potential for large volume blood replacement
means that temperature should be measured and means that temperature should be measured and a fluid warmer and warming mattress useda fluid warmer and warming mattress used
Regular per-operative estimation of INRPTR may Regular per-operative estimation of INRPTR may be necessary - thromboelastography provides be necessary - thromboelastography provides useful intra-operative evaluation of coagulationuseful intra-operative evaluation of coagulation
Blood conservationBlood conservation - considered - considered Preservation of hepatic function -Preservation of hepatic function - N- N-
acetylcysteine (NAC) is a sulphur-containing acetylcysteine (NAC) is a sulphur-containing antioxidant - benefit patients with fulminant antioxidant - benefit patients with fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
NAC appears to improve oxygen delivery NAC appears to improve oxygen delivery and consumption and reduce base deficitand consumption and reduce base deficit
Renal FunctionRenal Function - - Dopamine may be usefulDopamine may be useful
Bleeding oesophageal Bleeding oesophageal varicesvarices
Bleeding oesophageal varices - life-threatening Bleeding oesophageal varices - life-threatening complication of - often occur against a complication of - often occur against a background of abnormal clotting background of abnormal clotting thrombocytopenia encephalopathy and Ascitesthrombocytopenia encephalopathy and Ascites
Overall mortality is 30 Overall mortality is 30 The principles of anaesthetic managementThe principles of anaesthetic management Protect the airway Protect the airway Establish good vascular access Establish good vascular access Volume replacement - colloid blood fresh Volume replacement - colloid blood fresh
frozen plasma and platelets Avoid saline frozen plasma and platelets Avoid saline Check correct clotting Give Vitamin K correct Check correct clotting Give Vitamin K correct
fibrinolysis and review blood chemistry fibrinolysis and review blood chemistry
Intoxicated Alcoholic Intoxicated Alcoholic PatientsPatients
Requires less anaesthetic ndashadditive depressant Requires less anaesthetic ndashadditive depressant effect of alcohol amp anaestheticseffect of alcohol amp anaesthetics
Ill - equipped to withstand stress amp Acute blood Ill - equipped to withstand stress amp Acute blood lossloss
Alcohol decrease the tolerance of brain to hypoxiaAlcohol decrease the tolerance of brain to hypoxia uarr uarr Risk of regurgitation amp aspiration - alcohol Risk of regurgitation amp aspiration - alcohol
darrtone of lower oesophageal sphincter amp slows darrtone of lower oesophageal sphincter amp slows gastric emptyinggastric emptying
Alcohol Interferes with platelet aggregationAlcohol Interferes with platelet aggregation Causes uarrconc of plasma catecholamines rarr Causes uarrconc of plasma catecholamines rarr
Intraoperative dysarrhytmiasIntraoperative dysarrhytmias
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE
Mild ndash 17 marked - 4Mild ndash 17 marked - 4 Patient factorsPatient factors Congenital Congenital
hemolytic disordershemolytic disorders Acquired hemolytic Acquired hemolytic
disordersdisorders Pre existing liver Pre existing liver
diseasedisease CoagulopathyCoagulopathy Gilberts syndromeGilberts syndrome SepsisSepsis
Perioperative Perioperative factorsfactors
Anaesthetic induced Anaesthetic induced darrHBFdarrHBF
BleedingBleeding HypotensionHypotension Blood transfusionBlood transfusion Biliary tree traumaBiliary tree trauma Viral hepatitisViral hepatitis DrugsDrugs Halothane antibioticsHalothane antibiotics Nonsteroidal agentsNonsteroidal agents
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -
5000mg Bilirubin5000mg Bilirubin 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg
bilirubinbilirubin Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in
G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cell disease multiple blood transfusionscell disease multiple blood transfusions
Delayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashDelayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashpostop jaundicepostop jaundice
Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgeryuarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgery
ContdhellipContdhellip Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow
non biliary surgery 3- 30 days post opnon biliary surgery 3- 30 days post op Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis
[benign] - associated with multiple blood [benign] - associated with multiple blood transfusions hypoxia hypotension - transfusions hypoxia hypotension - uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks
ManagementManagement Prevention is the best treatment Prevention is the best treatment Avoid precipitating factorsAvoid precipitating factors
Halothane HepatitisHalothane Hepatitis The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane
anaesthetics - higher in women the middle anaesthetics - higher in women the middle aged and the obeseaged and the obese
Rarer in paediatric patients and with the Rarer in paediatric patients and with the newer volatile agents newer volatile agents
Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
ldquoldquoUnexplained liver damage within 28 days of Unexplained liver damage within 28 days of halothane exposure in previously normal halothane exposure in previously normal patientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reactionpatientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reaction
Clinical featuresClinical features malaise anorexiafever malaise anorexiafever within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks
Halothane HepatitisHalothane HepatitisDIAGNOSISDIAGNOSIS Serum antibodies that react with specific liver Serum antibodies that react with specific liver
microsomal proteins that are altered by microsomal proteins that are altered by trifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothanetrifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothane
Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Risk factorsRisk factors High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ]High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ] previous adverse reactionprevious adverse reaction Uncertain - obesityUncertain - obesity Female [16 1 ]Female [16 1 ] Drug allergy [ 15 ]Drug allergy [ 15 ] Family historyFamily history Lymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoinLymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoin
ContdhellipContdhellip The cause not fully established - multifactorial - The cause not fully established - multifactorial -
possible immunological cause possible immunological cause Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated
proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically predisposed subjectspredisposed subjects
Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also to blameto blame
Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile agent so toxic metabolites may be involvedagent so toxic metabolites may be involved
The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with increasing numbers of exposures to halothane increasing numbers of exposures to halothane
Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO database holds 225 and 159 reports respectivelydatabase holds 225 and 159 reports respectively
Halothane exposure Halothane exposure guidelinesguidelines
Avoid Halothane ifAvoid Halothane if Within at least 3 months of a previous Within at least 3 months of a previous
exposure exposure Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or
pyrexia pyrexia Family history of hepatic reactions to Family history of hepatic reactions to
halothanehalothane Pre - existing liver diseasePre - existing liver disease Adverse reactions to Other volatile Adverse reactions to Other volatile
anaesthetic agentsanaesthetic agents
Liver and PregnancyLiver and Pregnancy Normal in sizeNormal in size A decrease in total protein as well albumin A decrease in total protein as well albumin An increase of the liver dependent clotting An increase of the liver dependent clotting
factors such as fibrinogen factors such as fibrinogen An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times
secondary to placental alkalinesecondary to placental alkaline Srcholinesterase Srcholinesterase darr 30darr 30 Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and
bilirubinbilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin
ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver disease disease
Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Intrahepatic Cholestasis of PregnancyPregnancy
Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Rare in black patients Rare in black patients
Strong family history Strong family history High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies
60-7060-70 Pruritus alone - 80 percent Pruritus alone - 80 percent Jaundice develop in 20 percentJaundice develop in 20 percent Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or
no elevation in transaminasesno elevation in transaminases
IChP ndashcontdhellipIChP ndashcontdhellip Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early
delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice ) pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice )
Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts Dexamethasone Dexamethasone
Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but bilurubin within 4-6 weeks bilurubin within 4-6 weeks
Implications on Anaesthesia Implications on Anaesthesia Check coagulation profile Check coagulation profile Ask for vit K IV Ask for vit K IV take care of high incidence of fetal distress take care of high incidence of fetal distress
meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist must attend with incubatormust attend with incubator
Preeclampsia amp EclampsiaPreeclampsia amp Eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia
and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl
If not associated with other criteria of HELLP If not associated with other criteria of HELLP syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 50mlday 50mlday
Implications on anaesthesiaImplications on anaesthesia Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress
response which could continue to anaesthesia response which could continue to anaesthesia provided INR lt15 provided INR lt15
Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed tube 6-7 mm tube 6-7 mm
Adequate analgesia Adequate analgesia Fluids restriction Fluids restriction Continue medications postoperative in ICU Continue medications postoperative in ICU
HELLP syndrome HELLP syndrome Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low
plateletsplatelets Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-
eclampsia result from very active platelets eclampsia result from very active platelets aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia and congestion with deposition of fibrous and congestion with deposition of fibrous network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage
Nausea vomiting headache and upper right Nausea vomiting headache and upper right abdominal pain hypotension shockabdominal pain hypotension shock
Best markers are the maternal lactate Best markers are the maternal lactate dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet count count
Congested liver of HELLP Congested liver of HELLP syndromesyndrome
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high
dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has been shown to markedly improve the laboratory been shown to markedly improve the laboratory abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome
Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is
greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of magnesium sulfate magnesium sulfate
Anesthesia like severe preclampsia Anesthesia like severe preclampsia avoid trauma to liveravoid trauma to liver Vit K if INR gt15Vit K if INR gt15 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60
ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF PREGNANCYPREGNANCY
Rare serious disorder unknown etiologyRare serious disorder unknown etiology Symptoms in third trimesterSymptoms in third trimester ndashabdominal
pain nausea vomiting anorexiafatique fever headache
Rapid progression ndashbleeding jaundice encephalopathy renal failure hepatic failure coagulopathy - PPH
uarrTransaminases hyperbilirubinemia uarrprothrombin time --- DIC
Prompt delivery is advisable
Hepatic Rupture and Hepatic Rupture and Infarction Infarction
Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 to 85 percent) are at higher risk to 85 percent) are at higher risk
Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in
shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy
Therapy for hepatic rupture has included Therapy for hepatic rupture has included transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted in hepatic rupture in hepatic rupture
Hepatic infarctionHepatic infarction was typically present with fever was typically present with fever and marked elevations in transaminase levels In and marked elevations in transaminase levels In surviving patients liver function and histopathology surviving patients liver function and histopathology are normal within six months of delivery are normal within six months of delivery
Anesthesia in pregnant women with Anesthesia in pregnant women with HELLP syndromeHELLP syndrome
Retrospective studyRetrospective study For the period of 1 July For the period of 1 July 1996 through 30 June 2000 1996 through 30 June 2000
RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had cesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal deliverycesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal delivery
Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 postcesarean delivery the range platelet count postcesarean delivery the range platelet count was 19000-143000microl was 19000-143000microl
Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia
There were no neurologic complications or There were no neurologic complications or bleeding in the epidural spacebleeding in the epidural space
CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any neurologic or hematologic complications of women neurologic or hematologic complications of women with HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesiawith HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesia
Subdural Hematoma following dural Subdural Hematoma following dural puncture in a parturient with HELLP puncture in a parturient with HELLP
syndromesyndrome This complication occurred following This complication occurred following accidental dural puncture in a parturient accidental dural puncture in a parturient with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who subsequently developed the syndrome of subsequently developed the syndrome of hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low plateletsplatelets
On the first postoperative day postdural On the first postoperative day postdural puncture headache (PDPH) developed puncture headache (PDPH) developed
An epidural blood patch (EBP) was An epidural blood patch (EBP) was deferred to the third postoperative day deferred to the third postoperative day because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1 because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1
Headache intensified from a typical PDPH Headache intensified from a typical PDPH to one which was not posturally related to one which was not posturally related
A second EBP was abandoned after the A second EBP was abandoned after the
injection of 5 mL of blood because of injection of 5 mL of blood because of increasing headache during the procedure increasing headache during the procedure
Magnetic resonance imaging revealed Magnetic resonance imaging revealed bilateral temporal subdural hematomas bilateral temporal subdural hematomas
The patient was managed conservatively and The patient was managed conservatively and discharged home without any sequelae discharged home without any sequelae
ConclusionConclusion It is conceivable that It is conceivable that thrombocytopenia together with possible thrombocytopenia together with possible abnormal platelet function increased the risk abnormal platelet function increased the risk of subdural hematoma of subdural hematoma
Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be considered whenever headache is not considered whenever headache is not posturally related posturally related
OCUPATIONAL HAZARDOCUPATIONAL HAZARD Risk of transmission of HBV following Risk of transmission of HBV following
inoculation is 5 -30inoculation is 5 -30 May occur through needle prickcuts May occur through needle prickcuts
sharp injuriesmucous membranes- sharp injuriesmucous membranes- waterproof dressingwaterproof dressing
Wear gloves while inserting a Wear gloves while inserting a cannula airways intubation amp extubation cannula airways intubation amp extubation
Sharps should not be handed directly to Sharps should not be handed directly to othersothers
See to the sterilisation of other See to the sterilisation of other contaminated thingscontaminated things
Neurological problemsNeurological problems Mechanisms leading to deepening Mechanisms leading to deepening
encephalopathy -incompletely understood encephalopathy -incompletely understood Due to accumulation of neurotoxic Due to accumulation of neurotoxic
compounds penetrating an impaired blood-compounds penetrating an impaired blood-brain barrier brain barrier
Symptoms can occur in chronic as well as in Symptoms can occur in chronic as well as in acute disease may be rapid in onset acute disease may be rapid in onset
Precipitated by a gastrointestinal bleed Precipitated by a gastrointestinal bleed dietary protein overload or sepsis dietary protein overload or sepsis
Somnolence can be exacerbated by sedative Somnolence can be exacerbated by sedative drugs and narcoticsdrugs and narcotics
Rapid correction of hyponatraemia can lead Rapid correction of hyponatraemia can lead to osmotic demyelination and central pontine to osmotic demyelination and central pontine myelinolysis and should be avoided myelinolysis and should be avoided
HAEMATOLOGICAL PROBLEMS Anaemia may be the result of nutritional Anaemia may be the result of nutritional
deficiency toxic bone marrow depression or deficiency toxic bone marrow depression or gastrointestinal bleeding from varices or gastrointestinal bleeding from varices or erosions erosions
Coagulation defects arise from Coagulation defects arise from thrombocytopenia platelet dysfunction and thrombocytopenia platelet dysfunction and decreased levels of circulating clotting factors decreased levels of circulating clotting factors
Clotting factor levels fall because of impaired Clotting factor levels fall because of impaired synthesis vitamin K malabsorbtion and synthesis vitamin K malabsorbtion and intravascular consumption intravascular consumption
The short half-life of clotting factors means that The short half-life of clotting factors means that INR or Prothrombin Ratio (PTR) can reliably be INR or Prothrombin Ratio (PTR) can reliably be used to evaluate residual hepatic functionused to evaluate residual hepatic function
Treatment ndashVit K FFPTreatment ndashVit K FFP
GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEMGASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM Rupture of oesophageal varicesRupture of oesophageal varices Vassopressin amp octreotide ndashreduce portal Vassopressin amp octreotide ndashreduce portal
hypertensionhypertension Susceptibility to infection - increasedSusceptibility to infection - increasedDrug dispositionDrug disposition Cholestasis will reduce absorption of fat-Cholestasis will reduce absorption of fat-
soluble drugs after oral administrationsoluble drugs after oral administration Compartment changes and altered protein Compartment changes and altered protein
binding will affect volume of distribution binding will affect volume of distribution clearance and re-distribution clearance and re-distribution
Patients with liver dysfunction may be Patients with liver dysfunction may be particularly sensitive to opiates and particularly sensitive to opiates and benzodiazepines due to altered end-organ benzodiazepines due to altered end-organ sensitivitysensitivity
Effect of hepatic dysfunction on Effect of hepatic dysfunction on anaestheticsanaesthetics
darr darr Albumin -increased free fraction Albumin -increased free fraction Altered volume of distribution [Ascites amp increased Altered volume of distribution [Ascites amp increased
total body water compartment]total body water compartment] Reduced metabolism ndashalters drug pharmacodynamics Reduced metabolism ndashalters drug pharmacodynamics Opiods -Opiods - Morphine pethidine -uarr uarr respiratory depression amp Morphine pethidine -uarr uarr respiratory depression amp
sedationsedationSedative hypnotic drugsSedative hypnotic drugs Benzodiazepines ndash prolongedBenzodiazepines ndash prolongedNDMR NDMR Prolonged action for vecuronium and pancuroniumProlonged action for vecuronium and pancuroniumDMRDMR Decreased serum cholinesterase activity Decreased serum cholinesterase activity
The Effect of Anaesthetics on Liver The Effect of Anaesthetics on Liver FunctionFunction
VOLATILE AGENTSVOLATILE AGENTS Halothane -darr HABFPBF disturb HABR [hepatic Halothane -darr HABFPBF disturb HABR [hepatic
arterial buffer response]arterial buffer response] Sevoflurane isoflurane maintain HABR Sevoflurane isoflurane maintain HABR SEVO gt ISO gt DES gt HALOSEVO gt ISO gt DES gt HALOIV ANAESTHETICSIV ANAESTHETICS Thiopentone etomidate -darrTHBFThiopentone etomidate -darrTHBF Propofol - uarrTHBF ndashsplanchnic vasodilatorPropofol - uarrTHBF ndashsplanchnic vasodilator Ketamine ndash no effectsKetamine ndash no effectsREGIONAL ANAESTHESIAREGIONAL ANAESTHESIA High epidural may reduce THBFHigh epidural may reduce THBF
Effect of General Anaesthesia on liver Effect of General Anaesthesia on liver functions in patients with preexisting functions in patients with preexisting
liver diseasesliver diseases Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 1989 Apr 37(2) 61-6Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 1989 Apr 37(2) 61-6 ABSTRACT Effects of anaesthetics on liver ABSTRACT Effects of anaesthetics on liver
functions were studies in 13 patients having no liver functions were studies in 13 patients having no liver disease (group I) and 11 patients having liver disease (group I) and 11 patients having liver disease (group II) disease (group II)
Serum cholinesterase increased significantly in both Serum cholinesterase increased significantly in both the group Rise in SGOT levels was significant only the group Rise in SGOT levels was significant only in group I who had greater surgical trauma and not in group I who had greater surgical trauma and not in the other group of patients (group II) in the other group of patients (group II)
Significant decrease in total serum proteins was Significant decrease in total serum proteins was seen on different postoperative days in group I but seen on different postoperative days in group I but only on 5th postoperative day in group II only on 5th postoperative day in group II
It was concluded that presence of liver disease does It was concluded that presence of liver disease does not increase the adverse effect of anaesthesia on not increase the adverse effect of anaesthesia on liver function and that liver function and that surgical trauma is more surgical trauma is more important than anaesthesia in producingimportant than anaesthesia in producing liver liver dysfunction dysfunction
Signs of Liver DiseaseSigns of Liver Disease JaundiceJaundice HepatomegalyHepatomegaly Spider NaeviSpider Naevi SplenomegalySplenomegaly Scratch MarksScratch Marks AscitesAscites Palmer ErythemaPalmer Erythema
Dilated Abdominal Dilated Abdominal VeinsVeins
Peripheral OedemaPeripheral Oedema Finger ClubbingFinger Clubbing Testicular AtrophyTesticular Atrophy BruisingBruising GynaecomastiaGynaecomastia ConfusionComa ConfusionComa
JaundiceJaundicePrehepatic jaundice [haemolysis]Prehepatic jaundice [haemolysis] Massive intravascular haemolysis - as in Massive intravascular haemolysis - as in
some forms of malaria or in sickle cell some forms of malaria or in sickle cell anemiaanemia
Hepatocellular function is normal but Hepatocellular function is normal but overwhelmed - increased unconjugated overwhelmed - increased unconjugated bilirubin bilirubin
Intact Protein and carbohydrate Intact Protein and carbohydrate metabolism metabolism
No reduction in the absorption of Vitamin K No reduction in the absorption of Vitamin K or production of clotting factorsor production of clotting factors
Hepatocellular jaundiceHepatocellular jaundice Hepatitis or Cirrhosis Hepatitis or Cirrhosis decreased protein synthesis signs of decreased protein synthesis signs of
delayed clotting and even encephalopathy delayed clotting and even encephalopathy
CONTDhellipCONTDhellipObstructive JaundiceObstructive Jaundice Biliary obstruction - from a stone in the common Biliary obstruction - from a stone in the common
bile duct pancreatic tumour or ascending bile duct pancreatic tumour or ascending cholangitischolangitis
Hepatocellular function is normal Hepatocellular function is normal Excess plasma bilirubin is chiefly conjugated - Excess plasma bilirubin is chiefly conjugated -
excreted in the urine which becomes darkexcreted in the urine which becomes dark Stools are pale as a result of poor lipid Stools are pale as a result of poor lipid
absorption absorption Protein synthesis is normalProtein synthesis is normal Vitamin K dependant clotting factors reduced Vitamin K dependant clotting factors reduced as the absorption of vitamin K is as the absorption of vitamin K is
dependent on the excretion of bile salts into the dependent on the excretion of bile salts into the small intestine rarr clotting time prolonged small intestine rarr clotting time prolonged parenteral vitamin K parenteral vitamin K
Renal impairment in Renal impairment in JaundiceJaundice
Release of endotoxins into systemic Release of endotoxins into systemic circulationcirculation
following biliary obstruction ndash renal following biliary obstruction ndash renal failurefailure
Prevention Prevention - in high srbilirubin levels ndash - in high srbilirubin levels ndash
percutaneous drainage of biliary tree percutaneous drainage of biliary tree under antibiotic coverunder antibiotic cover
- pre op oral bile salts -- pre op oral bile salts -darr post op RFdarr post op RF
Liver Function TestsLiver Function Tests Indication of severity help to differentiate Indication of severity help to differentiate
between prehepatic hepatocellular and between prehepatic hepatocellular and obstructive jaundiceobstructive jaundice
Jaundice - sign of an elevation of serum Jaundice - sign of an elevation of serum bilirubin bilirubin
Protein and albumin levels are normal in Protein and albumin levels are normal in prehepatic or obstructive jaundice low prehepatic or obstructive jaundice low values indicate hepatocellular damagevalues indicate hepatocellular damage
clotting - Prothrombin Time clotting - Prothrombin Time An elevated INR may indicate impaired An elevated INR may indicate impaired
synthesis of clotting factors due to synthesis of clotting factors due to hepatocellular damage or malabsorption hepatocellular damage or malabsorption of vitamin K due to biliary obstruction of vitamin K due to biliary obstruction
ContdhellipContdhellip Prothrombin time[ half life - 6 -12 hrs ] ndash best Prothrombin time[ half life - 6 -12 hrs ] ndash best
indicator than Albumin [ half life ndash 24 -48 indicator than Albumin [ half life ndash 24 -48 days]days]
Alanine Transaminase (ALT) and Aspartate Alanine Transaminase (ALT) and Aspartate Transaminase (AST) are enzymes that are released Transaminase (AST) are enzymes that are released into the circulation by damaged hepatocytes into the circulation by damaged hepatocytes Raised levels indicate hepatocellular damageRaised levels indicate hepatocellular damage
AST can also be elevated in other circumstances AST can also be elevated in other circumstances such as myocardial infarction such as myocardial infarction
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme localized Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme localized near the bile cannaliculi and is elevated in biliary near the bile cannaliculi and is elevated in biliary obstruction Not specific to hepatobiliary diseaseobstruction Not specific to hepatobiliary disease[ raised in malignant bone disease][ raised in malignant bone disease]
An accompanying rise in Gamma glutamyl An accompanying rise in Gamma glutamyl Transferase (Gamma GT) suggests that the ALP is Transferase (Gamma GT) suggests that the ALP is from the liverfrom the liver
ContdhellipContdhellip Glutathione ndash S ndash transferase ndashto Glutathione ndash S ndash transferase ndashto
assess damage assess damage due to anaestheticsdue to anaesthetics ALP ndashEarly in biliary obstructionALP ndashEarly in biliary obstruction γγ - Glutamyl trans peptidase ndash rises - Glutamyl trans peptidase ndash rises
after alcohol amp drug induced liver after alcohol amp drug induced liver damagedamage
Plasma glucose should be measuredPlasma glucose should be measured
Risk and severity scoringRisk and severity scoring In 1964 Child and Turcotte classified risk for In 1964 Child and Turcotte classified risk for
patients with liver cirrhosis undergoing porto-patients with liver cirrhosis undergoing porto-caval anastomosis for management of portal caval anastomosis for management of portal hypertensionhypertension
Pugh et al at Kings College Hospital Pugh et al at Kings College Hospital published a severity scoring system for published a severity scoring system for patients undergoing oesophageal transection patients undergoing oesophageal transection for bleeding oesophageal varices for bleeding oesophageal varices
The two systems have been amalgamated and The two systems have been amalgamated and provide a disease severity assessment based provide a disease severity assessment based on two clinical and three laboratory variables on two clinical and three laboratory variables
PUGHlsquoS MODIFICATION OF CHILD GRADINGPUGHlsquoS MODIFICATION OF CHILD GRADING Clinical amp Biochemical Clinical amp Biochemical variablesvariables
POINTS POINTS 11
SCORESCOREDD22
33
Serum albumin (gL)Serum albumin (gL) gt35gt35 28-3528-35 lt28lt28
Serum bilirubin (micromolL)Serum bilirubin (micromolL) [Mg dl][Mg dl]
lt35lt35lt 2lt 2
35-6035-602 -32 -3
gt60gt60gt 3gt 3
PT (seconds) prolongedPT (seconds) prolongedfrom controlfrom control
1-41-4INR [ lt INR [ lt 1 7]1 7]
4-104-10INR [17 INR [17 -23]-23]
1010INR gt23INR gt23
AscitesAscites NoneNone MildMild ModerateModerateEncephalopathyEncephalopathy AbsentAbsent Grade I ndash Grade I ndash
IIIIGrade III ndash Grade III ndash IVIV
POINTS 5- 6 ndash class A [5 Mortality] 7 -9 ndashClass B [10 mortality] 10 -15 ndashClass C [50 mortality]
Surgery in patients with liver Surgery in patients with liver dysfunctiondysfunction
The Child-Pugh classification is a useful method The Child-Pugh classification is a useful method of staging the progress of liver decompensation of staging the progress of liver decompensation
Limited predictive value in anaesthesia and Limited predictive value in anaesthesia and surgerysurgery
Group A patients are lower riskGroup A patients are lower risk and with and with sufficient care can be considered as candidates sufficient care can be considered as candidates for most types of surgeryfor most types of surgery
Group B patients ndash acceptable but correct Group B patients ndash acceptable but correct abnormalities abnormalities
Group C patientsGroup C patients present an extremely high present an extremely high operative risk - surgical procedures in these operative risk - surgical procedures in these patients should be avoided if possible- patients should be avoided if possible- only only emergency or life-saving proceduresemergency or life-saving procedures should should be undertakenbe undertaken
Preoperative assessmentPreoperative assessment Type and extent of liver diseaseType and extent of liver disease Extra hepatic effectsExtra hepatic effects Risk assessmentRisk assessment Patients general condition- hydration nutritionPatients general condition- hydration nutrition Associated co-morbid conditionsAssociated co-morbid conditions LFTLFT ConsentConsent Premedication-short acting temazepam in absence Premedication-short acting temazepam in absence
of neurological impairment orally ndashavoid of neurological impairment orally ndashavoid intramuscular injectionsintramuscular injections
H2 receptor antagonistsH2 receptor antagonists Preop Vit K optimal hydrationPreop Vit K optimal hydration
PREOP INVESTIGATIONSPREOP INVESTIGATIONS
Hematological ndashHb Platelet Hematological ndashHb Platelet countWBC Coagulation profilecountWBC Coagulation profile
Metabolic ndash sr Metabolic ndash sr glucose urea creatinine electrolytesglucose urea creatinine electrolytes
Cardio respiratory ndash chest x-rayECG Cardio respiratory ndash chest x-rayECG PFT ABGPFT ABG
Liver function ndash Liver function ndash srbilirubinalbuminliver enzymessrbilirubinalbuminliver enzymes
Pre-op risk factors Pre-op risk factors associated with associated with
postoperative mortalitypostoperative mortality Serum albumin lt3gLSerum albumin lt3gL Serum bilirubin gt50 micromolLSerum bilirubin gt50 micromolL PT gt15 s over controlPT gt15 s over control Presence of infectionPresence of infection WBC gt 10000WBC gt 10000 Treatment with more than two antibioticsTreatment with more than two antibiotics Presence of AscitesPresence of Ascites MalnutritionMalnutrition Emergency surgeryEmergency surgery
Anaesthetic TechniqueAnaesthetic Technique Avoid hypotensive techniquesmdashintra hepatic necrosisAvoid hypotensive techniquesmdashintra hepatic necrosis High conc of oxygen -- - due to intrapulmonary shuntsHigh conc of oxygen -- - due to intrapulmonary shunts Avoid hypotension amp hypoxemiaAvoid hypotension amp hypoxemia Meticulous fluid balance ndashMeticulous fluid balance ndash Ascites ndash may lose a large amount of fluid rapidlyAscites ndash may lose a large amount of fluid rapidly Concentrated albumin solutions ndashto correct Concentrated albumin solutions ndashto correct
hypoproteinemiahypoproteinemia Fresh blood ndashto prevent hypocalcemia due to Fresh blood ndashto prevent hypocalcemia due to
reduced metabolism of preservativesreduced metabolism of preservatives FFP 12 - 15 mlKg ndashCorrect dilutional FFP 12 - 15 mlKg ndashCorrect dilutional
coagulopathycoagulopathy 1 unit of FFP for every 1 unit of packed cells or 250 1 unit of FFP for every 1 unit of packed cells or 250
ml of 09 saline or colloid [500 ml of FFP - uarr ml of 09 saline or colloid [500 ml of FFP - uarr Clotting factors by 20 ]Clotting factors by 20 ]
Maintenance of temperature Maintenance of temperature
MonitoringMonitoring Monitoring of temperature Monitoring of temperature Coagulation status should be monitored ndashplatelet count fibrin Coagulation status should be monitored ndashplatelet count fibrin
degradation products prothrombin time activated clotting degradation products prothrombin time activated clotting time partial thromboplastin timetime partial thromboplastin time
Thromboelastography has been used as a tool in liver Thromboelastography has been used as a tool in liver transplantationtransplantation
Repeated BP cuff inflation ndashmay lead to bruising in patients Repeated BP cuff inflation ndashmay lead to bruising in patients with altered haemostatic functionwith altered haemostatic function
Insertion of Intra arterial line ndash care to prevent haematoma Insertion of Intra arterial line ndash care to prevent haematoma Jugular route is preferred in CVP monitoringJugular route is preferred in CVP monitoring OximetryOximetry Urine outputUrine output Blood lossBlood loss Monitor ionized calciumMonitor ionized calcium
DRUGSDRUGS
Thiopentone ndash intrinsic clearance delayed Thiopentone ndash intrinsic clearance delayed but recovery not delayed because of but recovery not delayed because of redistributionredistribution
Alcoholic cirrhosis ndash larger dose of thio ndash Alcoholic cirrhosis ndash larger dose of thio ndash cross tolerancecross tolerance
Halothane and enflurane reduce hepatic Halothane and enflurane reduce hepatic arterial flow (vasodilatation negative arterial flow (vasodilatation negative inotropic effects)inotropic effects)
Isoflurane increases hepatic blood flowIsoflurane increases hepatic blood flow [preferred][preferred]
NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING AGENTSAGENTS
Reduced plasma pseudo cholinesterase activityReduced plasma pseudo cholinesterase activity Prolonged action- vecuronium Prolonged action- vecuronium
pancruonium[16 fold]pancruonium[16 fold] Decreased biliary excretionDecreased biliary excretion Increased volume of distribution ndashlarger Increased volume of distribution ndashlarger
initial dosesinitial doses 1048708 1048708 Recommended Atracurium ndash metabolism Recommended Atracurium ndash metabolism
independent of liver and kidneysindependent of liver and kidneys 1048708 1048708 For transplantation ndash long acting agent such For transplantation ndash long acting agent such
as doxacuriumas doxacurium
OPIODS amp SEDATIVESOPIODS amp SEDATIVES
NarcoticsNarcotics Reduced metabolism of morphine and Reduced metabolism of morphine and
pethidinepethidine Prefer fentanylPrefer fentanyl Remifentanyl - ideal Remifentanyl - ideal 1048708 1048708 BenzodiazepinesBenzodiazepines 1048708 1048708 Diazepam - prolonged half lifeDiazepam - prolonged half life 1048708 1048708 Oxazepam and lorazepam preferrred Oxazepam and lorazepam preferrred
ndashmetabolised by glucuronidation ndashmetabolised by glucuronidation without liver requirementwithout liver requirement
Regional Anaesthesia Regional Anaesthesia Contraindicated if PT gt25 s above control Contraindicated if PT gt25 s above control
platelet count lt 50000 cumm bleeding platelet count lt 50000 cumm bleeding time gt12 mtstime gt12 mts
Spinal and epidural anaesthesia carries the Spinal and epidural anaesthesia carries the risk of epidural haematoma and paralysis if risk of epidural haematoma and paralysis if there is abnormal clotting but there are there is abnormal clotting but there are otherwise no special precautionsotherwise no special precautions
The half-life of lignocaine is prolonged in The half-life of lignocaine is prolonged in liver failure but this is not significant when liver failure but this is not significant when used in regional anaesthesia used in regional anaesthesia
LA dose diminished in presence of AscitesLA dose diminished in presence of Ascites
Canadian Journal of Anesthesia Vol 45 452-Canadian Journal of Anesthesia Vol 45 452-459 459
Obstetrical anaesthesia for a parturient with Obstetrical anaesthesia for a parturient with preeclampsia HELLP syndrome and acute cortical preeclampsia HELLP syndrome and acute cortical
blindnessblindness A 39-yr-old woman with three past A 39-yr-old woman with three past uncomplicated pregnancies presented at 33 uncomplicated pregnancies presented at 33 wk with acute cortical blindnesswk with acute cortical blindness
Based on clinical and laboratory assessment Based on clinical and laboratory assessment a diagnosis of preeclampsia with HELLP a diagnosis of preeclampsia with HELLP syndrome was madesyndrome was made
A CT scan of her head demonstrated A CT scan of her head demonstrated ischaemic lesions of her basal ganglia ischaemic lesions of her basal ganglia extending superiorly to involve both posterior extending superiorly to involve both posterior parietal and occipital regionsparietal and occipital regions
Infusions of magnesium sulphate and Infusions of magnesium sulphate and hydralazine were started and an urgent hydralazine were started and an urgent Caesarean section was performed Caesarean section was performed under under subarachnoid anaesthesiasubarachnoid anaesthesia after insertion of an after insertion of an arterial line and intravenous hydration arterial line and intravenous hydration
ContdhellipContdhellip The course of anaesthesia and surgery was uneventful The course of anaesthesia and surgery was uneventful
and she delivered a live 1540 g female infantand she delivered a live 1540 g female infant By the following morning she had recovered some By the following morning she had recovered some
vision and visual recovery was complete by 72 hr vision and visual recovery was complete by 72 hr postpartum postpartum
Her postoperative course was uneventful Her postoperative course was uneventful CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION Provided that it is not contraindicated Provided that it is not contraindicated
because of prohibitive risk to the mother because of prohibitive risk to the mother regional regional anaesthesia has particular advantage in these anaesthesia has particular advantage in these patientspatients
In particular the use of spinal anaesthesia which has In particular the use of spinal anaesthesia which has been discouraged by some for this patient population been discouraged by some for this patient population should be re-evaluated should be re-evaluated
Postoperative Postoperative managementmanagement
Oxygen enriched airOxygen enriched air Major surgery ndash elective post operative Major surgery ndash elective post operative
ventilationventilation Replace blood lossReplace blood loss Maintain adequate urine outputMaintain adequate urine output Dopamine and inotropes should be Dopamine and inotropes should be
continuedcontinued The principle complications are likely The principle complications are likely
to be continued bleeding sepsis and to be continued bleeding sepsis and hepatic decompensation hepatic decompensation
Peri-operative considerations in Child-Peri-operative considerations in Child-Pugh A patientsPugh A patients
Pre-operative Pre-operative Aetiology of condition - virology Aetiology of condition - virology Drug idiosyncrasy Drug idiosyncrasy
Blood count and platelets Blood count and platelets Clotting screen Clotting screen Assess renal function Assess renal function Previous anaesthetics Previous anaesthetics
Per-operative Per-operative Consider drug bio-availability issues Consider drug bio-availability issues Avoid drugs excreted via liverAvoid drugs excreted via liver Regional techniques acceptable if clotting Regional techniques acceptable if clotting
normalnormal Post-operativePost-operative Monitor for post-operative hepatic Monitor for post-operative hepatic
decompensationdecompensation Possible prolonged duration of action in Possible prolonged duration of action in opiates HDU ITU careopiates HDU ITU care
Child-Pugh Group BC patient Child-Pugh Group BC patient undergoing major surgeryundergoing major surgery
Previous upper abdominal surgery portal Previous upper abdominal surgery portal hypertension and coagulopathy dramatically hypertension and coagulopathy dramatically increase the potential for per-operative blood lossincrease the potential for per-operative blood loss
8-12 units of blood together fresh frozen plasma 8-12 units of blood together fresh frozen plasma and platelets should be available and platelets should be available
Pre-medicationPre-medication Sedative premedicants should be avoided in the Sedative premedicants should be avoided in the
encephalopathic patient encephalopathic patient Other drugs may be needed pre-operatively and Other drugs may be needed pre-operatively and
include antibiotics and H2 receptor antagonistsinclude antibiotics and H2 receptor antagonists The oral or intravenous route used - The oral or intravenous route used -
intramuscular injections should be avoidedintramuscular injections should be avoided Coagulopathy may require correction with fresh Coagulopathy may require correction with fresh
frozen plasma and platelets and renal frozen plasma and platelets and renal replacement therapy may need to be consideredreplacement therapy may need to be considered
Per-operative considerationsPer-operative considerations Regional techniques -- considered carefully - Regional techniques -- considered carefully -
coagulopathy epidural varices can pose an coagulopathy epidural varices can pose an additional risk additional risk
Vascular accessVascular access with a multi-lumen central with a multi-lumen central venous catheter together with at least one large venous catheter together with at least one large bore central line bore central line
Monitoring of arterial and central venous Monitoring of arterial and central venous pressures is mandatory pressures is mandatory
Pulmonary artery pulmonary capillary wedge Pulmonary artery pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and cardiac output measurements pressure and cardiac output measurements may be necessary in the sick patientmay be necessary in the sick patient
Trans-oesophageal echocardiography and Trans-oesophageal echocardiography and volumetric haemodynamic monitoring pulse volumetric haemodynamic monitoring pulse contour analysis can provide significant contour analysis can provide significant additional information for the strategic additional information for the strategic management of these patients management of these patients
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Coagulation and fibrinolysisCoagulation and fibrinolysis are major are major
concerns concerns The potential for large volume blood replacement The potential for large volume blood replacement
means that temperature should be measured and means that temperature should be measured and a fluid warmer and warming mattress useda fluid warmer and warming mattress used
Regular per-operative estimation of INRPTR may Regular per-operative estimation of INRPTR may be necessary - thromboelastography provides be necessary - thromboelastography provides useful intra-operative evaluation of coagulationuseful intra-operative evaluation of coagulation
Blood conservationBlood conservation - considered - considered Preservation of hepatic function -Preservation of hepatic function - N- N-
acetylcysteine (NAC) is a sulphur-containing acetylcysteine (NAC) is a sulphur-containing antioxidant - benefit patients with fulminant antioxidant - benefit patients with fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
NAC appears to improve oxygen delivery NAC appears to improve oxygen delivery and consumption and reduce base deficitand consumption and reduce base deficit
Renal FunctionRenal Function - - Dopamine may be usefulDopamine may be useful
Bleeding oesophageal Bleeding oesophageal varicesvarices
Bleeding oesophageal varices - life-threatening Bleeding oesophageal varices - life-threatening complication of - often occur against a complication of - often occur against a background of abnormal clotting background of abnormal clotting thrombocytopenia encephalopathy and Ascitesthrombocytopenia encephalopathy and Ascites
Overall mortality is 30 Overall mortality is 30 The principles of anaesthetic managementThe principles of anaesthetic management Protect the airway Protect the airway Establish good vascular access Establish good vascular access Volume replacement - colloid blood fresh Volume replacement - colloid blood fresh
frozen plasma and platelets Avoid saline frozen plasma and platelets Avoid saline Check correct clotting Give Vitamin K correct Check correct clotting Give Vitamin K correct
fibrinolysis and review blood chemistry fibrinolysis and review blood chemistry
Intoxicated Alcoholic Intoxicated Alcoholic PatientsPatients
Requires less anaesthetic ndashadditive depressant Requires less anaesthetic ndashadditive depressant effect of alcohol amp anaestheticseffect of alcohol amp anaesthetics
Ill - equipped to withstand stress amp Acute blood Ill - equipped to withstand stress amp Acute blood lossloss
Alcohol decrease the tolerance of brain to hypoxiaAlcohol decrease the tolerance of brain to hypoxia uarr uarr Risk of regurgitation amp aspiration - alcohol Risk of regurgitation amp aspiration - alcohol
darrtone of lower oesophageal sphincter amp slows darrtone of lower oesophageal sphincter amp slows gastric emptyinggastric emptying
Alcohol Interferes with platelet aggregationAlcohol Interferes with platelet aggregation Causes uarrconc of plasma catecholamines rarr Causes uarrconc of plasma catecholamines rarr
Intraoperative dysarrhytmiasIntraoperative dysarrhytmias
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE
Mild ndash 17 marked - 4Mild ndash 17 marked - 4 Patient factorsPatient factors Congenital Congenital
hemolytic disordershemolytic disorders Acquired hemolytic Acquired hemolytic
disordersdisorders Pre existing liver Pre existing liver
diseasedisease CoagulopathyCoagulopathy Gilberts syndromeGilberts syndrome SepsisSepsis
Perioperative Perioperative factorsfactors
Anaesthetic induced Anaesthetic induced darrHBFdarrHBF
BleedingBleeding HypotensionHypotension Blood transfusionBlood transfusion Biliary tree traumaBiliary tree trauma Viral hepatitisViral hepatitis DrugsDrugs Halothane antibioticsHalothane antibiotics Nonsteroidal agentsNonsteroidal agents
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -
5000mg Bilirubin5000mg Bilirubin 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg
bilirubinbilirubin Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in
G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cell disease multiple blood transfusionscell disease multiple blood transfusions
Delayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashDelayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashpostop jaundicepostop jaundice
Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgeryuarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgery
ContdhellipContdhellip Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow
non biliary surgery 3- 30 days post opnon biliary surgery 3- 30 days post op Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis
[benign] - associated with multiple blood [benign] - associated with multiple blood transfusions hypoxia hypotension - transfusions hypoxia hypotension - uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks
ManagementManagement Prevention is the best treatment Prevention is the best treatment Avoid precipitating factorsAvoid precipitating factors
Halothane HepatitisHalothane Hepatitis The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane
anaesthetics - higher in women the middle anaesthetics - higher in women the middle aged and the obeseaged and the obese
Rarer in paediatric patients and with the Rarer in paediatric patients and with the newer volatile agents newer volatile agents
Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
ldquoldquoUnexplained liver damage within 28 days of Unexplained liver damage within 28 days of halothane exposure in previously normal halothane exposure in previously normal patientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reactionpatientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reaction
Clinical featuresClinical features malaise anorexiafever malaise anorexiafever within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks
Halothane HepatitisHalothane HepatitisDIAGNOSISDIAGNOSIS Serum antibodies that react with specific liver Serum antibodies that react with specific liver
microsomal proteins that are altered by microsomal proteins that are altered by trifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothanetrifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothane
Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Risk factorsRisk factors High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ]High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ] previous adverse reactionprevious adverse reaction Uncertain - obesityUncertain - obesity Female [16 1 ]Female [16 1 ] Drug allergy [ 15 ]Drug allergy [ 15 ] Family historyFamily history Lymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoinLymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoin
ContdhellipContdhellip The cause not fully established - multifactorial - The cause not fully established - multifactorial -
possible immunological cause possible immunological cause Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated
proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically predisposed subjectspredisposed subjects
Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also to blameto blame
Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile agent so toxic metabolites may be involvedagent so toxic metabolites may be involved
The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with increasing numbers of exposures to halothane increasing numbers of exposures to halothane
Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO database holds 225 and 159 reports respectivelydatabase holds 225 and 159 reports respectively
Halothane exposure Halothane exposure guidelinesguidelines
Avoid Halothane ifAvoid Halothane if Within at least 3 months of a previous Within at least 3 months of a previous
exposure exposure Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or
pyrexia pyrexia Family history of hepatic reactions to Family history of hepatic reactions to
halothanehalothane Pre - existing liver diseasePre - existing liver disease Adverse reactions to Other volatile Adverse reactions to Other volatile
anaesthetic agentsanaesthetic agents
Liver and PregnancyLiver and Pregnancy Normal in sizeNormal in size A decrease in total protein as well albumin A decrease in total protein as well albumin An increase of the liver dependent clotting An increase of the liver dependent clotting
factors such as fibrinogen factors such as fibrinogen An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times
secondary to placental alkalinesecondary to placental alkaline Srcholinesterase Srcholinesterase darr 30darr 30 Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and
bilirubinbilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin
ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver disease disease
Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Intrahepatic Cholestasis of PregnancyPregnancy
Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Rare in black patients Rare in black patients
Strong family history Strong family history High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies
60-7060-70 Pruritus alone - 80 percent Pruritus alone - 80 percent Jaundice develop in 20 percentJaundice develop in 20 percent Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or
no elevation in transaminasesno elevation in transaminases
IChP ndashcontdhellipIChP ndashcontdhellip Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early
delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice ) pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice )
Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts Dexamethasone Dexamethasone
Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but bilurubin within 4-6 weeks bilurubin within 4-6 weeks
Implications on Anaesthesia Implications on Anaesthesia Check coagulation profile Check coagulation profile Ask for vit K IV Ask for vit K IV take care of high incidence of fetal distress take care of high incidence of fetal distress
meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist must attend with incubatormust attend with incubator
Preeclampsia amp EclampsiaPreeclampsia amp Eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia
and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl
If not associated with other criteria of HELLP If not associated with other criteria of HELLP syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 50mlday 50mlday
Implications on anaesthesiaImplications on anaesthesia Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress
response which could continue to anaesthesia response which could continue to anaesthesia provided INR lt15 provided INR lt15
Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed tube 6-7 mm tube 6-7 mm
Adequate analgesia Adequate analgesia Fluids restriction Fluids restriction Continue medications postoperative in ICU Continue medications postoperative in ICU
HELLP syndrome HELLP syndrome Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low
plateletsplatelets Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-
eclampsia result from very active platelets eclampsia result from very active platelets aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia and congestion with deposition of fibrous and congestion with deposition of fibrous network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage
Nausea vomiting headache and upper right Nausea vomiting headache and upper right abdominal pain hypotension shockabdominal pain hypotension shock
Best markers are the maternal lactate Best markers are the maternal lactate dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet count count
Congested liver of HELLP Congested liver of HELLP syndromesyndrome
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high
dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has been shown to markedly improve the laboratory been shown to markedly improve the laboratory abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome
Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is
greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of magnesium sulfate magnesium sulfate
Anesthesia like severe preclampsia Anesthesia like severe preclampsia avoid trauma to liveravoid trauma to liver Vit K if INR gt15Vit K if INR gt15 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60
ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF PREGNANCYPREGNANCY
Rare serious disorder unknown etiologyRare serious disorder unknown etiology Symptoms in third trimesterSymptoms in third trimester ndashabdominal
pain nausea vomiting anorexiafatique fever headache
Rapid progression ndashbleeding jaundice encephalopathy renal failure hepatic failure coagulopathy - PPH
uarrTransaminases hyperbilirubinemia uarrprothrombin time --- DIC
Prompt delivery is advisable
Hepatic Rupture and Hepatic Rupture and Infarction Infarction
Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 to 85 percent) are at higher risk to 85 percent) are at higher risk
Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in
shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy
Therapy for hepatic rupture has included Therapy for hepatic rupture has included transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted in hepatic rupture in hepatic rupture
Hepatic infarctionHepatic infarction was typically present with fever was typically present with fever and marked elevations in transaminase levels In and marked elevations in transaminase levels In surviving patients liver function and histopathology surviving patients liver function and histopathology are normal within six months of delivery are normal within six months of delivery
Anesthesia in pregnant women with Anesthesia in pregnant women with HELLP syndromeHELLP syndrome
Retrospective studyRetrospective study For the period of 1 July For the period of 1 July 1996 through 30 June 2000 1996 through 30 June 2000
RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had cesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal deliverycesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal delivery
Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 postcesarean delivery the range platelet count postcesarean delivery the range platelet count was 19000-143000microl was 19000-143000microl
Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia
There were no neurologic complications or There were no neurologic complications or bleeding in the epidural spacebleeding in the epidural space
CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any neurologic or hematologic complications of women neurologic or hematologic complications of women with HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesiawith HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesia
Subdural Hematoma following dural Subdural Hematoma following dural puncture in a parturient with HELLP puncture in a parturient with HELLP
syndromesyndrome This complication occurred following This complication occurred following accidental dural puncture in a parturient accidental dural puncture in a parturient with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who subsequently developed the syndrome of subsequently developed the syndrome of hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low plateletsplatelets
On the first postoperative day postdural On the first postoperative day postdural puncture headache (PDPH) developed puncture headache (PDPH) developed
An epidural blood patch (EBP) was An epidural blood patch (EBP) was deferred to the third postoperative day deferred to the third postoperative day because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1 because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1
Headache intensified from a typical PDPH Headache intensified from a typical PDPH to one which was not posturally related to one which was not posturally related
A second EBP was abandoned after the A second EBP was abandoned after the
injection of 5 mL of blood because of injection of 5 mL of blood because of increasing headache during the procedure increasing headache during the procedure
Magnetic resonance imaging revealed Magnetic resonance imaging revealed bilateral temporal subdural hematomas bilateral temporal subdural hematomas
The patient was managed conservatively and The patient was managed conservatively and discharged home without any sequelae discharged home without any sequelae
ConclusionConclusion It is conceivable that It is conceivable that thrombocytopenia together with possible thrombocytopenia together with possible abnormal platelet function increased the risk abnormal platelet function increased the risk of subdural hematoma of subdural hematoma
Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be considered whenever headache is not considered whenever headache is not posturally related posturally related
OCUPATIONAL HAZARDOCUPATIONAL HAZARD Risk of transmission of HBV following Risk of transmission of HBV following
inoculation is 5 -30inoculation is 5 -30 May occur through needle prickcuts May occur through needle prickcuts
sharp injuriesmucous membranes- sharp injuriesmucous membranes- waterproof dressingwaterproof dressing
Wear gloves while inserting a Wear gloves while inserting a cannula airways intubation amp extubation cannula airways intubation amp extubation
Sharps should not be handed directly to Sharps should not be handed directly to othersothers
See to the sterilisation of other See to the sterilisation of other contaminated thingscontaminated things
HAEMATOLOGICAL PROBLEMS Anaemia may be the result of nutritional Anaemia may be the result of nutritional
deficiency toxic bone marrow depression or deficiency toxic bone marrow depression or gastrointestinal bleeding from varices or gastrointestinal bleeding from varices or erosions erosions
Coagulation defects arise from Coagulation defects arise from thrombocytopenia platelet dysfunction and thrombocytopenia platelet dysfunction and decreased levels of circulating clotting factors decreased levels of circulating clotting factors
Clotting factor levels fall because of impaired Clotting factor levels fall because of impaired synthesis vitamin K malabsorbtion and synthesis vitamin K malabsorbtion and intravascular consumption intravascular consumption
The short half-life of clotting factors means that The short half-life of clotting factors means that INR or Prothrombin Ratio (PTR) can reliably be INR or Prothrombin Ratio (PTR) can reliably be used to evaluate residual hepatic functionused to evaluate residual hepatic function
Treatment ndashVit K FFPTreatment ndashVit K FFP
GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEMGASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM Rupture of oesophageal varicesRupture of oesophageal varices Vassopressin amp octreotide ndashreduce portal Vassopressin amp octreotide ndashreduce portal
hypertensionhypertension Susceptibility to infection - increasedSusceptibility to infection - increasedDrug dispositionDrug disposition Cholestasis will reduce absorption of fat-Cholestasis will reduce absorption of fat-
soluble drugs after oral administrationsoluble drugs after oral administration Compartment changes and altered protein Compartment changes and altered protein
binding will affect volume of distribution binding will affect volume of distribution clearance and re-distribution clearance and re-distribution
Patients with liver dysfunction may be Patients with liver dysfunction may be particularly sensitive to opiates and particularly sensitive to opiates and benzodiazepines due to altered end-organ benzodiazepines due to altered end-organ sensitivitysensitivity
Effect of hepatic dysfunction on Effect of hepatic dysfunction on anaestheticsanaesthetics
darr darr Albumin -increased free fraction Albumin -increased free fraction Altered volume of distribution [Ascites amp increased Altered volume of distribution [Ascites amp increased
total body water compartment]total body water compartment] Reduced metabolism ndashalters drug pharmacodynamics Reduced metabolism ndashalters drug pharmacodynamics Opiods -Opiods - Morphine pethidine -uarr uarr respiratory depression amp Morphine pethidine -uarr uarr respiratory depression amp
sedationsedationSedative hypnotic drugsSedative hypnotic drugs Benzodiazepines ndash prolongedBenzodiazepines ndash prolongedNDMR NDMR Prolonged action for vecuronium and pancuroniumProlonged action for vecuronium and pancuroniumDMRDMR Decreased serum cholinesterase activity Decreased serum cholinesterase activity
The Effect of Anaesthetics on Liver The Effect of Anaesthetics on Liver FunctionFunction
VOLATILE AGENTSVOLATILE AGENTS Halothane -darr HABFPBF disturb HABR [hepatic Halothane -darr HABFPBF disturb HABR [hepatic
arterial buffer response]arterial buffer response] Sevoflurane isoflurane maintain HABR Sevoflurane isoflurane maintain HABR SEVO gt ISO gt DES gt HALOSEVO gt ISO gt DES gt HALOIV ANAESTHETICSIV ANAESTHETICS Thiopentone etomidate -darrTHBFThiopentone etomidate -darrTHBF Propofol - uarrTHBF ndashsplanchnic vasodilatorPropofol - uarrTHBF ndashsplanchnic vasodilator Ketamine ndash no effectsKetamine ndash no effectsREGIONAL ANAESTHESIAREGIONAL ANAESTHESIA High epidural may reduce THBFHigh epidural may reduce THBF
Effect of General Anaesthesia on liver Effect of General Anaesthesia on liver functions in patients with preexisting functions in patients with preexisting
liver diseasesliver diseases Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 1989 Apr 37(2) 61-6Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 1989 Apr 37(2) 61-6 ABSTRACT Effects of anaesthetics on liver ABSTRACT Effects of anaesthetics on liver
functions were studies in 13 patients having no liver functions were studies in 13 patients having no liver disease (group I) and 11 patients having liver disease (group I) and 11 patients having liver disease (group II) disease (group II)
Serum cholinesterase increased significantly in both Serum cholinesterase increased significantly in both the group Rise in SGOT levels was significant only the group Rise in SGOT levels was significant only in group I who had greater surgical trauma and not in group I who had greater surgical trauma and not in the other group of patients (group II) in the other group of patients (group II)
Significant decrease in total serum proteins was Significant decrease in total serum proteins was seen on different postoperative days in group I but seen on different postoperative days in group I but only on 5th postoperative day in group II only on 5th postoperative day in group II
It was concluded that presence of liver disease does It was concluded that presence of liver disease does not increase the adverse effect of anaesthesia on not increase the adverse effect of anaesthesia on liver function and that liver function and that surgical trauma is more surgical trauma is more important than anaesthesia in producingimportant than anaesthesia in producing liver liver dysfunction dysfunction
Signs of Liver DiseaseSigns of Liver Disease JaundiceJaundice HepatomegalyHepatomegaly Spider NaeviSpider Naevi SplenomegalySplenomegaly Scratch MarksScratch Marks AscitesAscites Palmer ErythemaPalmer Erythema
Dilated Abdominal Dilated Abdominal VeinsVeins
Peripheral OedemaPeripheral Oedema Finger ClubbingFinger Clubbing Testicular AtrophyTesticular Atrophy BruisingBruising GynaecomastiaGynaecomastia ConfusionComa ConfusionComa
JaundiceJaundicePrehepatic jaundice [haemolysis]Prehepatic jaundice [haemolysis] Massive intravascular haemolysis - as in Massive intravascular haemolysis - as in
some forms of malaria or in sickle cell some forms of malaria or in sickle cell anemiaanemia
Hepatocellular function is normal but Hepatocellular function is normal but overwhelmed - increased unconjugated overwhelmed - increased unconjugated bilirubin bilirubin
Intact Protein and carbohydrate Intact Protein and carbohydrate metabolism metabolism
No reduction in the absorption of Vitamin K No reduction in the absorption of Vitamin K or production of clotting factorsor production of clotting factors
Hepatocellular jaundiceHepatocellular jaundice Hepatitis or Cirrhosis Hepatitis or Cirrhosis decreased protein synthesis signs of decreased protein synthesis signs of
delayed clotting and even encephalopathy delayed clotting and even encephalopathy
CONTDhellipCONTDhellipObstructive JaundiceObstructive Jaundice Biliary obstruction - from a stone in the common Biliary obstruction - from a stone in the common
bile duct pancreatic tumour or ascending bile duct pancreatic tumour or ascending cholangitischolangitis
Hepatocellular function is normal Hepatocellular function is normal Excess plasma bilirubin is chiefly conjugated - Excess plasma bilirubin is chiefly conjugated -
excreted in the urine which becomes darkexcreted in the urine which becomes dark Stools are pale as a result of poor lipid Stools are pale as a result of poor lipid
absorption absorption Protein synthesis is normalProtein synthesis is normal Vitamin K dependant clotting factors reduced Vitamin K dependant clotting factors reduced as the absorption of vitamin K is as the absorption of vitamin K is
dependent on the excretion of bile salts into the dependent on the excretion of bile salts into the small intestine rarr clotting time prolonged small intestine rarr clotting time prolonged parenteral vitamin K parenteral vitamin K
Renal impairment in Renal impairment in JaundiceJaundice
Release of endotoxins into systemic Release of endotoxins into systemic circulationcirculation
following biliary obstruction ndash renal following biliary obstruction ndash renal failurefailure
Prevention Prevention - in high srbilirubin levels ndash - in high srbilirubin levels ndash
percutaneous drainage of biliary tree percutaneous drainage of biliary tree under antibiotic coverunder antibiotic cover
- pre op oral bile salts -- pre op oral bile salts -darr post op RFdarr post op RF
Liver Function TestsLiver Function Tests Indication of severity help to differentiate Indication of severity help to differentiate
between prehepatic hepatocellular and between prehepatic hepatocellular and obstructive jaundiceobstructive jaundice
Jaundice - sign of an elevation of serum Jaundice - sign of an elevation of serum bilirubin bilirubin
Protein and albumin levels are normal in Protein and albumin levels are normal in prehepatic or obstructive jaundice low prehepatic or obstructive jaundice low values indicate hepatocellular damagevalues indicate hepatocellular damage
clotting - Prothrombin Time clotting - Prothrombin Time An elevated INR may indicate impaired An elevated INR may indicate impaired
synthesis of clotting factors due to synthesis of clotting factors due to hepatocellular damage or malabsorption hepatocellular damage or malabsorption of vitamin K due to biliary obstruction of vitamin K due to biliary obstruction
ContdhellipContdhellip Prothrombin time[ half life - 6 -12 hrs ] ndash best Prothrombin time[ half life - 6 -12 hrs ] ndash best
indicator than Albumin [ half life ndash 24 -48 indicator than Albumin [ half life ndash 24 -48 days]days]
Alanine Transaminase (ALT) and Aspartate Alanine Transaminase (ALT) and Aspartate Transaminase (AST) are enzymes that are released Transaminase (AST) are enzymes that are released into the circulation by damaged hepatocytes into the circulation by damaged hepatocytes Raised levels indicate hepatocellular damageRaised levels indicate hepatocellular damage
AST can also be elevated in other circumstances AST can also be elevated in other circumstances such as myocardial infarction such as myocardial infarction
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme localized Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme localized near the bile cannaliculi and is elevated in biliary near the bile cannaliculi and is elevated in biliary obstruction Not specific to hepatobiliary diseaseobstruction Not specific to hepatobiliary disease[ raised in malignant bone disease][ raised in malignant bone disease]
An accompanying rise in Gamma glutamyl An accompanying rise in Gamma glutamyl Transferase (Gamma GT) suggests that the ALP is Transferase (Gamma GT) suggests that the ALP is from the liverfrom the liver
ContdhellipContdhellip Glutathione ndash S ndash transferase ndashto Glutathione ndash S ndash transferase ndashto
assess damage assess damage due to anaestheticsdue to anaesthetics ALP ndashEarly in biliary obstructionALP ndashEarly in biliary obstruction γγ - Glutamyl trans peptidase ndash rises - Glutamyl trans peptidase ndash rises
after alcohol amp drug induced liver after alcohol amp drug induced liver damagedamage
Plasma glucose should be measuredPlasma glucose should be measured
Risk and severity scoringRisk and severity scoring In 1964 Child and Turcotte classified risk for In 1964 Child and Turcotte classified risk for
patients with liver cirrhosis undergoing porto-patients with liver cirrhosis undergoing porto-caval anastomosis for management of portal caval anastomosis for management of portal hypertensionhypertension
Pugh et al at Kings College Hospital Pugh et al at Kings College Hospital published a severity scoring system for published a severity scoring system for patients undergoing oesophageal transection patients undergoing oesophageal transection for bleeding oesophageal varices for bleeding oesophageal varices
The two systems have been amalgamated and The two systems have been amalgamated and provide a disease severity assessment based provide a disease severity assessment based on two clinical and three laboratory variables on two clinical and three laboratory variables
PUGHlsquoS MODIFICATION OF CHILD GRADINGPUGHlsquoS MODIFICATION OF CHILD GRADING Clinical amp Biochemical Clinical amp Biochemical variablesvariables
POINTS POINTS 11
SCORESCOREDD22
33
Serum albumin (gL)Serum albumin (gL) gt35gt35 28-3528-35 lt28lt28
Serum bilirubin (micromolL)Serum bilirubin (micromolL) [Mg dl][Mg dl]
lt35lt35lt 2lt 2
35-6035-602 -32 -3
gt60gt60gt 3gt 3
PT (seconds) prolongedPT (seconds) prolongedfrom controlfrom control
1-41-4INR [ lt INR [ lt 1 7]1 7]
4-104-10INR [17 INR [17 -23]-23]
1010INR gt23INR gt23
AscitesAscites NoneNone MildMild ModerateModerateEncephalopathyEncephalopathy AbsentAbsent Grade I ndash Grade I ndash
IIIIGrade III ndash Grade III ndash IVIV
POINTS 5- 6 ndash class A [5 Mortality] 7 -9 ndashClass B [10 mortality] 10 -15 ndashClass C [50 mortality]
Surgery in patients with liver Surgery in patients with liver dysfunctiondysfunction
The Child-Pugh classification is a useful method The Child-Pugh classification is a useful method of staging the progress of liver decompensation of staging the progress of liver decompensation
Limited predictive value in anaesthesia and Limited predictive value in anaesthesia and surgerysurgery
Group A patients are lower riskGroup A patients are lower risk and with and with sufficient care can be considered as candidates sufficient care can be considered as candidates for most types of surgeryfor most types of surgery
Group B patients ndash acceptable but correct Group B patients ndash acceptable but correct abnormalities abnormalities
Group C patientsGroup C patients present an extremely high present an extremely high operative risk - surgical procedures in these operative risk - surgical procedures in these patients should be avoided if possible- patients should be avoided if possible- only only emergency or life-saving proceduresemergency or life-saving procedures should should be undertakenbe undertaken
Preoperative assessmentPreoperative assessment Type and extent of liver diseaseType and extent of liver disease Extra hepatic effectsExtra hepatic effects Risk assessmentRisk assessment Patients general condition- hydration nutritionPatients general condition- hydration nutrition Associated co-morbid conditionsAssociated co-morbid conditions LFTLFT ConsentConsent Premedication-short acting temazepam in absence Premedication-short acting temazepam in absence
of neurological impairment orally ndashavoid of neurological impairment orally ndashavoid intramuscular injectionsintramuscular injections
H2 receptor antagonistsH2 receptor antagonists Preop Vit K optimal hydrationPreop Vit K optimal hydration
PREOP INVESTIGATIONSPREOP INVESTIGATIONS
Hematological ndashHb Platelet Hematological ndashHb Platelet countWBC Coagulation profilecountWBC Coagulation profile
Metabolic ndash sr Metabolic ndash sr glucose urea creatinine electrolytesglucose urea creatinine electrolytes
Cardio respiratory ndash chest x-rayECG Cardio respiratory ndash chest x-rayECG PFT ABGPFT ABG
Liver function ndash Liver function ndash srbilirubinalbuminliver enzymessrbilirubinalbuminliver enzymes
Pre-op risk factors Pre-op risk factors associated with associated with
postoperative mortalitypostoperative mortality Serum albumin lt3gLSerum albumin lt3gL Serum bilirubin gt50 micromolLSerum bilirubin gt50 micromolL PT gt15 s over controlPT gt15 s over control Presence of infectionPresence of infection WBC gt 10000WBC gt 10000 Treatment with more than two antibioticsTreatment with more than two antibiotics Presence of AscitesPresence of Ascites MalnutritionMalnutrition Emergency surgeryEmergency surgery
Anaesthetic TechniqueAnaesthetic Technique Avoid hypotensive techniquesmdashintra hepatic necrosisAvoid hypotensive techniquesmdashintra hepatic necrosis High conc of oxygen -- - due to intrapulmonary shuntsHigh conc of oxygen -- - due to intrapulmonary shunts Avoid hypotension amp hypoxemiaAvoid hypotension amp hypoxemia Meticulous fluid balance ndashMeticulous fluid balance ndash Ascites ndash may lose a large amount of fluid rapidlyAscites ndash may lose a large amount of fluid rapidly Concentrated albumin solutions ndashto correct Concentrated albumin solutions ndashto correct
hypoproteinemiahypoproteinemia Fresh blood ndashto prevent hypocalcemia due to Fresh blood ndashto prevent hypocalcemia due to
reduced metabolism of preservativesreduced metabolism of preservatives FFP 12 - 15 mlKg ndashCorrect dilutional FFP 12 - 15 mlKg ndashCorrect dilutional
coagulopathycoagulopathy 1 unit of FFP for every 1 unit of packed cells or 250 1 unit of FFP for every 1 unit of packed cells or 250
ml of 09 saline or colloid [500 ml of FFP - uarr ml of 09 saline or colloid [500 ml of FFP - uarr Clotting factors by 20 ]Clotting factors by 20 ]
Maintenance of temperature Maintenance of temperature
MonitoringMonitoring Monitoring of temperature Monitoring of temperature Coagulation status should be monitored ndashplatelet count fibrin Coagulation status should be monitored ndashplatelet count fibrin
degradation products prothrombin time activated clotting degradation products prothrombin time activated clotting time partial thromboplastin timetime partial thromboplastin time
Thromboelastography has been used as a tool in liver Thromboelastography has been used as a tool in liver transplantationtransplantation
Repeated BP cuff inflation ndashmay lead to bruising in patients Repeated BP cuff inflation ndashmay lead to bruising in patients with altered haemostatic functionwith altered haemostatic function
Insertion of Intra arterial line ndash care to prevent haematoma Insertion of Intra arterial line ndash care to prevent haematoma Jugular route is preferred in CVP monitoringJugular route is preferred in CVP monitoring OximetryOximetry Urine outputUrine output Blood lossBlood loss Monitor ionized calciumMonitor ionized calcium
DRUGSDRUGS
Thiopentone ndash intrinsic clearance delayed Thiopentone ndash intrinsic clearance delayed but recovery not delayed because of but recovery not delayed because of redistributionredistribution
Alcoholic cirrhosis ndash larger dose of thio ndash Alcoholic cirrhosis ndash larger dose of thio ndash cross tolerancecross tolerance
Halothane and enflurane reduce hepatic Halothane and enflurane reduce hepatic arterial flow (vasodilatation negative arterial flow (vasodilatation negative inotropic effects)inotropic effects)
Isoflurane increases hepatic blood flowIsoflurane increases hepatic blood flow [preferred][preferred]
NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING AGENTSAGENTS
Reduced plasma pseudo cholinesterase activityReduced plasma pseudo cholinesterase activity Prolonged action- vecuronium Prolonged action- vecuronium
pancruonium[16 fold]pancruonium[16 fold] Decreased biliary excretionDecreased biliary excretion Increased volume of distribution ndashlarger Increased volume of distribution ndashlarger
initial dosesinitial doses 1048708 1048708 Recommended Atracurium ndash metabolism Recommended Atracurium ndash metabolism
independent of liver and kidneysindependent of liver and kidneys 1048708 1048708 For transplantation ndash long acting agent such For transplantation ndash long acting agent such
as doxacuriumas doxacurium
OPIODS amp SEDATIVESOPIODS amp SEDATIVES
NarcoticsNarcotics Reduced metabolism of morphine and Reduced metabolism of morphine and
pethidinepethidine Prefer fentanylPrefer fentanyl Remifentanyl - ideal Remifentanyl - ideal 1048708 1048708 BenzodiazepinesBenzodiazepines 1048708 1048708 Diazepam - prolonged half lifeDiazepam - prolonged half life 1048708 1048708 Oxazepam and lorazepam preferrred Oxazepam and lorazepam preferrred
ndashmetabolised by glucuronidation ndashmetabolised by glucuronidation without liver requirementwithout liver requirement
Regional Anaesthesia Regional Anaesthesia Contraindicated if PT gt25 s above control Contraindicated if PT gt25 s above control
platelet count lt 50000 cumm bleeding platelet count lt 50000 cumm bleeding time gt12 mtstime gt12 mts
Spinal and epidural anaesthesia carries the Spinal and epidural anaesthesia carries the risk of epidural haematoma and paralysis if risk of epidural haematoma and paralysis if there is abnormal clotting but there are there is abnormal clotting but there are otherwise no special precautionsotherwise no special precautions
The half-life of lignocaine is prolonged in The half-life of lignocaine is prolonged in liver failure but this is not significant when liver failure but this is not significant when used in regional anaesthesia used in regional anaesthesia
LA dose diminished in presence of AscitesLA dose diminished in presence of Ascites
Canadian Journal of Anesthesia Vol 45 452-Canadian Journal of Anesthesia Vol 45 452-459 459
Obstetrical anaesthesia for a parturient with Obstetrical anaesthesia for a parturient with preeclampsia HELLP syndrome and acute cortical preeclampsia HELLP syndrome and acute cortical
blindnessblindness A 39-yr-old woman with three past A 39-yr-old woman with three past uncomplicated pregnancies presented at 33 uncomplicated pregnancies presented at 33 wk with acute cortical blindnesswk with acute cortical blindness
Based on clinical and laboratory assessment Based on clinical and laboratory assessment a diagnosis of preeclampsia with HELLP a diagnosis of preeclampsia with HELLP syndrome was madesyndrome was made
A CT scan of her head demonstrated A CT scan of her head demonstrated ischaemic lesions of her basal ganglia ischaemic lesions of her basal ganglia extending superiorly to involve both posterior extending superiorly to involve both posterior parietal and occipital regionsparietal and occipital regions
Infusions of magnesium sulphate and Infusions of magnesium sulphate and hydralazine were started and an urgent hydralazine were started and an urgent Caesarean section was performed Caesarean section was performed under under subarachnoid anaesthesiasubarachnoid anaesthesia after insertion of an after insertion of an arterial line and intravenous hydration arterial line and intravenous hydration
ContdhellipContdhellip The course of anaesthesia and surgery was uneventful The course of anaesthesia and surgery was uneventful
and she delivered a live 1540 g female infantand she delivered a live 1540 g female infant By the following morning she had recovered some By the following morning she had recovered some
vision and visual recovery was complete by 72 hr vision and visual recovery was complete by 72 hr postpartum postpartum
Her postoperative course was uneventful Her postoperative course was uneventful CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION Provided that it is not contraindicated Provided that it is not contraindicated
because of prohibitive risk to the mother because of prohibitive risk to the mother regional regional anaesthesia has particular advantage in these anaesthesia has particular advantage in these patientspatients
In particular the use of spinal anaesthesia which has In particular the use of spinal anaesthesia which has been discouraged by some for this patient population been discouraged by some for this patient population should be re-evaluated should be re-evaluated
Postoperative Postoperative managementmanagement
Oxygen enriched airOxygen enriched air Major surgery ndash elective post operative Major surgery ndash elective post operative
ventilationventilation Replace blood lossReplace blood loss Maintain adequate urine outputMaintain adequate urine output Dopamine and inotropes should be Dopamine and inotropes should be
continuedcontinued The principle complications are likely The principle complications are likely
to be continued bleeding sepsis and to be continued bleeding sepsis and hepatic decompensation hepatic decompensation
Peri-operative considerations in Child-Peri-operative considerations in Child-Pugh A patientsPugh A patients
Pre-operative Pre-operative Aetiology of condition - virology Aetiology of condition - virology Drug idiosyncrasy Drug idiosyncrasy
Blood count and platelets Blood count and platelets Clotting screen Clotting screen Assess renal function Assess renal function Previous anaesthetics Previous anaesthetics
Per-operative Per-operative Consider drug bio-availability issues Consider drug bio-availability issues Avoid drugs excreted via liverAvoid drugs excreted via liver Regional techniques acceptable if clotting Regional techniques acceptable if clotting
normalnormal Post-operativePost-operative Monitor for post-operative hepatic Monitor for post-operative hepatic
decompensationdecompensation Possible prolonged duration of action in Possible prolonged duration of action in opiates HDU ITU careopiates HDU ITU care
Child-Pugh Group BC patient Child-Pugh Group BC patient undergoing major surgeryundergoing major surgery
Previous upper abdominal surgery portal Previous upper abdominal surgery portal hypertension and coagulopathy dramatically hypertension and coagulopathy dramatically increase the potential for per-operative blood lossincrease the potential for per-operative blood loss
8-12 units of blood together fresh frozen plasma 8-12 units of blood together fresh frozen plasma and platelets should be available and platelets should be available
Pre-medicationPre-medication Sedative premedicants should be avoided in the Sedative premedicants should be avoided in the
encephalopathic patient encephalopathic patient Other drugs may be needed pre-operatively and Other drugs may be needed pre-operatively and
include antibiotics and H2 receptor antagonistsinclude antibiotics and H2 receptor antagonists The oral or intravenous route used - The oral or intravenous route used -
intramuscular injections should be avoidedintramuscular injections should be avoided Coagulopathy may require correction with fresh Coagulopathy may require correction with fresh
frozen plasma and platelets and renal frozen plasma and platelets and renal replacement therapy may need to be consideredreplacement therapy may need to be considered
Per-operative considerationsPer-operative considerations Regional techniques -- considered carefully - Regional techniques -- considered carefully -
coagulopathy epidural varices can pose an coagulopathy epidural varices can pose an additional risk additional risk
Vascular accessVascular access with a multi-lumen central with a multi-lumen central venous catheter together with at least one large venous catheter together with at least one large bore central line bore central line
Monitoring of arterial and central venous Monitoring of arterial and central venous pressures is mandatory pressures is mandatory
Pulmonary artery pulmonary capillary wedge Pulmonary artery pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and cardiac output measurements pressure and cardiac output measurements may be necessary in the sick patientmay be necessary in the sick patient
Trans-oesophageal echocardiography and Trans-oesophageal echocardiography and volumetric haemodynamic monitoring pulse volumetric haemodynamic monitoring pulse contour analysis can provide significant contour analysis can provide significant additional information for the strategic additional information for the strategic management of these patients management of these patients
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Coagulation and fibrinolysisCoagulation and fibrinolysis are major are major
concerns concerns The potential for large volume blood replacement The potential for large volume blood replacement
means that temperature should be measured and means that temperature should be measured and a fluid warmer and warming mattress useda fluid warmer and warming mattress used
Regular per-operative estimation of INRPTR may Regular per-operative estimation of INRPTR may be necessary - thromboelastography provides be necessary - thromboelastography provides useful intra-operative evaluation of coagulationuseful intra-operative evaluation of coagulation
Blood conservationBlood conservation - considered - considered Preservation of hepatic function -Preservation of hepatic function - N- N-
acetylcysteine (NAC) is a sulphur-containing acetylcysteine (NAC) is a sulphur-containing antioxidant - benefit patients with fulminant antioxidant - benefit patients with fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
NAC appears to improve oxygen delivery NAC appears to improve oxygen delivery and consumption and reduce base deficitand consumption and reduce base deficit
Renal FunctionRenal Function - - Dopamine may be usefulDopamine may be useful
Bleeding oesophageal Bleeding oesophageal varicesvarices
Bleeding oesophageal varices - life-threatening Bleeding oesophageal varices - life-threatening complication of - often occur against a complication of - often occur against a background of abnormal clotting background of abnormal clotting thrombocytopenia encephalopathy and Ascitesthrombocytopenia encephalopathy and Ascites
Overall mortality is 30 Overall mortality is 30 The principles of anaesthetic managementThe principles of anaesthetic management Protect the airway Protect the airway Establish good vascular access Establish good vascular access Volume replacement - colloid blood fresh Volume replacement - colloid blood fresh
frozen plasma and platelets Avoid saline frozen plasma and platelets Avoid saline Check correct clotting Give Vitamin K correct Check correct clotting Give Vitamin K correct
fibrinolysis and review blood chemistry fibrinolysis and review blood chemistry
Intoxicated Alcoholic Intoxicated Alcoholic PatientsPatients
Requires less anaesthetic ndashadditive depressant Requires less anaesthetic ndashadditive depressant effect of alcohol amp anaestheticseffect of alcohol amp anaesthetics
Ill - equipped to withstand stress amp Acute blood Ill - equipped to withstand stress amp Acute blood lossloss
Alcohol decrease the tolerance of brain to hypoxiaAlcohol decrease the tolerance of brain to hypoxia uarr uarr Risk of regurgitation amp aspiration - alcohol Risk of regurgitation amp aspiration - alcohol
darrtone of lower oesophageal sphincter amp slows darrtone of lower oesophageal sphincter amp slows gastric emptyinggastric emptying
Alcohol Interferes with platelet aggregationAlcohol Interferes with platelet aggregation Causes uarrconc of plasma catecholamines rarr Causes uarrconc of plasma catecholamines rarr
Intraoperative dysarrhytmiasIntraoperative dysarrhytmias
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE
Mild ndash 17 marked - 4Mild ndash 17 marked - 4 Patient factorsPatient factors Congenital Congenital
hemolytic disordershemolytic disorders Acquired hemolytic Acquired hemolytic
disordersdisorders Pre existing liver Pre existing liver
diseasedisease CoagulopathyCoagulopathy Gilberts syndromeGilberts syndrome SepsisSepsis
Perioperative Perioperative factorsfactors
Anaesthetic induced Anaesthetic induced darrHBFdarrHBF
BleedingBleeding HypotensionHypotension Blood transfusionBlood transfusion Biliary tree traumaBiliary tree trauma Viral hepatitisViral hepatitis DrugsDrugs Halothane antibioticsHalothane antibiotics Nonsteroidal agentsNonsteroidal agents
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -
5000mg Bilirubin5000mg Bilirubin 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg
bilirubinbilirubin Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in
G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cell disease multiple blood transfusionscell disease multiple blood transfusions
Delayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashDelayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashpostop jaundicepostop jaundice
Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgeryuarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgery
ContdhellipContdhellip Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow
non biliary surgery 3- 30 days post opnon biliary surgery 3- 30 days post op Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis
[benign] - associated with multiple blood [benign] - associated with multiple blood transfusions hypoxia hypotension - transfusions hypoxia hypotension - uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks
ManagementManagement Prevention is the best treatment Prevention is the best treatment Avoid precipitating factorsAvoid precipitating factors
Halothane HepatitisHalothane Hepatitis The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane
anaesthetics - higher in women the middle anaesthetics - higher in women the middle aged and the obeseaged and the obese
Rarer in paediatric patients and with the Rarer in paediatric patients and with the newer volatile agents newer volatile agents
Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
ldquoldquoUnexplained liver damage within 28 days of Unexplained liver damage within 28 days of halothane exposure in previously normal halothane exposure in previously normal patientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reactionpatientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reaction
Clinical featuresClinical features malaise anorexiafever malaise anorexiafever within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks
Halothane HepatitisHalothane HepatitisDIAGNOSISDIAGNOSIS Serum antibodies that react with specific liver Serum antibodies that react with specific liver
microsomal proteins that are altered by microsomal proteins that are altered by trifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothanetrifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothane
Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Risk factorsRisk factors High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ]High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ] previous adverse reactionprevious adverse reaction Uncertain - obesityUncertain - obesity Female [16 1 ]Female [16 1 ] Drug allergy [ 15 ]Drug allergy [ 15 ] Family historyFamily history Lymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoinLymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoin
ContdhellipContdhellip The cause not fully established - multifactorial - The cause not fully established - multifactorial -
possible immunological cause possible immunological cause Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated
proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically predisposed subjectspredisposed subjects
Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also to blameto blame
Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile agent so toxic metabolites may be involvedagent so toxic metabolites may be involved
The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with increasing numbers of exposures to halothane increasing numbers of exposures to halothane
Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO database holds 225 and 159 reports respectivelydatabase holds 225 and 159 reports respectively
Halothane exposure Halothane exposure guidelinesguidelines
Avoid Halothane ifAvoid Halothane if Within at least 3 months of a previous Within at least 3 months of a previous
exposure exposure Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or
pyrexia pyrexia Family history of hepatic reactions to Family history of hepatic reactions to
halothanehalothane Pre - existing liver diseasePre - existing liver disease Adverse reactions to Other volatile Adverse reactions to Other volatile
anaesthetic agentsanaesthetic agents
Liver and PregnancyLiver and Pregnancy Normal in sizeNormal in size A decrease in total protein as well albumin A decrease in total protein as well albumin An increase of the liver dependent clotting An increase of the liver dependent clotting
factors such as fibrinogen factors such as fibrinogen An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times
secondary to placental alkalinesecondary to placental alkaline Srcholinesterase Srcholinesterase darr 30darr 30 Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and
bilirubinbilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin
ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver disease disease
Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Intrahepatic Cholestasis of PregnancyPregnancy
Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Rare in black patients Rare in black patients
Strong family history Strong family history High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies
60-7060-70 Pruritus alone - 80 percent Pruritus alone - 80 percent Jaundice develop in 20 percentJaundice develop in 20 percent Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or
no elevation in transaminasesno elevation in transaminases
IChP ndashcontdhellipIChP ndashcontdhellip Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early
delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice ) pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice )
Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts Dexamethasone Dexamethasone
Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but bilurubin within 4-6 weeks bilurubin within 4-6 weeks
Implications on Anaesthesia Implications on Anaesthesia Check coagulation profile Check coagulation profile Ask for vit K IV Ask for vit K IV take care of high incidence of fetal distress take care of high incidence of fetal distress
meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist must attend with incubatormust attend with incubator
Preeclampsia amp EclampsiaPreeclampsia amp Eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia
and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl
If not associated with other criteria of HELLP If not associated with other criteria of HELLP syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 50mlday 50mlday
Implications on anaesthesiaImplications on anaesthesia Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress
response which could continue to anaesthesia response which could continue to anaesthesia provided INR lt15 provided INR lt15
Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed tube 6-7 mm tube 6-7 mm
Adequate analgesia Adequate analgesia Fluids restriction Fluids restriction Continue medications postoperative in ICU Continue medications postoperative in ICU
HELLP syndrome HELLP syndrome Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low
plateletsplatelets Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-
eclampsia result from very active platelets eclampsia result from very active platelets aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia and congestion with deposition of fibrous and congestion with deposition of fibrous network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage
Nausea vomiting headache and upper right Nausea vomiting headache and upper right abdominal pain hypotension shockabdominal pain hypotension shock
Best markers are the maternal lactate Best markers are the maternal lactate dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet count count
Congested liver of HELLP Congested liver of HELLP syndromesyndrome
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high
dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has been shown to markedly improve the laboratory been shown to markedly improve the laboratory abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome
Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is
greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of magnesium sulfate magnesium sulfate
Anesthesia like severe preclampsia Anesthesia like severe preclampsia avoid trauma to liveravoid trauma to liver Vit K if INR gt15Vit K if INR gt15 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60
ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF PREGNANCYPREGNANCY
Rare serious disorder unknown etiologyRare serious disorder unknown etiology Symptoms in third trimesterSymptoms in third trimester ndashabdominal
pain nausea vomiting anorexiafatique fever headache
Rapid progression ndashbleeding jaundice encephalopathy renal failure hepatic failure coagulopathy - PPH
uarrTransaminases hyperbilirubinemia uarrprothrombin time --- DIC
Prompt delivery is advisable
Hepatic Rupture and Hepatic Rupture and Infarction Infarction
Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 to 85 percent) are at higher risk to 85 percent) are at higher risk
Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in
shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy
Therapy for hepatic rupture has included Therapy for hepatic rupture has included transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted in hepatic rupture in hepatic rupture
Hepatic infarctionHepatic infarction was typically present with fever was typically present with fever and marked elevations in transaminase levels In and marked elevations in transaminase levels In surviving patients liver function and histopathology surviving patients liver function and histopathology are normal within six months of delivery are normal within six months of delivery
Anesthesia in pregnant women with Anesthesia in pregnant women with HELLP syndromeHELLP syndrome
Retrospective studyRetrospective study For the period of 1 July For the period of 1 July 1996 through 30 June 2000 1996 through 30 June 2000
RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had cesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal deliverycesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal delivery
Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 postcesarean delivery the range platelet count postcesarean delivery the range platelet count was 19000-143000microl was 19000-143000microl
Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia
There were no neurologic complications or There were no neurologic complications or bleeding in the epidural spacebleeding in the epidural space
CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any neurologic or hematologic complications of women neurologic or hematologic complications of women with HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesiawith HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesia
Subdural Hematoma following dural Subdural Hematoma following dural puncture in a parturient with HELLP puncture in a parturient with HELLP
syndromesyndrome This complication occurred following This complication occurred following accidental dural puncture in a parturient accidental dural puncture in a parturient with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who subsequently developed the syndrome of subsequently developed the syndrome of hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low plateletsplatelets
On the first postoperative day postdural On the first postoperative day postdural puncture headache (PDPH) developed puncture headache (PDPH) developed
An epidural blood patch (EBP) was An epidural blood patch (EBP) was deferred to the third postoperative day deferred to the third postoperative day because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1 because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1
Headache intensified from a typical PDPH Headache intensified from a typical PDPH to one which was not posturally related to one which was not posturally related
A second EBP was abandoned after the A second EBP was abandoned after the
injection of 5 mL of blood because of injection of 5 mL of blood because of increasing headache during the procedure increasing headache during the procedure
Magnetic resonance imaging revealed Magnetic resonance imaging revealed bilateral temporal subdural hematomas bilateral temporal subdural hematomas
The patient was managed conservatively and The patient was managed conservatively and discharged home without any sequelae discharged home without any sequelae
ConclusionConclusion It is conceivable that It is conceivable that thrombocytopenia together with possible thrombocytopenia together with possible abnormal platelet function increased the risk abnormal platelet function increased the risk of subdural hematoma of subdural hematoma
Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be considered whenever headache is not considered whenever headache is not posturally related posturally related
OCUPATIONAL HAZARDOCUPATIONAL HAZARD Risk of transmission of HBV following Risk of transmission of HBV following
inoculation is 5 -30inoculation is 5 -30 May occur through needle prickcuts May occur through needle prickcuts
sharp injuriesmucous membranes- sharp injuriesmucous membranes- waterproof dressingwaterproof dressing
Wear gloves while inserting a Wear gloves while inserting a cannula airways intubation amp extubation cannula airways intubation amp extubation
Sharps should not be handed directly to Sharps should not be handed directly to othersothers
See to the sterilisation of other See to the sterilisation of other contaminated thingscontaminated things
GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEMGASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM Rupture of oesophageal varicesRupture of oesophageal varices Vassopressin amp octreotide ndashreduce portal Vassopressin amp octreotide ndashreduce portal
hypertensionhypertension Susceptibility to infection - increasedSusceptibility to infection - increasedDrug dispositionDrug disposition Cholestasis will reduce absorption of fat-Cholestasis will reduce absorption of fat-
soluble drugs after oral administrationsoluble drugs after oral administration Compartment changes and altered protein Compartment changes and altered protein
binding will affect volume of distribution binding will affect volume of distribution clearance and re-distribution clearance and re-distribution
Patients with liver dysfunction may be Patients with liver dysfunction may be particularly sensitive to opiates and particularly sensitive to opiates and benzodiazepines due to altered end-organ benzodiazepines due to altered end-organ sensitivitysensitivity
Effect of hepatic dysfunction on Effect of hepatic dysfunction on anaestheticsanaesthetics
darr darr Albumin -increased free fraction Albumin -increased free fraction Altered volume of distribution [Ascites amp increased Altered volume of distribution [Ascites amp increased
total body water compartment]total body water compartment] Reduced metabolism ndashalters drug pharmacodynamics Reduced metabolism ndashalters drug pharmacodynamics Opiods -Opiods - Morphine pethidine -uarr uarr respiratory depression amp Morphine pethidine -uarr uarr respiratory depression amp
sedationsedationSedative hypnotic drugsSedative hypnotic drugs Benzodiazepines ndash prolongedBenzodiazepines ndash prolongedNDMR NDMR Prolonged action for vecuronium and pancuroniumProlonged action for vecuronium and pancuroniumDMRDMR Decreased serum cholinesterase activity Decreased serum cholinesterase activity
The Effect of Anaesthetics on Liver The Effect of Anaesthetics on Liver FunctionFunction
VOLATILE AGENTSVOLATILE AGENTS Halothane -darr HABFPBF disturb HABR [hepatic Halothane -darr HABFPBF disturb HABR [hepatic
arterial buffer response]arterial buffer response] Sevoflurane isoflurane maintain HABR Sevoflurane isoflurane maintain HABR SEVO gt ISO gt DES gt HALOSEVO gt ISO gt DES gt HALOIV ANAESTHETICSIV ANAESTHETICS Thiopentone etomidate -darrTHBFThiopentone etomidate -darrTHBF Propofol - uarrTHBF ndashsplanchnic vasodilatorPropofol - uarrTHBF ndashsplanchnic vasodilator Ketamine ndash no effectsKetamine ndash no effectsREGIONAL ANAESTHESIAREGIONAL ANAESTHESIA High epidural may reduce THBFHigh epidural may reduce THBF
Effect of General Anaesthesia on liver Effect of General Anaesthesia on liver functions in patients with preexisting functions in patients with preexisting
liver diseasesliver diseases Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 1989 Apr 37(2) 61-6Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 1989 Apr 37(2) 61-6 ABSTRACT Effects of anaesthetics on liver ABSTRACT Effects of anaesthetics on liver
functions were studies in 13 patients having no liver functions were studies in 13 patients having no liver disease (group I) and 11 patients having liver disease (group I) and 11 patients having liver disease (group II) disease (group II)
Serum cholinesterase increased significantly in both Serum cholinesterase increased significantly in both the group Rise in SGOT levels was significant only the group Rise in SGOT levels was significant only in group I who had greater surgical trauma and not in group I who had greater surgical trauma and not in the other group of patients (group II) in the other group of patients (group II)
Significant decrease in total serum proteins was Significant decrease in total serum proteins was seen on different postoperative days in group I but seen on different postoperative days in group I but only on 5th postoperative day in group II only on 5th postoperative day in group II
It was concluded that presence of liver disease does It was concluded that presence of liver disease does not increase the adverse effect of anaesthesia on not increase the adverse effect of anaesthesia on liver function and that liver function and that surgical trauma is more surgical trauma is more important than anaesthesia in producingimportant than anaesthesia in producing liver liver dysfunction dysfunction
Signs of Liver DiseaseSigns of Liver Disease JaundiceJaundice HepatomegalyHepatomegaly Spider NaeviSpider Naevi SplenomegalySplenomegaly Scratch MarksScratch Marks AscitesAscites Palmer ErythemaPalmer Erythema
Dilated Abdominal Dilated Abdominal VeinsVeins
Peripheral OedemaPeripheral Oedema Finger ClubbingFinger Clubbing Testicular AtrophyTesticular Atrophy BruisingBruising GynaecomastiaGynaecomastia ConfusionComa ConfusionComa
JaundiceJaundicePrehepatic jaundice [haemolysis]Prehepatic jaundice [haemolysis] Massive intravascular haemolysis - as in Massive intravascular haemolysis - as in
some forms of malaria or in sickle cell some forms of malaria or in sickle cell anemiaanemia
Hepatocellular function is normal but Hepatocellular function is normal but overwhelmed - increased unconjugated overwhelmed - increased unconjugated bilirubin bilirubin
Intact Protein and carbohydrate Intact Protein and carbohydrate metabolism metabolism
No reduction in the absorption of Vitamin K No reduction in the absorption of Vitamin K or production of clotting factorsor production of clotting factors
Hepatocellular jaundiceHepatocellular jaundice Hepatitis or Cirrhosis Hepatitis or Cirrhosis decreased protein synthesis signs of decreased protein synthesis signs of
delayed clotting and even encephalopathy delayed clotting and even encephalopathy
CONTDhellipCONTDhellipObstructive JaundiceObstructive Jaundice Biliary obstruction - from a stone in the common Biliary obstruction - from a stone in the common
bile duct pancreatic tumour or ascending bile duct pancreatic tumour or ascending cholangitischolangitis
Hepatocellular function is normal Hepatocellular function is normal Excess plasma bilirubin is chiefly conjugated - Excess plasma bilirubin is chiefly conjugated -
excreted in the urine which becomes darkexcreted in the urine which becomes dark Stools are pale as a result of poor lipid Stools are pale as a result of poor lipid
absorption absorption Protein synthesis is normalProtein synthesis is normal Vitamin K dependant clotting factors reduced Vitamin K dependant clotting factors reduced as the absorption of vitamin K is as the absorption of vitamin K is
dependent on the excretion of bile salts into the dependent on the excretion of bile salts into the small intestine rarr clotting time prolonged small intestine rarr clotting time prolonged parenteral vitamin K parenteral vitamin K
Renal impairment in Renal impairment in JaundiceJaundice
Release of endotoxins into systemic Release of endotoxins into systemic circulationcirculation
following biliary obstruction ndash renal following biliary obstruction ndash renal failurefailure
Prevention Prevention - in high srbilirubin levels ndash - in high srbilirubin levels ndash
percutaneous drainage of biliary tree percutaneous drainage of biliary tree under antibiotic coverunder antibiotic cover
- pre op oral bile salts -- pre op oral bile salts -darr post op RFdarr post op RF
Liver Function TestsLiver Function Tests Indication of severity help to differentiate Indication of severity help to differentiate
between prehepatic hepatocellular and between prehepatic hepatocellular and obstructive jaundiceobstructive jaundice
Jaundice - sign of an elevation of serum Jaundice - sign of an elevation of serum bilirubin bilirubin
Protein and albumin levels are normal in Protein and albumin levels are normal in prehepatic or obstructive jaundice low prehepatic or obstructive jaundice low values indicate hepatocellular damagevalues indicate hepatocellular damage
clotting - Prothrombin Time clotting - Prothrombin Time An elevated INR may indicate impaired An elevated INR may indicate impaired
synthesis of clotting factors due to synthesis of clotting factors due to hepatocellular damage or malabsorption hepatocellular damage or malabsorption of vitamin K due to biliary obstruction of vitamin K due to biliary obstruction
ContdhellipContdhellip Prothrombin time[ half life - 6 -12 hrs ] ndash best Prothrombin time[ half life - 6 -12 hrs ] ndash best
indicator than Albumin [ half life ndash 24 -48 indicator than Albumin [ half life ndash 24 -48 days]days]
Alanine Transaminase (ALT) and Aspartate Alanine Transaminase (ALT) and Aspartate Transaminase (AST) are enzymes that are released Transaminase (AST) are enzymes that are released into the circulation by damaged hepatocytes into the circulation by damaged hepatocytes Raised levels indicate hepatocellular damageRaised levels indicate hepatocellular damage
AST can also be elevated in other circumstances AST can also be elevated in other circumstances such as myocardial infarction such as myocardial infarction
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme localized Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme localized near the bile cannaliculi and is elevated in biliary near the bile cannaliculi and is elevated in biliary obstruction Not specific to hepatobiliary diseaseobstruction Not specific to hepatobiliary disease[ raised in malignant bone disease][ raised in malignant bone disease]
An accompanying rise in Gamma glutamyl An accompanying rise in Gamma glutamyl Transferase (Gamma GT) suggests that the ALP is Transferase (Gamma GT) suggests that the ALP is from the liverfrom the liver
ContdhellipContdhellip Glutathione ndash S ndash transferase ndashto Glutathione ndash S ndash transferase ndashto
assess damage assess damage due to anaestheticsdue to anaesthetics ALP ndashEarly in biliary obstructionALP ndashEarly in biliary obstruction γγ - Glutamyl trans peptidase ndash rises - Glutamyl trans peptidase ndash rises
after alcohol amp drug induced liver after alcohol amp drug induced liver damagedamage
Plasma glucose should be measuredPlasma glucose should be measured
Risk and severity scoringRisk and severity scoring In 1964 Child and Turcotte classified risk for In 1964 Child and Turcotte classified risk for
patients with liver cirrhosis undergoing porto-patients with liver cirrhosis undergoing porto-caval anastomosis for management of portal caval anastomosis for management of portal hypertensionhypertension
Pugh et al at Kings College Hospital Pugh et al at Kings College Hospital published a severity scoring system for published a severity scoring system for patients undergoing oesophageal transection patients undergoing oesophageal transection for bleeding oesophageal varices for bleeding oesophageal varices
The two systems have been amalgamated and The two systems have been amalgamated and provide a disease severity assessment based provide a disease severity assessment based on two clinical and three laboratory variables on two clinical and three laboratory variables
PUGHlsquoS MODIFICATION OF CHILD GRADINGPUGHlsquoS MODIFICATION OF CHILD GRADING Clinical amp Biochemical Clinical amp Biochemical variablesvariables
POINTS POINTS 11
SCORESCOREDD22
33
Serum albumin (gL)Serum albumin (gL) gt35gt35 28-3528-35 lt28lt28
Serum bilirubin (micromolL)Serum bilirubin (micromolL) [Mg dl][Mg dl]
lt35lt35lt 2lt 2
35-6035-602 -32 -3
gt60gt60gt 3gt 3
PT (seconds) prolongedPT (seconds) prolongedfrom controlfrom control
1-41-4INR [ lt INR [ lt 1 7]1 7]
4-104-10INR [17 INR [17 -23]-23]
1010INR gt23INR gt23
AscitesAscites NoneNone MildMild ModerateModerateEncephalopathyEncephalopathy AbsentAbsent Grade I ndash Grade I ndash
IIIIGrade III ndash Grade III ndash IVIV
POINTS 5- 6 ndash class A [5 Mortality] 7 -9 ndashClass B [10 mortality] 10 -15 ndashClass C [50 mortality]
Surgery in patients with liver Surgery in patients with liver dysfunctiondysfunction
The Child-Pugh classification is a useful method The Child-Pugh classification is a useful method of staging the progress of liver decompensation of staging the progress of liver decompensation
Limited predictive value in anaesthesia and Limited predictive value in anaesthesia and surgerysurgery
Group A patients are lower riskGroup A patients are lower risk and with and with sufficient care can be considered as candidates sufficient care can be considered as candidates for most types of surgeryfor most types of surgery
Group B patients ndash acceptable but correct Group B patients ndash acceptable but correct abnormalities abnormalities
Group C patientsGroup C patients present an extremely high present an extremely high operative risk - surgical procedures in these operative risk - surgical procedures in these patients should be avoided if possible- patients should be avoided if possible- only only emergency or life-saving proceduresemergency or life-saving procedures should should be undertakenbe undertaken
Preoperative assessmentPreoperative assessment Type and extent of liver diseaseType and extent of liver disease Extra hepatic effectsExtra hepatic effects Risk assessmentRisk assessment Patients general condition- hydration nutritionPatients general condition- hydration nutrition Associated co-morbid conditionsAssociated co-morbid conditions LFTLFT ConsentConsent Premedication-short acting temazepam in absence Premedication-short acting temazepam in absence
of neurological impairment orally ndashavoid of neurological impairment orally ndashavoid intramuscular injectionsintramuscular injections
H2 receptor antagonistsH2 receptor antagonists Preop Vit K optimal hydrationPreop Vit K optimal hydration
PREOP INVESTIGATIONSPREOP INVESTIGATIONS
Hematological ndashHb Platelet Hematological ndashHb Platelet countWBC Coagulation profilecountWBC Coagulation profile
Metabolic ndash sr Metabolic ndash sr glucose urea creatinine electrolytesglucose urea creatinine electrolytes
Cardio respiratory ndash chest x-rayECG Cardio respiratory ndash chest x-rayECG PFT ABGPFT ABG
Liver function ndash Liver function ndash srbilirubinalbuminliver enzymessrbilirubinalbuminliver enzymes
Pre-op risk factors Pre-op risk factors associated with associated with
postoperative mortalitypostoperative mortality Serum albumin lt3gLSerum albumin lt3gL Serum bilirubin gt50 micromolLSerum bilirubin gt50 micromolL PT gt15 s over controlPT gt15 s over control Presence of infectionPresence of infection WBC gt 10000WBC gt 10000 Treatment with more than two antibioticsTreatment with more than two antibiotics Presence of AscitesPresence of Ascites MalnutritionMalnutrition Emergency surgeryEmergency surgery
Anaesthetic TechniqueAnaesthetic Technique Avoid hypotensive techniquesmdashintra hepatic necrosisAvoid hypotensive techniquesmdashintra hepatic necrosis High conc of oxygen -- - due to intrapulmonary shuntsHigh conc of oxygen -- - due to intrapulmonary shunts Avoid hypotension amp hypoxemiaAvoid hypotension amp hypoxemia Meticulous fluid balance ndashMeticulous fluid balance ndash Ascites ndash may lose a large amount of fluid rapidlyAscites ndash may lose a large amount of fluid rapidly Concentrated albumin solutions ndashto correct Concentrated albumin solutions ndashto correct
hypoproteinemiahypoproteinemia Fresh blood ndashto prevent hypocalcemia due to Fresh blood ndashto prevent hypocalcemia due to
reduced metabolism of preservativesreduced metabolism of preservatives FFP 12 - 15 mlKg ndashCorrect dilutional FFP 12 - 15 mlKg ndashCorrect dilutional
coagulopathycoagulopathy 1 unit of FFP for every 1 unit of packed cells or 250 1 unit of FFP for every 1 unit of packed cells or 250
ml of 09 saline or colloid [500 ml of FFP - uarr ml of 09 saline or colloid [500 ml of FFP - uarr Clotting factors by 20 ]Clotting factors by 20 ]
Maintenance of temperature Maintenance of temperature
MonitoringMonitoring Monitoring of temperature Monitoring of temperature Coagulation status should be monitored ndashplatelet count fibrin Coagulation status should be monitored ndashplatelet count fibrin
degradation products prothrombin time activated clotting degradation products prothrombin time activated clotting time partial thromboplastin timetime partial thromboplastin time
Thromboelastography has been used as a tool in liver Thromboelastography has been used as a tool in liver transplantationtransplantation
Repeated BP cuff inflation ndashmay lead to bruising in patients Repeated BP cuff inflation ndashmay lead to bruising in patients with altered haemostatic functionwith altered haemostatic function
Insertion of Intra arterial line ndash care to prevent haematoma Insertion of Intra arterial line ndash care to prevent haematoma Jugular route is preferred in CVP monitoringJugular route is preferred in CVP monitoring OximetryOximetry Urine outputUrine output Blood lossBlood loss Monitor ionized calciumMonitor ionized calcium
DRUGSDRUGS
Thiopentone ndash intrinsic clearance delayed Thiopentone ndash intrinsic clearance delayed but recovery not delayed because of but recovery not delayed because of redistributionredistribution
Alcoholic cirrhosis ndash larger dose of thio ndash Alcoholic cirrhosis ndash larger dose of thio ndash cross tolerancecross tolerance
Halothane and enflurane reduce hepatic Halothane and enflurane reduce hepatic arterial flow (vasodilatation negative arterial flow (vasodilatation negative inotropic effects)inotropic effects)
Isoflurane increases hepatic blood flowIsoflurane increases hepatic blood flow [preferred][preferred]
NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING AGENTSAGENTS
Reduced plasma pseudo cholinesterase activityReduced plasma pseudo cholinesterase activity Prolonged action- vecuronium Prolonged action- vecuronium
pancruonium[16 fold]pancruonium[16 fold] Decreased biliary excretionDecreased biliary excretion Increased volume of distribution ndashlarger Increased volume of distribution ndashlarger
initial dosesinitial doses 1048708 1048708 Recommended Atracurium ndash metabolism Recommended Atracurium ndash metabolism
independent of liver and kidneysindependent of liver and kidneys 1048708 1048708 For transplantation ndash long acting agent such For transplantation ndash long acting agent such
as doxacuriumas doxacurium
OPIODS amp SEDATIVESOPIODS amp SEDATIVES
NarcoticsNarcotics Reduced metabolism of morphine and Reduced metabolism of morphine and
pethidinepethidine Prefer fentanylPrefer fentanyl Remifentanyl - ideal Remifentanyl - ideal 1048708 1048708 BenzodiazepinesBenzodiazepines 1048708 1048708 Diazepam - prolonged half lifeDiazepam - prolonged half life 1048708 1048708 Oxazepam and lorazepam preferrred Oxazepam and lorazepam preferrred
ndashmetabolised by glucuronidation ndashmetabolised by glucuronidation without liver requirementwithout liver requirement
Regional Anaesthesia Regional Anaesthesia Contraindicated if PT gt25 s above control Contraindicated if PT gt25 s above control
platelet count lt 50000 cumm bleeding platelet count lt 50000 cumm bleeding time gt12 mtstime gt12 mts
Spinal and epidural anaesthesia carries the Spinal and epidural anaesthesia carries the risk of epidural haematoma and paralysis if risk of epidural haematoma and paralysis if there is abnormal clotting but there are there is abnormal clotting but there are otherwise no special precautionsotherwise no special precautions
The half-life of lignocaine is prolonged in The half-life of lignocaine is prolonged in liver failure but this is not significant when liver failure but this is not significant when used in regional anaesthesia used in regional anaesthesia
LA dose diminished in presence of AscitesLA dose diminished in presence of Ascites
Canadian Journal of Anesthesia Vol 45 452-Canadian Journal of Anesthesia Vol 45 452-459 459
Obstetrical anaesthesia for a parturient with Obstetrical anaesthesia for a parturient with preeclampsia HELLP syndrome and acute cortical preeclampsia HELLP syndrome and acute cortical
blindnessblindness A 39-yr-old woman with three past A 39-yr-old woman with three past uncomplicated pregnancies presented at 33 uncomplicated pregnancies presented at 33 wk with acute cortical blindnesswk with acute cortical blindness
Based on clinical and laboratory assessment Based on clinical and laboratory assessment a diagnosis of preeclampsia with HELLP a diagnosis of preeclampsia with HELLP syndrome was madesyndrome was made
A CT scan of her head demonstrated A CT scan of her head demonstrated ischaemic lesions of her basal ganglia ischaemic lesions of her basal ganglia extending superiorly to involve both posterior extending superiorly to involve both posterior parietal and occipital regionsparietal and occipital regions
Infusions of magnesium sulphate and Infusions of magnesium sulphate and hydralazine were started and an urgent hydralazine were started and an urgent Caesarean section was performed Caesarean section was performed under under subarachnoid anaesthesiasubarachnoid anaesthesia after insertion of an after insertion of an arterial line and intravenous hydration arterial line and intravenous hydration
ContdhellipContdhellip The course of anaesthesia and surgery was uneventful The course of anaesthesia and surgery was uneventful
and she delivered a live 1540 g female infantand she delivered a live 1540 g female infant By the following morning she had recovered some By the following morning she had recovered some
vision and visual recovery was complete by 72 hr vision and visual recovery was complete by 72 hr postpartum postpartum
Her postoperative course was uneventful Her postoperative course was uneventful CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION Provided that it is not contraindicated Provided that it is not contraindicated
because of prohibitive risk to the mother because of prohibitive risk to the mother regional regional anaesthesia has particular advantage in these anaesthesia has particular advantage in these patientspatients
In particular the use of spinal anaesthesia which has In particular the use of spinal anaesthesia which has been discouraged by some for this patient population been discouraged by some for this patient population should be re-evaluated should be re-evaluated
Postoperative Postoperative managementmanagement
Oxygen enriched airOxygen enriched air Major surgery ndash elective post operative Major surgery ndash elective post operative
ventilationventilation Replace blood lossReplace blood loss Maintain adequate urine outputMaintain adequate urine output Dopamine and inotropes should be Dopamine and inotropes should be
continuedcontinued The principle complications are likely The principle complications are likely
to be continued bleeding sepsis and to be continued bleeding sepsis and hepatic decompensation hepatic decompensation
Peri-operative considerations in Child-Peri-operative considerations in Child-Pugh A patientsPugh A patients
Pre-operative Pre-operative Aetiology of condition - virology Aetiology of condition - virology Drug idiosyncrasy Drug idiosyncrasy
Blood count and platelets Blood count and platelets Clotting screen Clotting screen Assess renal function Assess renal function Previous anaesthetics Previous anaesthetics
Per-operative Per-operative Consider drug bio-availability issues Consider drug bio-availability issues Avoid drugs excreted via liverAvoid drugs excreted via liver Regional techniques acceptable if clotting Regional techniques acceptable if clotting
normalnormal Post-operativePost-operative Monitor for post-operative hepatic Monitor for post-operative hepatic
decompensationdecompensation Possible prolonged duration of action in Possible prolonged duration of action in opiates HDU ITU careopiates HDU ITU care
Child-Pugh Group BC patient Child-Pugh Group BC patient undergoing major surgeryundergoing major surgery
Previous upper abdominal surgery portal Previous upper abdominal surgery portal hypertension and coagulopathy dramatically hypertension and coagulopathy dramatically increase the potential for per-operative blood lossincrease the potential for per-operative blood loss
8-12 units of blood together fresh frozen plasma 8-12 units of blood together fresh frozen plasma and platelets should be available and platelets should be available
Pre-medicationPre-medication Sedative premedicants should be avoided in the Sedative premedicants should be avoided in the
encephalopathic patient encephalopathic patient Other drugs may be needed pre-operatively and Other drugs may be needed pre-operatively and
include antibiotics and H2 receptor antagonistsinclude antibiotics and H2 receptor antagonists The oral or intravenous route used - The oral or intravenous route used -
intramuscular injections should be avoidedintramuscular injections should be avoided Coagulopathy may require correction with fresh Coagulopathy may require correction with fresh
frozen plasma and platelets and renal frozen plasma and platelets and renal replacement therapy may need to be consideredreplacement therapy may need to be considered
Per-operative considerationsPer-operative considerations Regional techniques -- considered carefully - Regional techniques -- considered carefully -
coagulopathy epidural varices can pose an coagulopathy epidural varices can pose an additional risk additional risk
Vascular accessVascular access with a multi-lumen central with a multi-lumen central venous catheter together with at least one large venous catheter together with at least one large bore central line bore central line
Monitoring of arterial and central venous Monitoring of arterial and central venous pressures is mandatory pressures is mandatory
Pulmonary artery pulmonary capillary wedge Pulmonary artery pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and cardiac output measurements pressure and cardiac output measurements may be necessary in the sick patientmay be necessary in the sick patient
Trans-oesophageal echocardiography and Trans-oesophageal echocardiography and volumetric haemodynamic monitoring pulse volumetric haemodynamic monitoring pulse contour analysis can provide significant contour analysis can provide significant additional information for the strategic additional information for the strategic management of these patients management of these patients
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Coagulation and fibrinolysisCoagulation and fibrinolysis are major are major
concerns concerns The potential for large volume blood replacement The potential for large volume blood replacement
means that temperature should be measured and means that temperature should be measured and a fluid warmer and warming mattress useda fluid warmer and warming mattress used
Regular per-operative estimation of INRPTR may Regular per-operative estimation of INRPTR may be necessary - thromboelastography provides be necessary - thromboelastography provides useful intra-operative evaluation of coagulationuseful intra-operative evaluation of coagulation
Blood conservationBlood conservation - considered - considered Preservation of hepatic function -Preservation of hepatic function - N- N-
acetylcysteine (NAC) is a sulphur-containing acetylcysteine (NAC) is a sulphur-containing antioxidant - benefit patients with fulminant antioxidant - benefit patients with fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
NAC appears to improve oxygen delivery NAC appears to improve oxygen delivery and consumption and reduce base deficitand consumption and reduce base deficit
Renal FunctionRenal Function - - Dopamine may be usefulDopamine may be useful
Bleeding oesophageal Bleeding oesophageal varicesvarices
Bleeding oesophageal varices - life-threatening Bleeding oesophageal varices - life-threatening complication of - often occur against a complication of - often occur against a background of abnormal clotting background of abnormal clotting thrombocytopenia encephalopathy and Ascitesthrombocytopenia encephalopathy and Ascites
Overall mortality is 30 Overall mortality is 30 The principles of anaesthetic managementThe principles of anaesthetic management Protect the airway Protect the airway Establish good vascular access Establish good vascular access Volume replacement - colloid blood fresh Volume replacement - colloid blood fresh
frozen plasma and platelets Avoid saline frozen plasma and platelets Avoid saline Check correct clotting Give Vitamin K correct Check correct clotting Give Vitamin K correct
fibrinolysis and review blood chemistry fibrinolysis and review blood chemistry
Intoxicated Alcoholic Intoxicated Alcoholic PatientsPatients
Requires less anaesthetic ndashadditive depressant Requires less anaesthetic ndashadditive depressant effect of alcohol amp anaestheticseffect of alcohol amp anaesthetics
Ill - equipped to withstand stress amp Acute blood Ill - equipped to withstand stress amp Acute blood lossloss
Alcohol decrease the tolerance of brain to hypoxiaAlcohol decrease the tolerance of brain to hypoxia uarr uarr Risk of regurgitation amp aspiration - alcohol Risk of regurgitation amp aspiration - alcohol
darrtone of lower oesophageal sphincter amp slows darrtone of lower oesophageal sphincter amp slows gastric emptyinggastric emptying
Alcohol Interferes with platelet aggregationAlcohol Interferes with platelet aggregation Causes uarrconc of plasma catecholamines rarr Causes uarrconc of plasma catecholamines rarr
Intraoperative dysarrhytmiasIntraoperative dysarrhytmias
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE
Mild ndash 17 marked - 4Mild ndash 17 marked - 4 Patient factorsPatient factors Congenital Congenital
hemolytic disordershemolytic disorders Acquired hemolytic Acquired hemolytic
disordersdisorders Pre existing liver Pre existing liver
diseasedisease CoagulopathyCoagulopathy Gilberts syndromeGilberts syndrome SepsisSepsis
Perioperative Perioperative factorsfactors
Anaesthetic induced Anaesthetic induced darrHBFdarrHBF
BleedingBleeding HypotensionHypotension Blood transfusionBlood transfusion Biliary tree traumaBiliary tree trauma Viral hepatitisViral hepatitis DrugsDrugs Halothane antibioticsHalothane antibiotics Nonsteroidal agentsNonsteroidal agents
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -
5000mg Bilirubin5000mg Bilirubin 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg
bilirubinbilirubin Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in
G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cell disease multiple blood transfusionscell disease multiple blood transfusions
Delayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashDelayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashpostop jaundicepostop jaundice
Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgeryuarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgery
ContdhellipContdhellip Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow
non biliary surgery 3- 30 days post opnon biliary surgery 3- 30 days post op Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis
[benign] - associated with multiple blood [benign] - associated with multiple blood transfusions hypoxia hypotension - transfusions hypoxia hypotension - uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks
ManagementManagement Prevention is the best treatment Prevention is the best treatment Avoid precipitating factorsAvoid precipitating factors
Halothane HepatitisHalothane Hepatitis The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane
anaesthetics - higher in women the middle anaesthetics - higher in women the middle aged and the obeseaged and the obese
Rarer in paediatric patients and with the Rarer in paediatric patients and with the newer volatile agents newer volatile agents
Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
ldquoldquoUnexplained liver damage within 28 days of Unexplained liver damage within 28 days of halothane exposure in previously normal halothane exposure in previously normal patientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reactionpatientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reaction
Clinical featuresClinical features malaise anorexiafever malaise anorexiafever within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks
Halothane HepatitisHalothane HepatitisDIAGNOSISDIAGNOSIS Serum antibodies that react with specific liver Serum antibodies that react with specific liver
microsomal proteins that are altered by microsomal proteins that are altered by trifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothanetrifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothane
Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Risk factorsRisk factors High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ]High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ] previous adverse reactionprevious adverse reaction Uncertain - obesityUncertain - obesity Female [16 1 ]Female [16 1 ] Drug allergy [ 15 ]Drug allergy [ 15 ] Family historyFamily history Lymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoinLymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoin
ContdhellipContdhellip The cause not fully established - multifactorial - The cause not fully established - multifactorial -
possible immunological cause possible immunological cause Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated
proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically predisposed subjectspredisposed subjects
Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also to blameto blame
Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile agent so toxic metabolites may be involvedagent so toxic metabolites may be involved
The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with increasing numbers of exposures to halothane increasing numbers of exposures to halothane
Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO database holds 225 and 159 reports respectivelydatabase holds 225 and 159 reports respectively
Halothane exposure Halothane exposure guidelinesguidelines
Avoid Halothane ifAvoid Halothane if Within at least 3 months of a previous Within at least 3 months of a previous
exposure exposure Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or
pyrexia pyrexia Family history of hepatic reactions to Family history of hepatic reactions to
halothanehalothane Pre - existing liver diseasePre - existing liver disease Adverse reactions to Other volatile Adverse reactions to Other volatile
anaesthetic agentsanaesthetic agents
Liver and PregnancyLiver and Pregnancy Normal in sizeNormal in size A decrease in total protein as well albumin A decrease in total protein as well albumin An increase of the liver dependent clotting An increase of the liver dependent clotting
factors such as fibrinogen factors such as fibrinogen An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times
secondary to placental alkalinesecondary to placental alkaline Srcholinesterase Srcholinesterase darr 30darr 30 Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and
bilirubinbilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin
ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver disease disease
Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Intrahepatic Cholestasis of PregnancyPregnancy
Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Rare in black patients Rare in black patients
Strong family history Strong family history High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies
60-7060-70 Pruritus alone - 80 percent Pruritus alone - 80 percent Jaundice develop in 20 percentJaundice develop in 20 percent Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or
no elevation in transaminasesno elevation in transaminases
IChP ndashcontdhellipIChP ndashcontdhellip Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early
delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice ) pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice )
Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts Dexamethasone Dexamethasone
Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but bilurubin within 4-6 weeks bilurubin within 4-6 weeks
Implications on Anaesthesia Implications on Anaesthesia Check coagulation profile Check coagulation profile Ask for vit K IV Ask for vit K IV take care of high incidence of fetal distress take care of high incidence of fetal distress
meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist must attend with incubatormust attend with incubator
Preeclampsia amp EclampsiaPreeclampsia amp Eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia
and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl
If not associated with other criteria of HELLP If not associated with other criteria of HELLP syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 50mlday 50mlday
Implications on anaesthesiaImplications on anaesthesia Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress
response which could continue to anaesthesia response which could continue to anaesthesia provided INR lt15 provided INR lt15
Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed tube 6-7 mm tube 6-7 mm
Adequate analgesia Adequate analgesia Fluids restriction Fluids restriction Continue medications postoperative in ICU Continue medications postoperative in ICU
HELLP syndrome HELLP syndrome Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low
plateletsplatelets Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-
eclampsia result from very active platelets eclampsia result from very active platelets aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia and congestion with deposition of fibrous and congestion with deposition of fibrous network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage
Nausea vomiting headache and upper right Nausea vomiting headache and upper right abdominal pain hypotension shockabdominal pain hypotension shock
Best markers are the maternal lactate Best markers are the maternal lactate dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet count count
Congested liver of HELLP Congested liver of HELLP syndromesyndrome
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high
dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has been shown to markedly improve the laboratory been shown to markedly improve the laboratory abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome
Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is
greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of magnesium sulfate magnesium sulfate
Anesthesia like severe preclampsia Anesthesia like severe preclampsia avoid trauma to liveravoid trauma to liver Vit K if INR gt15Vit K if INR gt15 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60
ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF PREGNANCYPREGNANCY
Rare serious disorder unknown etiologyRare serious disorder unknown etiology Symptoms in third trimesterSymptoms in third trimester ndashabdominal
pain nausea vomiting anorexiafatique fever headache
Rapid progression ndashbleeding jaundice encephalopathy renal failure hepatic failure coagulopathy - PPH
uarrTransaminases hyperbilirubinemia uarrprothrombin time --- DIC
Prompt delivery is advisable
Hepatic Rupture and Hepatic Rupture and Infarction Infarction
Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 to 85 percent) are at higher risk to 85 percent) are at higher risk
Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in
shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy
Therapy for hepatic rupture has included Therapy for hepatic rupture has included transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted in hepatic rupture in hepatic rupture
Hepatic infarctionHepatic infarction was typically present with fever was typically present with fever and marked elevations in transaminase levels In and marked elevations in transaminase levels In surviving patients liver function and histopathology surviving patients liver function and histopathology are normal within six months of delivery are normal within six months of delivery
Anesthesia in pregnant women with Anesthesia in pregnant women with HELLP syndromeHELLP syndrome
Retrospective studyRetrospective study For the period of 1 July For the period of 1 July 1996 through 30 June 2000 1996 through 30 June 2000
RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had cesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal deliverycesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal delivery
Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 postcesarean delivery the range platelet count postcesarean delivery the range platelet count was 19000-143000microl was 19000-143000microl
Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia
There were no neurologic complications or There were no neurologic complications or bleeding in the epidural spacebleeding in the epidural space
CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any neurologic or hematologic complications of women neurologic or hematologic complications of women with HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesiawith HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesia
Subdural Hematoma following dural Subdural Hematoma following dural puncture in a parturient with HELLP puncture in a parturient with HELLP
syndromesyndrome This complication occurred following This complication occurred following accidental dural puncture in a parturient accidental dural puncture in a parturient with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who subsequently developed the syndrome of subsequently developed the syndrome of hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low plateletsplatelets
On the first postoperative day postdural On the first postoperative day postdural puncture headache (PDPH) developed puncture headache (PDPH) developed
An epidural blood patch (EBP) was An epidural blood patch (EBP) was deferred to the third postoperative day deferred to the third postoperative day because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1 because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1
Headache intensified from a typical PDPH Headache intensified from a typical PDPH to one which was not posturally related to one which was not posturally related
A second EBP was abandoned after the A second EBP was abandoned after the
injection of 5 mL of blood because of injection of 5 mL of blood because of increasing headache during the procedure increasing headache during the procedure
Magnetic resonance imaging revealed Magnetic resonance imaging revealed bilateral temporal subdural hematomas bilateral temporal subdural hematomas
The patient was managed conservatively and The patient was managed conservatively and discharged home without any sequelae discharged home without any sequelae
ConclusionConclusion It is conceivable that It is conceivable that thrombocytopenia together with possible thrombocytopenia together with possible abnormal platelet function increased the risk abnormal platelet function increased the risk of subdural hematoma of subdural hematoma
Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be considered whenever headache is not considered whenever headache is not posturally related posturally related
OCUPATIONAL HAZARDOCUPATIONAL HAZARD Risk of transmission of HBV following Risk of transmission of HBV following
inoculation is 5 -30inoculation is 5 -30 May occur through needle prickcuts May occur through needle prickcuts
sharp injuriesmucous membranes- sharp injuriesmucous membranes- waterproof dressingwaterproof dressing
Wear gloves while inserting a Wear gloves while inserting a cannula airways intubation amp extubation cannula airways intubation amp extubation
Sharps should not be handed directly to Sharps should not be handed directly to othersothers
See to the sterilisation of other See to the sterilisation of other contaminated thingscontaminated things
Effect of hepatic dysfunction on Effect of hepatic dysfunction on anaestheticsanaesthetics
darr darr Albumin -increased free fraction Albumin -increased free fraction Altered volume of distribution [Ascites amp increased Altered volume of distribution [Ascites amp increased
total body water compartment]total body water compartment] Reduced metabolism ndashalters drug pharmacodynamics Reduced metabolism ndashalters drug pharmacodynamics Opiods -Opiods - Morphine pethidine -uarr uarr respiratory depression amp Morphine pethidine -uarr uarr respiratory depression amp
sedationsedationSedative hypnotic drugsSedative hypnotic drugs Benzodiazepines ndash prolongedBenzodiazepines ndash prolongedNDMR NDMR Prolonged action for vecuronium and pancuroniumProlonged action for vecuronium and pancuroniumDMRDMR Decreased serum cholinesterase activity Decreased serum cholinesterase activity
The Effect of Anaesthetics on Liver The Effect of Anaesthetics on Liver FunctionFunction
VOLATILE AGENTSVOLATILE AGENTS Halothane -darr HABFPBF disturb HABR [hepatic Halothane -darr HABFPBF disturb HABR [hepatic
arterial buffer response]arterial buffer response] Sevoflurane isoflurane maintain HABR Sevoflurane isoflurane maintain HABR SEVO gt ISO gt DES gt HALOSEVO gt ISO gt DES gt HALOIV ANAESTHETICSIV ANAESTHETICS Thiopentone etomidate -darrTHBFThiopentone etomidate -darrTHBF Propofol - uarrTHBF ndashsplanchnic vasodilatorPropofol - uarrTHBF ndashsplanchnic vasodilator Ketamine ndash no effectsKetamine ndash no effectsREGIONAL ANAESTHESIAREGIONAL ANAESTHESIA High epidural may reduce THBFHigh epidural may reduce THBF
Effect of General Anaesthesia on liver Effect of General Anaesthesia on liver functions in patients with preexisting functions in patients with preexisting
liver diseasesliver diseases Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 1989 Apr 37(2) 61-6Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 1989 Apr 37(2) 61-6 ABSTRACT Effects of anaesthetics on liver ABSTRACT Effects of anaesthetics on liver
functions were studies in 13 patients having no liver functions were studies in 13 patients having no liver disease (group I) and 11 patients having liver disease (group I) and 11 patients having liver disease (group II) disease (group II)
Serum cholinesterase increased significantly in both Serum cholinesterase increased significantly in both the group Rise in SGOT levels was significant only the group Rise in SGOT levels was significant only in group I who had greater surgical trauma and not in group I who had greater surgical trauma and not in the other group of patients (group II) in the other group of patients (group II)
Significant decrease in total serum proteins was Significant decrease in total serum proteins was seen on different postoperative days in group I but seen on different postoperative days in group I but only on 5th postoperative day in group II only on 5th postoperative day in group II
It was concluded that presence of liver disease does It was concluded that presence of liver disease does not increase the adverse effect of anaesthesia on not increase the adverse effect of anaesthesia on liver function and that liver function and that surgical trauma is more surgical trauma is more important than anaesthesia in producingimportant than anaesthesia in producing liver liver dysfunction dysfunction
Signs of Liver DiseaseSigns of Liver Disease JaundiceJaundice HepatomegalyHepatomegaly Spider NaeviSpider Naevi SplenomegalySplenomegaly Scratch MarksScratch Marks AscitesAscites Palmer ErythemaPalmer Erythema
Dilated Abdominal Dilated Abdominal VeinsVeins
Peripheral OedemaPeripheral Oedema Finger ClubbingFinger Clubbing Testicular AtrophyTesticular Atrophy BruisingBruising GynaecomastiaGynaecomastia ConfusionComa ConfusionComa
JaundiceJaundicePrehepatic jaundice [haemolysis]Prehepatic jaundice [haemolysis] Massive intravascular haemolysis - as in Massive intravascular haemolysis - as in
some forms of malaria or in sickle cell some forms of malaria or in sickle cell anemiaanemia
Hepatocellular function is normal but Hepatocellular function is normal but overwhelmed - increased unconjugated overwhelmed - increased unconjugated bilirubin bilirubin
Intact Protein and carbohydrate Intact Protein and carbohydrate metabolism metabolism
No reduction in the absorption of Vitamin K No reduction in the absorption of Vitamin K or production of clotting factorsor production of clotting factors
Hepatocellular jaundiceHepatocellular jaundice Hepatitis or Cirrhosis Hepatitis or Cirrhosis decreased protein synthesis signs of decreased protein synthesis signs of
delayed clotting and even encephalopathy delayed clotting and even encephalopathy
CONTDhellipCONTDhellipObstructive JaundiceObstructive Jaundice Biliary obstruction - from a stone in the common Biliary obstruction - from a stone in the common
bile duct pancreatic tumour or ascending bile duct pancreatic tumour or ascending cholangitischolangitis
Hepatocellular function is normal Hepatocellular function is normal Excess plasma bilirubin is chiefly conjugated - Excess plasma bilirubin is chiefly conjugated -
excreted in the urine which becomes darkexcreted in the urine which becomes dark Stools are pale as a result of poor lipid Stools are pale as a result of poor lipid
absorption absorption Protein synthesis is normalProtein synthesis is normal Vitamin K dependant clotting factors reduced Vitamin K dependant clotting factors reduced as the absorption of vitamin K is as the absorption of vitamin K is
dependent on the excretion of bile salts into the dependent on the excretion of bile salts into the small intestine rarr clotting time prolonged small intestine rarr clotting time prolonged parenteral vitamin K parenteral vitamin K
Renal impairment in Renal impairment in JaundiceJaundice
Release of endotoxins into systemic Release of endotoxins into systemic circulationcirculation
following biliary obstruction ndash renal following biliary obstruction ndash renal failurefailure
Prevention Prevention - in high srbilirubin levels ndash - in high srbilirubin levels ndash
percutaneous drainage of biliary tree percutaneous drainage of biliary tree under antibiotic coverunder antibiotic cover
- pre op oral bile salts -- pre op oral bile salts -darr post op RFdarr post op RF
Liver Function TestsLiver Function Tests Indication of severity help to differentiate Indication of severity help to differentiate
between prehepatic hepatocellular and between prehepatic hepatocellular and obstructive jaundiceobstructive jaundice
Jaundice - sign of an elevation of serum Jaundice - sign of an elevation of serum bilirubin bilirubin
Protein and albumin levels are normal in Protein and albumin levels are normal in prehepatic or obstructive jaundice low prehepatic or obstructive jaundice low values indicate hepatocellular damagevalues indicate hepatocellular damage
clotting - Prothrombin Time clotting - Prothrombin Time An elevated INR may indicate impaired An elevated INR may indicate impaired
synthesis of clotting factors due to synthesis of clotting factors due to hepatocellular damage or malabsorption hepatocellular damage or malabsorption of vitamin K due to biliary obstruction of vitamin K due to biliary obstruction
ContdhellipContdhellip Prothrombin time[ half life - 6 -12 hrs ] ndash best Prothrombin time[ half life - 6 -12 hrs ] ndash best
indicator than Albumin [ half life ndash 24 -48 indicator than Albumin [ half life ndash 24 -48 days]days]
Alanine Transaminase (ALT) and Aspartate Alanine Transaminase (ALT) and Aspartate Transaminase (AST) are enzymes that are released Transaminase (AST) are enzymes that are released into the circulation by damaged hepatocytes into the circulation by damaged hepatocytes Raised levels indicate hepatocellular damageRaised levels indicate hepatocellular damage
AST can also be elevated in other circumstances AST can also be elevated in other circumstances such as myocardial infarction such as myocardial infarction
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme localized Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme localized near the bile cannaliculi and is elevated in biliary near the bile cannaliculi and is elevated in biliary obstruction Not specific to hepatobiliary diseaseobstruction Not specific to hepatobiliary disease[ raised in malignant bone disease][ raised in malignant bone disease]
An accompanying rise in Gamma glutamyl An accompanying rise in Gamma glutamyl Transferase (Gamma GT) suggests that the ALP is Transferase (Gamma GT) suggests that the ALP is from the liverfrom the liver
ContdhellipContdhellip Glutathione ndash S ndash transferase ndashto Glutathione ndash S ndash transferase ndashto
assess damage assess damage due to anaestheticsdue to anaesthetics ALP ndashEarly in biliary obstructionALP ndashEarly in biliary obstruction γγ - Glutamyl trans peptidase ndash rises - Glutamyl trans peptidase ndash rises
after alcohol amp drug induced liver after alcohol amp drug induced liver damagedamage
Plasma glucose should be measuredPlasma glucose should be measured
Risk and severity scoringRisk and severity scoring In 1964 Child and Turcotte classified risk for In 1964 Child and Turcotte classified risk for
patients with liver cirrhosis undergoing porto-patients with liver cirrhosis undergoing porto-caval anastomosis for management of portal caval anastomosis for management of portal hypertensionhypertension
Pugh et al at Kings College Hospital Pugh et al at Kings College Hospital published a severity scoring system for published a severity scoring system for patients undergoing oesophageal transection patients undergoing oesophageal transection for bleeding oesophageal varices for bleeding oesophageal varices
The two systems have been amalgamated and The two systems have been amalgamated and provide a disease severity assessment based provide a disease severity assessment based on two clinical and three laboratory variables on two clinical and three laboratory variables
PUGHlsquoS MODIFICATION OF CHILD GRADINGPUGHlsquoS MODIFICATION OF CHILD GRADING Clinical amp Biochemical Clinical amp Biochemical variablesvariables
POINTS POINTS 11
SCORESCOREDD22
33
Serum albumin (gL)Serum albumin (gL) gt35gt35 28-3528-35 lt28lt28
Serum bilirubin (micromolL)Serum bilirubin (micromolL) [Mg dl][Mg dl]
lt35lt35lt 2lt 2
35-6035-602 -32 -3
gt60gt60gt 3gt 3
PT (seconds) prolongedPT (seconds) prolongedfrom controlfrom control
1-41-4INR [ lt INR [ lt 1 7]1 7]
4-104-10INR [17 INR [17 -23]-23]
1010INR gt23INR gt23
AscitesAscites NoneNone MildMild ModerateModerateEncephalopathyEncephalopathy AbsentAbsent Grade I ndash Grade I ndash
IIIIGrade III ndash Grade III ndash IVIV
POINTS 5- 6 ndash class A [5 Mortality] 7 -9 ndashClass B [10 mortality] 10 -15 ndashClass C [50 mortality]
Surgery in patients with liver Surgery in patients with liver dysfunctiondysfunction
The Child-Pugh classification is a useful method The Child-Pugh classification is a useful method of staging the progress of liver decompensation of staging the progress of liver decompensation
Limited predictive value in anaesthesia and Limited predictive value in anaesthesia and surgerysurgery
Group A patients are lower riskGroup A patients are lower risk and with and with sufficient care can be considered as candidates sufficient care can be considered as candidates for most types of surgeryfor most types of surgery
Group B patients ndash acceptable but correct Group B patients ndash acceptable but correct abnormalities abnormalities
Group C patientsGroup C patients present an extremely high present an extremely high operative risk - surgical procedures in these operative risk - surgical procedures in these patients should be avoided if possible- patients should be avoided if possible- only only emergency or life-saving proceduresemergency or life-saving procedures should should be undertakenbe undertaken
Preoperative assessmentPreoperative assessment Type and extent of liver diseaseType and extent of liver disease Extra hepatic effectsExtra hepatic effects Risk assessmentRisk assessment Patients general condition- hydration nutritionPatients general condition- hydration nutrition Associated co-morbid conditionsAssociated co-morbid conditions LFTLFT ConsentConsent Premedication-short acting temazepam in absence Premedication-short acting temazepam in absence
of neurological impairment orally ndashavoid of neurological impairment orally ndashavoid intramuscular injectionsintramuscular injections
H2 receptor antagonistsH2 receptor antagonists Preop Vit K optimal hydrationPreop Vit K optimal hydration
PREOP INVESTIGATIONSPREOP INVESTIGATIONS
Hematological ndashHb Platelet Hematological ndashHb Platelet countWBC Coagulation profilecountWBC Coagulation profile
Metabolic ndash sr Metabolic ndash sr glucose urea creatinine electrolytesglucose urea creatinine electrolytes
Cardio respiratory ndash chest x-rayECG Cardio respiratory ndash chest x-rayECG PFT ABGPFT ABG
Liver function ndash Liver function ndash srbilirubinalbuminliver enzymessrbilirubinalbuminliver enzymes
Pre-op risk factors Pre-op risk factors associated with associated with
postoperative mortalitypostoperative mortality Serum albumin lt3gLSerum albumin lt3gL Serum bilirubin gt50 micromolLSerum bilirubin gt50 micromolL PT gt15 s over controlPT gt15 s over control Presence of infectionPresence of infection WBC gt 10000WBC gt 10000 Treatment with more than two antibioticsTreatment with more than two antibiotics Presence of AscitesPresence of Ascites MalnutritionMalnutrition Emergency surgeryEmergency surgery
Anaesthetic TechniqueAnaesthetic Technique Avoid hypotensive techniquesmdashintra hepatic necrosisAvoid hypotensive techniquesmdashintra hepatic necrosis High conc of oxygen -- - due to intrapulmonary shuntsHigh conc of oxygen -- - due to intrapulmonary shunts Avoid hypotension amp hypoxemiaAvoid hypotension amp hypoxemia Meticulous fluid balance ndashMeticulous fluid balance ndash Ascites ndash may lose a large amount of fluid rapidlyAscites ndash may lose a large amount of fluid rapidly Concentrated albumin solutions ndashto correct Concentrated albumin solutions ndashto correct
hypoproteinemiahypoproteinemia Fresh blood ndashto prevent hypocalcemia due to Fresh blood ndashto prevent hypocalcemia due to
reduced metabolism of preservativesreduced metabolism of preservatives FFP 12 - 15 mlKg ndashCorrect dilutional FFP 12 - 15 mlKg ndashCorrect dilutional
coagulopathycoagulopathy 1 unit of FFP for every 1 unit of packed cells or 250 1 unit of FFP for every 1 unit of packed cells or 250
ml of 09 saline or colloid [500 ml of FFP - uarr ml of 09 saline or colloid [500 ml of FFP - uarr Clotting factors by 20 ]Clotting factors by 20 ]
Maintenance of temperature Maintenance of temperature
MonitoringMonitoring Monitoring of temperature Monitoring of temperature Coagulation status should be monitored ndashplatelet count fibrin Coagulation status should be monitored ndashplatelet count fibrin
degradation products prothrombin time activated clotting degradation products prothrombin time activated clotting time partial thromboplastin timetime partial thromboplastin time
Thromboelastography has been used as a tool in liver Thromboelastography has been used as a tool in liver transplantationtransplantation
Repeated BP cuff inflation ndashmay lead to bruising in patients Repeated BP cuff inflation ndashmay lead to bruising in patients with altered haemostatic functionwith altered haemostatic function
Insertion of Intra arterial line ndash care to prevent haematoma Insertion of Intra arterial line ndash care to prevent haematoma Jugular route is preferred in CVP monitoringJugular route is preferred in CVP monitoring OximetryOximetry Urine outputUrine output Blood lossBlood loss Monitor ionized calciumMonitor ionized calcium
DRUGSDRUGS
Thiopentone ndash intrinsic clearance delayed Thiopentone ndash intrinsic clearance delayed but recovery not delayed because of but recovery not delayed because of redistributionredistribution
Alcoholic cirrhosis ndash larger dose of thio ndash Alcoholic cirrhosis ndash larger dose of thio ndash cross tolerancecross tolerance
Halothane and enflurane reduce hepatic Halothane and enflurane reduce hepatic arterial flow (vasodilatation negative arterial flow (vasodilatation negative inotropic effects)inotropic effects)
Isoflurane increases hepatic blood flowIsoflurane increases hepatic blood flow [preferred][preferred]
NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING AGENTSAGENTS
Reduced plasma pseudo cholinesterase activityReduced plasma pseudo cholinesterase activity Prolonged action- vecuronium Prolonged action- vecuronium
pancruonium[16 fold]pancruonium[16 fold] Decreased biliary excretionDecreased biliary excretion Increased volume of distribution ndashlarger Increased volume of distribution ndashlarger
initial dosesinitial doses 1048708 1048708 Recommended Atracurium ndash metabolism Recommended Atracurium ndash metabolism
independent of liver and kidneysindependent of liver and kidneys 1048708 1048708 For transplantation ndash long acting agent such For transplantation ndash long acting agent such
as doxacuriumas doxacurium
OPIODS amp SEDATIVESOPIODS amp SEDATIVES
NarcoticsNarcotics Reduced metabolism of morphine and Reduced metabolism of morphine and
pethidinepethidine Prefer fentanylPrefer fentanyl Remifentanyl - ideal Remifentanyl - ideal 1048708 1048708 BenzodiazepinesBenzodiazepines 1048708 1048708 Diazepam - prolonged half lifeDiazepam - prolonged half life 1048708 1048708 Oxazepam and lorazepam preferrred Oxazepam and lorazepam preferrred
ndashmetabolised by glucuronidation ndashmetabolised by glucuronidation without liver requirementwithout liver requirement
Regional Anaesthesia Regional Anaesthesia Contraindicated if PT gt25 s above control Contraindicated if PT gt25 s above control
platelet count lt 50000 cumm bleeding platelet count lt 50000 cumm bleeding time gt12 mtstime gt12 mts
Spinal and epidural anaesthesia carries the Spinal and epidural anaesthesia carries the risk of epidural haematoma and paralysis if risk of epidural haematoma and paralysis if there is abnormal clotting but there are there is abnormal clotting but there are otherwise no special precautionsotherwise no special precautions
The half-life of lignocaine is prolonged in The half-life of lignocaine is prolonged in liver failure but this is not significant when liver failure but this is not significant when used in regional anaesthesia used in regional anaesthesia
LA dose diminished in presence of AscitesLA dose diminished in presence of Ascites
Canadian Journal of Anesthesia Vol 45 452-Canadian Journal of Anesthesia Vol 45 452-459 459
Obstetrical anaesthesia for a parturient with Obstetrical anaesthesia for a parturient with preeclampsia HELLP syndrome and acute cortical preeclampsia HELLP syndrome and acute cortical
blindnessblindness A 39-yr-old woman with three past A 39-yr-old woman with three past uncomplicated pregnancies presented at 33 uncomplicated pregnancies presented at 33 wk with acute cortical blindnesswk with acute cortical blindness
Based on clinical and laboratory assessment Based on clinical and laboratory assessment a diagnosis of preeclampsia with HELLP a diagnosis of preeclampsia with HELLP syndrome was madesyndrome was made
A CT scan of her head demonstrated A CT scan of her head demonstrated ischaemic lesions of her basal ganglia ischaemic lesions of her basal ganglia extending superiorly to involve both posterior extending superiorly to involve both posterior parietal and occipital regionsparietal and occipital regions
Infusions of magnesium sulphate and Infusions of magnesium sulphate and hydralazine were started and an urgent hydralazine were started and an urgent Caesarean section was performed Caesarean section was performed under under subarachnoid anaesthesiasubarachnoid anaesthesia after insertion of an after insertion of an arterial line and intravenous hydration arterial line and intravenous hydration
ContdhellipContdhellip The course of anaesthesia and surgery was uneventful The course of anaesthesia and surgery was uneventful
and she delivered a live 1540 g female infantand she delivered a live 1540 g female infant By the following morning she had recovered some By the following morning she had recovered some
vision and visual recovery was complete by 72 hr vision and visual recovery was complete by 72 hr postpartum postpartum
Her postoperative course was uneventful Her postoperative course was uneventful CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION Provided that it is not contraindicated Provided that it is not contraindicated
because of prohibitive risk to the mother because of prohibitive risk to the mother regional regional anaesthesia has particular advantage in these anaesthesia has particular advantage in these patientspatients
In particular the use of spinal anaesthesia which has In particular the use of spinal anaesthesia which has been discouraged by some for this patient population been discouraged by some for this patient population should be re-evaluated should be re-evaluated
Postoperative Postoperative managementmanagement
Oxygen enriched airOxygen enriched air Major surgery ndash elective post operative Major surgery ndash elective post operative
ventilationventilation Replace blood lossReplace blood loss Maintain adequate urine outputMaintain adequate urine output Dopamine and inotropes should be Dopamine and inotropes should be
continuedcontinued The principle complications are likely The principle complications are likely
to be continued bleeding sepsis and to be continued bleeding sepsis and hepatic decompensation hepatic decompensation
Peri-operative considerations in Child-Peri-operative considerations in Child-Pugh A patientsPugh A patients
Pre-operative Pre-operative Aetiology of condition - virology Aetiology of condition - virology Drug idiosyncrasy Drug idiosyncrasy
Blood count and platelets Blood count and platelets Clotting screen Clotting screen Assess renal function Assess renal function Previous anaesthetics Previous anaesthetics
Per-operative Per-operative Consider drug bio-availability issues Consider drug bio-availability issues Avoid drugs excreted via liverAvoid drugs excreted via liver Regional techniques acceptable if clotting Regional techniques acceptable if clotting
normalnormal Post-operativePost-operative Monitor for post-operative hepatic Monitor for post-operative hepatic
decompensationdecompensation Possible prolonged duration of action in Possible prolonged duration of action in opiates HDU ITU careopiates HDU ITU care
Child-Pugh Group BC patient Child-Pugh Group BC patient undergoing major surgeryundergoing major surgery
Previous upper abdominal surgery portal Previous upper abdominal surgery portal hypertension and coagulopathy dramatically hypertension and coagulopathy dramatically increase the potential for per-operative blood lossincrease the potential for per-operative blood loss
8-12 units of blood together fresh frozen plasma 8-12 units of blood together fresh frozen plasma and platelets should be available and platelets should be available
Pre-medicationPre-medication Sedative premedicants should be avoided in the Sedative premedicants should be avoided in the
encephalopathic patient encephalopathic patient Other drugs may be needed pre-operatively and Other drugs may be needed pre-operatively and
include antibiotics and H2 receptor antagonistsinclude antibiotics and H2 receptor antagonists The oral or intravenous route used - The oral or intravenous route used -
intramuscular injections should be avoidedintramuscular injections should be avoided Coagulopathy may require correction with fresh Coagulopathy may require correction with fresh
frozen plasma and platelets and renal frozen plasma and platelets and renal replacement therapy may need to be consideredreplacement therapy may need to be considered
Per-operative considerationsPer-operative considerations Regional techniques -- considered carefully - Regional techniques -- considered carefully -
coagulopathy epidural varices can pose an coagulopathy epidural varices can pose an additional risk additional risk
Vascular accessVascular access with a multi-lumen central with a multi-lumen central venous catheter together with at least one large venous catheter together with at least one large bore central line bore central line
Monitoring of arterial and central venous Monitoring of arterial and central venous pressures is mandatory pressures is mandatory
Pulmonary artery pulmonary capillary wedge Pulmonary artery pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and cardiac output measurements pressure and cardiac output measurements may be necessary in the sick patientmay be necessary in the sick patient
Trans-oesophageal echocardiography and Trans-oesophageal echocardiography and volumetric haemodynamic monitoring pulse volumetric haemodynamic monitoring pulse contour analysis can provide significant contour analysis can provide significant additional information for the strategic additional information for the strategic management of these patients management of these patients
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Coagulation and fibrinolysisCoagulation and fibrinolysis are major are major
concerns concerns The potential for large volume blood replacement The potential for large volume blood replacement
means that temperature should be measured and means that temperature should be measured and a fluid warmer and warming mattress useda fluid warmer and warming mattress used
Regular per-operative estimation of INRPTR may Regular per-operative estimation of INRPTR may be necessary - thromboelastography provides be necessary - thromboelastography provides useful intra-operative evaluation of coagulationuseful intra-operative evaluation of coagulation
Blood conservationBlood conservation - considered - considered Preservation of hepatic function -Preservation of hepatic function - N- N-
acetylcysteine (NAC) is a sulphur-containing acetylcysteine (NAC) is a sulphur-containing antioxidant - benefit patients with fulminant antioxidant - benefit patients with fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
NAC appears to improve oxygen delivery NAC appears to improve oxygen delivery and consumption and reduce base deficitand consumption and reduce base deficit
Renal FunctionRenal Function - - Dopamine may be usefulDopamine may be useful
Bleeding oesophageal Bleeding oesophageal varicesvarices
Bleeding oesophageal varices - life-threatening Bleeding oesophageal varices - life-threatening complication of - often occur against a complication of - often occur against a background of abnormal clotting background of abnormal clotting thrombocytopenia encephalopathy and Ascitesthrombocytopenia encephalopathy and Ascites
Overall mortality is 30 Overall mortality is 30 The principles of anaesthetic managementThe principles of anaesthetic management Protect the airway Protect the airway Establish good vascular access Establish good vascular access Volume replacement - colloid blood fresh Volume replacement - colloid blood fresh
frozen plasma and platelets Avoid saline frozen plasma and platelets Avoid saline Check correct clotting Give Vitamin K correct Check correct clotting Give Vitamin K correct
fibrinolysis and review blood chemistry fibrinolysis and review blood chemistry
Intoxicated Alcoholic Intoxicated Alcoholic PatientsPatients
Requires less anaesthetic ndashadditive depressant Requires less anaesthetic ndashadditive depressant effect of alcohol amp anaestheticseffect of alcohol amp anaesthetics
Ill - equipped to withstand stress amp Acute blood Ill - equipped to withstand stress amp Acute blood lossloss
Alcohol decrease the tolerance of brain to hypoxiaAlcohol decrease the tolerance of brain to hypoxia uarr uarr Risk of regurgitation amp aspiration - alcohol Risk of regurgitation amp aspiration - alcohol
darrtone of lower oesophageal sphincter amp slows darrtone of lower oesophageal sphincter amp slows gastric emptyinggastric emptying
Alcohol Interferes with platelet aggregationAlcohol Interferes with platelet aggregation Causes uarrconc of plasma catecholamines rarr Causes uarrconc of plasma catecholamines rarr
Intraoperative dysarrhytmiasIntraoperative dysarrhytmias
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE
Mild ndash 17 marked - 4Mild ndash 17 marked - 4 Patient factorsPatient factors Congenital Congenital
hemolytic disordershemolytic disorders Acquired hemolytic Acquired hemolytic
disordersdisorders Pre existing liver Pre existing liver
diseasedisease CoagulopathyCoagulopathy Gilberts syndromeGilberts syndrome SepsisSepsis
Perioperative Perioperative factorsfactors
Anaesthetic induced Anaesthetic induced darrHBFdarrHBF
BleedingBleeding HypotensionHypotension Blood transfusionBlood transfusion Biliary tree traumaBiliary tree trauma Viral hepatitisViral hepatitis DrugsDrugs Halothane antibioticsHalothane antibiotics Nonsteroidal agentsNonsteroidal agents
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -
5000mg Bilirubin5000mg Bilirubin 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg
bilirubinbilirubin Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in
G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cell disease multiple blood transfusionscell disease multiple blood transfusions
Delayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashDelayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashpostop jaundicepostop jaundice
Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgeryuarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgery
ContdhellipContdhellip Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow
non biliary surgery 3- 30 days post opnon biliary surgery 3- 30 days post op Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis
[benign] - associated with multiple blood [benign] - associated with multiple blood transfusions hypoxia hypotension - transfusions hypoxia hypotension - uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks
ManagementManagement Prevention is the best treatment Prevention is the best treatment Avoid precipitating factorsAvoid precipitating factors
Halothane HepatitisHalothane Hepatitis The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane
anaesthetics - higher in women the middle anaesthetics - higher in women the middle aged and the obeseaged and the obese
Rarer in paediatric patients and with the Rarer in paediatric patients and with the newer volatile agents newer volatile agents
Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
ldquoldquoUnexplained liver damage within 28 days of Unexplained liver damage within 28 days of halothane exposure in previously normal halothane exposure in previously normal patientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reactionpatientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reaction
Clinical featuresClinical features malaise anorexiafever malaise anorexiafever within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks
Halothane HepatitisHalothane HepatitisDIAGNOSISDIAGNOSIS Serum antibodies that react with specific liver Serum antibodies that react with specific liver
microsomal proteins that are altered by microsomal proteins that are altered by trifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothanetrifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothane
Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Risk factorsRisk factors High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ]High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ] previous adverse reactionprevious adverse reaction Uncertain - obesityUncertain - obesity Female [16 1 ]Female [16 1 ] Drug allergy [ 15 ]Drug allergy [ 15 ] Family historyFamily history Lymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoinLymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoin
ContdhellipContdhellip The cause not fully established - multifactorial - The cause not fully established - multifactorial -
possible immunological cause possible immunological cause Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated
proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically predisposed subjectspredisposed subjects
Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also to blameto blame
Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile agent so toxic metabolites may be involvedagent so toxic metabolites may be involved
The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with increasing numbers of exposures to halothane increasing numbers of exposures to halothane
Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO database holds 225 and 159 reports respectivelydatabase holds 225 and 159 reports respectively
Halothane exposure Halothane exposure guidelinesguidelines
Avoid Halothane ifAvoid Halothane if Within at least 3 months of a previous Within at least 3 months of a previous
exposure exposure Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or
pyrexia pyrexia Family history of hepatic reactions to Family history of hepatic reactions to
halothanehalothane Pre - existing liver diseasePre - existing liver disease Adverse reactions to Other volatile Adverse reactions to Other volatile
anaesthetic agentsanaesthetic agents
Liver and PregnancyLiver and Pregnancy Normal in sizeNormal in size A decrease in total protein as well albumin A decrease in total protein as well albumin An increase of the liver dependent clotting An increase of the liver dependent clotting
factors such as fibrinogen factors such as fibrinogen An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times
secondary to placental alkalinesecondary to placental alkaline Srcholinesterase Srcholinesterase darr 30darr 30 Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and
bilirubinbilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin
ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver disease disease
Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Intrahepatic Cholestasis of PregnancyPregnancy
Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Rare in black patients Rare in black patients
Strong family history Strong family history High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies
60-7060-70 Pruritus alone - 80 percent Pruritus alone - 80 percent Jaundice develop in 20 percentJaundice develop in 20 percent Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or
no elevation in transaminasesno elevation in transaminases
IChP ndashcontdhellipIChP ndashcontdhellip Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early
delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice ) pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice )
Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts Dexamethasone Dexamethasone
Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but bilurubin within 4-6 weeks bilurubin within 4-6 weeks
Implications on Anaesthesia Implications on Anaesthesia Check coagulation profile Check coagulation profile Ask for vit K IV Ask for vit K IV take care of high incidence of fetal distress take care of high incidence of fetal distress
meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist must attend with incubatormust attend with incubator
Preeclampsia amp EclampsiaPreeclampsia amp Eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia
and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl
If not associated with other criteria of HELLP If not associated with other criteria of HELLP syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 50mlday 50mlday
Implications on anaesthesiaImplications on anaesthesia Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress
response which could continue to anaesthesia response which could continue to anaesthesia provided INR lt15 provided INR lt15
Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed tube 6-7 mm tube 6-7 mm
Adequate analgesia Adequate analgesia Fluids restriction Fluids restriction Continue medications postoperative in ICU Continue medications postoperative in ICU
HELLP syndrome HELLP syndrome Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low
plateletsplatelets Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-
eclampsia result from very active platelets eclampsia result from very active platelets aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia and congestion with deposition of fibrous and congestion with deposition of fibrous network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage
Nausea vomiting headache and upper right Nausea vomiting headache and upper right abdominal pain hypotension shockabdominal pain hypotension shock
Best markers are the maternal lactate Best markers are the maternal lactate dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet count count
Congested liver of HELLP Congested liver of HELLP syndromesyndrome
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high
dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has been shown to markedly improve the laboratory been shown to markedly improve the laboratory abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome
Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is
greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of magnesium sulfate magnesium sulfate
Anesthesia like severe preclampsia Anesthesia like severe preclampsia avoid trauma to liveravoid trauma to liver Vit K if INR gt15Vit K if INR gt15 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60
ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF PREGNANCYPREGNANCY
Rare serious disorder unknown etiologyRare serious disorder unknown etiology Symptoms in third trimesterSymptoms in third trimester ndashabdominal
pain nausea vomiting anorexiafatique fever headache
Rapid progression ndashbleeding jaundice encephalopathy renal failure hepatic failure coagulopathy - PPH
uarrTransaminases hyperbilirubinemia uarrprothrombin time --- DIC
Prompt delivery is advisable
Hepatic Rupture and Hepatic Rupture and Infarction Infarction
Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 to 85 percent) are at higher risk to 85 percent) are at higher risk
Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in
shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy
Therapy for hepatic rupture has included Therapy for hepatic rupture has included transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted in hepatic rupture in hepatic rupture
Hepatic infarctionHepatic infarction was typically present with fever was typically present with fever and marked elevations in transaminase levels In and marked elevations in transaminase levels In surviving patients liver function and histopathology surviving patients liver function and histopathology are normal within six months of delivery are normal within six months of delivery
Anesthesia in pregnant women with Anesthesia in pregnant women with HELLP syndromeHELLP syndrome
Retrospective studyRetrospective study For the period of 1 July For the period of 1 July 1996 through 30 June 2000 1996 through 30 June 2000
RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had cesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal deliverycesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal delivery
Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 postcesarean delivery the range platelet count postcesarean delivery the range platelet count was 19000-143000microl was 19000-143000microl
Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia
There were no neurologic complications or There were no neurologic complications or bleeding in the epidural spacebleeding in the epidural space
CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any neurologic or hematologic complications of women neurologic or hematologic complications of women with HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesiawith HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesia
Subdural Hematoma following dural Subdural Hematoma following dural puncture in a parturient with HELLP puncture in a parturient with HELLP
syndromesyndrome This complication occurred following This complication occurred following accidental dural puncture in a parturient accidental dural puncture in a parturient with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who subsequently developed the syndrome of subsequently developed the syndrome of hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low plateletsplatelets
On the first postoperative day postdural On the first postoperative day postdural puncture headache (PDPH) developed puncture headache (PDPH) developed
An epidural blood patch (EBP) was An epidural blood patch (EBP) was deferred to the third postoperative day deferred to the third postoperative day because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1 because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1
Headache intensified from a typical PDPH Headache intensified from a typical PDPH to one which was not posturally related to one which was not posturally related
A second EBP was abandoned after the A second EBP was abandoned after the
injection of 5 mL of blood because of injection of 5 mL of blood because of increasing headache during the procedure increasing headache during the procedure
Magnetic resonance imaging revealed Magnetic resonance imaging revealed bilateral temporal subdural hematomas bilateral temporal subdural hematomas
The patient was managed conservatively and The patient was managed conservatively and discharged home without any sequelae discharged home without any sequelae
ConclusionConclusion It is conceivable that It is conceivable that thrombocytopenia together with possible thrombocytopenia together with possible abnormal platelet function increased the risk abnormal platelet function increased the risk of subdural hematoma of subdural hematoma
Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be considered whenever headache is not considered whenever headache is not posturally related posturally related
OCUPATIONAL HAZARDOCUPATIONAL HAZARD Risk of transmission of HBV following Risk of transmission of HBV following
inoculation is 5 -30inoculation is 5 -30 May occur through needle prickcuts May occur through needle prickcuts
sharp injuriesmucous membranes- sharp injuriesmucous membranes- waterproof dressingwaterproof dressing
Wear gloves while inserting a Wear gloves while inserting a cannula airways intubation amp extubation cannula airways intubation amp extubation
Sharps should not be handed directly to Sharps should not be handed directly to othersothers
See to the sterilisation of other See to the sterilisation of other contaminated thingscontaminated things
The Effect of Anaesthetics on Liver The Effect of Anaesthetics on Liver FunctionFunction
VOLATILE AGENTSVOLATILE AGENTS Halothane -darr HABFPBF disturb HABR [hepatic Halothane -darr HABFPBF disturb HABR [hepatic
arterial buffer response]arterial buffer response] Sevoflurane isoflurane maintain HABR Sevoflurane isoflurane maintain HABR SEVO gt ISO gt DES gt HALOSEVO gt ISO gt DES gt HALOIV ANAESTHETICSIV ANAESTHETICS Thiopentone etomidate -darrTHBFThiopentone etomidate -darrTHBF Propofol - uarrTHBF ndashsplanchnic vasodilatorPropofol - uarrTHBF ndashsplanchnic vasodilator Ketamine ndash no effectsKetamine ndash no effectsREGIONAL ANAESTHESIAREGIONAL ANAESTHESIA High epidural may reduce THBFHigh epidural may reduce THBF
Effect of General Anaesthesia on liver Effect of General Anaesthesia on liver functions in patients with preexisting functions in patients with preexisting
liver diseasesliver diseases Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 1989 Apr 37(2) 61-6Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 1989 Apr 37(2) 61-6 ABSTRACT Effects of anaesthetics on liver ABSTRACT Effects of anaesthetics on liver
functions were studies in 13 patients having no liver functions were studies in 13 patients having no liver disease (group I) and 11 patients having liver disease (group I) and 11 patients having liver disease (group II) disease (group II)
Serum cholinesterase increased significantly in both Serum cholinesterase increased significantly in both the group Rise in SGOT levels was significant only the group Rise in SGOT levels was significant only in group I who had greater surgical trauma and not in group I who had greater surgical trauma and not in the other group of patients (group II) in the other group of patients (group II)
Significant decrease in total serum proteins was Significant decrease in total serum proteins was seen on different postoperative days in group I but seen on different postoperative days in group I but only on 5th postoperative day in group II only on 5th postoperative day in group II
It was concluded that presence of liver disease does It was concluded that presence of liver disease does not increase the adverse effect of anaesthesia on not increase the adverse effect of anaesthesia on liver function and that liver function and that surgical trauma is more surgical trauma is more important than anaesthesia in producingimportant than anaesthesia in producing liver liver dysfunction dysfunction
Signs of Liver DiseaseSigns of Liver Disease JaundiceJaundice HepatomegalyHepatomegaly Spider NaeviSpider Naevi SplenomegalySplenomegaly Scratch MarksScratch Marks AscitesAscites Palmer ErythemaPalmer Erythema
Dilated Abdominal Dilated Abdominal VeinsVeins
Peripheral OedemaPeripheral Oedema Finger ClubbingFinger Clubbing Testicular AtrophyTesticular Atrophy BruisingBruising GynaecomastiaGynaecomastia ConfusionComa ConfusionComa
JaundiceJaundicePrehepatic jaundice [haemolysis]Prehepatic jaundice [haemolysis] Massive intravascular haemolysis - as in Massive intravascular haemolysis - as in
some forms of malaria or in sickle cell some forms of malaria or in sickle cell anemiaanemia
Hepatocellular function is normal but Hepatocellular function is normal but overwhelmed - increased unconjugated overwhelmed - increased unconjugated bilirubin bilirubin
Intact Protein and carbohydrate Intact Protein and carbohydrate metabolism metabolism
No reduction in the absorption of Vitamin K No reduction in the absorption of Vitamin K or production of clotting factorsor production of clotting factors
Hepatocellular jaundiceHepatocellular jaundice Hepatitis or Cirrhosis Hepatitis or Cirrhosis decreased protein synthesis signs of decreased protein synthesis signs of
delayed clotting and even encephalopathy delayed clotting and even encephalopathy
CONTDhellipCONTDhellipObstructive JaundiceObstructive Jaundice Biliary obstruction - from a stone in the common Biliary obstruction - from a stone in the common
bile duct pancreatic tumour or ascending bile duct pancreatic tumour or ascending cholangitischolangitis
Hepatocellular function is normal Hepatocellular function is normal Excess plasma bilirubin is chiefly conjugated - Excess plasma bilirubin is chiefly conjugated -
excreted in the urine which becomes darkexcreted in the urine which becomes dark Stools are pale as a result of poor lipid Stools are pale as a result of poor lipid
absorption absorption Protein synthesis is normalProtein synthesis is normal Vitamin K dependant clotting factors reduced Vitamin K dependant clotting factors reduced as the absorption of vitamin K is as the absorption of vitamin K is
dependent on the excretion of bile salts into the dependent on the excretion of bile salts into the small intestine rarr clotting time prolonged small intestine rarr clotting time prolonged parenteral vitamin K parenteral vitamin K
Renal impairment in Renal impairment in JaundiceJaundice
Release of endotoxins into systemic Release of endotoxins into systemic circulationcirculation
following biliary obstruction ndash renal following biliary obstruction ndash renal failurefailure
Prevention Prevention - in high srbilirubin levels ndash - in high srbilirubin levels ndash
percutaneous drainage of biliary tree percutaneous drainage of biliary tree under antibiotic coverunder antibiotic cover
- pre op oral bile salts -- pre op oral bile salts -darr post op RFdarr post op RF
Liver Function TestsLiver Function Tests Indication of severity help to differentiate Indication of severity help to differentiate
between prehepatic hepatocellular and between prehepatic hepatocellular and obstructive jaundiceobstructive jaundice
Jaundice - sign of an elevation of serum Jaundice - sign of an elevation of serum bilirubin bilirubin
Protein and albumin levels are normal in Protein and albumin levels are normal in prehepatic or obstructive jaundice low prehepatic or obstructive jaundice low values indicate hepatocellular damagevalues indicate hepatocellular damage
clotting - Prothrombin Time clotting - Prothrombin Time An elevated INR may indicate impaired An elevated INR may indicate impaired
synthesis of clotting factors due to synthesis of clotting factors due to hepatocellular damage or malabsorption hepatocellular damage or malabsorption of vitamin K due to biliary obstruction of vitamin K due to biliary obstruction
ContdhellipContdhellip Prothrombin time[ half life - 6 -12 hrs ] ndash best Prothrombin time[ half life - 6 -12 hrs ] ndash best
indicator than Albumin [ half life ndash 24 -48 indicator than Albumin [ half life ndash 24 -48 days]days]
Alanine Transaminase (ALT) and Aspartate Alanine Transaminase (ALT) and Aspartate Transaminase (AST) are enzymes that are released Transaminase (AST) are enzymes that are released into the circulation by damaged hepatocytes into the circulation by damaged hepatocytes Raised levels indicate hepatocellular damageRaised levels indicate hepatocellular damage
AST can also be elevated in other circumstances AST can also be elevated in other circumstances such as myocardial infarction such as myocardial infarction
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme localized Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme localized near the bile cannaliculi and is elevated in biliary near the bile cannaliculi and is elevated in biliary obstruction Not specific to hepatobiliary diseaseobstruction Not specific to hepatobiliary disease[ raised in malignant bone disease][ raised in malignant bone disease]
An accompanying rise in Gamma glutamyl An accompanying rise in Gamma glutamyl Transferase (Gamma GT) suggests that the ALP is Transferase (Gamma GT) suggests that the ALP is from the liverfrom the liver
ContdhellipContdhellip Glutathione ndash S ndash transferase ndashto Glutathione ndash S ndash transferase ndashto
assess damage assess damage due to anaestheticsdue to anaesthetics ALP ndashEarly in biliary obstructionALP ndashEarly in biliary obstruction γγ - Glutamyl trans peptidase ndash rises - Glutamyl trans peptidase ndash rises
after alcohol amp drug induced liver after alcohol amp drug induced liver damagedamage
Plasma glucose should be measuredPlasma glucose should be measured
Risk and severity scoringRisk and severity scoring In 1964 Child and Turcotte classified risk for In 1964 Child and Turcotte classified risk for
patients with liver cirrhosis undergoing porto-patients with liver cirrhosis undergoing porto-caval anastomosis for management of portal caval anastomosis for management of portal hypertensionhypertension
Pugh et al at Kings College Hospital Pugh et al at Kings College Hospital published a severity scoring system for published a severity scoring system for patients undergoing oesophageal transection patients undergoing oesophageal transection for bleeding oesophageal varices for bleeding oesophageal varices
The two systems have been amalgamated and The two systems have been amalgamated and provide a disease severity assessment based provide a disease severity assessment based on two clinical and three laboratory variables on two clinical and three laboratory variables
PUGHlsquoS MODIFICATION OF CHILD GRADINGPUGHlsquoS MODIFICATION OF CHILD GRADING Clinical amp Biochemical Clinical amp Biochemical variablesvariables
POINTS POINTS 11
SCORESCOREDD22
33
Serum albumin (gL)Serum albumin (gL) gt35gt35 28-3528-35 lt28lt28
Serum bilirubin (micromolL)Serum bilirubin (micromolL) [Mg dl][Mg dl]
lt35lt35lt 2lt 2
35-6035-602 -32 -3
gt60gt60gt 3gt 3
PT (seconds) prolongedPT (seconds) prolongedfrom controlfrom control
1-41-4INR [ lt INR [ lt 1 7]1 7]
4-104-10INR [17 INR [17 -23]-23]
1010INR gt23INR gt23
AscitesAscites NoneNone MildMild ModerateModerateEncephalopathyEncephalopathy AbsentAbsent Grade I ndash Grade I ndash
IIIIGrade III ndash Grade III ndash IVIV
POINTS 5- 6 ndash class A [5 Mortality] 7 -9 ndashClass B [10 mortality] 10 -15 ndashClass C [50 mortality]
Surgery in patients with liver Surgery in patients with liver dysfunctiondysfunction
The Child-Pugh classification is a useful method The Child-Pugh classification is a useful method of staging the progress of liver decompensation of staging the progress of liver decompensation
Limited predictive value in anaesthesia and Limited predictive value in anaesthesia and surgerysurgery
Group A patients are lower riskGroup A patients are lower risk and with and with sufficient care can be considered as candidates sufficient care can be considered as candidates for most types of surgeryfor most types of surgery
Group B patients ndash acceptable but correct Group B patients ndash acceptable but correct abnormalities abnormalities
Group C patientsGroup C patients present an extremely high present an extremely high operative risk - surgical procedures in these operative risk - surgical procedures in these patients should be avoided if possible- patients should be avoided if possible- only only emergency or life-saving proceduresemergency or life-saving procedures should should be undertakenbe undertaken
Preoperative assessmentPreoperative assessment Type and extent of liver diseaseType and extent of liver disease Extra hepatic effectsExtra hepatic effects Risk assessmentRisk assessment Patients general condition- hydration nutritionPatients general condition- hydration nutrition Associated co-morbid conditionsAssociated co-morbid conditions LFTLFT ConsentConsent Premedication-short acting temazepam in absence Premedication-short acting temazepam in absence
of neurological impairment orally ndashavoid of neurological impairment orally ndashavoid intramuscular injectionsintramuscular injections
H2 receptor antagonistsH2 receptor antagonists Preop Vit K optimal hydrationPreop Vit K optimal hydration
PREOP INVESTIGATIONSPREOP INVESTIGATIONS
Hematological ndashHb Platelet Hematological ndashHb Platelet countWBC Coagulation profilecountWBC Coagulation profile
Metabolic ndash sr Metabolic ndash sr glucose urea creatinine electrolytesglucose urea creatinine electrolytes
Cardio respiratory ndash chest x-rayECG Cardio respiratory ndash chest x-rayECG PFT ABGPFT ABG
Liver function ndash Liver function ndash srbilirubinalbuminliver enzymessrbilirubinalbuminliver enzymes
Pre-op risk factors Pre-op risk factors associated with associated with
postoperative mortalitypostoperative mortality Serum albumin lt3gLSerum albumin lt3gL Serum bilirubin gt50 micromolLSerum bilirubin gt50 micromolL PT gt15 s over controlPT gt15 s over control Presence of infectionPresence of infection WBC gt 10000WBC gt 10000 Treatment with more than two antibioticsTreatment with more than two antibiotics Presence of AscitesPresence of Ascites MalnutritionMalnutrition Emergency surgeryEmergency surgery
Anaesthetic TechniqueAnaesthetic Technique Avoid hypotensive techniquesmdashintra hepatic necrosisAvoid hypotensive techniquesmdashintra hepatic necrosis High conc of oxygen -- - due to intrapulmonary shuntsHigh conc of oxygen -- - due to intrapulmonary shunts Avoid hypotension amp hypoxemiaAvoid hypotension amp hypoxemia Meticulous fluid balance ndashMeticulous fluid balance ndash Ascites ndash may lose a large amount of fluid rapidlyAscites ndash may lose a large amount of fluid rapidly Concentrated albumin solutions ndashto correct Concentrated albumin solutions ndashto correct
hypoproteinemiahypoproteinemia Fresh blood ndashto prevent hypocalcemia due to Fresh blood ndashto prevent hypocalcemia due to
reduced metabolism of preservativesreduced metabolism of preservatives FFP 12 - 15 mlKg ndashCorrect dilutional FFP 12 - 15 mlKg ndashCorrect dilutional
coagulopathycoagulopathy 1 unit of FFP for every 1 unit of packed cells or 250 1 unit of FFP for every 1 unit of packed cells or 250
ml of 09 saline or colloid [500 ml of FFP - uarr ml of 09 saline or colloid [500 ml of FFP - uarr Clotting factors by 20 ]Clotting factors by 20 ]
Maintenance of temperature Maintenance of temperature
MonitoringMonitoring Monitoring of temperature Monitoring of temperature Coagulation status should be monitored ndashplatelet count fibrin Coagulation status should be monitored ndashplatelet count fibrin
degradation products prothrombin time activated clotting degradation products prothrombin time activated clotting time partial thromboplastin timetime partial thromboplastin time
Thromboelastography has been used as a tool in liver Thromboelastography has been used as a tool in liver transplantationtransplantation
Repeated BP cuff inflation ndashmay lead to bruising in patients Repeated BP cuff inflation ndashmay lead to bruising in patients with altered haemostatic functionwith altered haemostatic function
Insertion of Intra arterial line ndash care to prevent haematoma Insertion of Intra arterial line ndash care to prevent haematoma Jugular route is preferred in CVP monitoringJugular route is preferred in CVP monitoring OximetryOximetry Urine outputUrine output Blood lossBlood loss Monitor ionized calciumMonitor ionized calcium
DRUGSDRUGS
Thiopentone ndash intrinsic clearance delayed Thiopentone ndash intrinsic clearance delayed but recovery not delayed because of but recovery not delayed because of redistributionredistribution
Alcoholic cirrhosis ndash larger dose of thio ndash Alcoholic cirrhosis ndash larger dose of thio ndash cross tolerancecross tolerance
Halothane and enflurane reduce hepatic Halothane and enflurane reduce hepatic arterial flow (vasodilatation negative arterial flow (vasodilatation negative inotropic effects)inotropic effects)
Isoflurane increases hepatic blood flowIsoflurane increases hepatic blood flow [preferred][preferred]
NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING AGENTSAGENTS
Reduced plasma pseudo cholinesterase activityReduced plasma pseudo cholinesterase activity Prolonged action- vecuronium Prolonged action- vecuronium
pancruonium[16 fold]pancruonium[16 fold] Decreased biliary excretionDecreased biliary excretion Increased volume of distribution ndashlarger Increased volume of distribution ndashlarger
initial dosesinitial doses 1048708 1048708 Recommended Atracurium ndash metabolism Recommended Atracurium ndash metabolism
independent of liver and kidneysindependent of liver and kidneys 1048708 1048708 For transplantation ndash long acting agent such For transplantation ndash long acting agent such
as doxacuriumas doxacurium
OPIODS amp SEDATIVESOPIODS amp SEDATIVES
NarcoticsNarcotics Reduced metabolism of morphine and Reduced metabolism of morphine and
pethidinepethidine Prefer fentanylPrefer fentanyl Remifentanyl - ideal Remifentanyl - ideal 1048708 1048708 BenzodiazepinesBenzodiazepines 1048708 1048708 Diazepam - prolonged half lifeDiazepam - prolonged half life 1048708 1048708 Oxazepam and lorazepam preferrred Oxazepam and lorazepam preferrred
ndashmetabolised by glucuronidation ndashmetabolised by glucuronidation without liver requirementwithout liver requirement
Regional Anaesthesia Regional Anaesthesia Contraindicated if PT gt25 s above control Contraindicated if PT gt25 s above control
platelet count lt 50000 cumm bleeding platelet count lt 50000 cumm bleeding time gt12 mtstime gt12 mts
Spinal and epidural anaesthesia carries the Spinal and epidural anaesthesia carries the risk of epidural haematoma and paralysis if risk of epidural haematoma and paralysis if there is abnormal clotting but there are there is abnormal clotting but there are otherwise no special precautionsotherwise no special precautions
The half-life of lignocaine is prolonged in The half-life of lignocaine is prolonged in liver failure but this is not significant when liver failure but this is not significant when used in regional anaesthesia used in regional anaesthesia
LA dose diminished in presence of AscitesLA dose diminished in presence of Ascites
Canadian Journal of Anesthesia Vol 45 452-Canadian Journal of Anesthesia Vol 45 452-459 459
Obstetrical anaesthesia for a parturient with Obstetrical anaesthesia for a parturient with preeclampsia HELLP syndrome and acute cortical preeclampsia HELLP syndrome and acute cortical
blindnessblindness A 39-yr-old woman with three past A 39-yr-old woman with three past uncomplicated pregnancies presented at 33 uncomplicated pregnancies presented at 33 wk with acute cortical blindnesswk with acute cortical blindness
Based on clinical and laboratory assessment Based on clinical and laboratory assessment a diagnosis of preeclampsia with HELLP a diagnosis of preeclampsia with HELLP syndrome was madesyndrome was made
A CT scan of her head demonstrated A CT scan of her head demonstrated ischaemic lesions of her basal ganglia ischaemic lesions of her basal ganglia extending superiorly to involve both posterior extending superiorly to involve both posterior parietal and occipital regionsparietal and occipital regions
Infusions of magnesium sulphate and Infusions of magnesium sulphate and hydralazine were started and an urgent hydralazine were started and an urgent Caesarean section was performed Caesarean section was performed under under subarachnoid anaesthesiasubarachnoid anaesthesia after insertion of an after insertion of an arterial line and intravenous hydration arterial line and intravenous hydration
ContdhellipContdhellip The course of anaesthesia and surgery was uneventful The course of anaesthesia and surgery was uneventful
and she delivered a live 1540 g female infantand she delivered a live 1540 g female infant By the following morning she had recovered some By the following morning she had recovered some
vision and visual recovery was complete by 72 hr vision and visual recovery was complete by 72 hr postpartum postpartum
Her postoperative course was uneventful Her postoperative course was uneventful CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION Provided that it is not contraindicated Provided that it is not contraindicated
because of prohibitive risk to the mother because of prohibitive risk to the mother regional regional anaesthesia has particular advantage in these anaesthesia has particular advantage in these patientspatients
In particular the use of spinal anaesthesia which has In particular the use of spinal anaesthesia which has been discouraged by some for this patient population been discouraged by some for this patient population should be re-evaluated should be re-evaluated
Postoperative Postoperative managementmanagement
Oxygen enriched airOxygen enriched air Major surgery ndash elective post operative Major surgery ndash elective post operative
ventilationventilation Replace blood lossReplace blood loss Maintain adequate urine outputMaintain adequate urine output Dopamine and inotropes should be Dopamine and inotropes should be
continuedcontinued The principle complications are likely The principle complications are likely
to be continued bleeding sepsis and to be continued bleeding sepsis and hepatic decompensation hepatic decompensation
Peri-operative considerations in Child-Peri-operative considerations in Child-Pugh A patientsPugh A patients
Pre-operative Pre-operative Aetiology of condition - virology Aetiology of condition - virology Drug idiosyncrasy Drug idiosyncrasy
Blood count and platelets Blood count and platelets Clotting screen Clotting screen Assess renal function Assess renal function Previous anaesthetics Previous anaesthetics
Per-operative Per-operative Consider drug bio-availability issues Consider drug bio-availability issues Avoid drugs excreted via liverAvoid drugs excreted via liver Regional techniques acceptable if clotting Regional techniques acceptable if clotting
normalnormal Post-operativePost-operative Monitor for post-operative hepatic Monitor for post-operative hepatic
decompensationdecompensation Possible prolonged duration of action in Possible prolonged duration of action in opiates HDU ITU careopiates HDU ITU care
Child-Pugh Group BC patient Child-Pugh Group BC patient undergoing major surgeryundergoing major surgery
Previous upper abdominal surgery portal Previous upper abdominal surgery portal hypertension and coagulopathy dramatically hypertension and coagulopathy dramatically increase the potential for per-operative blood lossincrease the potential for per-operative blood loss
8-12 units of blood together fresh frozen plasma 8-12 units of blood together fresh frozen plasma and platelets should be available and platelets should be available
Pre-medicationPre-medication Sedative premedicants should be avoided in the Sedative premedicants should be avoided in the
encephalopathic patient encephalopathic patient Other drugs may be needed pre-operatively and Other drugs may be needed pre-operatively and
include antibiotics and H2 receptor antagonistsinclude antibiotics and H2 receptor antagonists The oral or intravenous route used - The oral or intravenous route used -
intramuscular injections should be avoidedintramuscular injections should be avoided Coagulopathy may require correction with fresh Coagulopathy may require correction with fresh
frozen plasma and platelets and renal frozen plasma and platelets and renal replacement therapy may need to be consideredreplacement therapy may need to be considered
Per-operative considerationsPer-operative considerations Regional techniques -- considered carefully - Regional techniques -- considered carefully -
coagulopathy epidural varices can pose an coagulopathy epidural varices can pose an additional risk additional risk
Vascular accessVascular access with a multi-lumen central with a multi-lumen central venous catheter together with at least one large venous catheter together with at least one large bore central line bore central line
Monitoring of arterial and central venous Monitoring of arterial and central venous pressures is mandatory pressures is mandatory
Pulmonary artery pulmonary capillary wedge Pulmonary artery pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and cardiac output measurements pressure and cardiac output measurements may be necessary in the sick patientmay be necessary in the sick patient
Trans-oesophageal echocardiography and Trans-oesophageal echocardiography and volumetric haemodynamic monitoring pulse volumetric haemodynamic monitoring pulse contour analysis can provide significant contour analysis can provide significant additional information for the strategic additional information for the strategic management of these patients management of these patients
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Coagulation and fibrinolysisCoagulation and fibrinolysis are major are major
concerns concerns The potential for large volume blood replacement The potential for large volume blood replacement
means that temperature should be measured and means that temperature should be measured and a fluid warmer and warming mattress useda fluid warmer and warming mattress used
Regular per-operative estimation of INRPTR may Regular per-operative estimation of INRPTR may be necessary - thromboelastography provides be necessary - thromboelastography provides useful intra-operative evaluation of coagulationuseful intra-operative evaluation of coagulation
Blood conservationBlood conservation - considered - considered Preservation of hepatic function -Preservation of hepatic function - N- N-
acetylcysteine (NAC) is a sulphur-containing acetylcysteine (NAC) is a sulphur-containing antioxidant - benefit patients with fulminant antioxidant - benefit patients with fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
NAC appears to improve oxygen delivery NAC appears to improve oxygen delivery and consumption and reduce base deficitand consumption and reduce base deficit
Renal FunctionRenal Function - - Dopamine may be usefulDopamine may be useful
Bleeding oesophageal Bleeding oesophageal varicesvarices
Bleeding oesophageal varices - life-threatening Bleeding oesophageal varices - life-threatening complication of - often occur against a complication of - often occur against a background of abnormal clotting background of abnormal clotting thrombocytopenia encephalopathy and Ascitesthrombocytopenia encephalopathy and Ascites
Overall mortality is 30 Overall mortality is 30 The principles of anaesthetic managementThe principles of anaesthetic management Protect the airway Protect the airway Establish good vascular access Establish good vascular access Volume replacement - colloid blood fresh Volume replacement - colloid blood fresh
frozen plasma and platelets Avoid saline frozen plasma and platelets Avoid saline Check correct clotting Give Vitamin K correct Check correct clotting Give Vitamin K correct
fibrinolysis and review blood chemistry fibrinolysis and review blood chemistry
Intoxicated Alcoholic Intoxicated Alcoholic PatientsPatients
Requires less anaesthetic ndashadditive depressant Requires less anaesthetic ndashadditive depressant effect of alcohol amp anaestheticseffect of alcohol amp anaesthetics
Ill - equipped to withstand stress amp Acute blood Ill - equipped to withstand stress amp Acute blood lossloss
Alcohol decrease the tolerance of brain to hypoxiaAlcohol decrease the tolerance of brain to hypoxia uarr uarr Risk of regurgitation amp aspiration - alcohol Risk of regurgitation amp aspiration - alcohol
darrtone of lower oesophageal sphincter amp slows darrtone of lower oesophageal sphincter amp slows gastric emptyinggastric emptying
Alcohol Interferes with platelet aggregationAlcohol Interferes with platelet aggregation Causes uarrconc of plasma catecholamines rarr Causes uarrconc of plasma catecholamines rarr
Intraoperative dysarrhytmiasIntraoperative dysarrhytmias
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE
Mild ndash 17 marked - 4Mild ndash 17 marked - 4 Patient factorsPatient factors Congenital Congenital
hemolytic disordershemolytic disorders Acquired hemolytic Acquired hemolytic
disordersdisorders Pre existing liver Pre existing liver
diseasedisease CoagulopathyCoagulopathy Gilberts syndromeGilberts syndrome SepsisSepsis
Perioperative Perioperative factorsfactors
Anaesthetic induced Anaesthetic induced darrHBFdarrHBF
BleedingBleeding HypotensionHypotension Blood transfusionBlood transfusion Biliary tree traumaBiliary tree trauma Viral hepatitisViral hepatitis DrugsDrugs Halothane antibioticsHalothane antibiotics Nonsteroidal agentsNonsteroidal agents
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -
5000mg Bilirubin5000mg Bilirubin 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg
bilirubinbilirubin Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in
G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cell disease multiple blood transfusionscell disease multiple blood transfusions
Delayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashDelayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashpostop jaundicepostop jaundice
Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgeryuarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgery
ContdhellipContdhellip Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow
non biliary surgery 3- 30 days post opnon biliary surgery 3- 30 days post op Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis
[benign] - associated with multiple blood [benign] - associated with multiple blood transfusions hypoxia hypotension - transfusions hypoxia hypotension - uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks
ManagementManagement Prevention is the best treatment Prevention is the best treatment Avoid precipitating factorsAvoid precipitating factors
Halothane HepatitisHalothane Hepatitis The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane
anaesthetics - higher in women the middle anaesthetics - higher in women the middle aged and the obeseaged and the obese
Rarer in paediatric patients and with the Rarer in paediatric patients and with the newer volatile agents newer volatile agents
Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
ldquoldquoUnexplained liver damage within 28 days of Unexplained liver damage within 28 days of halothane exposure in previously normal halothane exposure in previously normal patientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reactionpatientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reaction
Clinical featuresClinical features malaise anorexiafever malaise anorexiafever within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks
Halothane HepatitisHalothane HepatitisDIAGNOSISDIAGNOSIS Serum antibodies that react with specific liver Serum antibodies that react with specific liver
microsomal proteins that are altered by microsomal proteins that are altered by trifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothanetrifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothane
Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Risk factorsRisk factors High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ]High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ] previous adverse reactionprevious adverse reaction Uncertain - obesityUncertain - obesity Female [16 1 ]Female [16 1 ] Drug allergy [ 15 ]Drug allergy [ 15 ] Family historyFamily history Lymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoinLymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoin
ContdhellipContdhellip The cause not fully established - multifactorial - The cause not fully established - multifactorial -
possible immunological cause possible immunological cause Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated
proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically predisposed subjectspredisposed subjects
Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also to blameto blame
Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile agent so toxic metabolites may be involvedagent so toxic metabolites may be involved
The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with increasing numbers of exposures to halothane increasing numbers of exposures to halothane
Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO database holds 225 and 159 reports respectivelydatabase holds 225 and 159 reports respectively
Halothane exposure Halothane exposure guidelinesguidelines
Avoid Halothane ifAvoid Halothane if Within at least 3 months of a previous Within at least 3 months of a previous
exposure exposure Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or
pyrexia pyrexia Family history of hepatic reactions to Family history of hepatic reactions to
halothanehalothane Pre - existing liver diseasePre - existing liver disease Adverse reactions to Other volatile Adverse reactions to Other volatile
anaesthetic agentsanaesthetic agents
Liver and PregnancyLiver and Pregnancy Normal in sizeNormal in size A decrease in total protein as well albumin A decrease in total protein as well albumin An increase of the liver dependent clotting An increase of the liver dependent clotting
factors such as fibrinogen factors such as fibrinogen An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times
secondary to placental alkalinesecondary to placental alkaline Srcholinesterase Srcholinesterase darr 30darr 30 Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and
bilirubinbilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin
ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver disease disease
Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Intrahepatic Cholestasis of PregnancyPregnancy
Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Rare in black patients Rare in black patients
Strong family history Strong family history High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies
60-7060-70 Pruritus alone - 80 percent Pruritus alone - 80 percent Jaundice develop in 20 percentJaundice develop in 20 percent Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or
no elevation in transaminasesno elevation in transaminases
IChP ndashcontdhellipIChP ndashcontdhellip Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early
delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice ) pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice )
Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts Dexamethasone Dexamethasone
Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but bilurubin within 4-6 weeks bilurubin within 4-6 weeks
Implications on Anaesthesia Implications on Anaesthesia Check coagulation profile Check coagulation profile Ask for vit K IV Ask for vit K IV take care of high incidence of fetal distress take care of high incidence of fetal distress
meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist must attend with incubatormust attend with incubator
Preeclampsia amp EclampsiaPreeclampsia amp Eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia
and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl
If not associated with other criteria of HELLP If not associated with other criteria of HELLP syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 50mlday 50mlday
Implications on anaesthesiaImplications on anaesthesia Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress
response which could continue to anaesthesia response which could continue to anaesthesia provided INR lt15 provided INR lt15
Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed tube 6-7 mm tube 6-7 mm
Adequate analgesia Adequate analgesia Fluids restriction Fluids restriction Continue medications postoperative in ICU Continue medications postoperative in ICU
HELLP syndrome HELLP syndrome Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low
plateletsplatelets Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-
eclampsia result from very active platelets eclampsia result from very active platelets aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia and congestion with deposition of fibrous and congestion with deposition of fibrous network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage
Nausea vomiting headache and upper right Nausea vomiting headache and upper right abdominal pain hypotension shockabdominal pain hypotension shock
Best markers are the maternal lactate Best markers are the maternal lactate dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet count count
Congested liver of HELLP Congested liver of HELLP syndromesyndrome
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high
dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has been shown to markedly improve the laboratory been shown to markedly improve the laboratory abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome
Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is
greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of magnesium sulfate magnesium sulfate
Anesthesia like severe preclampsia Anesthesia like severe preclampsia avoid trauma to liveravoid trauma to liver Vit K if INR gt15Vit K if INR gt15 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60
ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF PREGNANCYPREGNANCY
Rare serious disorder unknown etiologyRare serious disorder unknown etiology Symptoms in third trimesterSymptoms in third trimester ndashabdominal
pain nausea vomiting anorexiafatique fever headache
Rapid progression ndashbleeding jaundice encephalopathy renal failure hepatic failure coagulopathy - PPH
uarrTransaminases hyperbilirubinemia uarrprothrombin time --- DIC
Prompt delivery is advisable
Hepatic Rupture and Hepatic Rupture and Infarction Infarction
Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 to 85 percent) are at higher risk to 85 percent) are at higher risk
Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in
shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy
Therapy for hepatic rupture has included Therapy for hepatic rupture has included transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted in hepatic rupture in hepatic rupture
Hepatic infarctionHepatic infarction was typically present with fever was typically present with fever and marked elevations in transaminase levels In and marked elevations in transaminase levels In surviving patients liver function and histopathology surviving patients liver function and histopathology are normal within six months of delivery are normal within six months of delivery
Anesthesia in pregnant women with Anesthesia in pregnant women with HELLP syndromeHELLP syndrome
Retrospective studyRetrospective study For the period of 1 July For the period of 1 July 1996 through 30 June 2000 1996 through 30 June 2000
RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had cesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal deliverycesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal delivery
Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 postcesarean delivery the range platelet count postcesarean delivery the range platelet count was 19000-143000microl was 19000-143000microl
Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia
There were no neurologic complications or There were no neurologic complications or bleeding in the epidural spacebleeding in the epidural space
CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any neurologic or hematologic complications of women neurologic or hematologic complications of women with HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesiawith HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesia
Subdural Hematoma following dural Subdural Hematoma following dural puncture in a parturient with HELLP puncture in a parturient with HELLP
syndromesyndrome This complication occurred following This complication occurred following accidental dural puncture in a parturient accidental dural puncture in a parturient with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who subsequently developed the syndrome of subsequently developed the syndrome of hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low plateletsplatelets
On the first postoperative day postdural On the first postoperative day postdural puncture headache (PDPH) developed puncture headache (PDPH) developed
An epidural blood patch (EBP) was An epidural blood patch (EBP) was deferred to the third postoperative day deferred to the third postoperative day because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1 because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1
Headache intensified from a typical PDPH Headache intensified from a typical PDPH to one which was not posturally related to one which was not posturally related
A second EBP was abandoned after the A second EBP was abandoned after the
injection of 5 mL of blood because of injection of 5 mL of blood because of increasing headache during the procedure increasing headache during the procedure
Magnetic resonance imaging revealed Magnetic resonance imaging revealed bilateral temporal subdural hematomas bilateral temporal subdural hematomas
The patient was managed conservatively and The patient was managed conservatively and discharged home without any sequelae discharged home without any sequelae
ConclusionConclusion It is conceivable that It is conceivable that thrombocytopenia together with possible thrombocytopenia together with possible abnormal platelet function increased the risk abnormal platelet function increased the risk of subdural hematoma of subdural hematoma
Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be considered whenever headache is not considered whenever headache is not posturally related posturally related
OCUPATIONAL HAZARDOCUPATIONAL HAZARD Risk of transmission of HBV following Risk of transmission of HBV following
inoculation is 5 -30inoculation is 5 -30 May occur through needle prickcuts May occur through needle prickcuts
sharp injuriesmucous membranes- sharp injuriesmucous membranes- waterproof dressingwaterproof dressing
Wear gloves while inserting a Wear gloves while inserting a cannula airways intubation amp extubation cannula airways intubation amp extubation
Sharps should not be handed directly to Sharps should not be handed directly to othersothers
See to the sterilisation of other See to the sterilisation of other contaminated thingscontaminated things
Effect of General Anaesthesia on liver Effect of General Anaesthesia on liver functions in patients with preexisting functions in patients with preexisting
liver diseasesliver diseases Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 1989 Apr 37(2) 61-6Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 1989 Apr 37(2) 61-6 ABSTRACT Effects of anaesthetics on liver ABSTRACT Effects of anaesthetics on liver
functions were studies in 13 patients having no liver functions were studies in 13 patients having no liver disease (group I) and 11 patients having liver disease (group I) and 11 patients having liver disease (group II) disease (group II)
Serum cholinesterase increased significantly in both Serum cholinesterase increased significantly in both the group Rise in SGOT levels was significant only the group Rise in SGOT levels was significant only in group I who had greater surgical trauma and not in group I who had greater surgical trauma and not in the other group of patients (group II) in the other group of patients (group II)
Significant decrease in total serum proteins was Significant decrease in total serum proteins was seen on different postoperative days in group I but seen on different postoperative days in group I but only on 5th postoperative day in group II only on 5th postoperative day in group II
It was concluded that presence of liver disease does It was concluded that presence of liver disease does not increase the adverse effect of anaesthesia on not increase the adverse effect of anaesthesia on liver function and that liver function and that surgical trauma is more surgical trauma is more important than anaesthesia in producingimportant than anaesthesia in producing liver liver dysfunction dysfunction
Signs of Liver DiseaseSigns of Liver Disease JaundiceJaundice HepatomegalyHepatomegaly Spider NaeviSpider Naevi SplenomegalySplenomegaly Scratch MarksScratch Marks AscitesAscites Palmer ErythemaPalmer Erythema
Dilated Abdominal Dilated Abdominal VeinsVeins
Peripheral OedemaPeripheral Oedema Finger ClubbingFinger Clubbing Testicular AtrophyTesticular Atrophy BruisingBruising GynaecomastiaGynaecomastia ConfusionComa ConfusionComa
JaundiceJaundicePrehepatic jaundice [haemolysis]Prehepatic jaundice [haemolysis] Massive intravascular haemolysis - as in Massive intravascular haemolysis - as in
some forms of malaria or in sickle cell some forms of malaria or in sickle cell anemiaanemia
Hepatocellular function is normal but Hepatocellular function is normal but overwhelmed - increased unconjugated overwhelmed - increased unconjugated bilirubin bilirubin
Intact Protein and carbohydrate Intact Protein and carbohydrate metabolism metabolism
No reduction in the absorption of Vitamin K No reduction in the absorption of Vitamin K or production of clotting factorsor production of clotting factors
Hepatocellular jaundiceHepatocellular jaundice Hepatitis or Cirrhosis Hepatitis or Cirrhosis decreased protein synthesis signs of decreased protein synthesis signs of
delayed clotting and even encephalopathy delayed clotting and even encephalopathy
CONTDhellipCONTDhellipObstructive JaundiceObstructive Jaundice Biliary obstruction - from a stone in the common Biliary obstruction - from a stone in the common
bile duct pancreatic tumour or ascending bile duct pancreatic tumour or ascending cholangitischolangitis
Hepatocellular function is normal Hepatocellular function is normal Excess plasma bilirubin is chiefly conjugated - Excess plasma bilirubin is chiefly conjugated -
excreted in the urine which becomes darkexcreted in the urine which becomes dark Stools are pale as a result of poor lipid Stools are pale as a result of poor lipid
absorption absorption Protein synthesis is normalProtein synthesis is normal Vitamin K dependant clotting factors reduced Vitamin K dependant clotting factors reduced as the absorption of vitamin K is as the absorption of vitamin K is
dependent on the excretion of bile salts into the dependent on the excretion of bile salts into the small intestine rarr clotting time prolonged small intestine rarr clotting time prolonged parenteral vitamin K parenteral vitamin K
Renal impairment in Renal impairment in JaundiceJaundice
Release of endotoxins into systemic Release of endotoxins into systemic circulationcirculation
following biliary obstruction ndash renal following biliary obstruction ndash renal failurefailure
Prevention Prevention - in high srbilirubin levels ndash - in high srbilirubin levels ndash
percutaneous drainage of biliary tree percutaneous drainage of biliary tree under antibiotic coverunder antibiotic cover
- pre op oral bile salts -- pre op oral bile salts -darr post op RFdarr post op RF
Liver Function TestsLiver Function Tests Indication of severity help to differentiate Indication of severity help to differentiate
between prehepatic hepatocellular and between prehepatic hepatocellular and obstructive jaundiceobstructive jaundice
Jaundice - sign of an elevation of serum Jaundice - sign of an elevation of serum bilirubin bilirubin
Protein and albumin levels are normal in Protein and albumin levels are normal in prehepatic or obstructive jaundice low prehepatic or obstructive jaundice low values indicate hepatocellular damagevalues indicate hepatocellular damage
clotting - Prothrombin Time clotting - Prothrombin Time An elevated INR may indicate impaired An elevated INR may indicate impaired
synthesis of clotting factors due to synthesis of clotting factors due to hepatocellular damage or malabsorption hepatocellular damage or malabsorption of vitamin K due to biliary obstruction of vitamin K due to biliary obstruction
ContdhellipContdhellip Prothrombin time[ half life - 6 -12 hrs ] ndash best Prothrombin time[ half life - 6 -12 hrs ] ndash best
indicator than Albumin [ half life ndash 24 -48 indicator than Albumin [ half life ndash 24 -48 days]days]
Alanine Transaminase (ALT) and Aspartate Alanine Transaminase (ALT) and Aspartate Transaminase (AST) are enzymes that are released Transaminase (AST) are enzymes that are released into the circulation by damaged hepatocytes into the circulation by damaged hepatocytes Raised levels indicate hepatocellular damageRaised levels indicate hepatocellular damage
AST can also be elevated in other circumstances AST can also be elevated in other circumstances such as myocardial infarction such as myocardial infarction
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme localized Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme localized near the bile cannaliculi and is elevated in biliary near the bile cannaliculi and is elevated in biliary obstruction Not specific to hepatobiliary diseaseobstruction Not specific to hepatobiliary disease[ raised in malignant bone disease][ raised in malignant bone disease]
An accompanying rise in Gamma glutamyl An accompanying rise in Gamma glutamyl Transferase (Gamma GT) suggests that the ALP is Transferase (Gamma GT) suggests that the ALP is from the liverfrom the liver
ContdhellipContdhellip Glutathione ndash S ndash transferase ndashto Glutathione ndash S ndash transferase ndashto
assess damage assess damage due to anaestheticsdue to anaesthetics ALP ndashEarly in biliary obstructionALP ndashEarly in biliary obstruction γγ - Glutamyl trans peptidase ndash rises - Glutamyl trans peptidase ndash rises
after alcohol amp drug induced liver after alcohol amp drug induced liver damagedamage
Plasma glucose should be measuredPlasma glucose should be measured
Risk and severity scoringRisk and severity scoring In 1964 Child and Turcotte classified risk for In 1964 Child and Turcotte classified risk for
patients with liver cirrhosis undergoing porto-patients with liver cirrhosis undergoing porto-caval anastomosis for management of portal caval anastomosis for management of portal hypertensionhypertension
Pugh et al at Kings College Hospital Pugh et al at Kings College Hospital published a severity scoring system for published a severity scoring system for patients undergoing oesophageal transection patients undergoing oesophageal transection for bleeding oesophageal varices for bleeding oesophageal varices
The two systems have been amalgamated and The two systems have been amalgamated and provide a disease severity assessment based provide a disease severity assessment based on two clinical and three laboratory variables on two clinical and three laboratory variables
PUGHlsquoS MODIFICATION OF CHILD GRADINGPUGHlsquoS MODIFICATION OF CHILD GRADING Clinical amp Biochemical Clinical amp Biochemical variablesvariables
POINTS POINTS 11
SCORESCOREDD22
33
Serum albumin (gL)Serum albumin (gL) gt35gt35 28-3528-35 lt28lt28
Serum bilirubin (micromolL)Serum bilirubin (micromolL) [Mg dl][Mg dl]
lt35lt35lt 2lt 2
35-6035-602 -32 -3
gt60gt60gt 3gt 3
PT (seconds) prolongedPT (seconds) prolongedfrom controlfrom control
1-41-4INR [ lt INR [ lt 1 7]1 7]
4-104-10INR [17 INR [17 -23]-23]
1010INR gt23INR gt23
AscitesAscites NoneNone MildMild ModerateModerateEncephalopathyEncephalopathy AbsentAbsent Grade I ndash Grade I ndash
IIIIGrade III ndash Grade III ndash IVIV
POINTS 5- 6 ndash class A [5 Mortality] 7 -9 ndashClass B [10 mortality] 10 -15 ndashClass C [50 mortality]
Surgery in patients with liver Surgery in patients with liver dysfunctiondysfunction
The Child-Pugh classification is a useful method The Child-Pugh classification is a useful method of staging the progress of liver decompensation of staging the progress of liver decompensation
Limited predictive value in anaesthesia and Limited predictive value in anaesthesia and surgerysurgery
Group A patients are lower riskGroup A patients are lower risk and with and with sufficient care can be considered as candidates sufficient care can be considered as candidates for most types of surgeryfor most types of surgery
Group B patients ndash acceptable but correct Group B patients ndash acceptable but correct abnormalities abnormalities
Group C patientsGroup C patients present an extremely high present an extremely high operative risk - surgical procedures in these operative risk - surgical procedures in these patients should be avoided if possible- patients should be avoided if possible- only only emergency or life-saving proceduresemergency or life-saving procedures should should be undertakenbe undertaken
Preoperative assessmentPreoperative assessment Type and extent of liver diseaseType and extent of liver disease Extra hepatic effectsExtra hepatic effects Risk assessmentRisk assessment Patients general condition- hydration nutritionPatients general condition- hydration nutrition Associated co-morbid conditionsAssociated co-morbid conditions LFTLFT ConsentConsent Premedication-short acting temazepam in absence Premedication-short acting temazepam in absence
of neurological impairment orally ndashavoid of neurological impairment orally ndashavoid intramuscular injectionsintramuscular injections
H2 receptor antagonistsH2 receptor antagonists Preop Vit K optimal hydrationPreop Vit K optimal hydration
PREOP INVESTIGATIONSPREOP INVESTIGATIONS
Hematological ndashHb Platelet Hematological ndashHb Platelet countWBC Coagulation profilecountWBC Coagulation profile
Metabolic ndash sr Metabolic ndash sr glucose urea creatinine electrolytesglucose urea creatinine electrolytes
Cardio respiratory ndash chest x-rayECG Cardio respiratory ndash chest x-rayECG PFT ABGPFT ABG
Liver function ndash Liver function ndash srbilirubinalbuminliver enzymessrbilirubinalbuminliver enzymes
Pre-op risk factors Pre-op risk factors associated with associated with
postoperative mortalitypostoperative mortality Serum albumin lt3gLSerum albumin lt3gL Serum bilirubin gt50 micromolLSerum bilirubin gt50 micromolL PT gt15 s over controlPT gt15 s over control Presence of infectionPresence of infection WBC gt 10000WBC gt 10000 Treatment with more than two antibioticsTreatment with more than two antibiotics Presence of AscitesPresence of Ascites MalnutritionMalnutrition Emergency surgeryEmergency surgery
Anaesthetic TechniqueAnaesthetic Technique Avoid hypotensive techniquesmdashintra hepatic necrosisAvoid hypotensive techniquesmdashintra hepatic necrosis High conc of oxygen -- - due to intrapulmonary shuntsHigh conc of oxygen -- - due to intrapulmonary shunts Avoid hypotension amp hypoxemiaAvoid hypotension amp hypoxemia Meticulous fluid balance ndashMeticulous fluid balance ndash Ascites ndash may lose a large amount of fluid rapidlyAscites ndash may lose a large amount of fluid rapidly Concentrated albumin solutions ndashto correct Concentrated albumin solutions ndashto correct
hypoproteinemiahypoproteinemia Fresh blood ndashto prevent hypocalcemia due to Fresh blood ndashto prevent hypocalcemia due to
reduced metabolism of preservativesreduced metabolism of preservatives FFP 12 - 15 mlKg ndashCorrect dilutional FFP 12 - 15 mlKg ndashCorrect dilutional
coagulopathycoagulopathy 1 unit of FFP for every 1 unit of packed cells or 250 1 unit of FFP for every 1 unit of packed cells or 250
ml of 09 saline or colloid [500 ml of FFP - uarr ml of 09 saline or colloid [500 ml of FFP - uarr Clotting factors by 20 ]Clotting factors by 20 ]
Maintenance of temperature Maintenance of temperature
MonitoringMonitoring Monitoring of temperature Monitoring of temperature Coagulation status should be monitored ndashplatelet count fibrin Coagulation status should be monitored ndashplatelet count fibrin
degradation products prothrombin time activated clotting degradation products prothrombin time activated clotting time partial thromboplastin timetime partial thromboplastin time
Thromboelastography has been used as a tool in liver Thromboelastography has been used as a tool in liver transplantationtransplantation
Repeated BP cuff inflation ndashmay lead to bruising in patients Repeated BP cuff inflation ndashmay lead to bruising in patients with altered haemostatic functionwith altered haemostatic function
Insertion of Intra arterial line ndash care to prevent haematoma Insertion of Intra arterial line ndash care to prevent haematoma Jugular route is preferred in CVP monitoringJugular route is preferred in CVP monitoring OximetryOximetry Urine outputUrine output Blood lossBlood loss Monitor ionized calciumMonitor ionized calcium
DRUGSDRUGS
Thiopentone ndash intrinsic clearance delayed Thiopentone ndash intrinsic clearance delayed but recovery not delayed because of but recovery not delayed because of redistributionredistribution
Alcoholic cirrhosis ndash larger dose of thio ndash Alcoholic cirrhosis ndash larger dose of thio ndash cross tolerancecross tolerance
Halothane and enflurane reduce hepatic Halothane and enflurane reduce hepatic arterial flow (vasodilatation negative arterial flow (vasodilatation negative inotropic effects)inotropic effects)
Isoflurane increases hepatic blood flowIsoflurane increases hepatic blood flow [preferred][preferred]
NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING AGENTSAGENTS
Reduced plasma pseudo cholinesterase activityReduced plasma pseudo cholinesterase activity Prolonged action- vecuronium Prolonged action- vecuronium
pancruonium[16 fold]pancruonium[16 fold] Decreased biliary excretionDecreased biliary excretion Increased volume of distribution ndashlarger Increased volume of distribution ndashlarger
initial dosesinitial doses 1048708 1048708 Recommended Atracurium ndash metabolism Recommended Atracurium ndash metabolism
independent of liver and kidneysindependent of liver and kidneys 1048708 1048708 For transplantation ndash long acting agent such For transplantation ndash long acting agent such
as doxacuriumas doxacurium
OPIODS amp SEDATIVESOPIODS amp SEDATIVES
NarcoticsNarcotics Reduced metabolism of morphine and Reduced metabolism of morphine and
pethidinepethidine Prefer fentanylPrefer fentanyl Remifentanyl - ideal Remifentanyl - ideal 1048708 1048708 BenzodiazepinesBenzodiazepines 1048708 1048708 Diazepam - prolonged half lifeDiazepam - prolonged half life 1048708 1048708 Oxazepam and lorazepam preferrred Oxazepam and lorazepam preferrred
ndashmetabolised by glucuronidation ndashmetabolised by glucuronidation without liver requirementwithout liver requirement
Regional Anaesthesia Regional Anaesthesia Contraindicated if PT gt25 s above control Contraindicated if PT gt25 s above control
platelet count lt 50000 cumm bleeding platelet count lt 50000 cumm bleeding time gt12 mtstime gt12 mts
Spinal and epidural anaesthesia carries the Spinal and epidural anaesthesia carries the risk of epidural haematoma and paralysis if risk of epidural haematoma and paralysis if there is abnormal clotting but there are there is abnormal clotting but there are otherwise no special precautionsotherwise no special precautions
The half-life of lignocaine is prolonged in The half-life of lignocaine is prolonged in liver failure but this is not significant when liver failure but this is not significant when used in regional anaesthesia used in regional anaesthesia
LA dose diminished in presence of AscitesLA dose diminished in presence of Ascites
Canadian Journal of Anesthesia Vol 45 452-Canadian Journal of Anesthesia Vol 45 452-459 459
Obstetrical anaesthesia for a parturient with Obstetrical anaesthesia for a parturient with preeclampsia HELLP syndrome and acute cortical preeclampsia HELLP syndrome and acute cortical
blindnessblindness A 39-yr-old woman with three past A 39-yr-old woman with three past uncomplicated pregnancies presented at 33 uncomplicated pregnancies presented at 33 wk with acute cortical blindnesswk with acute cortical blindness
Based on clinical and laboratory assessment Based on clinical and laboratory assessment a diagnosis of preeclampsia with HELLP a diagnosis of preeclampsia with HELLP syndrome was madesyndrome was made
A CT scan of her head demonstrated A CT scan of her head demonstrated ischaemic lesions of her basal ganglia ischaemic lesions of her basal ganglia extending superiorly to involve both posterior extending superiorly to involve both posterior parietal and occipital regionsparietal and occipital regions
Infusions of magnesium sulphate and Infusions of magnesium sulphate and hydralazine were started and an urgent hydralazine were started and an urgent Caesarean section was performed Caesarean section was performed under under subarachnoid anaesthesiasubarachnoid anaesthesia after insertion of an after insertion of an arterial line and intravenous hydration arterial line and intravenous hydration
ContdhellipContdhellip The course of anaesthesia and surgery was uneventful The course of anaesthesia and surgery was uneventful
and she delivered a live 1540 g female infantand she delivered a live 1540 g female infant By the following morning she had recovered some By the following morning she had recovered some
vision and visual recovery was complete by 72 hr vision and visual recovery was complete by 72 hr postpartum postpartum
Her postoperative course was uneventful Her postoperative course was uneventful CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION Provided that it is not contraindicated Provided that it is not contraindicated
because of prohibitive risk to the mother because of prohibitive risk to the mother regional regional anaesthesia has particular advantage in these anaesthesia has particular advantage in these patientspatients
In particular the use of spinal anaesthesia which has In particular the use of spinal anaesthesia which has been discouraged by some for this patient population been discouraged by some for this patient population should be re-evaluated should be re-evaluated
Postoperative Postoperative managementmanagement
Oxygen enriched airOxygen enriched air Major surgery ndash elective post operative Major surgery ndash elective post operative
ventilationventilation Replace blood lossReplace blood loss Maintain adequate urine outputMaintain adequate urine output Dopamine and inotropes should be Dopamine and inotropes should be
continuedcontinued The principle complications are likely The principle complications are likely
to be continued bleeding sepsis and to be continued bleeding sepsis and hepatic decompensation hepatic decompensation
Peri-operative considerations in Child-Peri-operative considerations in Child-Pugh A patientsPugh A patients
Pre-operative Pre-operative Aetiology of condition - virology Aetiology of condition - virology Drug idiosyncrasy Drug idiosyncrasy
Blood count and platelets Blood count and platelets Clotting screen Clotting screen Assess renal function Assess renal function Previous anaesthetics Previous anaesthetics
Per-operative Per-operative Consider drug bio-availability issues Consider drug bio-availability issues Avoid drugs excreted via liverAvoid drugs excreted via liver Regional techniques acceptable if clotting Regional techniques acceptable if clotting
normalnormal Post-operativePost-operative Monitor for post-operative hepatic Monitor for post-operative hepatic
decompensationdecompensation Possible prolonged duration of action in Possible prolonged duration of action in opiates HDU ITU careopiates HDU ITU care
Child-Pugh Group BC patient Child-Pugh Group BC patient undergoing major surgeryundergoing major surgery
Previous upper abdominal surgery portal Previous upper abdominal surgery portal hypertension and coagulopathy dramatically hypertension and coagulopathy dramatically increase the potential for per-operative blood lossincrease the potential for per-operative blood loss
8-12 units of blood together fresh frozen plasma 8-12 units of blood together fresh frozen plasma and platelets should be available and platelets should be available
Pre-medicationPre-medication Sedative premedicants should be avoided in the Sedative premedicants should be avoided in the
encephalopathic patient encephalopathic patient Other drugs may be needed pre-operatively and Other drugs may be needed pre-operatively and
include antibiotics and H2 receptor antagonistsinclude antibiotics and H2 receptor antagonists The oral or intravenous route used - The oral or intravenous route used -
intramuscular injections should be avoidedintramuscular injections should be avoided Coagulopathy may require correction with fresh Coagulopathy may require correction with fresh
frozen plasma and platelets and renal frozen plasma and platelets and renal replacement therapy may need to be consideredreplacement therapy may need to be considered
Per-operative considerationsPer-operative considerations Regional techniques -- considered carefully - Regional techniques -- considered carefully -
coagulopathy epidural varices can pose an coagulopathy epidural varices can pose an additional risk additional risk
Vascular accessVascular access with a multi-lumen central with a multi-lumen central venous catheter together with at least one large venous catheter together with at least one large bore central line bore central line
Monitoring of arterial and central venous Monitoring of arterial and central venous pressures is mandatory pressures is mandatory
Pulmonary artery pulmonary capillary wedge Pulmonary artery pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and cardiac output measurements pressure and cardiac output measurements may be necessary in the sick patientmay be necessary in the sick patient
Trans-oesophageal echocardiography and Trans-oesophageal echocardiography and volumetric haemodynamic monitoring pulse volumetric haemodynamic monitoring pulse contour analysis can provide significant contour analysis can provide significant additional information for the strategic additional information for the strategic management of these patients management of these patients
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Coagulation and fibrinolysisCoagulation and fibrinolysis are major are major
concerns concerns The potential for large volume blood replacement The potential for large volume blood replacement
means that temperature should be measured and means that temperature should be measured and a fluid warmer and warming mattress useda fluid warmer and warming mattress used
Regular per-operative estimation of INRPTR may Regular per-operative estimation of INRPTR may be necessary - thromboelastography provides be necessary - thromboelastography provides useful intra-operative evaluation of coagulationuseful intra-operative evaluation of coagulation
Blood conservationBlood conservation - considered - considered Preservation of hepatic function -Preservation of hepatic function - N- N-
acetylcysteine (NAC) is a sulphur-containing acetylcysteine (NAC) is a sulphur-containing antioxidant - benefit patients with fulminant antioxidant - benefit patients with fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
NAC appears to improve oxygen delivery NAC appears to improve oxygen delivery and consumption and reduce base deficitand consumption and reduce base deficit
Renal FunctionRenal Function - - Dopamine may be usefulDopamine may be useful
Bleeding oesophageal Bleeding oesophageal varicesvarices
Bleeding oesophageal varices - life-threatening Bleeding oesophageal varices - life-threatening complication of - often occur against a complication of - often occur against a background of abnormal clotting background of abnormal clotting thrombocytopenia encephalopathy and Ascitesthrombocytopenia encephalopathy and Ascites
Overall mortality is 30 Overall mortality is 30 The principles of anaesthetic managementThe principles of anaesthetic management Protect the airway Protect the airway Establish good vascular access Establish good vascular access Volume replacement - colloid blood fresh Volume replacement - colloid blood fresh
frozen plasma and platelets Avoid saline frozen plasma and platelets Avoid saline Check correct clotting Give Vitamin K correct Check correct clotting Give Vitamin K correct
fibrinolysis and review blood chemistry fibrinolysis and review blood chemistry
Intoxicated Alcoholic Intoxicated Alcoholic PatientsPatients
Requires less anaesthetic ndashadditive depressant Requires less anaesthetic ndashadditive depressant effect of alcohol amp anaestheticseffect of alcohol amp anaesthetics
Ill - equipped to withstand stress amp Acute blood Ill - equipped to withstand stress amp Acute blood lossloss
Alcohol decrease the tolerance of brain to hypoxiaAlcohol decrease the tolerance of brain to hypoxia uarr uarr Risk of regurgitation amp aspiration - alcohol Risk of regurgitation amp aspiration - alcohol
darrtone of lower oesophageal sphincter amp slows darrtone of lower oesophageal sphincter amp slows gastric emptyinggastric emptying
Alcohol Interferes with platelet aggregationAlcohol Interferes with platelet aggregation Causes uarrconc of plasma catecholamines rarr Causes uarrconc of plasma catecholamines rarr
Intraoperative dysarrhytmiasIntraoperative dysarrhytmias
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE
Mild ndash 17 marked - 4Mild ndash 17 marked - 4 Patient factorsPatient factors Congenital Congenital
hemolytic disordershemolytic disorders Acquired hemolytic Acquired hemolytic
disordersdisorders Pre existing liver Pre existing liver
diseasedisease CoagulopathyCoagulopathy Gilberts syndromeGilberts syndrome SepsisSepsis
Perioperative Perioperative factorsfactors
Anaesthetic induced Anaesthetic induced darrHBFdarrHBF
BleedingBleeding HypotensionHypotension Blood transfusionBlood transfusion Biliary tree traumaBiliary tree trauma Viral hepatitisViral hepatitis DrugsDrugs Halothane antibioticsHalothane antibiotics Nonsteroidal agentsNonsteroidal agents
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -
5000mg Bilirubin5000mg Bilirubin 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg
bilirubinbilirubin Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in
G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cell disease multiple blood transfusionscell disease multiple blood transfusions
Delayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashDelayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashpostop jaundicepostop jaundice
Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgeryuarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgery
ContdhellipContdhellip Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow
non biliary surgery 3- 30 days post opnon biliary surgery 3- 30 days post op Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis
[benign] - associated with multiple blood [benign] - associated with multiple blood transfusions hypoxia hypotension - transfusions hypoxia hypotension - uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks
ManagementManagement Prevention is the best treatment Prevention is the best treatment Avoid precipitating factorsAvoid precipitating factors
Halothane HepatitisHalothane Hepatitis The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane
anaesthetics - higher in women the middle anaesthetics - higher in women the middle aged and the obeseaged and the obese
Rarer in paediatric patients and with the Rarer in paediatric patients and with the newer volatile agents newer volatile agents
Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
ldquoldquoUnexplained liver damage within 28 days of Unexplained liver damage within 28 days of halothane exposure in previously normal halothane exposure in previously normal patientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reactionpatientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reaction
Clinical featuresClinical features malaise anorexiafever malaise anorexiafever within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks
Halothane HepatitisHalothane HepatitisDIAGNOSISDIAGNOSIS Serum antibodies that react with specific liver Serum antibodies that react with specific liver
microsomal proteins that are altered by microsomal proteins that are altered by trifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothanetrifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothane
Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Risk factorsRisk factors High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ]High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ] previous adverse reactionprevious adverse reaction Uncertain - obesityUncertain - obesity Female [16 1 ]Female [16 1 ] Drug allergy [ 15 ]Drug allergy [ 15 ] Family historyFamily history Lymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoinLymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoin
ContdhellipContdhellip The cause not fully established - multifactorial - The cause not fully established - multifactorial -
possible immunological cause possible immunological cause Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated
proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically predisposed subjectspredisposed subjects
Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also to blameto blame
Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile agent so toxic metabolites may be involvedagent so toxic metabolites may be involved
The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with increasing numbers of exposures to halothane increasing numbers of exposures to halothane
Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO database holds 225 and 159 reports respectivelydatabase holds 225 and 159 reports respectively
Halothane exposure Halothane exposure guidelinesguidelines
Avoid Halothane ifAvoid Halothane if Within at least 3 months of a previous Within at least 3 months of a previous
exposure exposure Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or
pyrexia pyrexia Family history of hepatic reactions to Family history of hepatic reactions to
halothanehalothane Pre - existing liver diseasePre - existing liver disease Adverse reactions to Other volatile Adverse reactions to Other volatile
anaesthetic agentsanaesthetic agents
Liver and PregnancyLiver and Pregnancy Normal in sizeNormal in size A decrease in total protein as well albumin A decrease in total protein as well albumin An increase of the liver dependent clotting An increase of the liver dependent clotting
factors such as fibrinogen factors such as fibrinogen An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times
secondary to placental alkalinesecondary to placental alkaline Srcholinesterase Srcholinesterase darr 30darr 30 Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and
bilirubinbilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin
ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver disease disease
Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Intrahepatic Cholestasis of PregnancyPregnancy
Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Rare in black patients Rare in black patients
Strong family history Strong family history High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies
60-7060-70 Pruritus alone - 80 percent Pruritus alone - 80 percent Jaundice develop in 20 percentJaundice develop in 20 percent Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or
no elevation in transaminasesno elevation in transaminases
IChP ndashcontdhellipIChP ndashcontdhellip Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early
delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice ) pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice )
Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts Dexamethasone Dexamethasone
Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but bilurubin within 4-6 weeks bilurubin within 4-6 weeks
Implications on Anaesthesia Implications on Anaesthesia Check coagulation profile Check coagulation profile Ask for vit K IV Ask for vit K IV take care of high incidence of fetal distress take care of high incidence of fetal distress
meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist must attend with incubatormust attend with incubator
Preeclampsia amp EclampsiaPreeclampsia amp Eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia
and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl
If not associated with other criteria of HELLP If not associated with other criteria of HELLP syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 50mlday 50mlday
Implications on anaesthesiaImplications on anaesthesia Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress
response which could continue to anaesthesia response which could continue to anaesthesia provided INR lt15 provided INR lt15
Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed tube 6-7 mm tube 6-7 mm
Adequate analgesia Adequate analgesia Fluids restriction Fluids restriction Continue medications postoperative in ICU Continue medications postoperative in ICU
HELLP syndrome HELLP syndrome Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low
plateletsplatelets Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-
eclampsia result from very active platelets eclampsia result from very active platelets aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia and congestion with deposition of fibrous and congestion with deposition of fibrous network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage
Nausea vomiting headache and upper right Nausea vomiting headache and upper right abdominal pain hypotension shockabdominal pain hypotension shock
Best markers are the maternal lactate Best markers are the maternal lactate dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet count count
Congested liver of HELLP Congested liver of HELLP syndromesyndrome
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high
dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has been shown to markedly improve the laboratory been shown to markedly improve the laboratory abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome
Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is
greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of magnesium sulfate magnesium sulfate
Anesthesia like severe preclampsia Anesthesia like severe preclampsia avoid trauma to liveravoid trauma to liver Vit K if INR gt15Vit K if INR gt15 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60
ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF PREGNANCYPREGNANCY
Rare serious disorder unknown etiologyRare serious disorder unknown etiology Symptoms in third trimesterSymptoms in third trimester ndashabdominal
pain nausea vomiting anorexiafatique fever headache
Rapid progression ndashbleeding jaundice encephalopathy renal failure hepatic failure coagulopathy - PPH
uarrTransaminases hyperbilirubinemia uarrprothrombin time --- DIC
Prompt delivery is advisable
Hepatic Rupture and Hepatic Rupture and Infarction Infarction
Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 to 85 percent) are at higher risk to 85 percent) are at higher risk
Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in
shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy
Therapy for hepatic rupture has included Therapy for hepatic rupture has included transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted in hepatic rupture in hepatic rupture
Hepatic infarctionHepatic infarction was typically present with fever was typically present with fever and marked elevations in transaminase levels In and marked elevations in transaminase levels In surviving patients liver function and histopathology surviving patients liver function and histopathology are normal within six months of delivery are normal within six months of delivery
Anesthesia in pregnant women with Anesthesia in pregnant women with HELLP syndromeHELLP syndrome
Retrospective studyRetrospective study For the period of 1 July For the period of 1 July 1996 through 30 June 2000 1996 through 30 June 2000
RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had cesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal deliverycesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal delivery
Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 postcesarean delivery the range platelet count postcesarean delivery the range platelet count was 19000-143000microl was 19000-143000microl
Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia
There were no neurologic complications or There were no neurologic complications or bleeding in the epidural spacebleeding in the epidural space
CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any neurologic or hematologic complications of women neurologic or hematologic complications of women with HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesiawith HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesia
Subdural Hematoma following dural Subdural Hematoma following dural puncture in a parturient with HELLP puncture in a parturient with HELLP
syndromesyndrome This complication occurred following This complication occurred following accidental dural puncture in a parturient accidental dural puncture in a parturient with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who subsequently developed the syndrome of subsequently developed the syndrome of hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low plateletsplatelets
On the first postoperative day postdural On the first postoperative day postdural puncture headache (PDPH) developed puncture headache (PDPH) developed
An epidural blood patch (EBP) was An epidural blood patch (EBP) was deferred to the third postoperative day deferred to the third postoperative day because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1 because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1
Headache intensified from a typical PDPH Headache intensified from a typical PDPH to one which was not posturally related to one which was not posturally related
A second EBP was abandoned after the A second EBP was abandoned after the
injection of 5 mL of blood because of injection of 5 mL of blood because of increasing headache during the procedure increasing headache during the procedure
Magnetic resonance imaging revealed Magnetic resonance imaging revealed bilateral temporal subdural hematomas bilateral temporal subdural hematomas
The patient was managed conservatively and The patient was managed conservatively and discharged home without any sequelae discharged home without any sequelae
ConclusionConclusion It is conceivable that It is conceivable that thrombocytopenia together with possible thrombocytopenia together with possible abnormal platelet function increased the risk abnormal platelet function increased the risk of subdural hematoma of subdural hematoma
Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be considered whenever headache is not considered whenever headache is not posturally related posturally related
OCUPATIONAL HAZARDOCUPATIONAL HAZARD Risk of transmission of HBV following Risk of transmission of HBV following
inoculation is 5 -30inoculation is 5 -30 May occur through needle prickcuts May occur through needle prickcuts
sharp injuriesmucous membranes- sharp injuriesmucous membranes- waterproof dressingwaterproof dressing
Wear gloves while inserting a Wear gloves while inserting a cannula airways intubation amp extubation cannula airways intubation amp extubation
Sharps should not be handed directly to Sharps should not be handed directly to othersothers
See to the sterilisation of other See to the sterilisation of other contaminated thingscontaminated things
Signs of Liver DiseaseSigns of Liver Disease JaundiceJaundice HepatomegalyHepatomegaly Spider NaeviSpider Naevi SplenomegalySplenomegaly Scratch MarksScratch Marks AscitesAscites Palmer ErythemaPalmer Erythema
Dilated Abdominal Dilated Abdominal VeinsVeins
Peripheral OedemaPeripheral Oedema Finger ClubbingFinger Clubbing Testicular AtrophyTesticular Atrophy BruisingBruising GynaecomastiaGynaecomastia ConfusionComa ConfusionComa
JaundiceJaundicePrehepatic jaundice [haemolysis]Prehepatic jaundice [haemolysis] Massive intravascular haemolysis - as in Massive intravascular haemolysis - as in
some forms of malaria or in sickle cell some forms of malaria or in sickle cell anemiaanemia
Hepatocellular function is normal but Hepatocellular function is normal but overwhelmed - increased unconjugated overwhelmed - increased unconjugated bilirubin bilirubin
Intact Protein and carbohydrate Intact Protein and carbohydrate metabolism metabolism
No reduction in the absorption of Vitamin K No reduction in the absorption of Vitamin K or production of clotting factorsor production of clotting factors
Hepatocellular jaundiceHepatocellular jaundice Hepatitis or Cirrhosis Hepatitis or Cirrhosis decreased protein synthesis signs of decreased protein synthesis signs of
delayed clotting and even encephalopathy delayed clotting and even encephalopathy
CONTDhellipCONTDhellipObstructive JaundiceObstructive Jaundice Biliary obstruction - from a stone in the common Biliary obstruction - from a stone in the common
bile duct pancreatic tumour or ascending bile duct pancreatic tumour or ascending cholangitischolangitis
Hepatocellular function is normal Hepatocellular function is normal Excess plasma bilirubin is chiefly conjugated - Excess plasma bilirubin is chiefly conjugated -
excreted in the urine which becomes darkexcreted in the urine which becomes dark Stools are pale as a result of poor lipid Stools are pale as a result of poor lipid
absorption absorption Protein synthesis is normalProtein synthesis is normal Vitamin K dependant clotting factors reduced Vitamin K dependant clotting factors reduced as the absorption of vitamin K is as the absorption of vitamin K is
dependent on the excretion of bile salts into the dependent on the excretion of bile salts into the small intestine rarr clotting time prolonged small intestine rarr clotting time prolonged parenteral vitamin K parenteral vitamin K
Renal impairment in Renal impairment in JaundiceJaundice
Release of endotoxins into systemic Release of endotoxins into systemic circulationcirculation
following biliary obstruction ndash renal following biliary obstruction ndash renal failurefailure
Prevention Prevention - in high srbilirubin levels ndash - in high srbilirubin levels ndash
percutaneous drainage of biliary tree percutaneous drainage of biliary tree under antibiotic coverunder antibiotic cover
- pre op oral bile salts -- pre op oral bile salts -darr post op RFdarr post op RF
Liver Function TestsLiver Function Tests Indication of severity help to differentiate Indication of severity help to differentiate
between prehepatic hepatocellular and between prehepatic hepatocellular and obstructive jaundiceobstructive jaundice
Jaundice - sign of an elevation of serum Jaundice - sign of an elevation of serum bilirubin bilirubin
Protein and albumin levels are normal in Protein and albumin levels are normal in prehepatic or obstructive jaundice low prehepatic or obstructive jaundice low values indicate hepatocellular damagevalues indicate hepatocellular damage
clotting - Prothrombin Time clotting - Prothrombin Time An elevated INR may indicate impaired An elevated INR may indicate impaired
synthesis of clotting factors due to synthesis of clotting factors due to hepatocellular damage or malabsorption hepatocellular damage or malabsorption of vitamin K due to biliary obstruction of vitamin K due to biliary obstruction
ContdhellipContdhellip Prothrombin time[ half life - 6 -12 hrs ] ndash best Prothrombin time[ half life - 6 -12 hrs ] ndash best
indicator than Albumin [ half life ndash 24 -48 indicator than Albumin [ half life ndash 24 -48 days]days]
Alanine Transaminase (ALT) and Aspartate Alanine Transaminase (ALT) and Aspartate Transaminase (AST) are enzymes that are released Transaminase (AST) are enzymes that are released into the circulation by damaged hepatocytes into the circulation by damaged hepatocytes Raised levels indicate hepatocellular damageRaised levels indicate hepatocellular damage
AST can also be elevated in other circumstances AST can also be elevated in other circumstances such as myocardial infarction such as myocardial infarction
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme localized Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme localized near the bile cannaliculi and is elevated in biliary near the bile cannaliculi and is elevated in biliary obstruction Not specific to hepatobiliary diseaseobstruction Not specific to hepatobiliary disease[ raised in malignant bone disease][ raised in malignant bone disease]
An accompanying rise in Gamma glutamyl An accompanying rise in Gamma glutamyl Transferase (Gamma GT) suggests that the ALP is Transferase (Gamma GT) suggests that the ALP is from the liverfrom the liver
ContdhellipContdhellip Glutathione ndash S ndash transferase ndashto Glutathione ndash S ndash transferase ndashto
assess damage assess damage due to anaestheticsdue to anaesthetics ALP ndashEarly in biliary obstructionALP ndashEarly in biliary obstruction γγ - Glutamyl trans peptidase ndash rises - Glutamyl trans peptidase ndash rises
after alcohol amp drug induced liver after alcohol amp drug induced liver damagedamage
Plasma glucose should be measuredPlasma glucose should be measured
Risk and severity scoringRisk and severity scoring In 1964 Child and Turcotte classified risk for In 1964 Child and Turcotte classified risk for
patients with liver cirrhosis undergoing porto-patients with liver cirrhosis undergoing porto-caval anastomosis for management of portal caval anastomosis for management of portal hypertensionhypertension
Pugh et al at Kings College Hospital Pugh et al at Kings College Hospital published a severity scoring system for published a severity scoring system for patients undergoing oesophageal transection patients undergoing oesophageal transection for bleeding oesophageal varices for bleeding oesophageal varices
The two systems have been amalgamated and The two systems have been amalgamated and provide a disease severity assessment based provide a disease severity assessment based on two clinical and three laboratory variables on two clinical and three laboratory variables
PUGHlsquoS MODIFICATION OF CHILD GRADINGPUGHlsquoS MODIFICATION OF CHILD GRADING Clinical amp Biochemical Clinical amp Biochemical variablesvariables
POINTS POINTS 11
SCORESCOREDD22
33
Serum albumin (gL)Serum albumin (gL) gt35gt35 28-3528-35 lt28lt28
Serum bilirubin (micromolL)Serum bilirubin (micromolL) [Mg dl][Mg dl]
lt35lt35lt 2lt 2
35-6035-602 -32 -3
gt60gt60gt 3gt 3
PT (seconds) prolongedPT (seconds) prolongedfrom controlfrom control
1-41-4INR [ lt INR [ lt 1 7]1 7]
4-104-10INR [17 INR [17 -23]-23]
1010INR gt23INR gt23
AscitesAscites NoneNone MildMild ModerateModerateEncephalopathyEncephalopathy AbsentAbsent Grade I ndash Grade I ndash
IIIIGrade III ndash Grade III ndash IVIV
POINTS 5- 6 ndash class A [5 Mortality] 7 -9 ndashClass B [10 mortality] 10 -15 ndashClass C [50 mortality]
Surgery in patients with liver Surgery in patients with liver dysfunctiondysfunction
The Child-Pugh classification is a useful method The Child-Pugh classification is a useful method of staging the progress of liver decompensation of staging the progress of liver decompensation
Limited predictive value in anaesthesia and Limited predictive value in anaesthesia and surgerysurgery
Group A patients are lower riskGroup A patients are lower risk and with and with sufficient care can be considered as candidates sufficient care can be considered as candidates for most types of surgeryfor most types of surgery
Group B patients ndash acceptable but correct Group B patients ndash acceptable but correct abnormalities abnormalities
Group C patientsGroup C patients present an extremely high present an extremely high operative risk - surgical procedures in these operative risk - surgical procedures in these patients should be avoided if possible- patients should be avoided if possible- only only emergency or life-saving proceduresemergency or life-saving procedures should should be undertakenbe undertaken
Preoperative assessmentPreoperative assessment Type and extent of liver diseaseType and extent of liver disease Extra hepatic effectsExtra hepatic effects Risk assessmentRisk assessment Patients general condition- hydration nutritionPatients general condition- hydration nutrition Associated co-morbid conditionsAssociated co-morbid conditions LFTLFT ConsentConsent Premedication-short acting temazepam in absence Premedication-short acting temazepam in absence
of neurological impairment orally ndashavoid of neurological impairment orally ndashavoid intramuscular injectionsintramuscular injections
H2 receptor antagonistsH2 receptor antagonists Preop Vit K optimal hydrationPreop Vit K optimal hydration
PREOP INVESTIGATIONSPREOP INVESTIGATIONS
Hematological ndashHb Platelet Hematological ndashHb Platelet countWBC Coagulation profilecountWBC Coagulation profile
Metabolic ndash sr Metabolic ndash sr glucose urea creatinine electrolytesglucose urea creatinine electrolytes
Cardio respiratory ndash chest x-rayECG Cardio respiratory ndash chest x-rayECG PFT ABGPFT ABG
Liver function ndash Liver function ndash srbilirubinalbuminliver enzymessrbilirubinalbuminliver enzymes
Pre-op risk factors Pre-op risk factors associated with associated with
postoperative mortalitypostoperative mortality Serum albumin lt3gLSerum albumin lt3gL Serum bilirubin gt50 micromolLSerum bilirubin gt50 micromolL PT gt15 s over controlPT gt15 s over control Presence of infectionPresence of infection WBC gt 10000WBC gt 10000 Treatment with more than two antibioticsTreatment with more than two antibiotics Presence of AscitesPresence of Ascites MalnutritionMalnutrition Emergency surgeryEmergency surgery
Anaesthetic TechniqueAnaesthetic Technique Avoid hypotensive techniquesmdashintra hepatic necrosisAvoid hypotensive techniquesmdashintra hepatic necrosis High conc of oxygen -- - due to intrapulmonary shuntsHigh conc of oxygen -- - due to intrapulmonary shunts Avoid hypotension amp hypoxemiaAvoid hypotension amp hypoxemia Meticulous fluid balance ndashMeticulous fluid balance ndash Ascites ndash may lose a large amount of fluid rapidlyAscites ndash may lose a large amount of fluid rapidly Concentrated albumin solutions ndashto correct Concentrated albumin solutions ndashto correct
hypoproteinemiahypoproteinemia Fresh blood ndashto prevent hypocalcemia due to Fresh blood ndashto prevent hypocalcemia due to
reduced metabolism of preservativesreduced metabolism of preservatives FFP 12 - 15 mlKg ndashCorrect dilutional FFP 12 - 15 mlKg ndashCorrect dilutional
coagulopathycoagulopathy 1 unit of FFP for every 1 unit of packed cells or 250 1 unit of FFP for every 1 unit of packed cells or 250
ml of 09 saline or colloid [500 ml of FFP - uarr ml of 09 saline or colloid [500 ml of FFP - uarr Clotting factors by 20 ]Clotting factors by 20 ]
Maintenance of temperature Maintenance of temperature
MonitoringMonitoring Monitoring of temperature Monitoring of temperature Coagulation status should be monitored ndashplatelet count fibrin Coagulation status should be monitored ndashplatelet count fibrin
degradation products prothrombin time activated clotting degradation products prothrombin time activated clotting time partial thromboplastin timetime partial thromboplastin time
Thromboelastography has been used as a tool in liver Thromboelastography has been used as a tool in liver transplantationtransplantation
Repeated BP cuff inflation ndashmay lead to bruising in patients Repeated BP cuff inflation ndashmay lead to bruising in patients with altered haemostatic functionwith altered haemostatic function
Insertion of Intra arterial line ndash care to prevent haematoma Insertion of Intra arterial line ndash care to prevent haematoma Jugular route is preferred in CVP monitoringJugular route is preferred in CVP monitoring OximetryOximetry Urine outputUrine output Blood lossBlood loss Monitor ionized calciumMonitor ionized calcium
DRUGSDRUGS
Thiopentone ndash intrinsic clearance delayed Thiopentone ndash intrinsic clearance delayed but recovery not delayed because of but recovery not delayed because of redistributionredistribution
Alcoholic cirrhosis ndash larger dose of thio ndash Alcoholic cirrhosis ndash larger dose of thio ndash cross tolerancecross tolerance
Halothane and enflurane reduce hepatic Halothane and enflurane reduce hepatic arterial flow (vasodilatation negative arterial flow (vasodilatation negative inotropic effects)inotropic effects)
Isoflurane increases hepatic blood flowIsoflurane increases hepatic blood flow [preferred][preferred]
NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING AGENTSAGENTS
Reduced plasma pseudo cholinesterase activityReduced plasma pseudo cholinesterase activity Prolonged action- vecuronium Prolonged action- vecuronium
pancruonium[16 fold]pancruonium[16 fold] Decreased biliary excretionDecreased biliary excretion Increased volume of distribution ndashlarger Increased volume of distribution ndashlarger
initial dosesinitial doses 1048708 1048708 Recommended Atracurium ndash metabolism Recommended Atracurium ndash metabolism
independent of liver and kidneysindependent of liver and kidneys 1048708 1048708 For transplantation ndash long acting agent such For transplantation ndash long acting agent such
as doxacuriumas doxacurium
OPIODS amp SEDATIVESOPIODS amp SEDATIVES
NarcoticsNarcotics Reduced metabolism of morphine and Reduced metabolism of morphine and
pethidinepethidine Prefer fentanylPrefer fentanyl Remifentanyl - ideal Remifentanyl - ideal 1048708 1048708 BenzodiazepinesBenzodiazepines 1048708 1048708 Diazepam - prolonged half lifeDiazepam - prolonged half life 1048708 1048708 Oxazepam and lorazepam preferrred Oxazepam and lorazepam preferrred
ndashmetabolised by glucuronidation ndashmetabolised by glucuronidation without liver requirementwithout liver requirement
Regional Anaesthesia Regional Anaesthesia Contraindicated if PT gt25 s above control Contraindicated if PT gt25 s above control
platelet count lt 50000 cumm bleeding platelet count lt 50000 cumm bleeding time gt12 mtstime gt12 mts
Spinal and epidural anaesthesia carries the Spinal and epidural anaesthesia carries the risk of epidural haematoma and paralysis if risk of epidural haematoma and paralysis if there is abnormal clotting but there are there is abnormal clotting but there are otherwise no special precautionsotherwise no special precautions
The half-life of lignocaine is prolonged in The half-life of lignocaine is prolonged in liver failure but this is not significant when liver failure but this is not significant when used in regional anaesthesia used in regional anaesthesia
LA dose diminished in presence of AscitesLA dose diminished in presence of Ascites
Canadian Journal of Anesthesia Vol 45 452-Canadian Journal of Anesthesia Vol 45 452-459 459
Obstetrical anaesthesia for a parturient with Obstetrical anaesthesia for a parturient with preeclampsia HELLP syndrome and acute cortical preeclampsia HELLP syndrome and acute cortical
blindnessblindness A 39-yr-old woman with three past A 39-yr-old woman with three past uncomplicated pregnancies presented at 33 uncomplicated pregnancies presented at 33 wk with acute cortical blindnesswk with acute cortical blindness
Based on clinical and laboratory assessment Based on clinical and laboratory assessment a diagnosis of preeclampsia with HELLP a diagnosis of preeclampsia with HELLP syndrome was madesyndrome was made
A CT scan of her head demonstrated A CT scan of her head demonstrated ischaemic lesions of her basal ganglia ischaemic lesions of her basal ganglia extending superiorly to involve both posterior extending superiorly to involve both posterior parietal and occipital regionsparietal and occipital regions
Infusions of magnesium sulphate and Infusions of magnesium sulphate and hydralazine were started and an urgent hydralazine were started and an urgent Caesarean section was performed Caesarean section was performed under under subarachnoid anaesthesiasubarachnoid anaesthesia after insertion of an after insertion of an arterial line and intravenous hydration arterial line and intravenous hydration
ContdhellipContdhellip The course of anaesthesia and surgery was uneventful The course of anaesthesia and surgery was uneventful
and she delivered a live 1540 g female infantand she delivered a live 1540 g female infant By the following morning she had recovered some By the following morning she had recovered some
vision and visual recovery was complete by 72 hr vision and visual recovery was complete by 72 hr postpartum postpartum
Her postoperative course was uneventful Her postoperative course was uneventful CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION Provided that it is not contraindicated Provided that it is not contraindicated
because of prohibitive risk to the mother because of prohibitive risk to the mother regional regional anaesthesia has particular advantage in these anaesthesia has particular advantage in these patientspatients
In particular the use of spinal anaesthesia which has In particular the use of spinal anaesthesia which has been discouraged by some for this patient population been discouraged by some for this patient population should be re-evaluated should be re-evaluated
Postoperative Postoperative managementmanagement
Oxygen enriched airOxygen enriched air Major surgery ndash elective post operative Major surgery ndash elective post operative
ventilationventilation Replace blood lossReplace blood loss Maintain adequate urine outputMaintain adequate urine output Dopamine and inotropes should be Dopamine and inotropes should be
continuedcontinued The principle complications are likely The principle complications are likely
to be continued bleeding sepsis and to be continued bleeding sepsis and hepatic decompensation hepatic decompensation
Peri-operative considerations in Child-Peri-operative considerations in Child-Pugh A patientsPugh A patients
Pre-operative Pre-operative Aetiology of condition - virology Aetiology of condition - virology Drug idiosyncrasy Drug idiosyncrasy
Blood count and platelets Blood count and platelets Clotting screen Clotting screen Assess renal function Assess renal function Previous anaesthetics Previous anaesthetics
Per-operative Per-operative Consider drug bio-availability issues Consider drug bio-availability issues Avoid drugs excreted via liverAvoid drugs excreted via liver Regional techniques acceptable if clotting Regional techniques acceptable if clotting
normalnormal Post-operativePost-operative Monitor for post-operative hepatic Monitor for post-operative hepatic
decompensationdecompensation Possible prolonged duration of action in Possible prolonged duration of action in opiates HDU ITU careopiates HDU ITU care
Child-Pugh Group BC patient Child-Pugh Group BC patient undergoing major surgeryundergoing major surgery
Previous upper abdominal surgery portal Previous upper abdominal surgery portal hypertension and coagulopathy dramatically hypertension and coagulopathy dramatically increase the potential for per-operative blood lossincrease the potential for per-operative blood loss
8-12 units of blood together fresh frozen plasma 8-12 units of blood together fresh frozen plasma and platelets should be available and platelets should be available
Pre-medicationPre-medication Sedative premedicants should be avoided in the Sedative premedicants should be avoided in the
encephalopathic patient encephalopathic patient Other drugs may be needed pre-operatively and Other drugs may be needed pre-operatively and
include antibiotics and H2 receptor antagonistsinclude antibiotics and H2 receptor antagonists The oral or intravenous route used - The oral or intravenous route used -
intramuscular injections should be avoidedintramuscular injections should be avoided Coagulopathy may require correction with fresh Coagulopathy may require correction with fresh
frozen plasma and platelets and renal frozen plasma and platelets and renal replacement therapy may need to be consideredreplacement therapy may need to be considered
Per-operative considerationsPer-operative considerations Regional techniques -- considered carefully - Regional techniques -- considered carefully -
coagulopathy epidural varices can pose an coagulopathy epidural varices can pose an additional risk additional risk
Vascular accessVascular access with a multi-lumen central with a multi-lumen central venous catheter together with at least one large venous catheter together with at least one large bore central line bore central line
Monitoring of arterial and central venous Monitoring of arterial and central venous pressures is mandatory pressures is mandatory
Pulmonary artery pulmonary capillary wedge Pulmonary artery pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and cardiac output measurements pressure and cardiac output measurements may be necessary in the sick patientmay be necessary in the sick patient
Trans-oesophageal echocardiography and Trans-oesophageal echocardiography and volumetric haemodynamic monitoring pulse volumetric haemodynamic monitoring pulse contour analysis can provide significant contour analysis can provide significant additional information for the strategic additional information for the strategic management of these patients management of these patients
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Coagulation and fibrinolysisCoagulation and fibrinolysis are major are major
concerns concerns The potential for large volume blood replacement The potential for large volume blood replacement
means that temperature should be measured and means that temperature should be measured and a fluid warmer and warming mattress useda fluid warmer and warming mattress used
Regular per-operative estimation of INRPTR may Regular per-operative estimation of INRPTR may be necessary - thromboelastography provides be necessary - thromboelastography provides useful intra-operative evaluation of coagulationuseful intra-operative evaluation of coagulation
Blood conservationBlood conservation - considered - considered Preservation of hepatic function -Preservation of hepatic function - N- N-
acetylcysteine (NAC) is a sulphur-containing acetylcysteine (NAC) is a sulphur-containing antioxidant - benefit patients with fulminant antioxidant - benefit patients with fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
NAC appears to improve oxygen delivery NAC appears to improve oxygen delivery and consumption and reduce base deficitand consumption and reduce base deficit
Renal FunctionRenal Function - - Dopamine may be usefulDopamine may be useful
Bleeding oesophageal Bleeding oesophageal varicesvarices
Bleeding oesophageal varices - life-threatening Bleeding oesophageal varices - life-threatening complication of - often occur against a complication of - often occur against a background of abnormal clotting background of abnormal clotting thrombocytopenia encephalopathy and Ascitesthrombocytopenia encephalopathy and Ascites
Overall mortality is 30 Overall mortality is 30 The principles of anaesthetic managementThe principles of anaesthetic management Protect the airway Protect the airway Establish good vascular access Establish good vascular access Volume replacement - colloid blood fresh Volume replacement - colloid blood fresh
frozen plasma and platelets Avoid saline frozen plasma and platelets Avoid saline Check correct clotting Give Vitamin K correct Check correct clotting Give Vitamin K correct
fibrinolysis and review blood chemistry fibrinolysis and review blood chemistry
Intoxicated Alcoholic Intoxicated Alcoholic PatientsPatients
Requires less anaesthetic ndashadditive depressant Requires less anaesthetic ndashadditive depressant effect of alcohol amp anaestheticseffect of alcohol amp anaesthetics
Ill - equipped to withstand stress amp Acute blood Ill - equipped to withstand stress amp Acute blood lossloss
Alcohol decrease the tolerance of brain to hypoxiaAlcohol decrease the tolerance of brain to hypoxia uarr uarr Risk of regurgitation amp aspiration - alcohol Risk of regurgitation amp aspiration - alcohol
darrtone of lower oesophageal sphincter amp slows darrtone of lower oesophageal sphincter amp slows gastric emptyinggastric emptying
Alcohol Interferes with platelet aggregationAlcohol Interferes with platelet aggregation Causes uarrconc of plasma catecholamines rarr Causes uarrconc of plasma catecholamines rarr
Intraoperative dysarrhytmiasIntraoperative dysarrhytmias
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE
Mild ndash 17 marked - 4Mild ndash 17 marked - 4 Patient factorsPatient factors Congenital Congenital
hemolytic disordershemolytic disorders Acquired hemolytic Acquired hemolytic
disordersdisorders Pre existing liver Pre existing liver
diseasedisease CoagulopathyCoagulopathy Gilberts syndromeGilberts syndrome SepsisSepsis
Perioperative Perioperative factorsfactors
Anaesthetic induced Anaesthetic induced darrHBFdarrHBF
BleedingBleeding HypotensionHypotension Blood transfusionBlood transfusion Biliary tree traumaBiliary tree trauma Viral hepatitisViral hepatitis DrugsDrugs Halothane antibioticsHalothane antibiotics Nonsteroidal agentsNonsteroidal agents
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -
5000mg Bilirubin5000mg Bilirubin 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg
bilirubinbilirubin Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in
G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cell disease multiple blood transfusionscell disease multiple blood transfusions
Delayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashDelayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashpostop jaundicepostop jaundice
Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgeryuarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgery
ContdhellipContdhellip Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow
non biliary surgery 3- 30 days post opnon biliary surgery 3- 30 days post op Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis
[benign] - associated with multiple blood [benign] - associated with multiple blood transfusions hypoxia hypotension - transfusions hypoxia hypotension - uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks
ManagementManagement Prevention is the best treatment Prevention is the best treatment Avoid precipitating factorsAvoid precipitating factors
Halothane HepatitisHalothane Hepatitis The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane
anaesthetics - higher in women the middle anaesthetics - higher in women the middle aged and the obeseaged and the obese
Rarer in paediatric patients and with the Rarer in paediatric patients and with the newer volatile agents newer volatile agents
Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
ldquoldquoUnexplained liver damage within 28 days of Unexplained liver damage within 28 days of halothane exposure in previously normal halothane exposure in previously normal patientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reactionpatientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reaction
Clinical featuresClinical features malaise anorexiafever malaise anorexiafever within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks
Halothane HepatitisHalothane HepatitisDIAGNOSISDIAGNOSIS Serum antibodies that react with specific liver Serum antibodies that react with specific liver
microsomal proteins that are altered by microsomal proteins that are altered by trifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothanetrifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothane
Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Risk factorsRisk factors High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ]High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ] previous adverse reactionprevious adverse reaction Uncertain - obesityUncertain - obesity Female [16 1 ]Female [16 1 ] Drug allergy [ 15 ]Drug allergy [ 15 ] Family historyFamily history Lymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoinLymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoin
ContdhellipContdhellip The cause not fully established - multifactorial - The cause not fully established - multifactorial -
possible immunological cause possible immunological cause Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated
proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically predisposed subjectspredisposed subjects
Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also to blameto blame
Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile agent so toxic metabolites may be involvedagent so toxic metabolites may be involved
The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with increasing numbers of exposures to halothane increasing numbers of exposures to halothane
Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO database holds 225 and 159 reports respectivelydatabase holds 225 and 159 reports respectively
Halothane exposure Halothane exposure guidelinesguidelines
Avoid Halothane ifAvoid Halothane if Within at least 3 months of a previous Within at least 3 months of a previous
exposure exposure Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or
pyrexia pyrexia Family history of hepatic reactions to Family history of hepatic reactions to
halothanehalothane Pre - existing liver diseasePre - existing liver disease Adverse reactions to Other volatile Adverse reactions to Other volatile
anaesthetic agentsanaesthetic agents
Liver and PregnancyLiver and Pregnancy Normal in sizeNormal in size A decrease in total protein as well albumin A decrease in total protein as well albumin An increase of the liver dependent clotting An increase of the liver dependent clotting
factors such as fibrinogen factors such as fibrinogen An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times
secondary to placental alkalinesecondary to placental alkaline Srcholinesterase Srcholinesterase darr 30darr 30 Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and
bilirubinbilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin
ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver disease disease
Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Intrahepatic Cholestasis of PregnancyPregnancy
Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Rare in black patients Rare in black patients
Strong family history Strong family history High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies
60-7060-70 Pruritus alone - 80 percent Pruritus alone - 80 percent Jaundice develop in 20 percentJaundice develop in 20 percent Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or
no elevation in transaminasesno elevation in transaminases
IChP ndashcontdhellipIChP ndashcontdhellip Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early
delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice ) pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice )
Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts Dexamethasone Dexamethasone
Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but bilurubin within 4-6 weeks bilurubin within 4-6 weeks
Implications on Anaesthesia Implications on Anaesthesia Check coagulation profile Check coagulation profile Ask for vit K IV Ask for vit K IV take care of high incidence of fetal distress take care of high incidence of fetal distress
meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist must attend with incubatormust attend with incubator
Preeclampsia amp EclampsiaPreeclampsia amp Eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia
and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl
If not associated with other criteria of HELLP If not associated with other criteria of HELLP syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 50mlday 50mlday
Implications on anaesthesiaImplications on anaesthesia Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress
response which could continue to anaesthesia response which could continue to anaesthesia provided INR lt15 provided INR lt15
Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed tube 6-7 mm tube 6-7 mm
Adequate analgesia Adequate analgesia Fluids restriction Fluids restriction Continue medications postoperative in ICU Continue medications postoperative in ICU
HELLP syndrome HELLP syndrome Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low
plateletsplatelets Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-
eclampsia result from very active platelets eclampsia result from very active platelets aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia and congestion with deposition of fibrous and congestion with deposition of fibrous network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage
Nausea vomiting headache and upper right Nausea vomiting headache and upper right abdominal pain hypotension shockabdominal pain hypotension shock
Best markers are the maternal lactate Best markers are the maternal lactate dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet count count
Congested liver of HELLP Congested liver of HELLP syndromesyndrome
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high
dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has been shown to markedly improve the laboratory been shown to markedly improve the laboratory abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome
Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is
greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of magnesium sulfate magnesium sulfate
Anesthesia like severe preclampsia Anesthesia like severe preclampsia avoid trauma to liveravoid trauma to liver Vit K if INR gt15Vit K if INR gt15 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60
ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF PREGNANCYPREGNANCY
Rare serious disorder unknown etiologyRare serious disorder unknown etiology Symptoms in third trimesterSymptoms in third trimester ndashabdominal
pain nausea vomiting anorexiafatique fever headache
Rapid progression ndashbleeding jaundice encephalopathy renal failure hepatic failure coagulopathy - PPH
uarrTransaminases hyperbilirubinemia uarrprothrombin time --- DIC
Prompt delivery is advisable
Hepatic Rupture and Hepatic Rupture and Infarction Infarction
Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 to 85 percent) are at higher risk to 85 percent) are at higher risk
Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in
shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy
Therapy for hepatic rupture has included Therapy for hepatic rupture has included transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted in hepatic rupture in hepatic rupture
Hepatic infarctionHepatic infarction was typically present with fever was typically present with fever and marked elevations in transaminase levels In and marked elevations in transaminase levels In surviving patients liver function and histopathology surviving patients liver function and histopathology are normal within six months of delivery are normal within six months of delivery
Anesthesia in pregnant women with Anesthesia in pregnant women with HELLP syndromeHELLP syndrome
Retrospective studyRetrospective study For the period of 1 July For the period of 1 July 1996 through 30 June 2000 1996 through 30 June 2000
RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had cesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal deliverycesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal delivery
Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 postcesarean delivery the range platelet count postcesarean delivery the range platelet count was 19000-143000microl was 19000-143000microl
Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia
There were no neurologic complications or There were no neurologic complications or bleeding in the epidural spacebleeding in the epidural space
CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any neurologic or hematologic complications of women neurologic or hematologic complications of women with HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesiawith HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesia
Subdural Hematoma following dural Subdural Hematoma following dural puncture in a parturient with HELLP puncture in a parturient with HELLP
syndromesyndrome This complication occurred following This complication occurred following accidental dural puncture in a parturient accidental dural puncture in a parturient with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who subsequently developed the syndrome of subsequently developed the syndrome of hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low plateletsplatelets
On the first postoperative day postdural On the first postoperative day postdural puncture headache (PDPH) developed puncture headache (PDPH) developed
An epidural blood patch (EBP) was An epidural blood patch (EBP) was deferred to the third postoperative day deferred to the third postoperative day because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1 because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1
Headache intensified from a typical PDPH Headache intensified from a typical PDPH to one which was not posturally related to one which was not posturally related
A second EBP was abandoned after the A second EBP was abandoned after the
injection of 5 mL of blood because of injection of 5 mL of blood because of increasing headache during the procedure increasing headache during the procedure
Magnetic resonance imaging revealed Magnetic resonance imaging revealed bilateral temporal subdural hematomas bilateral temporal subdural hematomas
The patient was managed conservatively and The patient was managed conservatively and discharged home without any sequelae discharged home without any sequelae
ConclusionConclusion It is conceivable that It is conceivable that thrombocytopenia together with possible thrombocytopenia together with possible abnormal platelet function increased the risk abnormal platelet function increased the risk of subdural hematoma of subdural hematoma
Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be considered whenever headache is not considered whenever headache is not posturally related posturally related
OCUPATIONAL HAZARDOCUPATIONAL HAZARD Risk of transmission of HBV following Risk of transmission of HBV following
inoculation is 5 -30inoculation is 5 -30 May occur through needle prickcuts May occur through needle prickcuts
sharp injuriesmucous membranes- sharp injuriesmucous membranes- waterproof dressingwaterproof dressing
Wear gloves while inserting a Wear gloves while inserting a cannula airways intubation amp extubation cannula airways intubation amp extubation
Sharps should not be handed directly to Sharps should not be handed directly to othersothers
See to the sterilisation of other See to the sterilisation of other contaminated thingscontaminated things
JaundiceJaundicePrehepatic jaundice [haemolysis]Prehepatic jaundice [haemolysis] Massive intravascular haemolysis - as in Massive intravascular haemolysis - as in
some forms of malaria or in sickle cell some forms of malaria or in sickle cell anemiaanemia
Hepatocellular function is normal but Hepatocellular function is normal but overwhelmed - increased unconjugated overwhelmed - increased unconjugated bilirubin bilirubin
Intact Protein and carbohydrate Intact Protein and carbohydrate metabolism metabolism
No reduction in the absorption of Vitamin K No reduction in the absorption of Vitamin K or production of clotting factorsor production of clotting factors
Hepatocellular jaundiceHepatocellular jaundice Hepatitis or Cirrhosis Hepatitis or Cirrhosis decreased protein synthesis signs of decreased protein synthesis signs of
delayed clotting and even encephalopathy delayed clotting and even encephalopathy
CONTDhellipCONTDhellipObstructive JaundiceObstructive Jaundice Biliary obstruction - from a stone in the common Biliary obstruction - from a stone in the common
bile duct pancreatic tumour or ascending bile duct pancreatic tumour or ascending cholangitischolangitis
Hepatocellular function is normal Hepatocellular function is normal Excess plasma bilirubin is chiefly conjugated - Excess plasma bilirubin is chiefly conjugated -
excreted in the urine which becomes darkexcreted in the urine which becomes dark Stools are pale as a result of poor lipid Stools are pale as a result of poor lipid
absorption absorption Protein synthesis is normalProtein synthesis is normal Vitamin K dependant clotting factors reduced Vitamin K dependant clotting factors reduced as the absorption of vitamin K is as the absorption of vitamin K is
dependent on the excretion of bile salts into the dependent on the excretion of bile salts into the small intestine rarr clotting time prolonged small intestine rarr clotting time prolonged parenteral vitamin K parenteral vitamin K
Renal impairment in Renal impairment in JaundiceJaundice
Release of endotoxins into systemic Release of endotoxins into systemic circulationcirculation
following biliary obstruction ndash renal following biliary obstruction ndash renal failurefailure
Prevention Prevention - in high srbilirubin levels ndash - in high srbilirubin levels ndash
percutaneous drainage of biliary tree percutaneous drainage of biliary tree under antibiotic coverunder antibiotic cover
- pre op oral bile salts -- pre op oral bile salts -darr post op RFdarr post op RF
Liver Function TestsLiver Function Tests Indication of severity help to differentiate Indication of severity help to differentiate
between prehepatic hepatocellular and between prehepatic hepatocellular and obstructive jaundiceobstructive jaundice
Jaundice - sign of an elevation of serum Jaundice - sign of an elevation of serum bilirubin bilirubin
Protein and albumin levels are normal in Protein and albumin levels are normal in prehepatic or obstructive jaundice low prehepatic or obstructive jaundice low values indicate hepatocellular damagevalues indicate hepatocellular damage
clotting - Prothrombin Time clotting - Prothrombin Time An elevated INR may indicate impaired An elevated INR may indicate impaired
synthesis of clotting factors due to synthesis of clotting factors due to hepatocellular damage or malabsorption hepatocellular damage or malabsorption of vitamin K due to biliary obstruction of vitamin K due to biliary obstruction
ContdhellipContdhellip Prothrombin time[ half life - 6 -12 hrs ] ndash best Prothrombin time[ half life - 6 -12 hrs ] ndash best
indicator than Albumin [ half life ndash 24 -48 indicator than Albumin [ half life ndash 24 -48 days]days]
Alanine Transaminase (ALT) and Aspartate Alanine Transaminase (ALT) and Aspartate Transaminase (AST) are enzymes that are released Transaminase (AST) are enzymes that are released into the circulation by damaged hepatocytes into the circulation by damaged hepatocytes Raised levels indicate hepatocellular damageRaised levels indicate hepatocellular damage
AST can also be elevated in other circumstances AST can also be elevated in other circumstances such as myocardial infarction such as myocardial infarction
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme localized Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme localized near the bile cannaliculi and is elevated in biliary near the bile cannaliculi and is elevated in biliary obstruction Not specific to hepatobiliary diseaseobstruction Not specific to hepatobiliary disease[ raised in malignant bone disease][ raised in malignant bone disease]
An accompanying rise in Gamma glutamyl An accompanying rise in Gamma glutamyl Transferase (Gamma GT) suggests that the ALP is Transferase (Gamma GT) suggests that the ALP is from the liverfrom the liver
ContdhellipContdhellip Glutathione ndash S ndash transferase ndashto Glutathione ndash S ndash transferase ndashto
assess damage assess damage due to anaestheticsdue to anaesthetics ALP ndashEarly in biliary obstructionALP ndashEarly in biliary obstruction γγ - Glutamyl trans peptidase ndash rises - Glutamyl trans peptidase ndash rises
after alcohol amp drug induced liver after alcohol amp drug induced liver damagedamage
Plasma glucose should be measuredPlasma glucose should be measured
Risk and severity scoringRisk and severity scoring In 1964 Child and Turcotte classified risk for In 1964 Child and Turcotte classified risk for
patients with liver cirrhosis undergoing porto-patients with liver cirrhosis undergoing porto-caval anastomosis for management of portal caval anastomosis for management of portal hypertensionhypertension
Pugh et al at Kings College Hospital Pugh et al at Kings College Hospital published a severity scoring system for published a severity scoring system for patients undergoing oesophageal transection patients undergoing oesophageal transection for bleeding oesophageal varices for bleeding oesophageal varices
The two systems have been amalgamated and The two systems have been amalgamated and provide a disease severity assessment based provide a disease severity assessment based on two clinical and three laboratory variables on two clinical and three laboratory variables
PUGHlsquoS MODIFICATION OF CHILD GRADINGPUGHlsquoS MODIFICATION OF CHILD GRADING Clinical amp Biochemical Clinical amp Biochemical variablesvariables
POINTS POINTS 11
SCORESCOREDD22
33
Serum albumin (gL)Serum albumin (gL) gt35gt35 28-3528-35 lt28lt28
Serum bilirubin (micromolL)Serum bilirubin (micromolL) [Mg dl][Mg dl]
lt35lt35lt 2lt 2
35-6035-602 -32 -3
gt60gt60gt 3gt 3
PT (seconds) prolongedPT (seconds) prolongedfrom controlfrom control
1-41-4INR [ lt INR [ lt 1 7]1 7]
4-104-10INR [17 INR [17 -23]-23]
1010INR gt23INR gt23
AscitesAscites NoneNone MildMild ModerateModerateEncephalopathyEncephalopathy AbsentAbsent Grade I ndash Grade I ndash
IIIIGrade III ndash Grade III ndash IVIV
POINTS 5- 6 ndash class A [5 Mortality] 7 -9 ndashClass B [10 mortality] 10 -15 ndashClass C [50 mortality]
Surgery in patients with liver Surgery in patients with liver dysfunctiondysfunction
The Child-Pugh classification is a useful method The Child-Pugh classification is a useful method of staging the progress of liver decompensation of staging the progress of liver decompensation
Limited predictive value in anaesthesia and Limited predictive value in anaesthesia and surgerysurgery
Group A patients are lower riskGroup A patients are lower risk and with and with sufficient care can be considered as candidates sufficient care can be considered as candidates for most types of surgeryfor most types of surgery
Group B patients ndash acceptable but correct Group B patients ndash acceptable but correct abnormalities abnormalities
Group C patientsGroup C patients present an extremely high present an extremely high operative risk - surgical procedures in these operative risk - surgical procedures in these patients should be avoided if possible- patients should be avoided if possible- only only emergency or life-saving proceduresemergency or life-saving procedures should should be undertakenbe undertaken
Preoperative assessmentPreoperative assessment Type and extent of liver diseaseType and extent of liver disease Extra hepatic effectsExtra hepatic effects Risk assessmentRisk assessment Patients general condition- hydration nutritionPatients general condition- hydration nutrition Associated co-morbid conditionsAssociated co-morbid conditions LFTLFT ConsentConsent Premedication-short acting temazepam in absence Premedication-short acting temazepam in absence
of neurological impairment orally ndashavoid of neurological impairment orally ndashavoid intramuscular injectionsintramuscular injections
H2 receptor antagonistsH2 receptor antagonists Preop Vit K optimal hydrationPreop Vit K optimal hydration
PREOP INVESTIGATIONSPREOP INVESTIGATIONS
Hematological ndashHb Platelet Hematological ndashHb Platelet countWBC Coagulation profilecountWBC Coagulation profile
Metabolic ndash sr Metabolic ndash sr glucose urea creatinine electrolytesglucose urea creatinine electrolytes
Cardio respiratory ndash chest x-rayECG Cardio respiratory ndash chest x-rayECG PFT ABGPFT ABG
Liver function ndash Liver function ndash srbilirubinalbuminliver enzymessrbilirubinalbuminliver enzymes
Pre-op risk factors Pre-op risk factors associated with associated with
postoperative mortalitypostoperative mortality Serum albumin lt3gLSerum albumin lt3gL Serum bilirubin gt50 micromolLSerum bilirubin gt50 micromolL PT gt15 s over controlPT gt15 s over control Presence of infectionPresence of infection WBC gt 10000WBC gt 10000 Treatment with more than two antibioticsTreatment with more than two antibiotics Presence of AscitesPresence of Ascites MalnutritionMalnutrition Emergency surgeryEmergency surgery
Anaesthetic TechniqueAnaesthetic Technique Avoid hypotensive techniquesmdashintra hepatic necrosisAvoid hypotensive techniquesmdashintra hepatic necrosis High conc of oxygen -- - due to intrapulmonary shuntsHigh conc of oxygen -- - due to intrapulmonary shunts Avoid hypotension amp hypoxemiaAvoid hypotension amp hypoxemia Meticulous fluid balance ndashMeticulous fluid balance ndash Ascites ndash may lose a large amount of fluid rapidlyAscites ndash may lose a large amount of fluid rapidly Concentrated albumin solutions ndashto correct Concentrated albumin solutions ndashto correct
hypoproteinemiahypoproteinemia Fresh blood ndashto prevent hypocalcemia due to Fresh blood ndashto prevent hypocalcemia due to
reduced metabolism of preservativesreduced metabolism of preservatives FFP 12 - 15 mlKg ndashCorrect dilutional FFP 12 - 15 mlKg ndashCorrect dilutional
coagulopathycoagulopathy 1 unit of FFP for every 1 unit of packed cells or 250 1 unit of FFP for every 1 unit of packed cells or 250
ml of 09 saline or colloid [500 ml of FFP - uarr ml of 09 saline or colloid [500 ml of FFP - uarr Clotting factors by 20 ]Clotting factors by 20 ]
Maintenance of temperature Maintenance of temperature
MonitoringMonitoring Monitoring of temperature Monitoring of temperature Coagulation status should be monitored ndashplatelet count fibrin Coagulation status should be monitored ndashplatelet count fibrin
degradation products prothrombin time activated clotting degradation products prothrombin time activated clotting time partial thromboplastin timetime partial thromboplastin time
Thromboelastography has been used as a tool in liver Thromboelastography has been used as a tool in liver transplantationtransplantation
Repeated BP cuff inflation ndashmay lead to bruising in patients Repeated BP cuff inflation ndashmay lead to bruising in patients with altered haemostatic functionwith altered haemostatic function
Insertion of Intra arterial line ndash care to prevent haematoma Insertion of Intra arterial line ndash care to prevent haematoma Jugular route is preferred in CVP monitoringJugular route is preferred in CVP monitoring OximetryOximetry Urine outputUrine output Blood lossBlood loss Monitor ionized calciumMonitor ionized calcium
DRUGSDRUGS
Thiopentone ndash intrinsic clearance delayed Thiopentone ndash intrinsic clearance delayed but recovery not delayed because of but recovery not delayed because of redistributionredistribution
Alcoholic cirrhosis ndash larger dose of thio ndash Alcoholic cirrhosis ndash larger dose of thio ndash cross tolerancecross tolerance
Halothane and enflurane reduce hepatic Halothane and enflurane reduce hepatic arterial flow (vasodilatation negative arterial flow (vasodilatation negative inotropic effects)inotropic effects)
Isoflurane increases hepatic blood flowIsoflurane increases hepatic blood flow [preferred][preferred]
NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING AGENTSAGENTS
Reduced plasma pseudo cholinesterase activityReduced plasma pseudo cholinesterase activity Prolonged action- vecuronium Prolonged action- vecuronium
pancruonium[16 fold]pancruonium[16 fold] Decreased biliary excretionDecreased biliary excretion Increased volume of distribution ndashlarger Increased volume of distribution ndashlarger
initial dosesinitial doses 1048708 1048708 Recommended Atracurium ndash metabolism Recommended Atracurium ndash metabolism
independent of liver and kidneysindependent of liver and kidneys 1048708 1048708 For transplantation ndash long acting agent such For transplantation ndash long acting agent such
as doxacuriumas doxacurium
OPIODS amp SEDATIVESOPIODS amp SEDATIVES
NarcoticsNarcotics Reduced metabolism of morphine and Reduced metabolism of morphine and
pethidinepethidine Prefer fentanylPrefer fentanyl Remifentanyl - ideal Remifentanyl - ideal 1048708 1048708 BenzodiazepinesBenzodiazepines 1048708 1048708 Diazepam - prolonged half lifeDiazepam - prolonged half life 1048708 1048708 Oxazepam and lorazepam preferrred Oxazepam and lorazepam preferrred
ndashmetabolised by glucuronidation ndashmetabolised by glucuronidation without liver requirementwithout liver requirement
Regional Anaesthesia Regional Anaesthesia Contraindicated if PT gt25 s above control Contraindicated if PT gt25 s above control
platelet count lt 50000 cumm bleeding platelet count lt 50000 cumm bleeding time gt12 mtstime gt12 mts
Spinal and epidural anaesthesia carries the Spinal and epidural anaesthesia carries the risk of epidural haematoma and paralysis if risk of epidural haematoma and paralysis if there is abnormal clotting but there are there is abnormal clotting but there are otherwise no special precautionsotherwise no special precautions
The half-life of lignocaine is prolonged in The half-life of lignocaine is prolonged in liver failure but this is not significant when liver failure but this is not significant when used in regional anaesthesia used in regional anaesthesia
LA dose diminished in presence of AscitesLA dose diminished in presence of Ascites
Canadian Journal of Anesthesia Vol 45 452-Canadian Journal of Anesthesia Vol 45 452-459 459
Obstetrical anaesthesia for a parturient with Obstetrical anaesthesia for a parturient with preeclampsia HELLP syndrome and acute cortical preeclampsia HELLP syndrome and acute cortical
blindnessblindness A 39-yr-old woman with three past A 39-yr-old woman with three past uncomplicated pregnancies presented at 33 uncomplicated pregnancies presented at 33 wk with acute cortical blindnesswk with acute cortical blindness
Based on clinical and laboratory assessment Based on clinical and laboratory assessment a diagnosis of preeclampsia with HELLP a diagnosis of preeclampsia with HELLP syndrome was madesyndrome was made
A CT scan of her head demonstrated A CT scan of her head demonstrated ischaemic lesions of her basal ganglia ischaemic lesions of her basal ganglia extending superiorly to involve both posterior extending superiorly to involve both posterior parietal and occipital regionsparietal and occipital regions
Infusions of magnesium sulphate and Infusions of magnesium sulphate and hydralazine were started and an urgent hydralazine were started and an urgent Caesarean section was performed Caesarean section was performed under under subarachnoid anaesthesiasubarachnoid anaesthesia after insertion of an after insertion of an arterial line and intravenous hydration arterial line and intravenous hydration
ContdhellipContdhellip The course of anaesthesia and surgery was uneventful The course of anaesthesia and surgery was uneventful
and she delivered a live 1540 g female infantand she delivered a live 1540 g female infant By the following morning she had recovered some By the following morning she had recovered some
vision and visual recovery was complete by 72 hr vision and visual recovery was complete by 72 hr postpartum postpartum
Her postoperative course was uneventful Her postoperative course was uneventful CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION Provided that it is not contraindicated Provided that it is not contraindicated
because of prohibitive risk to the mother because of prohibitive risk to the mother regional regional anaesthesia has particular advantage in these anaesthesia has particular advantage in these patientspatients
In particular the use of spinal anaesthesia which has In particular the use of spinal anaesthesia which has been discouraged by some for this patient population been discouraged by some for this patient population should be re-evaluated should be re-evaluated
Postoperative Postoperative managementmanagement
Oxygen enriched airOxygen enriched air Major surgery ndash elective post operative Major surgery ndash elective post operative
ventilationventilation Replace blood lossReplace blood loss Maintain adequate urine outputMaintain adequate urine output Dopamine and inotropes should be Dopamine and inotropes should be
continuedcontinued The principle complications are likely The principle complications are likely
to be continued bleeding sepsis and to be continued bleeding sepsis and hepatic decompensation hepatic decompensation
Peri-operative considerations in Child-Peri-operative considerations in Child-Pugh A patientsPugh A patients
Pre-operative Pre-operative Aetiology of condition - virology Aetiology of condition - virology Drug idiosyncrasy Drug idiosyncrasy
Blood count and platelets Blood count and platelets Clotting screen Clotting screen Assess renal function Assess renal function Previous anaesthetics Previous anaesthetics
Per-operative Per-operative Consider drug bio-availability issues Consider drug bio-availability issues Avoid drugs excreted via liverAvoid drugs excreted via liver Regional techniques acceptable if clotting Regional techniques acceptable if clotting
normalnormal Post-operativePost-operative Monitor for post-operative hepatic Monitor for post-operative hepatic
decompensationdecompensation Possible prolonged duration of action in Possible prolonged duration of action in opiates HDU ITU careopiates HDU ITU care
Child-Pugh Group BC patient Child-Pugh Group BC patient undergoing major surgeryundergoing major surgery
Previous upper abdominal surgery portal Previous upper abdominal surgery portal hypertension and coagulopathy dramatically hypertension and coagulopathy dramatically increase the potential for per-operative blood lossincrease the potential for per-operative blood loss
8-12 units of blood together fresh frozen plasma 8-12 units of blood together fresh frozen plasma and platelets should be available and platelets should be available
Pre-medicationPre-medication Sedative premedicants should be avoided in the Sedative premedicants should be avoided in the
encephalopathic patient encephalopathic patient Other drugs may be needed pre-operatively and Other drugs may be needed pre-operatively and
include antibiotics and H2 receptor antagonistsinclude antibiotics and H2 receptor antagonists The oral or intravenous route used - The oral or intravenous route used -
intramuscular injections should be avoidedintramuscular injections should be avoided Coagulopathy may require correction with fresh Coagulopathy may require correction with fresh
frozen plasma and platelets and renal frozen plasma and platelets and renal replacement therapy may need to be consideredreplacement therapy may need to be considered
Per-operative considerationsPer-operative considerations Regional techniques -- considered carefully - Regional techniques -- considered carefully -
coagulopathy epidural varices can pose an coagulopathy epidural varices can pose an additional risk additional risk
Vascular accessVascular access with a multi-lumen central with a multi-lumen central venous catheter together with at least one large venous catheter together with at least one large bore central line bore central line
Monitoring of arterial and central venous Monitoring of arterial and central venous pressures is mandatory pressures is mandatory
Pulmonary artery pulmonary capillary wedge Pulmonary artery pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and cardiac output measurements pressure and cardiac output measurements may be necessary in the sick patientmay be necessary in the sick patient
Trans-oesophageal echocardiography and Trans-oesophageal echocardiography and volumetric haemodynamic monitoring pulse volumetric haemodynamic monitoring pulse contour analysis can provide significant contour analysis can provide significant additional information for the strategic additional information for the strategic management of these patients management of these patients
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Coagulation and fibrinolysisCoagulation and fibrinolysis are major are major
concerns concerns The potential for large volume blood replacement The potential for large volume blood replacement
means that temperature should be measured and means that temperature should be measured and a fluid warmer and warming mattress useda fluid warmer and warming mattress used
Regular per-operative estimation of INRPTR may Regular per-operative estimation of INRPTR may be necessary - thromboelastography provides be necessary - thromboelastography provides useful intra-operative evaluation of coagulationuseful intra-operative evaluation of coagulation
Blood conservationBlood conservation - considered - considered Preservation of hepatic function -Preservation of hepatic function - N- N-
acetylcysteine (NAC) is a sulphur-containing acetylcysteine (NAC) is a sulphur-containing antioxidant - benefit patients with fulminant antioxidant - benefit patients with fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
NAC appears to improve oxygen delivery NAC appears to improve oxygen delivery and consumption and reduce base deficitand consumption and reduce base deficit
Renal FunctionRenal Function - - Dopamine may be usefulDopamine may be useful
Bleeding oesophageal Bleeding oesophageal varicesvarices
Bleeding oesophageal varices - life-threatening Bleeding oesophageal varices - life-threatening complication of - often occur against a complication of - often occur against a background of abnormal clotting background of abnormal clotting thrombocytopenia encephalopathy and Ascitesthrombocytopenia encephalopathy and Ascites
Overall mortality is 30 Overall mortality is 30 The principles of anaesthetic managementThe principles of anaesthetic management Protect the airway Protect the airway Establish good vascular access Establish good vascular access Volume replacement - colloid blood fresh Volume replacement - colloid blood fresh
frozen plasma and platelets Avoid saline frozen plasma and platelets Avoid saline Check correct clotting Give Vitamin K correct Check correct clotting Give Vitamin K correct
fibrinolysis and review blood chemistry fibrinolysis and review blood chemistry
Intoxicated Alcoholic Intoxicated Alcoholic PatientsPatients
Requires less anaesthetic ndashadditive depressant Requires less anaesthetic ndashadditive depressant effect of alcohol amp anaestheticseffect of alcohol amp anaesthetics
Ill - equipped to withstand stress amp Acute blood Ill - equipped to withstand stress amp Acute blood lossloss
Alcohol decrease the tolerance of brain to hypoxiaAlcohol decrease the tolerance of brain to hypoxia uarr uarr Risk of regurgitation amp aspiration - alcohol Risk of regurgitation amp aspiration - alcohol
darrtone of lower oesophageal sphincter amp slows darrtone of lower oesophageal sphincter amp slows gastric emptyinggastric emptying
Alcohol Interferes with platelet aggregationAlcohol Interferes with platelet aggregation Causes uarrconc of plasma catecholamines rarr Causes uarrconc of plasma catecholamines rarr
Intraoperative dysarrhytmiasIntraoperative dysarrhytmias
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE
Mild ndash 17 marked - 4Mild ndash 17 marked - 4 Patient factorsPatient factors Congenital Congenital
hemolytic disordershemolytic disorders Acquired hemolytic Acquired hemolytic
disordersdisorders Pre existing liver Pre existing liver
diseasedisease CoagulopathyCoagulopathy Gilberts syndromeGilberts syndrome SepsisSepsis
Perioperative Perioperative factorsfactors
Anaesthetic induced Anaesthetic induced darrHBFdarrHBF
BleedingBleeding HypotensionHypotension Blood transfusionBlood transfusion Biliary tree traumaBiliary tree trauma Viral hepatitisViral hepatitis DrugsDrugs Halothane antibioticsHalothane antibiotics Nonsteroidal agentsNonsteroidal agents
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -
5000mg Bilirubin5000mg Bilirubin 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg
bilirubinbilirubin Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in
G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cell disease multiple blood transfusionscell disease multiple blood transfusions
Delayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashDelayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashpostop jaundicepostop jaundice
Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgeryuarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgery
ContdhellipContdhellip Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow
non biliary surgery 3- 30 days post opnon biliary surgery 3- 30 days post op Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis
[benign] - associated with multiple blood [benign] - associated with multiple blood transfusions hypoxia hypotension - transfusions hypoxia hypotension - uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks
ManagementManagement Prevention is the best treatment Prevention is the best treatment Avoid precipitating factorsAvoid precipitating factors
Halothane HepatitisHalothane Hepatitis The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane
anaesthetics - higher in women the middle anaesthetics - higher in women the middle aged and the obeseaged and the obese
Rarer in paediatric patients and with the Rarer in paediatric patients and with the newer volatile agents newer volatile agents
Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
ldquoldquoUnexplained liver damage within 28 days of Unexplained liver damage within 28 days of halothane exposure in previously normal halothane exposure in previously normal patientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reactionpatientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reaction
Clinical featuresClinical features malaise anorexiafever malaise anorexiafever within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks
Halothane HepatitisHalothane HepatitisDIAGNOSISDIAGNOSIS Serum antibodies that react with specific liver Serum antibodies that react with specific liver
microsomal proteins that are altered by microsomal proteins that are altered by trifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothanetrifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothane
Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Risk factorsRisk factors High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ]High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ] previous adverse reactionprevious adverse reaction Uncertain - obesityUncertain - obesity Female [16 1 ]Female [16 1 ] Drug allergy [ 15 ]Drug allergy [ 15 ] Family historyFamily history Lymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoinLymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoin
ContdhellipContdhellip The cause not fully established - multifactorial - The cause not fully established - multifactorial -
possible immunological cause possible immunological cause Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated
proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically predisposed subjectspredisposed subjects
Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also to blameto blame
Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile agent so toxic metabolites may be involvedagent so toxic metabolites may be involved
The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with increasing numbers of exposures to halothane increasing numbers of exposures to halothane
Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO database holds 225 and 159 reports respectivelydatabase holds 225 and 159 reports respectively
Halothane exposure Halothane exposure guidelinesguidelines
Avoid Halothane ifAvoid Halothane if Within at least 3 months of a previous Within at least 3 months of a previous
exposure exposure Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or
pyrexia pyrexia Family history of hepatic reactions to Family history of hepatic reactions to
halothanehalothane Pre - existing liver diseasePre - existing liver disease Adverse reactions to Other volatile Adverse reactions to Other volatile
anaesthetic agentsanaesthetic agents
Liver and PregnancyLiver and Pregnancy Normal in sizeNormal in size A decrease in total protein as well albumin A decrease in total protein as well albumin An increase of the liver dependent clotting An increase of the liver dependent clotting
factors such as fibrinogen factors such as fibrinogen An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times
secondary to placental alkalinesecondary to placental alkaline Srcholinesterase Srcholinesterase darr 30darr 30 Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and
bilirubinbilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin
ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver disease disease
Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Intrahepatic Cholestasis of PregnancyPregnancy
Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Rare in black patients Rare in black patients
Strong family history Strong family history High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies
60-7060-70 Pruritus alone - 80 percent Pruritus alone - 80 percent Jaundice develop in 20 percentJaundice develop in 20 percent Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or
no elevation in transaminasesno elevation in transaminases
IChP ndashcontdhellipIChP ndashcontdhellip Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early
delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice ) pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice )
Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts Dexamethasone Dexamethasone
Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but bilurubin within 4-6 weeks bilurubin within 4-6 weeks
Implications on Anaesthesia Implications on Anaesthesia Check coagulation profile Check coagulation profile Ask for vit K IV Ask for vit K IV take care of high incidence of fetal distress take care of high incidence of fetal distress
meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist must attend with incubatormust attend with incubator
Preeclampsia amp EclampsiaPreeclampsia amp Eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia
and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl
If not associated with other criteria of HELLP If not associated with other criteria of HELLP syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 50mlday 50mlday
Implications on anaesthesiaImplications on anaesthesia Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress
response which could continue to anaesthesia response which could continue to anaesthesia provided INR lt15 provided INR lt15
Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed tube 6-7 mm tube 6-7 mm
Adequate analgesia Adequate analgesia Fluids restriction Fluids restriction Continue medications postoperative in ICU Continue medications postoperative in ICU
HELLP syndrome HELLP syndrome Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low
plateletsplatelets Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-
eclampsia result from very active platelets eclampsia result from very active platelets aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia and congestion with deposition of fibrous and congestion with deposition of fibrous network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage
Nausea vomiting headache and upper right Nausea vomiting headache and upper right abdominal pain hypotension shockabdominal pain hypotension shock
Best markers are the maternal lactate Best markers are the maternal lactate dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet count count
Congested liver of HELLP Congested liver of HELLP syndromesyndrome
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high
dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has been shown to markedly improve the laboratory been shown to markedly improve the laboratory abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome
Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is
greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of magnesium sulfate magnesium sulfate
Anesthesia like severe preclampsia Anesthesia like severe preclampsia avoid trauma to liveravoid trauma to liver Vit K if INR gt15Vit K if INR gt15 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60
ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF PREGNANCYPREGNANCY
Rare serious disorder unknown etiologyRare serious disorder unknown etiology Symptoms in third trimesterSymptoms in third trimester ndashabdominal
pain nausea vomiting anorexiafatique fever headache
Rapid progression ndashbleeding jaundice encephalopathy renal failure hepatic failure coagulopathy - PPH
uarrTransaminases hyperbilirubinemia uarrprothrombin time --- DIC
Prompt delivery is advisable
Hepatic Rupture and Hepatic Rupture and Infarction Infarction
Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 to 85 percent) are at higher risk to 85 percent) are at higher risk
Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in
shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy
Therapy for hepatic rupture has included Therapy for hepatic rupture has included transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted in hepatic rupture in hepatic rupture
Hepatic infarctionHepatic infarction was typically present with fever was typically present with fever and marked elevations in transaminase levels In and marked elevations in transaminase levels In surviving patients liver function and histopathology surviving patients liver function and histopathology are normal within six months of delivery are normal within six months of delivery
Anesthesia in pregnant women with Anesthesia in pregnant women with HELLP syndromeHELLP syndrome
Retrospective studyRetrospective study For the period of 1 July For the period of 1 July 1996 through 30 June 2000 1996 through 30 June 2000
RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had cesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal deliverycesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal delivery
Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 postcesarean delivery the range platelet count postcesarean delivery the range platelet count was 19000-143000microl was 19000-143000microl
Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia
There were no neurologic complications or There were no neurologic complications or bleeding in the epidural spacebleeding in the epidural space
CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any neurologic or hematologic complications of women neurologic or hematologic complications of women with HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesiawith HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesia
Subdural Hematoma following dural Subdural Hematoma following dural puncture in a parturient with HELLP puncture in a parturient with HELLP
syndromesyndrome This complication occurred following This complication occurred following accidental dural puncture in a parturient accidental dural puncture in a parturient with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who subsequently developed the syndrome of subsequently developed the syndrome of hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low plateletsplatelets
On the first postoperative day postdural On the first postoperative day postdural puncture headache (PDPH) developed puncture headache (PDPH) developed
An epidural blood patch (EBP) was An epidural blood patch (EBP) was deferred to the third postoperative day deferred to the third postoperative day because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1 because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1
Headache intensified from a typical PDPH Headache intensified from a typical PDPH to one which was not posturally related to one which was not posturally related
A second EBP was abandoned after the A second EBP was abandoned after the
injection of 5 mL of blood because of injection of 5 mL of blood because of increasing headache during the procedure increasing headache during the procedure
Magnetic resonance imaging revealed Magnetic resonance imaging revealed bilateral temporal subdural hematomas bilateral temporal subdural hematomas
The patient was managed conservatively and The patient was managed conservatively and discharged home without any sequelae discharged home without any sequelae
ConclusionConclusion It is conceivable that It is conceivable that thrombocytopenia together with possible thrombocytopenia together with possible abnormal platelet function increased the risk abnormal platelet function increased the risk of subdural hematoma of subdural hematoma
Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be considered whenever headache is not considered whenever headache is not posturally related posturally related
OCUPATIONAL HAZARDOCUPATIONAL HAZARD Risk of transmission of HBV following Risk of transmission of HBV following
inoculation is 5 -30inoculation is 5 -30 May occur through needle prickcuts May occur through needle prickcuts
sharp injuriesmucous membranes- sharp injuriesmucous membranes- waterproof dressingwaterproof dressing
Wear gloves while inserting a Wear gloves while inserting a cannula airways intubation amp extubation cannula airways intubation amp extubation
Sharps should not be handed directly to Sharps should not be handed directly to othersothers
See to the sterilisation of other See to the sterilisation of other contaminated thingscontaminated things
CONTDhellipCONTDhellipObstructive JaundiceObstructive Jaundice Biliary obstruction - from a stone in the common Biliary obstruction - from a stone in the common
bile duct pancreatic tumour or ascending bile duct pancreatic tumour or ascending cholangitischolangitis
Hepatocellular function is normal Hepatocellular function is normal Excess plasma bilirubin is chiefly conjugated - Excess plasma bilirubin is chiefly conjugated -
excreted in the urine which becomes darkexcreted in the urine which becomes dark Stools are pale as a result of poor lipid Stools are pale as a result of poor lipid
absorption absorption Protein synthesis is normalProtein synthesis is normal Vitamin K dependant clotting factors reduced Vitamin K dependant clotting factors reduced as the absorption of vitamin K is as the absorption of vitamin K is
dependent on the excretion of bile salts into the dependent on the excretion of bile salts into the small intestine rarr clotting time prolonged small intestine rarr clotting time prolonged parenteral vitamin K parenteral vitamin K
Renal impairment in Renal impairment in JaundiceJaundice
Release of endotoxins into systemic Release of endotoxins into systemic circulationcirculation
following biliary obstruction ndash renal following biliary obstruction ndash renal failurefailure
Prevention Prevention - in high srbilirubin levels ndash - in high srbilirubin levels ndash
percutaneous drainage of biliary tree percutaneous drainage of biliary tree under antibiotic coverunder antibiotic cover
- pre op oral bile salts -- pre op oral bile salts -darr post op RFdarr post op RF
Liver Function TestsLiver Function Tests Indication of severity help to differentiate Indication of severity help to differentiate
between prehepatic hepatocellular and between prehepatic hepatocellular and obstructive jaundiceobstructive jaundice
Jaundice - sign of an elevation of serum Jaundice - sign of an elevation of serum bilirubin bilirubin
Protein and albumin levels are normal in Protein and albumin levels are normal in prehepatic or obstructive jaundice low prehepatic or obstructive jaundice low values indicate hepatocellular damagevalues indicate hepatocellular damage
clotting - Prothrombin Time clotting - Prothrombin Time An elevated INR may indicate impaired An elevated INR may indicate impaired
synthesis of clotting factors due to synthesis of clotting factors due to hepatocellular damage or malabsorption hepatocellular damage or malabsorption of vitamin K due to biliary obstruction of vitamin K due to biliary obstruction
ContdhellipContdhellip Prothrombin time[ half life - 6 -12 hrs ] ndash best Prothrombin time[ half life - 6 -12 hrs ] ndash best
indicator than Albumin [ half life ndash 24 -48 indicator than Albumin [ half life ndash 24 -48 days]days]
Alanine Transaminase (ALT) and Aspartate Alanine Transaminase (ALT) and Aspartate Transaminase (AST) are enzymes that are released Transaminase (AST) are enzymes that are released into the circulation by damaged hepatocytes into the circulation by damaged hepatocytes Raised levels indicate hepatocellular damageRaised levels indicate hepatocellular damage
AST can also be elevated in other circumstances AST can also be elevated in other circumstances such as myocardial infarction such as myocardial infarction
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme localized Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme localized near the bile cannaliculi and is elevated in biliary near the bile cannaliculi and is elevated in biliary obstruction Not specific to hepatobiliary diseaseobstruction Not specific to hepatobiliary disease[ raised in malignant bone disease][ raised in malignant bone disease]
An accompanying rise in Gamma glutamyl An accompanying rise in Gamma glutamyl Transferase (Gamma GT) suggests that the ALP is Transferase (Gamma GT) suggests that the ALP is from the liverfrom the liver
ContdhellipContdhellip Glutathione ndash S ndash transferase ndashto Glutathione ndash S ndash transferase ndashto
assess damage assess damage due to anaestheticsdue to anaesthetics ALP ndashEarly in biliary obstructionALP ndashEarly in biliary obstruction γγ - Glutamyl trans peptidase ndash rises - Glutamyl trans peptidase ndash rises
after alcohol amp drug induced liver after alcohol amp drug induced liver damagedamage
Plasma glucose should be measuredPlasma glucose should be measured
Risk and severity scoringRisk and severity scoring In 1964 Child and Turcotte classified risk for In 1964 Child and Turcotte classified risk for
patients with liver cirrhosis undergoing porto-patients with liver cirrhosis undergoing porto-caval anastomosis for management of portal caval anastomosis for management of portal hypertensionhypertension
Pugh et al at Kings College Hospital Pugh et al at Kings College Hospital published a severity scoring system for published a severity scoring system for patients undergoing oesophageal transection patients undergoing oesophageal transection for bleeding oesophageal varices for bleeding oesophageal varices
The two systems have been amalgamated and The two systems have been amalgamated and provide a disease severity assessment based provide a disease severity assessment based on two clinical and three laboratory variables on two clinical and three laboratory variables
PUGHlsquoS MODIFICATION OF CHILD GRADINGPUGHlsquoS MODIFICATION OF CHILD GRADING Clinical amp Biochemical Clinical amp Biochemical variablesvariables
POINTS POINTS 11
SCORESCOREDD22
33
Serum albumin (gL)Serum albumin (gL) gt35gt35 28-3528-35 lt28lt28
Serum bilirubin (micromolL)Serum bilirubin (micromolL) [Mg dl][Mg dl]
lt35lt35lt 2lt 2
35-6035-602 -32 -3
gt60gt60gt 3gt 3
PT (seconds) prolongedPT (seconds) prolongedfrom controlfrom control
1-41-4INR [ lt INR [ lt 1 7]1 7]
4-104-10INR [17 INR [17 -23]-23]
1010INR gt23INR gt23
AscitesAscites NoneNone MildMild ModerateModerateEncephalopathyEncephalopathy AbsentAbsent Grade I ndash Grade I ndash
IIIIGrade III ndash Grade III ndash IVIV
POINTS 5- 6 ndash class A [5 Mortality] 7 -9 ndashClass B [10 mortality] 10 -15 ndashClass C [50 mortality]
Surgery in patients with liver Surgery in patients with liver dysfunctiondysfunction
The Child-Pugh classification is a useful method The Child-Pugh classification is a useful method of staging the progress of liver decompensation of staging the progress of liver decompensation
Limited predictive value in anaesthesia and Limited predictive value in anaesthesia and surgerysurgery
Group A patients are lower riskGroup A patients are lower risk and with and with sufficient care can be considered as candidates sufficient care can be considered as candidates for most types of surgeryfor most types of surgery
Group B patients ndash acceptable but correct Group B patients ndash acceptable but correct abnormalities abnormalities
Group C patientsGroup C patients present an extremely high present an extremely high operative risk - surgical procedures in these operative risk - surgical procedures in these patients should be avoided if possible- patients should be avoided if possible- only only emergency or life-saving proceduresemergency or life-saving procedures should should be undertakenbe undertaken
Preoperative assessmentPreoperative assessment Type and extent of liver diseaseType and extent of liver disease Extra hepatic effectsExtra hepatic effects Risk assessmentRisk assessment Patients general condition- hydration nutritionPatients general condition- hydration nutrition Associated co-morbid conditionsAssociated co-morbid conditions LFTLFT ConsentConsent Premedication-short acting temazepam in absence Premedication-short acting temazepam in absence
of neurological impairment orally ndashavoid of neurological impairment orally ndashavoid intramuscular injectionsintramuscular injections
H2 receptor antagonistsH2 receptor antagonists Preop Vit K optimal hydrationPreop Vit K optimal hydration
PREOP INVESTIGATIONSPREOP INVESTIGATIONS
Hematological ndashHb Platelet Hematological ndashHb Platelet countWBC Coagulation profilecountWBC Coagulation profile
Metabolic ndash sr Metabolic ndash sr glucose urea creatinine electrolytesglucose urea creatinine electrolytes
Cardio respiratory ndash chest x-rayECG Cardio respiratory ndash chest x-rayECG PFT ABGPFT ABG
Liver function ndash Liver function ndash srbilirubinalbuminliver enzymessrbilirubinalbuminliver enzymes
Pre-op risk factors Pre-op risk factors associated with associated with
postoperative mortalitypostoperative mortality Serum albumin lt3gLSerum albumin lt3gL Serum bilirubin gt50 micromolLSerum bilirubin gt50 micromolL PT gt15 s over controlPT gt15 s over control Presence of infectionPresence of infection WBC gt 10000WBC gt 10000 Treatment with more than two antibioticsTreatment with more than two antibiotics Presence of AscitesPresence of Ascites MalnutritionMalnutrition Emergency surgeryEmergency surgery
Anaesthetic TechniqueAnaesthetic Technique Avoid hypotensive techniquesmdashintra hepatic necrosisAvoid hypotensive techniquesmdashintra hepatic necrosis High conc of oxygen -- - due to intrapulmonary shuntsHigh conc of oxygen -- - due to intrapulmonary shunts Avoid hypotension amp hypoxemiaAvoid hypotension amp hypoxemia Meticulous fluid balance ndashMeticulous fluid balance ndash Ascites ndash may lose a large amount of fluid rapidlyAscites ndash may lose a large amount of fluid rapidly Concentrated albumin solutions ndashto correct Concentrated albumin solutions ndashto correct
hypoproteinemiahypoproteinemia Fresh blood ndashto prevent hypocalcemia due to Fresh blood ndashto prevent hypocalcemia due to
reduced metabolism of preservativesreduced metabolism of preservatives FFP 12 - 15 mlKg ndashCorrect dilutional FFP 12 - 15 mlKg ndashCorrect dilutional
coagulopathycoagulopathy 1 unit of FFP for every 1 unit of packed cells or 250 1 unit of FFP for every 1 unit of packed cells or 250
ml of 09 saline or colloid [500 ml of FFP - uarr ml of 09 saline or colloid [500 ml of FFP - uarr Clotting factors by 20 ]Clotting factors by 20 ]
Maintenance of temperature Maintenance of temperature
MonitoringMonitoring Monitoring of temperature Monitoring of temperature Coagulation status should be monitored ndashplatelet count fibrin Coagulation status should be monitored ndashplatelet count fibrin
degradation products prothrombin time activated clotting degradation products prothrombin time activated clotting time partial thromboplastin timetime partial thromboplastin time
Thromboelastography has been used as a tool in liver Thromboelastography has been used as a tool in liver transplantationtransplantation
Repeated BP cuff inflation ndashmay lead to bruising in patients Repeated BP cuff inflation ndashmay lead to bruising in patients with altered haemostatic functionwith altered haemostatic function
Insertion of Intra arterial line ndash care to prevent haematoma Insertion of Intra arterial line ndash care to prevent haematoma Jugular route is preferred in CVP monitoringJugular route is preferred in CVP monitoring OximetryOximetry Urine outputUrine output Blood lossBlood loss Monitor ionized calciumMonitor ionized calcium
DRUGSDRUGS
Thiopentone ndash intrinsic clearance delayed Thiopentone ndash intrinsic clearance delayed but recovery not delayed because of but recovery not delayed because of redistributionredistribution
Alcoholic cirrhosis ndash larger dose of thio ndash Alcoholic cirrhosis ndash larger dose of thio ndash cross tolerancecross tolerance
Halothane and enflurane reduce hepatic Halothane and enflurane reduce hepatic arterial flow (vasodilatation negative arterial flow (vasodilatation negative inotropic effects)inotropic effects)
Isoflurane increases hepatic blood flowIsoflurane increases hepatic blood flow [preferred][preferred]
NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING AGENTSAGENTS
Reduced plasma pseudo cholinesterase activityReduced plasma pseudo cholinesterase activity Prolonged action- vecuronium Prolonged action- vecuronium
pancruonium[16 fold]pancruonium[16 fold] Decreased biliary excretionDecreased biliary excretion Increased volume of distribution ndashlarger Increased volume of distribution ndashlarger
initial dosesinitial doses 1048708 1048708 Recommended Atracurium ndash metabolism Recommended Atracurium ndash metabolism
independent of liver and kidneysindependent of liver and kidneys 1048708 1048708 For transplantation ndash long acting agent such For transplantation ndash long acting agent such
as doxacuriumas doxacurium
OPIODS amp SEDATIVESOPIODS amp SEDATIVES
NarcoticsNarcotics Reduced metabolism of morphine and Reduced metabolism of morphine and
pethidinepethidine Prefer fentanylPrefer fentanyl Remifentanyl - ideal Remifentanyl - ideal 1048708 1048708 BenzodiazepinesBenzodiazepines 1048708 1048708 Diazepam - prolonged half lifeDiazepam - prolonged half life 1048708 1048708 Oxazepam and lorazepam preferrred Oxazepam and lorazepam preferrred
ndashmetabolised by glucuronidation ndashmetabolised by glucuronidation without liver requirementwithout liver requirement
Regional Anaesthesia Regional Anaesthesia Contraindicated if PT gt25 s above control Contraindicated if PT gt25 s above control
platelet count lt 50000 cumm bleeding platelet count lt 50000 cumm bleeding time gt12 mtstime gt12 mts
Spinal and epidural anaesthesia carries the Spinal and epidural anaesthesia carries the risk of epidural haematoma and paralysis if risk of epidural haematoma and paralysis if there is abnormal clotting but there are there is abnormal clotting but there are otherwise no special precautionsotherwise no special precautions
The half-life of lignocaine is prolonged in The half-life of lignocaine is prolonged in liver failure but this is not significant when liver failure but this is not significant when used in regional anaesthesia used in regional anaesthesia
LA dose diminished in presence of AscitesLA dose diminished in presence of Ascites
Canadian Journal of Anesthesia Vol 45 452-Canadian Journal of Anesthesia Vol 45 452-459 459
Obstetrical anaesthesia for a parturient with Obstetrical anaesthesia for a parturient with preeclampsia HELLP syndrome and acute cortical preeclampsia HELLP syndrome and acute cortical
blindnessblindness A 39-yr-old woman with three past A 39-yr-old woman with three past uncomplicated pregnancies presented at 33 uncomplicated pregnancies presented at 33 wk with acute cortical blindnesswk with acute cortical blindness
Based on clinical and laboratory assessment Based on clinical and laboratory assessment a diagnosis of preeclampsia with HELLP a diagnosis of preeclampsia with HELLP syndrome was madesyndrome was made
A CT scan of her head demonstrated A CT scan of her head demonstrated ischaemic lesions of her basal ganglia ischaemic lesions of her basal ganglia extending superiorly to involve both posterior extending superiorly to involve both posterior parietal and occipital regionsparietal and occipital regions
Infusions of magnesium sulphate and Infusions of magnesium sulphate and hydralazine were started and an urgent hydralazine were started and an urgent Caesarean section was performed Caesarean section was performed under under subarachnoid anaesthesiasubarachnoid anaesthesia after insertion of an after insertion of an arterial line and intravenous hydration arterial line and intravenous hydration
ContdhellipContdhellip The course of anaesthesia and surgery was uneventful The course of anaesthesia and surgery was uneventful
and she delivered a live 1540 g female infantand she delivered a live 1540 g female infant By the following morning she had recovered some By the following morning she had recovered some
vision and visual recovery was complete by 72 hr vision and visual recovery was complete by 72 hr postpartum postpartum
Her postoperative course was uneventful Her postoperative course was uneventful CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION Provided that it is not contraindicated Provided that it is not contraindicated
because of prohibitive risk to the mother because of prohibitive risk to the mother regional regional anaesthesia has particular advantage in these anaesthesia has particular advantage in these patientspatients
In particular the use of spinal anaesthesia which has In particular the use of spinal anaesthesia which has been discouraged by some for this patient population been discouraged by some for this patient population should be re-evaluated should be re-evaluated
Postoperative Postoperative managementmanagement
Oxygen enriched airOxygen enriched air Major surgery ndash elective post operative Major surgery ndash elective post operative
ventilationventilation Replace blood lossReplace blood loss Maintain adequate urine outputMaintain adequate urine output Dopamine and inotropes should be Dopamine and inotropes should be
continuedcontinued The principle complications are likely The principle complications are likely
to be continued bleeding sepsis and to be continued bleeding sepsis and hepatic decompensation hepatic decompensation
Peri-operative considerations in Child-Peri-operative considerations in Child-Pugh A patientsPugh A patients
Pre-operative Pre-operative Aetiology of condition - virology Aetiology of condition - virology Drug idiosyncrasy Drug idiosyncrasy
Blood count and platelets Blood count and platelets Clotting screen Clotting screen Assess renal function Assess renal function Previous anaesthetics Previous anaesthetics
Per-operative Per-operative Consider drug bio-availability issues Consider drug bio-availability issues Avoid drugs excreted via liverAvoid drugs excreted via liver Regional techniques acceptable if clotting Regional techniques acceptable if clotting
normalnormal Post-operativePost-operative Monitor for post-operative hepatic Monitor for post-operative hepatic
decompensationdecompensation Possible prolonged duration of action in Possible prolonged duration of action in opiates HDU ITU careopiates HDU ITU care
Child-Pugh Group BC patient Child-Pugh Group BC patient undergoing major surgeryundergoing major surgery
Previous upper abdominal surgery portal Previous upper abdominal surgery portal hypertension and coagulopathy dramatically hypertension and coagulopathy dramatically increase the potential for per-operative blood lossincrease the potential for per-operative blood loss
8-12 units of blood together fresh frozen plasma 8-12 units of blood together fresh frozen plasma and platelets should be available and platelets should be available
Pre-medicationPre-medication Sedative premedicants should be avoided in the Sedative premedicants should be avoided in the
encephalopathic patient encephalopathic patient Other drugs may be needed pre-operatively and Other drugs may be needed pre-operatively and
include antibiotics and H2 receptor antagonistsinclude antibiotics and H2 receptor antagonists The oral or intravenous route used - The oral or intravenous route used -
intramuscular injections should be avoidedintramuscular injections should be avoided Coagulopathy may require correction with fresh Coagulopathy may require correction with fresh
frozen plasma and platelets and renal frozen plasma and platelets and renal replacement therapy may need to be consideredreplacement therapy may need to be considered
Per-operative considerationsPer-operative considerations Regional techniques -- considered carefully - Regional techniques -- considered carefully -
coagulopathy epidural varices can pose an coagulopathy epidural varices can pose an additional risk additional risk
Vascular accessVascular access with a multi-lumen central with a multi-lumen central venous catheter together with at least one large venous catheter together with at least one large bore central line bore central line
Monitoring of arterial and central venous Monitoring of arterial and central venous pressures is mandatory pressures is mandatory
Pulmonary artery pulmonary capillary wedge Pulmonary artery pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and cardiac output measurements pressure and cardiac output measurements may be necessary in the sick patientmay be necessary in the sick patient
Trans-oesophageal echocardiography and Trans-oesophageal echocardiography and volumetric haemodynamic monitoring pulse volumetric haemodynamic monitoring pulse contour analysis can provide significant contour analysis can provide significant additional information for the strategic additional information for the strategic management of these patients management of these patients
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Coagulation and fibrinolysisCoagulation and fibrinolysis are major are major
concerns concerns The potential for large volume blood replacement The potential for large volume blood replacement
means that temperature should be measured and means that temperature should be measured and a fluid warmer and warming mattress useda fluid warmer and warming mattress used
Regular per-operative estimation of INRPTR may Regular per-operative estimation of INRPTR may be necessary - thromboelastography provides be necessary - thromboelastography provides useful intra-operative evaluation of coagulationuseful intra-operative evaluation of coagulation
Blood conservationBlood conservation - considered - considered Preservation of hepatic function -Preservation of hepatic function - N- N-
acetylcysteine (NAC) is a sulphur-containing acetylcysteine (NAC) is a sulphur-containing antioxidant - benefit patients with fulminant antioxidant - benefit patients with fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
NAC appears to improve oxygen delivery NAC appears to improve oxygen delivery and consumption and reduce base deficitand consumption and reduce base deficit
Renal FunctionRenal Function - - Dopamine may be usefulDopamine may be useful
Bleeding oesophageal Bleeding oesophageal varicesvarices
Bleeding oesophageal varices - life-threatening Bleeding oesophageal varices - life-threatening complication of - often occur against a complication of - often occur against a background of abnormal clotting background of abnormal clotting thrombocytopenia encephalopathy and Ascitesthrombocytopenia encephalopathy and Ascites
Overall mortality is 30 Overall mortality is 30 The principles of anaesthetic managementThe principles of anaesthetic management Protect the airway Protect the airway Establish good vascular access Establish good vascular access Volume replacement - colloid blood fresh Volume replacement - colloid blood fresh
frozen plasma and platelets Avoid saline frozen plasma and platelets Avoid saline Check correct clotting Give Vitamin K correct Check correct clotting Give Vitamin K correct
fibrinolysis and review blood chemistry fibrinolysis and review blood chemistry
Intoxicated Alcoholic Intoxicated Alcoholic PatientsPatients
Requires less anaesthetic ndashadditive depressant Requires less anaesthetic ndashadditive depressant effect of alcohol amp anaestheticseffect of alcohol amp anaesthetics
Ill - equipped to withstand stress amp Acute blood Ill - equipped to withstand stress amp Acute blood lossloss
Alcohol decrease the tolerance of brain to hypoxiaAlcohol decrease the tolerance of brain to hypoxia uarr uarr Risk of regurgitation amp aspiration - alcohol Risk of regurgitation amp aspiration - alcohol
darrtone of lower oesophageal sphincter amp slows darrtone of lower oesophageal sphincter amp slows gastric emptyinggastric emptying
Alcohol Interferes with platelet aggregationAlcohol Interferes with platelet aggregation Causes uarrconc of plasma catecholamines rarr Causes uarrconc of plasma catecholamines rarr
Intraoperative dysarrhytmiasIntraoperative dysarrhytmias
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE
Mild ndash 17 marked - 4Mild ndash 17 marked - 4 Patient factorsPatient factors Congenital Congenital
hemolytic disordershemolytic disorders Acquired hemolytic Acquired hemolytic
disordersdisorders Pre existing liver Pre existing liver
diseasedisease CoagulopathyCoagulopathy Gilberts syndromeGilberts syndrome SepsisSepsis
Perioperative Perioperative factorsfactors
Anaesthetic induced Anaesthetic induced darrHBFdarrHBF
BleedingBleeding HypotensionHypotension Blood transfusionBlood transfusion Biliary tree traumaBiliary tree trauma Viral hepatitisViral hepatitis DrugsDrugs Halothane antibioticsHalothane antibiotics Nonsteroidal agentsNonsteroidal agents
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -
5000mg Bilirubin5000mg Bilirubin 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg
bilirubinbilirubin Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in
G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cell disease multiple blood transfusionscell disease multiple blood transfusions
Delayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashDelayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashpostop jaundicepostop jaundice
Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgeryuarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgery
ContdhellipContdhellip Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow
non biliary surgery 3- 30 days post opnon biliary surgery 3- 30 days post op Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis
[benign] - associated with multiple blood [benign] - associated with multiple blood transfusions hypoxia hypotension - transfusions hypoxia hypotension - uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks
ManagementManagement Prevention is the best treatment Prevention is the best treatment Avoid precipitating factorsAvoid precipitating factors
Halothane HepatitisHalothane Hepatitis The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane
anaesthetics - higher in women the middle anaesthetics - higher in women the middle aged and the obeseaged and the obese
Rarer in paediatric patients and with the Rarer in paediatric patients and with the newer volatile agents newer volatile agents
Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
ldquoldquoUnexplained liver damage within 28 days of Unexplained liver damage within 28 days of halothane exposure in previously normal halothane exposure in previously normal patientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reactionpatientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reaction
Clinical featuresClinical features malaise anorexiafever malaise anorexiafever within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks
Halothane HepatitisHalothane HepatitisDIAGNOSISDIAGNOSIS Serum antibodies that react with specific liver Serum antibodies that react with specific liver
microsomal proteins that are altered by microsomal proteins that are altered by trifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothanetrifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothane
Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Risk factorsRisk factors High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ]High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ] previous adverse reactionprevious adverse reaction Uncertain - obesityUncertain - obesity Female [16 1 ]Female [16 1 ] Drug allergy [ 15 ]Drug allergy [ 15 ] Family historyFamily history Lymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoinLymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoin
ContdhellipContdhellip The cause not fully established - multifactorial - The cause not fully established - multifactorial -
possible immunological cause possible immunological cause Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated
proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically predisposed subjectspredisposed subjects
Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also to blameto blame
Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile agent so toxic metabolites may be involvedagent so toxic metabolites may be involved
The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with increasing numbers of exposures to halothane increasing numbers of exposures to halothane
Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO database holds 225 and 159 reports respectivelydatabase holds 225 and 159 reports respectively
Halothane exposure Halothane exposure guidelinesguidelines
Avoid Halothane ifAvoid Halothane if Within at least 3 months of a previous Within at least 3 months of a previous
exposure exposure Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or
pyrexia pyrexia Family history of hepatic reactions to Family history of hepatic reactions to
halothanehalothane Pre - existing liver diseasePre - existing liver disease Adverse reactions to Other volatile Adverse reactions to Other volatile
anaesthetic agentsanaesthetic agents
Liver and PregnancyLiver and Pregnancy Normal in sizeNormal in size A decrease in total protein as well albumin A decrease in total protein as well albumin An increase of the liver dependent clotting An increase of the liver dependent clotting
factors such as fibrinogen factors such as fibrinogen An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times
secondary to placental alkalinesecondary to placental alkaline Srcholinesterase Srcholinesterase darr 30darr 30 Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and
bilirubinbilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin
ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver disease disease
Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Intrahepatic Cholestasis of PregnancyPregnancy
Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Rare in black patients Rare in black patients
Strong family history Strong family history High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies
60-7060-70 Pruritus alone - 80 percent Pruritus alone - 80 percent Jaundice develop in 20 percentJaundice develop in 20 percent Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or
no elevation in transaminasesno elevation in transaminases
IChP ndashcontdhellipIChP ndashcontdhellip Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early
delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice ) pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice )
Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts Dexamethasone Dexamethasone
Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but bilurubin within 4-6 weeks bilurubin within 4-6 weeks
Implications on Anaesthesia Implications on Anaesthesia Check coagulation profile Check coagulation profile Ask for vit K IV Ask for vit K IV take care of high incidence of fetal distress take care of high incidence of fetal distress
meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist must attend with incubatormust attend with incubator
Preeclampsia amp EclampsiaPreeclampsia amp Eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia
and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl
If not associated with other criteria of HELLP If not associated with other criteria of HELLP syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 50mlday 50mlday
Implications on anaesthesiaImplications on anaesthesia Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress
response which could continue to anaesthesia response which could continue to anaesthesia provided INR lt15 provided INR lt15
Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed tube 6-7 mm tube 6-7 mm
Adequate analgesia Adequate analgesia Fluids restriction Fluids restriction Continue medications postoperative in ICU Continue medications postoperative in ICU
HELLP syndrome HELLP syndrome Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low
plateletsplatelets Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-
eclampsia result from very active platelets eclampsia result from very active platelets aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia and congestion with deposition of fibrous and congestion with deposition of fibrous network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage
Nausea vomiting headache and upper right Nausea vomiting headache and upper right abdominal pain hypotension shockabdominal pain hypotension shock
Best markers are the maternal lactate Best markers are the maternal lactate dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet count count
Congested liver of HELLP Congested liver of HELLP syndromesyndrome
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high
dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has been shown to markedly improve the laboratory been shown to markedly improve the laboratory abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome
Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is
greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of magnesium sulfate magnesium sulfate
Anesthesia like severe preclampsia Anesthesia like severe preclampsia avoid trauma to liveravoid trauma to liver Vit K if INR gt15Vit K if INR gt15 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60
ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF PREGNANCYPREGNANCY
Rare serious disorder unknown etiologyRare serious disorder unknown etiology Symptoms in third trimesterSymptoms in third trimester ndashabdominal
pain nausea vomiting anorexiafatique fever headache
Rapid progression ndashbleeding jaundice encephalopathy renal failure hepatic failure coagulopathy - PPH
uarrTransaminases hyperbilirubinemia uarrprothrombin time --- DIC
Prompt delivery is advisable
Hepatic Rupture and Hepatic Rupture and Infarction Infarction
Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 to 85 percent) are at higher risk to 85 percent) are at higher risk
Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in
shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy
Therapy for hepatic rupture has included Therapy for hepatic rupture has included transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted in hepatic rupture in hepatic rupture
Hepatic infarctionHepatic infarction was typically present with fever was typically present with fever and marked elevations in transaminase levels In and marked elevations in transaminase levels In surviving patients liver function and histopathology surviving patients liver function and histopathology are normal within six months of delivery are normal within six months of delivery
Anesthesia in pregnant women with Anesthesia in pregnant women with HELLP syndromeHELLP syndrome
Retrospective studyRetrospective study For the period of 1 July For the period of 1 July 1996 through 30 June 2000 1996 through 30 June 2000
RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had cesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal deliverycesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal delivery
Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 postcesarean delivery the range platelet count postcesarean delivery the range platelet count was 19000-143000microl was 19000-143000microl
Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia
There were no neurologic complications or There were no neurologic complications or bleeding in the epidural spacebleeding in the epidural space
CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any neurologic or hematologic complications of women neurologic or hematologic complications of women with HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesiawith HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesia
Subdural Hematoma following dural Subdural Hematoma following dural puncture in a parturient with HELLP puncture in a parturient with HELLP
syndromesyndrome This complication occurred following This complication occurred following accidental dural puncture in a parturient accidental dural puncture in a parturient with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who subsequently developed the syndrome of subsequently developed the syndrome of hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low plateletsplatelets
On the first postoperative day postdural On the first postoperative day postdural puncture headache (PDPH) developed puncture headache (PDPH) developed
An epidural blood patch (EBP) was An epidural blood patch (EBP) was deferred to the third postoperative day deferred to the third postoperative day because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1 because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1
Headache intensified from a typical PDPH Headache intensified from a typical PDPH to one which was not posturally related to one which was not posturally related
A second EBP was abandoned after the A second EBP was abandoned after the
injection of 5 mL of blood because of injection of 5 mL of blood because of increasing headache during the procedure increasing headache during the procedure
Magnetic resonance imaging revealed Magnetic resonance imaging revealed bilateral temporal subdural hematomas bilateral temporal subdural hematomas
The patient was managed conservatively and The patient was managed conservatively and discharged home without any sequelae discharged home without any sequelae
ConclusionConclusion It is conceivable that It is conceivable that thrombocytopenia together with possible thrombocytopenia together with possible abnormal platelet function increased the risk abnormal platelet function increased the risk of subdural hematoma of subdural hematoma
Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be considered whenever headache is not considered whenever headache is not posturally related posturally related
OCUPATIONAL HAZARDOCUPATIONAL HAZARD Risk of transmission of HBV following Risk of transmission of HBV following
inoculation is 5 -30inoculation is 5 -30 May occur through needle prickcuts May occur through needle prickcuts
sharp injuriesmucous membranes- sharp injuriesmucous membranes- waterproof dressingwaterproof dressing
Wear gloves while inserting a Wear gloves while inserting a cannula airways intubation amp extubation cannula airways intubation amp extubation
Sharps should not be handed directly to Sharps should not be handed directly to othersothers
See to the sterilisation of other See to the sterilisation of other contaminated thingscontaminated things
Renal impairment in Renal impairment in JaundiceJaundice
Release of endotoxins into systemic Release of endotoxins into systemic circulationcirculation
following biliary obstruction ndash renal following biliary obstruction ndash renal failurefailure
Prevention Prevention - in high srbilirubin levels ndash - in high srbilirubin levels ndash
percutaneous drainage of biliary tree percutaneous drainage of biliary tree under antibiotic coverunder antibiotic cover
- pre op oral bile salts -- pre op oral bile salts -darr post op RFdarr post op RF
Liver Function TestsLiver Function Tests Indication of severity help to differentiate Indication of severity help to differentiate
between prehepatic hepatocellular and between prehepatic hepatocellular and obstructive jaundiceobstructive jaundice
Jaundice - sign of an elevation of serum Jaundice - sign of an elevation of serum bilirubin bilirubin
Protein and albumin levels are normal in Protein and albumin levels are normal in prehepatic or obstructive jaundice low prehepatic or obstructive jaundice low values indicate hepatocellular damagevalues indicate hepatocellular damage
clotting - Prothrombin Time clotting - Prothrombin Time An elevated INR may indicate impaired An elevated INR may indicate impaired
synthesis of clotting factors due to synthesis of clotting factors due to hepatocellular damage or malabsorption hepatocellular damage or malabsorption of vitamin K due to biliary obstruction of vitamin K due to biliary obstruction
ContdhellipContdhellip Prothrombin time[ half life - 6 -12 hrs ] ndash best Prothrombin time[ half life - 6 -12 hrs ] ndash best
indicator than Albumin [ half life ndash 24 -48 indicator than Albumin [ half life ndash 24 -48 days]days]
Alanine Transaminase (ALT) and Aspartate Alanine Transaminase (ALT) and Aspartate Transaminase (AST) are enzymes that are released Transaminase (AST) are enzymes that are released into the circulation by damaged hepatocytes into the circulation by damaged hepatocytes Raised levels indicate hepatocellular damageRaised levels indicate hepatocellular damage
AST can also be elevated in other circumstances AST can also be elevated in other circumstances such as myocardial infarction such as myocardial infarction
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme localized Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme localized near the bile cannaliculi and is elevated in biliary near the bile cannaliculi and is elevated in biliary obstruction Not specific to hepatobiliary diseaseobstruction Not specific to hepatobiliary disease[ raised in malignant bone disease][ raised in malignant bone disease]
An accompanying rise in Gamma glutamyl An accompanying rise in Gamma glutamyl Transferase (Gamma GT) suggests that the ALP is Transferase (Gamma GT) suggests that the ALP is from the liverfrom the liver
ContdhellipContdhellip Glutathione ndash S ndash transferase ndashto Glutathione ndash S ndash transferase ndashto
assess damage assess damage due to anaestheticsdue to anaesthetics ALP ndashEarly in biliary obstructionALP ndashEarly in biliary obstruction γγ - Glutamyl trans peptidase ndash rises - Glutamyl trans peptidase ndash rises
after alcohol amp drug induced liver after alcohol amp drug induced liver damagedamage
Plasma glucose should be measuredPlasma glucose should be measured
Risk and severity scoringRisk and severity scoring In 1964 Child and Turcotte classified risk for In 1964 Child and Turcotte classified risk for
patients with liver cirrhosis undergoing porto-patients with liver cirrhosis undergoing porto-caval anastomosis for management of portal caval anastomosis for management of portal hypertensionhypertension
Pugh et al at Kings College Hospital Pugh et al at Kings College Hospital published a severity scoring system for published a severity scoring system for patients undergoing oesophageal transection patients undergoing oesophageal transection for bleeding oesophageal varices for bleeding oesophageal varices
The two systems have been amalgamated and The two systems have been amalgamated and provide a disease severity assessment based provide a disease severity assessment based on two clinical and three laboratory variables on two clinical and three laboratory variables
PUGHlsquoS MODIFICATION OF CHILD GRADINGPUGHlsquoS MODIFICATION OF CHILD GRADING Clinical amp Biochemical Clinical amp Biochemical variablesvariables
POINTS POINTS 11
SCORESCOREDD22
33
Serum albumin (gL)Serum albumin (gL) gt35gt35 28-3528-35 lt28lt28
Serum bilirubin (micromolL)Serum bilirubin (micromolL) [Mg dl][Mg dl]
lt35lt35lt 2lt 2
35-6035-602 -32 -3
gt60gt60gt 3gt 3
PT (seconds) prolongedPT (seconds) prolongedfrom controlfrom control
1-41-4INR [ lt INR [ lt 1 7]1 7]
4-104-10INR [17 INR [17 -23]-23]
1010INR gt23INR gt23
AscitesAscites NoneNone MildMild ModerateModerateEncephalopathyEncephalopathy AbsentAbsent Grade I ndash Grade I ndash
IIIIGrade III ndash Grade III ndash IVIV
POINTS 5- 6 ndash class A [5 Mortality] 7 -9 ndashClass B [10 mortality] 10 -15 ndashClass C [50 mortality]
Surgery in patients with liver Surgery in patients with liver dysfunctiondysfunction
The Child-Pugh classification is a useful method The Child-Pugh classification is a useful method of staging the progress of liver decompensation of staging the progress of liver decompensation
Limited predictive value in anaesthesia and Limited predictive value in anaesthesia and surgerysurgery
Group A patients are lower riskGroup A patients are lower risk and with and with sufficient care can be considered as candidates sufficient care can be considered as candidates for most types of surgeryfor most types of surgery
Group B patients ndash acceptable but correct Group B patients ndash acceptable but correct abnormalities abnormalities
Group C patientsGroup C patients present an extremely high present an extremely high operative risk - surgical procedures in these operative risk - surgical procedures in these patients should be avoided if possible- patients should be avoided if possible- only only emergency or life-saving proceduresemergency or life-saving procedures should should be undertakenbe undertaken
Preoperative assessmentPreoperative assessment Type and extent of liver diseaseType and extent of liver disease Extra hepatic effectsExtra hepatic effects Risk assessmentRisk assessment Patients general condition- hydration nutritionPatients general condition- hydration nutrition Associated co-morbid conditionsAssociated co-morbid conditions LFTLFT ConsentConsent Premedication-short acting temazepam in absence Premedication-short acting temazepam in absence
of neurological impairment orally ndashavoid of neurological impairment orally ndashavoid intramuscular injectionsintramuscular injections
H2 receptor antagonistsH2 receptor antagonists Preop Vit K optimal hydrationPreop Vit K optimal hydration
PREOP INVESTIGATIONSPREOP INVESTIGATIONS
Hematological ndashHb Platelet Hematological ndashHb Platelet countWBC Coagulation profilecountWBC Coagulation profile
Metabolic ndash sr Metabolic ndash sr glucose urea creatinine electrolytesglucose urea creatinine electrolytes
Cardio respiratory ndash chest x-rayECG Cardio respiratory ndash chest x-rayECG PFT ABGPFT ABG
Liver function ndash Liver function ndash srbilirubinalbuminliver enzymessrbilirubinalbuminliver enzymes
Pre-op risk factors Pre-op risk factors associated with associated with
postoperative mortalitypostoperative mortality Serum albumin lt3gLSerum albumin lt3gL Serum bilirubin gt50 micromolLSerum bilirubin gt50 micromolL PT gt15 s over controlPT gt15 s over control Presence of infectionPresence of infection WBC gt 10000WBC gt 10000 Treatment with more than two antibioticsTreatment with more than two antibiotics Presence of AscitesPresence of Ascites MalnutritionMalnutrition Emergency surgeryEmergency surgery
Anaesthetic TechniqueAnaesthetic Technique Avoid hypotensive techniquesmdashintra hepatic necrosisAvoid hypotensive techniquesmdashintra hepatic necrosis High conc of oxygen -- - due to intrapulmonary shuntsHigh conc of oxygen -- - due to intrapulmonary shunts Avoid hypotension amp hypoxemiaAvoid hypotension amp hypoxemia Meticulous fluid balance ndashMeticulous fluid balance ndash Ascites ndash may lose a large amount of fluid rapidlyAscites ndash may lose a large amount of fluid rapidly Concentrated albumin solutions ndashto correct Concentrated albumin solutions ndashto correct
hypoproteinemiahypoproteinemia Fresh blood ndashto prevent hypocalcemia due to Fresh blood ndashto prevent hypocalcemia due to
reduced metabolism of preservativesreduced metabolism of preservatives FFP 12 - 15 mlKg ndashCorrect dilutional FFP 12 - 15 mlKg ndashCorrect dilutional
coagulopathycoagulopathy 1 unit of FFP for every 1 unit of packed cells or 250 1 unit of FFP for every 1 unit of packed cells or 250
ml of 09 saline or colloid [500 ml of FFP - uarr ml of 09 saline or colloid [500 ml of FFP - uarr Clotting factors by 20 ]Clotting factors by 20 ]
Maintenance of temperature Maintenance of temperature
MonitoringMonitoring Monitoring of temperature Monitoring of temperature Coagulation status should be monitored ndashplatelet count fibrin Coagulation status should be monitored ndashplatelet count fibrin
degradation products prothrombin time activated clotting degradation products prothrombin time activated clotting time partial thromboplastin timetime partial thromboplastin time
Thromboelastography has been used as a tool in liver Thromboelastography has been used as a tool in liver transplantationtransplantation
Repeated BP cuff inflation ndashmay lead to bruising in patients Repeated BP cuff inflation ndashmay lead to bruising in patients with altered haemostatic functionwith altered haemostatic function
Insertion of Intra arterial line ndash care to prevent haematoma Insertion of Intra arterial line ndash care to prevent haematoma Jugular route is preferred in CVP monitoringJugular route is preferred in CVP monitoring OximetryOximetry Urine outputUrine output Blood lossBlood loss Monitor ionized calciumMonitor ionized calcium
DRUGSDRUGS
Thiopentone ndash intrinsic clearance delayed Thiopentone ndash intrinsic clearance delayed but recovery not delayed because of but recovery not delayed because of redistributionredistribution
Alcoholic cirrhosis ndash larger dose of thio ndash Alcoholic cirrhosis ndash larger dose of thio ndash cross tolerancecross tolerance
Halothane and enflurane reduce hepatic Halothane and enflurane reduce hepatic arterial flow (vasodilatation negative arterial flow (vasodilatation negative inotropic effects)inotropic effects)
Isoflurane increases hepatic blood flowIsoflurane increases hepatic blood flow [preferred][preferred]
NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING AGENTSAGENTS
Reduced plasma pseudo cholinesterase activityReduced plasma pseudo cholinesterase activity Prolonged action- vecuronium Prolonged action- vecuronium
pancruonium[16 fold]pancruonium[16 fold] Decreased biliary excretionDecreased biliary excretion Increased volume of distribution ndashlarger Increased volume of distribution ndashlarger
initial dosesinitial doses 1048708 1048708 Recommended Atracurium ndash metabolism Recommended Atracurium ndash metabolism
independent of liver and kidneysindependent of liver and kidneys 1048708 1048708 For transplantation ndash long acting agent such For transplantation ndash long acting agent such
as doxacuriumas doxacurium
OPIODS amp SEDATIVESOPIODS amp SEDATIVES
NarcoticsNarcotics Reduced metabolism of morphine and Reduced metabolism of morphine and
pethidinepethidine Prefer fentanylPrefer fentanyl Remifentanyl - ideal Remifentanyl - ideal 1048708 1048708 BenzodiazepinesBenzodiazepines 1048708 1048708 Diazepam - prolonged half lifeDiazepam - prolonged half life 1048708 1048708 Oxazepam and lorazepam preferrred Oxazepam and lorazepam preferrred
ndashmetabolised by glucuronidation ndashmetabolised by glucuronidation without liver requirementwithout liver requirement
Regional Anaesthesia Regional Anaesthesia Contraindicated if PT gt25 s above control Contraindicated if PT gt25 s above control
platelet count lt 50000 cumm bleeding platelet count lt 50000 cumm bleeding time gt12 mtstime gt12 mts
Spinal and epidural anaesthesia carries the Spinal and epidural anaesthesia carries the risk of epidural haematoma and paralysis if risk of epidural haematoma and paralysis if there is abnormal clotting but there are there is abnormal clotting but there are otherwise no special precautionsotherwise no special precautions
The half-life of lignocaine is prolonged in The half-life of lignocaine is prolonged in liver failure but this is not significant when liver failure but this is not significant when used in regional anaesthesia used in regional anaesthesia
LA dose diminished in presence of AscitesLA dose diminished in presence of Ascites
Canadian Journal of Anesthesia Vol 45 452-Canadian Journal of Anesthesia Vol 45 452-459 459
Obstetrical anaesthesia for a parturient with Obstetrical anaesthesia for a parturient with preeclampsia HELLP syndrome and acute cortical preeclampsia HELLP syndrome and acute cortical
blindnessblindness A 39-yr-old woman with three past A 39-yr-old woman with three past uncomplicated pregnancies presented at 33 uncomplicated pregnancies presented at 33 wk with acute cortical blindnesswk with acute cortical blindness
Based on clinical and laboratory assessment Based on clinical and laboratory assessment a diagnosis of preeclampsia with HELLP a diagnosis of preeclampsia with HELLP syndrome was madesyndrome was made
A CT scan of her head demonstrated A CT scan of her head demonstrated ischaemic lesions of her basal ganglia ischaemic lesions of her basal ganglia extending superiorly to involve both posterior extending superiorly to involve both posterior parietal and occipital regionsparietal and occipital regions
Infusions of magnesium sulphate and Infusions of magnesium sulphate and hydralazine were started and an urgent hydralazine were started and an urgent Caesarean section was performed Caesarean section was performed under under subarachnoid anaesthesiasubarachnoid anaesthesia after insertion of an after insertion of an arterial line and intravenous hydration arterial line and intravenous hydration
ContdhellipContdhellip The course of anaesthesia and surgery was uneventful The course of anaesthesia and surgery was uneventful
and she delivered a live 1540 g female infantand she delivered a live 1540 g female infant By the following morning she had recovered some By the following morning she had recovered some
vision and visual recovery was complete by 72 hr vision and visual recovery was complete by 72 hr postpartum postpartum
Her postoperative course was uneventful Her postoperative course was uneventful CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION Provided that it is not contraindicated Provided that it is not contraindicated
because of prohibitive risk to the mother because of prohibitive risk to the mother regional regional anaesthesia has particular advantage in these anaesthesia has particular advantage in these patientspatients
In particular the use of spinal anaesthesia which has In particular the use of spinal anaesthesia which has been discouraged by some for this patient population been discouraged by some for this patient population should be re-evaluated should be re-evaluated
Postoperative Postoperative managementmanagement
Oxygen enriched airOxygen enriched air Major surgery ndash elective post operative Major surgery ndash elective post operative
ventilationventilation Replace blood lossReplace blood loss Maintain adequate urine outputMaintain adequate urine output Dopamine and inotropes should be Dopamine and inotropes should be
continuedcontinued The principle complications are likely The principle complications are likely
to be continued bleeding sepsis and to be continued bleeding sepsis and hepatic decompensation hepatic decompensation
Peri-operative considerations in Child-Peri-operative considerations in Child-Pugh A patientsPugh A patients
Pre-operative Pre-operative Aetiology of condition - virology Aetiology of condition - virology Drug idiosyncrasy Drug idiosyncrasy
Blood count and platelets Blood count and platelets Clotting screen Clotting screen Assess renal function Assess renal function Previous anaesthetics Previous anaesthetics
Per-operative Per-operative Consider drug bio-availability issues Consider drug bio-availability issues Avoid drugs excreted via liverAvoid drugs excreted via liver Regional techniques acceptable if clotting Regional techniques acceptable if clotting
normalnormal Post-operativePost-operative Monitor for post-operative hepatic Monitor for post-operative hepatic
decompensationdecompensation Possible prolonged duration of action in Possible prolonged duration of action in opiates HDU ITU careopiates HDU ITU care
Child-Pugh Group BC patient Child-Pugh Group BC patient undergoing major surgeryundergoing major surgery
Previous upper abdominal surgery portal Previous upper abdominal surgery portal hypertension and coagulopathy dramatically hypertension and coagulopathy dramatically increase the potential for per-operative blood lossincrease the potential for per-operative blood loss
8-12 units of blood together fresh frozen plasma 8-12 units of blood together fresh frozen plasma and platelets should be available and platelets should be available
Pre-medicationPre-medication Sedative premedicants should be avoided in the Sedative premedicants should be avoided in the
encephalopathic patient encephalopathic patient Other drugs may be needed pre-operatively and Other drugs may be needed pre-operatively and
include antibiotics and H2 receptor antagonistsinclude antibiotics and H2 receptor antagonists The oral or intravenous route used - The oral or intravenous route used -
intramuscular injections should be avoidedintramuscular injections should be avoided Coagulopathy may require correction with fresh Coagulopathy may require correction with fresh
frozen plasma and platelets and renal frozen plasma and platelets and renal replacement therapy may need to be consideredreplacement therapy may need to be considered
Per-operative considerationsPer-operative considerations Regional techniques -- considered carefully - Regional techniques -- considered carefully -
coagulopathy epidural varices can pose an coagulopathy epidural varices can pose an additional risk additional risk
Vascular accessVascular access with a multi-lumen central with a multi-lumen central venous catheter together with at least one large venous catheter together with at least one large bore central line bore central line
Monitoring of arterial and central venous Monitoring of arterial and central venous pressures is mandatory pressures is mandatory
Pulmonary artery pulmonary capillary wedge Pulmonary artery pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and cardiac output measurements pressure and cardiac output measurements may be necessary in the sick patientmay be necessary in the sick patient
Trans-oesophageal echocardiography and Trans-oesophageal echocardiography and volumetric haemodynamic monitoring pulse volumetric haemodynamic monitoring pulse contour analysis can provide significant contour analysis can provide significant additional information for the strategic additional information for the strategic management of these patients management of these patients
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Coagulation and fibrinolysisCoagulation and fibrinolysis are major are major
concerns concerns The potential for large volume blood replacement The potential for large volume blood replacement
means that temperature should be measured and means that temperature should be measured and a fluid warmer and warming mattress useda fluid warmer and warming mattress used
Regular per-operative estimation of INRPTR may Regular per-operative estimation of INRPTR may be necessary - thromboelastography provides be necessary - thromboelastography provides useful intra-operative evaluation of coagulationuseful intra-operative evaluation of coagulation
Blood conservationBlood conservation - considered - considered Preservation of hepatic function -Preservation of hepatic function - N- N-
acetylcysteine (NAC) is a sulphur-containing acetylcysteine (NAC) is a sulphur-containing antioxidant - benefit patients with fulminant antioxidant - benefit patients with fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
NAC appears to improve oxygen delivery NAC appears to improve oxygen delivery and consumption and reduce base deficitand consumption and reduce base deficit
Renal FunctionRenal Function - - Dopamine may be usefulDopamine may be useful
Bleeding oesophageal Bleeding oesophageal varicesvarices
Bleeding oesophageal varices - life-threatening Bleeding oesophageal varices - life-threatening complication of - often occur against a complication of - often occur against a background of abnormal clotting background of abnormal clotting thrombocytopenia encephalopathy and Ascitesthrombocytopenia encephalopathy and Ascites
Overall mortality is 30 Overall mortality is 30 The principles of anaesthetic managementThe principles of anaesthetic management Protect the airway Protect the airway Establish good vascular access Establish good vascular access Volume replacement - colloid blood fresh Volume replacement - colloid blood fresh
frozen plasma and platelets Avoid saline frozen plasma and platelets Avoid saline Check correct clotting Give Vitamin K correct Check correct clotting Give Vitamin K correct
fibrinolysis and review blood chemistry fibrinolysis and review blood chemistry
Intoxicated Alcoholic Intoxicated Alcoholic PatientsPatients
Requires less anaesthetic ndashadditive depressant Requires less anaesthetic ndashadditive depressant effect of alcohol amp anaestheticseffect of alcohol amp anaesthetics
Ill - equipped to withstand stress amp Acute blood Ill - equipped to withstand stress amp Acute blood lossloss
Alcohol decrease the tolerance of brain to hypoxiaAlcohol decrease the tolerance of brain to hypoxia uarr uarr Risk of regurgitation amp aspiration - alcohol Risk of regurgitation amp aspiration - alcohol
darrtone of lower oesophageal sphincter amp slows darrtone of lower oesophageal sphincter amp slows gastric emptyinggastric emptying
Alcohol Interferes with platelet aggregationAlcohol Interferes with platelet aggregation Causes uarrconc of plasma catecholamines rarr Causes uarrconc of plasma catecholamines rarr
Intraoperative dysarrhytmiasIntraoperative dysarrhytmias
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE
Mild ndash 17 marked - 4Mild ndash 17 marked - 4 Patient factorsPatient factors Congenital Congenital
hemolytic disordershemolytic disorders Acquired hemolytic Acquired hemolytic
disordersdisorders Pre existing liver Pre existing liver
diseasedisease CoagulopathyCoagulopathy Gilberts syndromeGilberts syndrome SepsisSepsis
Perioperative Perioperative factorsfactors
Anaesthetic induced Anaesthetic induced darrHBFdarrHBF
BleedingBleeding HypotensionHypotension Blood transfusionBlood transfusion Biliary tree traumaBiliary tree trauma Viral hepatitisViral hepatitis DrugsDrugs Halothane antibioticsHalothane antibiotics Nonsteroidal agentsNonsteroidal agents
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -
5000mg Bilirubin5000mg Bilirubin 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg
bilirubinbilirubin Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in
G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cell disease multiple blood transfusionscell disease multiple blood transfusions
Delayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashDelayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashpostop jaundicepostop jaundice
Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgeryuarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgery
ContdhellipContdhellip Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow
non biliary surgery 3- 30 days post opnon biliary surgery 3- 30 days post op Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis
[benign] - associated with multiple blood [benign] - associated with multiple blood transfusions hypoxia hypotension - transfusions hypoxia hypotension - uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks
ManagementManagement Prevention is the best treatment Prevention is the best treatment Avoid precipitating factorsAvoid precipitating factors
Halothane HepatitisHalothane Hepatitis The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane
anaesthetics - higher in women the middle anaesthetics - higher in women the middle aged and the obeseaged and the obese
Rarer in paediatric patients and with the Rarer in paediatric patients and with the newer volatile agents newer volatile agents
Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
ldquoldquoUnexplained liver damage within 28 days of Unexplained liver damage within 28 days of halothane exposure in previously normal halothane exposure in previously normal patientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reactionpatientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reaction
Clinical featuresClinical features malaise anorexiafever malaise anorexiafever within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks
Halothane HepatitisHalothane HepatitisDIAGNOSISDIAGNOSIS Serum antibodies that react with specific liver Serum antibodies that react with specific liver
microsomal proteins that are altered by microsomal proteins that are altered by trifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothanetrifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothane
Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Risk factorsRisk factors High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ]High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ] previous adverse reactionprevious adverse reaction Uncertain - obesityUncertain - obesity Female [16 1 ]Female [16 1 ] Drug allergy [ 15 ]Drug allergy [ 15 ] Family historyFamily history Lymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoinLymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoin
ContdhellipContdhellip The cause not fully established - multifactorial - The cause not fully established - multifactorial -
possible immunological cause possible immunological cause Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated
proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically predisposed subjectspredisposed subjects
Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also to blameto blame
Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile agent so toxic metabolites may be involvedagent so toxic metabolites may be involved
The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with increasing numbers of exposures to halothane increasing numbers of exposures to halothane
Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO database holds 225 and 159 reports respectivelydatabase holds 225 and 159 reports respectively
Halothane exposure Halothane exposure guidelinesguidelines
Avoid Halothane ifAvoid Halothane if Within at least 3 months of a previous Within at least 3 months of a previous
exposure exposure Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or
pyrexia pyrexia Family history of hepatic reactions to Family history of hepatic reactions to
halothanehalothane Pre - existing liver diseasePre - existing liver disease Adverse reactions to Other volatile Adverse reactions to Other volatile
anaesthetic agentsanaesthetic agents
Liver and PregnancyLiver and Pregnancy Normal in sizeNormal in size A decrease in total protein as well albumin A decrease in total protein as well albumin An increase of the liver dependent clotting An increase of the liver dependent clotting
factors such as fibrinogen factors such as fibrinogen An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times
secondary to placental alkalinesecondary to placental alkaline Srcholinesterase Srcholinesterase darr 30darr 30 Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and
bilirubinbilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin
ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver disease disease
Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Intrahepatic Cholestasis of PregnancyPregnancy
Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Rare in black patients Rare in black patients
Strong family history Strong family history High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies
60-7060-70 Pruritus alone - 80 percent Pruritus alone - 80 percent Jaundice develop in 20 percentJaundice develop in 20 percent Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or
no elevation in transaminasesno elevation in transaminases
IChP ndashcontdhellipIChP ndashcontdhellip Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early
delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice ) pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice )
Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts Dexamethasone Dexamethasone
Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but bilurubin within 4-6 weeks bilurubin within 4-6 weeks
Implications on Anaesthesia Implications on Anaesthesia Check coagulation profile Check coagulation profile Ask for vit K IV Ask for vit K IV take care of high incidence of fetal distress take care of high incidence of fetal distress
meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist must attend with incubatormust attend with incubator
Preeclampsia amp EclampsiaPreeclampsia amp Eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia
and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl
If not associated with other criteria of HELLP If not associated with other criteria of HELLP syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 50mlday 50mlday
Implications on anaesthesiaImplications on anaesthesia Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress
response which could continue to anaesthesia response which could continue to anaesthesia provided INR lt15 provided INR lt15
Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed tube 6-7 mm tube 6-7 mm
Adequate analgesia Adequate analgesia Fluids restriction Fluids restriction Continue medications postoperative in ICU Continue medications postoperative in ICU
HELLP syndrome HELLP syndrome Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low
plateletsplatelets Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-
eclampsia result from very active platelets eclampsia result from very active platelets aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia and congestion with deposition of fibrous and congestion with deposition of fibrous network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage
Nausea vomiting headache and upper right Nausea vomiting headache and upper right abdominal pain hypotension shockabdominal pain hypotension shock
Best markers are the maternal lactate Best markers are the maternal lactate dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet count count
Congested liver of HELLP Congested liver of HELLP syndromesyndrome
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high
dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has been shown to markedly improve the laboratory been shown to markedly improve the laboratory abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome
Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is
greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of magnesium sulfate magnesium sulfate
Anesthesia like severe preclampsia Anesthesia like severe preclampsia avoid trauma to liveravoid trauma to liver Vit K if INR gt15Vit K if INR gt15 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60
ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF PREGNANCYPREGNANCY
Rare serious disorder unknown etiologyRare serious disorder unknown etiology Symptoms in third trimesterSymptoms in third trimester ndashabdominal
pain nausea vomiting anorexiafatique fever headache
Rapid progression ndashbleeding jaundice encephalopathy renal failure hepatic failure coagulopathy - PPH
uarrTransaminases hyperbilirubinemia uarrprothrombin time --- DIC
Prompt delivery is advisable
Hepatic Rupture and Hepatic Rupture and Infarction Infarction
Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 to 85 percent) are at higher risk to 85 percent) are at higher risk
Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in
shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy
Therapy for hepatic rupture has included Therapy for hepatic rupture has included transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted in hepatic rupture in hepatic rupture
Hepatic infarctionHepatic infarction was typically present with fever was typically present with fever and marked elevations in transaminase levels In and marked elevations in transaminase levels In surviving patients liver function and histopathology surviving patients liver function and histopathology are normal within six months of delivery are normal within six months of delivery
Anesthesia in pregnant women with Anesthesia in pregnant women with HELLP syndromeHELLP syndrome
Retrospective studyRetrospective study For the period of 1 July For the period of 1 July 1996 through 30 June 2000 1996 through 30 June 2000
RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had cesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal deliverycesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal delivery
Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 postcesarean delivery the range platelet count postcesarean delivery the range platelet count was 19000-143000microl was 19000-143000microl
Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia
There were no neurologic complications or There were no neurologic complications or bleeding in the epidural spacebleeding in the epidural space
CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any neurologic or hematologic complications of women neurologic or hematologic complications of women with HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesiawith HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesia
Subdural Hematoma following dural Subdural Hematoma following dural puncture in a parturient with HELLP puncture in a parturient with HELLP
syndromesyndrome This complication occurred following This complication occurred following accidental dural puncture in a parturient accidental dural puncture in a parturient with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who subsequently developed the syndrome of subsequently developed the syndrome of hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low plateletsplatelets
On the first postoperative day postdural On the first postoperative day postdural puncture headache (PDPH) developed puncture headache (PDPH) developed
An epidural blood patch (EBP) was An epidural blood patch (EBP) was deferred to the third postoperative day deferred to the third postoperative day because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1 because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1
Headache intensified from a typical PDPH Headache intensified from a typical PDPH to one which was not posturally related to one which was not posturally related
A second EBP was abandoned after the A second EBP was abandoned after the
injection of 5 mL of blood because of injection of 5 mL of blood because of increasing headache during the procedure increasing headache during the procedure
Magnetic resonance imaging revealed Magnetic resonance imaging revealed bilateral temporal subdural hematomas bilateral temporal subdural hematomas
The patient was managed conservatively and The patient was managed conservatively and discharged home without any sequelae discharged home without any sequelae
ConclusionConclusion It is conceivable that It is conceivable that thrombocytopenia together with possible thrombocytopenia together with possible abnormal platelet function increased the risk abnormal platelet function increased the risk of subdural hematoma of subdural hematoma
Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be considered whenever headache is not considered whenever headache is not posturally related posturally related
OCUPATIONAL HAZARDOCUPATIONAL HAZARD Risk of transmission of HBV following Risk of transmission of HBV following
inoculation is 5 -30inoculation is 5 -30 May occur through needle prickcuts May occur through needle prickcuts
sharp injuriesmucous membranes- sharp injuriesmucous membranes- waterproof dressingwaterproof dressing
Wear gloves while inserting a Wear gloves while inserting a cannula airways intubation amp extubation cannula airways intubation amp extubation
Sharps should not be handed directly to Sharps should not be handed directly to othersothers
See to the sterilisation of other See to the sterilisation of other contaminated thingscontaminated things
Liver Function TestsLiver Function Tests Indication of severity help to differentiate Indication of severity help to differentiate
between prehepatic hepatocellular and between prehepatic hepatocellular and obstructive jaundiceobstructive jaundice
Jaundice - sign of an elevation of serum Jaundice - sign of an elevation of serum bilirubin bilirubin
Protein and albumin levels are normal in Protein and albumin levels are normal in prehepatic or obstructive jaundice low prehepatic or obstructive jaundice low values indicate hepatocellular damagevalues indicate hepatocellular damage
clotting - Prothrombin Time clotting - Prothrombin Time An elevated INR may indicate impaired An elevated INR may indicate impaired
synthesis of clotting factors due to synthesis of clotting factors due to hepatocellular damage or malabsorption hepatocellular damage or malabsorption of vitamin K due to biliary obstruction of vitamin K due to biliary obstruction
ContdhellipContdhellip Prothrombin time[ half life - 6 -12 hrs ] ndash best Prothrombin time[ half life - 6 -12 hrs ] ndash best
indicator than Albumin [ half life ndash 24 -48 indicator than Albumin [ half life ndash 24 -48 days]days]
Alanine Transaminase (ALT) and Aspartate Alanine Transaminase (ALT) and Aspartate Transaminase (AST) are enzymes that are released Transaminase (AST) are enzymes that are released into the circulation by damaged hepatocytes into the circulation by damaged hepatocytes Raised levels indicate hepatocellular damageRaised levels indicate hepatocellular damage
AST can also be elevated in other circumstances AST can also be elevated in other circumstances such as myocardial infarction such as myocardial infarction
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme localized Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme localized near the bile cannaliculi and is elevated in biliary near the bile cannaliculi and is elevated in biliary obstruction Not specific to hepatobiliary diseaseobstruction Not specific to hepatobiliary disease[ raised in malignant bone disease][ raised in malignant bone disease]
An accompanying rise in Gamma glutamyl An accompanying rise in Gamma glutamyl Transferase (Gamma GT) suggests that the ALP is Transferase (Gamma GT) suggests that the ALP is from the liverfrom the liver
ContdhellipContdhellip Glutathione ndash S ndash transferase ndashto Glutathione ndash S ndash transferase ndashto
assess damage assess damage due to anaestheticsdue to anaesthetics ALP ndashEarly in biliary obstructionALP ndashEarly in biliary obstruction γγ - Glutamyl trans peptidase ndash rises - Glutamyl trans peptidase ndash rises
after alcohol amp drug induced liver after alcohol amp drug induced liver damagedamage
Plasma glucose should be measuredPlasma glucose should be measured
Risk and severity scoringRisk and severity scoring In 1964 Child and Turcotte classified risk for In 1964 Child and Turcotte classified risk for
patients with liver cirrhosis undergoing porto-patients with liver cirrhosis undergoing porto-caval anastomosis for management of portal caval anastomosis for management of portal hypertensionhypertension
Pugh et al at Kings College Hospital Pugh et al at Kings College Hospital published a severity scoring system for published a severity scoring system for patients undergoing oesophageal transection patients undergoing oesophageal transection for bleeding oesophageal varices for bleeding oesophageal varices
The two systems have been amalgamated and The two systems have been amalgamated and provide a disease severity assessment based provide a disease severity assessment based on two clinical and three laboratory variables on two clinical and three laboratory variables
PUGHlsquoS MODIFICATION OF CHILD GRADINGPUGHlsquoS MODIFICATION OF CHILD GRADING Clinical amp Biochemical Clinical amp Biochemical variablesvariables
POINTS POINTS 11
SCORESCOREDD22
33
Serum albumin (gL)Serum albumin (gL) gt35gt35 28-3528-35 lt28lt28
Serum bilirubin (micromolL)Serum bilirubin (micromolL) [Mg dl][Mg dl]
lt35lt35lt 2lt 2
35-6035-602 -32 -3
gt60gt60gt 3gt 3
PT (seconds) prolongedPT (seconds) prolongedfrom controlfrom control
1-41-4INR [ lt INR [ lt 1 7]1 7]
4-104-10INR [17 INR [17 -23]-23]
1010INR gt23INR gt23
AscitesAscites NoneNone MildMild ModerateModerateEncephalopathyEncephalopathy AbsentAbsent Grade I ndash Grade I ndash
IIIIGrade III ndash Grade III ndash IVIV
POINTS 5- 6 ndash class A [5 Mortality] 7 -9 ndashClass B [10 mortality] 10 -15 ndashClass C [50 mortality]
Surgery in patients with liver Surgery in patients with liver dysfunctiondysfunction
The Child-Pugh classification is a useful method The Child-Pugh classification is a useful method of staging the progress of liver decompensation of staging the progress of liver decompensation
Limited predictive value in anaesthesia and Limited predictive value in anaesthesia and surgerysurgery
Group A patients are lower riskGroup A patients are lower risk and with and with sufficient care can be considered as candidates sufficient care can be considered as candidates for most types of surgeryfor most types of surgery
Group B patients ndash acceptable but correct Group B patients ndash acceptable but correct abnormalities abnormalities
Group C patientsGroup C patients present an extremely high present an extremely high operative risk - surgical procedures in these operative risk - surgical procedures in these patients should be avoided if possible- patients should be avoided if possible- only only emergency or life-saving proceduresemergency or life-saving procedures should should be undertakenbe undertaken
Preoperative assessmentPreoperative assessment Type and extent of liver diseaseType and extent of liver disease Extra hepatic effectsExtra hepatic effects Risk assessmentRisk assessment Patients general condition- hydration nutritionPatients general condition- hydration nutrition Associated co-morbid conditionsAssociated co-morbid conditions LFTLFT ConsentConsent Premedication-short acting temazepam in absence Premedication-short acting temazepam in absence
of neurological impairment orally ndashavoid of neurological impairment orally ndashavoid intramuscular injectionsintramuscular injections
H2 receptor antagonistsH2 receptor antagonists Preop Vit K optimal hydrationPreop Vit K optimal hydration
PREOP INVESTIGATIONSPREOP INVESTIGATIONS
Hematological ndashHb Platelet Hematological ndashHb Platelet countWBC Coagulation profilecountWBC Coagulation profile
Metabolic ndash sr Metabolic ndash sr glucose urea creatinine electrolytesglucose urea creatinine electrolytes
Cardio respiratory ndash chest x-rayECG Cardio respiratory ndash chest x-rayECG PFT ABGPFT ABG
Liver function ndash Liver function ndash srbilirubinalbuminliver enzymessrbilirubinalbuminliver enzymes
Pre-op risk factors Pre-op risk factors associated with associated with
postoperative mortalitypostoperative mortality Serum albumin lt3gLSerum albumin lt3gL Serum bilirubin gt50 micromolLSerum bilirubin gt50 micromolL PT gt15 s over controlPT gt15 s over control Presence of infectionPresence of infection WBC gt 10000WBC gt 10000 Treatment with more than two antibioticsTreatment with more than two antibiotics Presence of AscitesPresence of Ascites MalnutritionMalnutrition Emergency surgeryEmergency surgery
Anaesthetic TechniqueAnaesthetic Technique Avoid hypotensive techniquesmdashintra hepatic necrosisAvoid hypotensive techniquesmdashintra hepatic necrosis High conc of oxygen -- - due to intrapulmonary shuntsHigh conc of oxygen -- - due to intrapulmonary shunts Avoid hypotension amp hypoxemiaAvoid hypotension amp hypoxemia Meticulous fluid balance ndashMeticulous fluid balance ndash Ascites ndash may lose a large amount of fluid rapidlyAscites ndash may lose a large amount of fluid rapidly Concentrated albumin solutions ndashto correct Concentrated albumin solutions ndashto correct
hypoproteinemiahypoproteinemia Fresh blood ndashto prevent hypocalcemia due to Fresh blood ndashto prevent hypocalcemia due to
reduced metabolism of preservativesreduced metabolism of preservatives FFP 12 - 15 mlKg ndashCorrect dilutional FFP 12 - 15 mlKg ndashCorrect dilutional
coagulopathycoagulopathy 1 unit of FFP for every 1 unit of packed cells or 250 1 unit of FFP for every 1 unit of packed cells or 250
ml of 09 saline or colloid [500 ml of FFP - uarr ml of 09 saline or colloid [500 ml of FFP - uarr Clotting factors by 20 ]Clotting factors by 20 ]
Maintenance of temperature Maintenance of temperature
MonitoringMonitoring Monitoring of temperature Monitoring of temperature Coagulation status should be monitored ndashplatelet count fibrin Coagulation status should be monitored ndashplatelet count fibrin
degradation products prothrombin time activated clotting degradation products prothrombin time activated clotting time partial thromboplastin timetime partial thromboplastin time
Thromboelastography has been used as a tool in liver Thromboelastography has been used as a tool in liver transplantationtransplantation
Repeated BP cuff inflation ndashmay lead to bruising in patients Repeated BP cuff inflation ndashmay lead to bruising in patients with altered haemostatic functionwith altered haemostatic function
Insertion of Intra arterial line ndash care to prevent haematoma Insertion of Intra arterial line ndash care to prevent haematoma Jugular route is preferred in CVP monitoringJugular route is preferred in CVP monitoring OximetryOximetry Urine outputUrine output Blood lossBlood loss Monitor ionized calciumMonitor ionized calcium
DRUGSDRUGS
Thiopentone ndash intrinsic clearance delayed Thiopentone ndash intrinsic clearance delayed but recovery not delayed because of but recovery not delayed because of redistributionredistribution
Alcoholic cirrhosis ndash larger dose of thio ndash Alcoholic cirrhosis ndash larger dose of thio ndash cross tolerancecross tolerance
Halothane and enflurane reduce hepatic Halothane and enflurane reduce hepatic arterial flow (vasodilatation negative arterial flow (vasodilatation negative inotropic effects)inotropic effects)
Isoflurane increases hepatic blood flowIsoflurane increases hepatic blood flow [preferred][preferred]
NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING AGENTSAGENTS
Reduced plasma pseudo cholinesterase activityReduced plasma pseudo cholinesterase activity Prolonged action- vecuronium Prolonged action- vecuronium
pancruonium[16 fold]pancruonium[16 fold] Decreased biliary excretionDecreased biliary excretion Increased volume of distribution ndashlarger Increased volume of distribution ndashlarger
initial dosesinitial doses 1048708 1048708 Recommended Atracurium ndash metabolism Recommended Atracurium ndash metabolism
independent of liver and kidneysindependent of liver and kidneys 1048708 1048708 For transplantation ndash long acting agent such For transplantation ndash long acting agent such
as doxacuriumas doxacurium
OPIODS amp SEDATIVESOPIODS amp SEDATIVES
NarcoticsNarcotics Reduced metabolism of morphine and Reduced metabolism of morphine and
pethidinepethidine Prefer fentanylPrefer fentanyl Remifentanyl - ideal Remifentanyl - ideal 1048708 1048708 BenzodiazepinesBenzodiazepines 1048708 1048708 Diazepam - prolonged half lifeDiazepam - prolonged half life 1048708 1048708 Oxazepam and lorazepam preferrred Oxazepam and lorazepam preferrred
ndashmetabolised by glucuronidation ndashmetabolised by glucuronidation without liver requirementwithout liver requirement
Regional Anaesthesia Regional Anaesthesia Contraindicated if PT gt25 s above control Contraindicated if PT gt25 s above control
platelet count lt 50000 cumm bleeding platelet count lt 50000 cumm bleeding time gt12 mtstime gt12 mts
Spinal and epidural anaesthesia carries the Spinal and epidural anaesthesia carries the risk of epidural haematoma and paralysis if risk of epidural haematoma and paralysis if there is abnormal clotting but there are there is abnormal clotting but there are otherwise no special precautionsotherwise no special precautions
The half-life of lignocaine is prolonged in The half-life of lignocaine is prolonged in liver failure but this is not significant when liver failure but this is not significant when used in regional anaesthesia used in regional anaesthesia
LA dose diminished in presence of AscitesLA dose diminished in presence of Ascites
Canadian Journal of Anesthesia Vol 45 452-Canadian Journal of Anesthesia Vol 45 452-459 459
Obstetrical anaesthesia for a parturient with Obstetrical anaesthesia for a parturient with preeclampsia HELLP syndrome and acute cortical preeclampsia HELLP syndrome and acute cortical
blindnessblindness A 39-yr-old woman with three past A 39-yr-old woman with three past uncomplicated pregnancies presented at 33 uncomplicated pregnancies presented at 33 wk with acute cortical blindnesswk with acute cortical blindness
Based on clinical and laboratory assessment Based on clinical and laboratory assessment a diagnosis of preeclampsia with HELLP a diagnosis of preeclampsia with HELLP syndrome was madesyndrome was made
A CT scan of her head demonstrated A CT scan of her head demonstrated ischaemic lesions of her basal ganglia ischaemic lesions of her basal ganglia extending superiorly to involve both posterior extending superiorly to involve both posterior parietal and occipital regionsparietal and occipital regions
Infusions of magnesium sulphate and Infusions of magnesium sulphate and hydralazine were started and an urgent hydralazine were started and an urgent Caesarean section was performed Caesarean section was performed under under subarachnoid anaesthesiasubarachnoid anaesthesia after insertion of an after insertion of an arterial line and intravenous hydration arterial line and intravenous hydration
ContdhellipContdhellip The course of anaesthesia and surgery was uneventful The course of anaesthesia and surgery was uneventful
and she delivered a live 1540 g female infantand she delivered a live 1540 g female infant By the following morning she had recovered some By the following morning she had recovered some
vision and visual recovery was complete by 72 hr vision and visual recovery was complete by 72 hr postpartum postpartum
Her postoperative course was uneventful Her postoperative course was uneventful CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION Provided that it is not contraindicated Provided that it is not contraindicated
because of prohibitive risk to the mother because of prohibitive risk to the mother regional regional anaesthesia has particular advantage in these anaesthesia has particular advantage in these patientspatients
In particular the use of spinal anaesthesia which has In particular the use of spinal anaesthesia which has been discouraged by some for this patient population been discouraged by some for this patient population should be re-evaluated should be re-evaluated
Postoperative Postoperative managementmanagement
Oxygen enriched airOxygen enriched air Major surgery ndash elective post operative Major surgery ndash elective post operative
ventilationventilation Replace blood lossReplace blood loss Maintain adequate urine outputMaintain adequate urine output Dopamine and inotropes should be Dopamine and inotropes should be
continuedcontinued The principle complications are likely The principle complications are likely
to be continued bleeding sepsis and to be continued bleeding sepsis and hepatic decompensation hepatic decompensation
Peri-operative considerations in Child-Peri-operative considerations in Child-Pugh A patientsPugh A patients
Pre-operative Pre-operative Aetiology of condition - virology Aetiology of condition - virology Drug idiosyncrasy Drug idiosyncrasy
Blood count and platelets Blood count and platelets Clotting screen Clotting screen Assess renal function Assess renal function Previous anaesthetics Previous anaesthetics
Per-operative Per-operative Consider drug bio-availability issues Consider drug bio-availability issues Avoid drugs excreted via liverAvoid drugs excreted via liver Regional techniques acceptable if clotting Regional techniques acceptable if clotting
normalnormal Post-operativePost-operative Monitor for post-operative hepatic Monitor for post-operative hepatic
decompensationdecompensation Possible prolonged duration of action in Possible prolonged duration of action in opiates HDU ITU careopiates HDU ITU care
Child-Pugh Group BC patient Child-Pugh Group BC patient undergoing major surgeryundergoing major surgery
Previous upper abdominal surgery portal Previous upper abdominal surgery portal hypertension and coagulopathy dramatically hypertension and coagulopathy dramatically increase the potential for per-operative blood lossincrease the potential for per-operative blood loss
8-12 units of blood together fresh frozen plasma 8-12 units of blood together fresh frozen plasma and platelets should be available and platelets should be available
Pre-medicationPre-medication Sedative premedicants should be avoided in the Sedative premedicants should be avoided in the
encephalopathic patient encephalopathic patient Other drugs may be needed pre-operatively and Other drugs may be needed pre-operatively and
include antibiotics and H2 receptor antagonistsinclude antibiotics and H2 receptor antagonists The oral or intravenous route used - The oral or intravenous route used -
intramuscular injections should be avoidedintramuscular injections should be avoided Coagulopathy may require correction with fresh Coagulopathy may require correction with fresh
frozen plasma and platelets and renal frozen plasma and platelets and renal replacement therapy may need to be consideredreplacement therapy may need to be considered
Per-operative considerationsPer-operative considerations Regional techniques -- considered carefully - Regional techniques -- considered carefully -
coagulopathy epidural varices can pose an coagulopathy epidural varices can pose an additional risk additional risk
Vascular accessVascular access with a multi-lumen central with a multi-lumen central venous catheter together with at least one large venous catheter together with at least one large bore central line bore central line
Monitoring of arterial and central venous Monitoring of arterial and central venous pressures is mandatory pressures is mandatory
Pulmonary artery pulmonary capillary wedge Pulmonary artery pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and cardiac output measurements pressure and cardiac output measurements may be necessary in the sick patientmay be necessary in the sick patient
Trans-oesophageal echocardiography and Trans-oesophageal echocardiography and volumetric haemodynamic monitoring pulse volumetric haemodynamic monitoring pulse contour analysis can provide significant contour analysis can provide significant additional information for the strategic additional information for the strategic management of these patients management of these patients
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Coagulation and fibrinolysisCoagulation and fibrinolysis are major are major
concerns concerns The potential for large volume blood replacement The potential for large volume blood replacement
means that temperature should be measured and means that temperature should be measured and a fluid warmer and warming mattress useda fluid warmer and warming mattress used
Regular per-operative estimation of INRPTR may Regular per-operative estimation of INRPTR may be necessary - thromboelastography provides be necessary - thromboelastography provides useful intra-operative evaluation of coagulationuseful intra-operative evaluation of coagulation
Blood conservationBlood conservation - considered - considered Preservation of hepatic function -Preservation of hepatic function - N- N-
acetylcysteine (NAC) is a sulphur-containing acetylcysteine (NAC) is a sulphur-containing antioxidant - benefit patients with fulminant antioxidant - benefit patients with fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
NAC appears to improve oxygen delivery NAC appears to improve oxygen delivery and consumption and reduce base deficitand consumption and reduce base deficit
Renal FunctionRenal Function - - Dopamine may be usefulDopamine may be useful
Bleeding oesophageal Bleeding oesophageal varicesvarices
Bleeding oesophageal varices - life-threatening Bleeding oesophageal varices - life-threatening complication of - often occur against a complication of - often occur against a background of abnormal clotting background of abnormal clotting thrombocytopenia encephalopathy and Ascitesthrombocytopenia encephalopathy and Ascites
Overall mortality is 30 Overall mortality is 30 The principles of anaesthetic managementThe principles of anaesthetic management Protect the airway Protect the airway Establish good vascular access Establish good vascular access Volume replacement - colloid blood fresh Volume replacement - colloid blood fresh
frozen plasma and platelets Avoid saline frozen plasma and platelets Avoid saline Check correct clotting Give Vitamin K correct Check correct clotting Give Vitamin K correct
fibrinolysis and review blood chemistry fibrinolysis and review blood chemistry
Intoxicated Alcoholic Intoxicated Alcoholic PatientsPatients
Requires less anaesthetic ndashadditive depressant Requires less anaesthetic ndashadditive depressant effect of alcohol amp anaestheticseffect of alcohol amp anaesthetics
Ill - equipped to withstand stress amp Acute blood Ill - equipped to withstand stress amp Acute blood lossloss
Alcohol decrease the tolerance of brain to hypoxiaAlcohol decrease the tolerance of brain to hypoxia uarr uarr Risk of regurgitation amp aspiration - alcohol Risk of regurgitation amp aspiration - alcohol
darrtone of lower oesophageal sphincter amp slows darrtone of lower oesophageal sphincter amp slows gastric emptyinggastric emptying
Alcohol Interferes with platelet aggregationAlcohol Interferes with platelet aggregation Causes uarrconc of plasma catecholamines rarr Causes uarrconc of plasma catecholamines rarr
Intraoperative dysarrhytmiasIntraoperative dysarrhytmias
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE
Mild ndash 17 marked - 4Mild ndash 17 marked - 4 Patient factorsPatient factors Congenital Congenital
hemolytic disordershemolytic disorders Acquired hemolytic Acquired hemolytic
disordersdisorders Pre existing liver Pre existing liver
diseasedisease CoagulopathyCoagulopathy Gilberts syndromeGilberts syndrome SepsisSepsis
Perioperative Perioperative factorsfactors
Anaesthetic induced Anaesthetic induced darrHBFdarrHBF
BleedingBleeding HypotensionHypotension Blood transfusionBlood transfusion Biliary tree traumaBiliary tree trauma Viral hepatitisViral hepatitis DrugsDrugs Halothane antibioticsHalothane antibiotics Nonsteroidal agentsNonsteroidal agents
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -
5000mg Bilirubin5000mg Bilirubin 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg
bilirubinbilirubin Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in
G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cell disease multiple blood transfusionscell disease multiple blood transfusions
Delayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashDelayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashpostop jaundicepostop jaundice
Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgeryuarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgery
ContdhellipContdhellip Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow
non biliary surgery 3- 30 days post opnon biliary surgery 3- 30 days post op Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis
[benign] - associated with multiple blood [benign] - associated with multiple blood transfusions hypoxia hypotension - transfusions hypoxia hypotension - uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks
ManagementManagement Prevention is the best treatment Prevention is the best treatment Avoid precipitating factorsAvoid precipitating factors
Halothane HepatitisHalothane Hepatitis The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane
anaesthetics - higher in women the middle anaesthetics - higher in women the middle aged and the obeseaged and the obese
Rarer in paediatric patients and with the Rarer in paediatric patients and with the newer volatile agents newer volatile agents
Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
ldquoldquoUnexplained liver damage within 28 days of Unexplained liver damage within 28 days of halothane exposure in previously normal halothane exposure in previously normal patientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reactionpatientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reaction
Clinical featuresClinical features malaise anorexiafever malaise anorexiafever within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks
Halothane HepatitisHalothane HepatitisDIAGNOSISDIAGNOSIS Serum antibodies that react with specific liver Serum antibodies that react with specific liver
microsomal proteins that are altered by microsomal proteins that are altered by trifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothanetrifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothane
Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Risk factorsRisk factors High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ]High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ] previous adverse reactionprevious adverse reaction Uncertain - obesityUncertain - obesity Female [16 1 ]Female [16 1 ] Drug allergy [ 15 ]Drug allergy [ 15 ] Family historyFamily history Lymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoinLymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoin
ContdhellipContdhellip The cause not fully established - multifactorial - The cause not fully established - multifactorial -
possible immunological cause possible immunological cause Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated
proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically predisposed subjectspredisposed subjects
Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also to blameto blame
Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile agent so toxic metabolites may be involvedagent so toxic metabolites may be involved
The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with increasing numbers of exposures to halothane increasing numbers of exposures to halothane
Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO database holds 225 and 159 reports respectivelydatabase holds 225 and 159 reports respectively
Halothane exposure Halothane exposure guidelinesguidelines
Avoid Halothane ifAvoid Halothane if Within at least 3 months of a previous Within at least 3 months of a previous
exposure exposure Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or
pyrexia pyrexia Family history of hepatic reactions to Family history of hepatic reactions to
halothanehalothane Pre - existing liver diseasePre - existing liver disease Adverse reactions to Other volatile Adverse reactions to Other volatile
anaesthetic agentsanaesthetic agents
Liver and PregnancyLiver and Pregnancy Normal in sizeNormal in size A decrease in total protein as well albumin A decrease in total protein as well albumin An increase of the liver dependent clotting An increase of the liver dependent clotting
factors such as fibrinogen factors such as fibrinogen An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times
secondary to placental alkalinesecondary to placental alkaline Srcholinesterase Srcholinesterase darr 30darr 30 Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and
bilirubinbilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin
ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver disease disease
Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Intrahepatic Cholestasis of PregnancyPregnancy
Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Rare in black patients Rare in black patients
Strong family history Strong family history High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies
60-7060-70 Pruritus alone - 80 percent Pruritus alone - 80 percent Jaundice develop in 20 percentJaundice develop in 20 percent Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or
no elevation in transaminasesno elevation in transaminases
IChP ndashcontdhellipIChP ndashcontdhellip Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early
delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice ) pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice )
Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts Dexamethasone Dexamethasone
Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but bilurubin within 4-6 weeks bilurubin within 4-6 weeks
Implications on Anaesthesia Implications on Anaesthesia Check coagulation profile Check coagulation profile Ask for vit K IV Ask for vit K IV take care of high incidence of fetal distress take care of high incidence of fetal distress
meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist must attend with incubatormust attend with incubator
Preeclampsia amp EclampsiaPreeclampsia amp Eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia
and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl
If not associated with other criteria of HELLP If not associated with other criteria of HELLP syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 50mlday 50mlday
Implications on anaesthesiaImplications on anaesthesia Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress
response which could continue to anaesthesia response which could continue to anaesthesia provided INR lt15 provided INR lt15
Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed tube 6-7 mm tube 6-7 mm
Adequate analgesia Adequate analgesia Fluids restriction Fluids restriction Continue medications postoperative in ICU Continue medications postoperative in ICU
HELLP syndrome HELLP syndrome Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low
plateletsplatelets Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-
eclampsia result from very active platelets eclampsia result from very active platelets aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia and congestion with deposition of fibrous and congestion with deposition of fibrous network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage
Nausea vomiting headache and upper right Nausea vomiting headache and upper right abdominal pain hypotension shockabdominal pain hypotension shock
Best markers are the maternal lactate Best markers are the maternal lactate dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet count count
Congested liver of HELLP Congested liver of HELLP syndromesyndrome
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high
dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has been shown to markedly improve the laboratory been shown to markedly improve the laboratory abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome
Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is
greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of magnesium sulfate magnesium sulfate
Anesthesia like severe preclampsia Anesthesia like severe preclampsia avoid trauma to liveravoid trauma to liver Vit K if INR gt15Vit K if INR gt15 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60
ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF PREGNANCYPREGNANCY
Rare serious disorder unknown etiologyRare serious disorder unknown etiology Symptoms in third trimesterSymptoms in third trimester ndashabdominal
pain nausea vomiting anorexiafatique fever headache
Rapid progression ndashbleeding jaundice encephalopathy renal failure hepatic failure coagulopathy - PPH
uarrTransaminases hyperbilirubinemia uarrprothrombin time --- DIC
Prompt delivery is advisable
Hepatic Rupture and Hepatic Rupture and Infarction Infarction
Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 to 85 percent) are at higher risk to 85 percent) are at higher risk
Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in
shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy
Therapy for hepatic rupture has included Therapy for hepatic rupture has included transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted in hepatic rupture in hepatic rupture
Hepatic infarctionHepatic infarction was typically present with fever was typically present with fever and marked elevations in transaminase levels In and marked elevations in transaminase levels In surviving patients liver function and histopathology surviving patients liver function and histopathology are normal within six months of delivery are normal within six months of delivery
Anesthesia in pregnant women with Anesthesia in pregnant women with HELLP syndromeHELLP syndrome
Retrospective studyRetrospective study For the period of 1 July For the period of 1 July 1996 through 30 June 2000 1996 through 30 June 2000
RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had cesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal deliverycesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal delivery
Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 postcesarean delivery the range platelet count postcesarean delivery the range platelet count was 19000-143000microl was 19000-143000microl
Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia
There were no neurologic complications or There were no neurologic complications or bleeding in the epidural spacebleeding in the epidural space
CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any neurologic or hematologic complications of women neurologic or hematologic complications of women with HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesiawith HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesia
Subdural Hematoma following dural Subdural Hematoma following dural puncture in a parturient with HELLP puncture in a parturient with HELLP
syndromesyndrome This complication occurred following This complication occurred following accidental dural puncture in a parturient accidental dural puncture in a parturient with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who subsequently developed the syndrome of subsequently developed the syndrome of hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low plateletsplatelets
On the first postoperative day postdural On the first postoperative day postdural puncture headache (PDPH) developed puncture headache (PDPH) developed
An epidural blood patch (EBP) was An epidural blood patch (EBP) was deferred to the third postoperative day deferred to the third postoperative day because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1 because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1
Headache intensified from a typical PDPH Headache intensified from a typical PDPH to one which was not posturally related to one which was not posturally related
A second EBP was abandoned after the A second EBP was abandoned after the
injection of 5 mL of blood because of injection of 5 mL of blood because of increasing headache during the procedure increasing headache during the procedure
Magnetic resonance imaging revealed Magnetic resonance imaging revealed bilateral temporal subdural hematomas bilateral temporal subdural hematomas
The patient was managed conservatively and The patient was managed conservatively and discharged home without any sequelae discharged home without any sequelae
ConclusionConclusion It is conceivable that It is conceivable that thrombocytopenia together with possible thrombocytopenia together with possible abnormal platelet function increased the risk abnormal platelet function increased the risk of subdural hematoma of subdural hematoma
Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be considered whenever headache is not considered whenever headache is not posturally related posturally related
OCUPATIONAL HAZARDOCUPATIONAL HAZARD Risk of transmission of HBV following Risk of transmission of HBV following
inoculation is 5 -30inoculation is 5 -30 May occur through needle prickcuts May occur through needle prickcuts
sharp injuriesmucous membranes- sharp injuriesmucous membranes- waterproof dressingwaterproof dressing
Wear gloves while inserting a Wear gloves while inserting a cannula airways intubation amp extubation cannula airways intubation amp extubation
Sharps should not be handed directly to Sharps should not be handed directly to othersothers
See to the sterilisation of other See to the sterilisation of other contaminated thingscontaminated things
ContdhellipContdhellip Prothrombin time[ half life - 6 -12 hrs ] ndash best Prothrombin time[ half life - 6 -12 hrs ] ndash best
indicator than Albumin [ half life ndash 24 -48 indicator than Albumin [ half life ndash 24 -48 days]days]
Alanine Transaminase (ALT) and Aspartate Alanine Transaminase (ALT) and Aspartate Transaminase (AST) are enzymes that are released Transaminase (AST) are enzymes that are released into the circulation by damaged hepatocytes into the circulation by damaged hepatocytes Raised levels indicate hepatocellular damageRaised levels indicate hepatocellular damage
AST can also be elevated in other circumstances AST can also be elevated in other circumstances such as myocardial infarction such as myocardial infarction
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme localized Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme localized near the bile cannaliculi and is elevated in biliary near the bile cannaliculi and is elevated in biliary obstruction Not specific to hepatobiliary diseaseobstruction Not specific to hepatobiliary disease[ raised in malignant bone disease][ raised in malignant bone disease]
An accompanying rise in Gamma glutamyl An accompanying rise in Gamma glutamyl Transferase (Gamma GT) suggests that the ALP is Transferase (Gamma GT) suggests that the ALP is from the liverfrom the liver
ContdhellipContdhellip Glutathione ndash S ndash transferase ndashto Glutathione ndash S ndash transferase ndashto
assess damage assess damage due to anaestheticsdue to anaesthetics ALP ndashEarly in biliary obstructionALP ndashEarly in biliary obstruction γγ - Glutamyl trans peptidase ndash rises - Glutamyl trans peptidase ndash rises
after alcohol amp drug induced liver after alcohol amp drug induced liver damagedamage
Plasma glucose should be measuredPlasma glucose should be measured
Risk and severity scoringRisk and severity scoring In 1964 Child and Turcotte classified risk for In 1964 Child and Turcotte classified risk for
patients with liver cirrhosis undergoing porto-patients with liver cirrhosis undergoing porto-caval anastomosis for management of portal caval anastomosis for management of portal hypertensionhypertension
Pugh et al at Kings College Hospital Pugh et al at Kings College Hospital published a severity scoring system for published a severity scoring system for patients undergoing oesophageal transection patients undergoing oesophageal transection for bleeding oesophageal varices for bleeding oesophageal varices
The two systems have been amalgamated and The two systems have been amalgamated and provide a disease severity assessment based provide a disease severity assessment based on two clinical and three laboratory variables on two clinical and three laboratory variables
PUGHlsquoS MODIFICATION OF CHILD GRADINGPUGHlsquoS MODIFICATION OF CHILD GRADING Clinical amp Biochemical Clinical amp Biochemical variablesvariables
POINTS POINTS 11
SCORESCOREDD22
33
Serum albumin (gL)Serum albumin (gL) gt35gt35 28-3528-35 lt28lt28
Serum bilirubin (micromolL)Serum bilirubin (micromolL) [Mg dl][Mg dl]
lt35lt35lt 2lt 2
35-6035-602 -32 -3
gt60gt60gt 3gt 3
PT (seconds) prolongedPT (seconds) prolongedfrom controlfrom control
1-41-4INR [ lt INR [ lt 1 7]1 7]
4-104-10INR [17 INR [17 -23]-23]
1010INR gt23INR gt23
AscitesAscites NoneNone MildMild ModerateModerateEncephalopathyEncephalopathy AbsentAbsent Grade I ndash Grade I ndash
IIIIGrade III ndash Grade III ndash IVIV
POINTS 5- 6 ndash class A [5 Mortality] 7 -9 ndashClass B [10 mortality] 10 -15 ndashClass C [50 mortality]
Surgery in patients with liver Surgery in patients with liver dysfunctiondysfunction
The Child-Pugh classification is a useful method The Child-Pugh classification is a useful method of staging the progress of liver decompensation of staging the progress of liver decompensation
Limited predictive value in anaesthesia and Limited predictive value in anaesthesia and surgerysurgery
Group A patients are lower riskGroup A patients are lower risk and with and with sufficient care can be considered as candidates sufficient care can be considered as candidates for most types of surgeryfor most types of surgery
Group B patients ndash acceptable but correct Group B patients ndash acceptable but correct abnormalities abnormalities
Group C patientsGroup C patients present an extremely high present an extremely high operative risk - surgical procedures in these operative risk - surgical procedures in these patients should be avoided if possible- patients should be avoided if possible- only only emergency or life-saving proceduresemergency or life-saving procedures should should be undertakenbe undertaken
Preoperative assessmentPreoperative assessment Type and extent of liver diseaseType and extent of liver disease Extra hepatic effectsExtra hepatic effects Risk assessmentRisk assessment Patients general condition- hydration nutritionPatients general condition- hydration nutrition Associated co-morbid conditionsAssociated co-morbid conditions LFTLFT ConsentConsent Premedication-short acting temazepam in absence Premedication-short acting temazepam in absence
of neurological impairment orally ndashavoid of neurological impairment orally ndashavoid intramuscular injectionsintramuscular injections
H2 receptor antagonistsH2 receptor antagonists Preop Vit K optimal hydrationPreop Vit K optimal hydration
PREOP INVESTIGATIONSPREOP INVESTIGATIONS
Hematological ndashHb Platelet Hematological ndashHb Platelet countWBC Coagulation profilecountWBC Coagulation profile
Metabolic ndash sr Metabolic ndash sr glucose urea creatinine electrolytesglucose urea creatinine electrolytes
Cardio respiratory ndash chest x-rayECG Cardio respiratory ndash chest x-rayECG PFT ABGPFT ABG
Liver function ndash Liver function ndash srbilirubinalbuminliver enzymessrbilirubinalbuminliver enzymes
Pre-op risk factors Pre-op risk factors associated with associated with
postoperative mortalitypostoperative mortality Serum albumin lt3gLSerum albumin lt3gL Serum bilirubin gt50 micromolLSerum bilirubin gt50 micromolL PT gt15 s over controlPT gt15 s over control Presence of infectionPresence of infection WBC gt 10000WBC gt 10000 Treatment with more than two antibioticsTreatment with more than two antibiotics Presence of AscitesPresence of Ascites MalnutritionMalnutrition Emergency surgeryEmergency surgery
Anaesthetic TechniqueAnaesthetic Technique Avoid hypotensive techniquesmdashintra hepatic necrosisAvoid hypotensive techniquesmdashintra hepatic necrosis High conc of oxygen -- - due to intrapulmonary shuntsHigh conc of oxygen -- - due to intrapulmonary shunts Avoid hypotension amp hypoxemiaAvoid hypotension amp hypoxemia Meticulous fluid balance ndashMeticulous fluid balance ndash Ascites ndash may lose a large amount of fluid rapidlyAscites ndash may lose a large amount of fluid rapidly Concentrated albumin solutions ndashto correct Concentrated albumin solutions ndashto correct
hypoproteinemiahypoproteinemia Fresh blood ndashto prevent hypocalcemia due to Fresh blood ndashto prevent hypocalcemia due to
reduced metabolism of preservativesreduced metabolism of preservatives FFP 12 - 15 mlKg ndashCorrect dilutional FFP 12 - 15 mlKg ndashCorrect dilutional
coagulopathycoagulopathy 1 unit of FFP for every 1 unit of packed cells or 250 1 unit of FFP for every 1 unit of packed cells or 250
ml of 09 saline or colloid [500 ml of FFP - uarr ml of 09 saline or colloid [500 ml of FFP - uarr Clotting factors by 20 ]Clotting factors by 20 ]
Maintenance of temperature Maintenance of temperature
MonitoringMonitoring Monitoring of temperature Monitoring of temperature Coagulation status should be monitored ndashplatelet count fibrin Coagulation status should be monitored ndashplatelet count fibrin
degradation products prothrombin time activated clotting degradation products prothrombin time activated clotting time partial thromboplastin timetime partial thromboplastin time
Thromboelastography has been used as a tool in liver Thromboelastography has been used as a tool in liver transplantationtransplantation
Repeated BP cuff inflation ndashmay lead to bruising in patients Repeated BP cuff inflation ndashmay lead to bruising in patients with altered haemostatic functionwith altered haemostatic function
Insertion of Intra arterial line ndash care to prevent haematoma Insertion of Intra arterial line ndash care to prevent haematoma Jugular route is preferred in CVP monitoringJugular route is preferred in CVP monitoring OximetryOximetry Urine outputUrine output Blood lossBlood loss Monitor ionized calciumMonitor ionized calcium
DRUGSDRUGS
Thiopentone ndash intrinsic clearance delayed Thiopentone ndash intrinsic clearance delayed but recovery not delayed because of but recovery not delayed because of redistributionredistribution
Alcoholic cirrhosis ndash larger dose of thio ndash Alcoholic cirrhosis ndash larger dose of thio ndash cross tolerancecross tolerance
Halothane and enflurane reduce hepatic Halothane and enflurane reduce hepatic arterial flow (vasodilatation negative arterial flow (vasodilatation negative inotropic effects)inotropic effects)
Isoflurane increases hepatic blood flowIsoflurane increases hepatic blood flow [preferred][preferred]
NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING AGENTSAGENTS
Reduced plasma pseudo cholinesterase activityReduced plasma pseudo cholinesterase activity Prolonged action- vecuronium Prolonged action- vecuronium
pancruonium[16 fold]pancruonium[16 fold] Decreased biliary excretionDecreased biliary excretion Increased volume of distribution ndashlarger Increased volume of distribution ndashlarger
initial dosesinitial doses 1048708 1048708 Recommended Atracurium ndash metabolism Recommended Atracurium ndash metabolism
independent of liver and kidneysindependent of liver and kidneys 1048708 1048708 For transplantation ndash long acting agent such For transplantation ndash long acting agent such
as doxacuriumas doxacurium
OPIODS amp SEDATIVESOPIODS amp SEDATIVES
NarcoticsNarcotics Reduced metabolism of morphine and Reduced metabolism of morphine and
pethidinepethidine Prefer fentanylPrefer fentanyl Remifentanyl - ideal Remifentanyl - ideal 1048708 1048708 BenzodiazepinesBenzodiazepines 1048708 1048708 Diazepam - prolonged half lifeDiazepam - prolonged half life 1048708 1048708 Oxazepam and lorazepam preferrred Oxazepam and lorazepam preferrred
ndashmetabolised by glucuronidation ndashmetabolised by glucuronidation without liver requirementwithout liver requirement
Regional Anaesthesia Regional Anaesthesia Contraindicated if PT gt25 s above control Contraindicated if PT gt25 s above control
platelet count lt 50000 cumm bleeding platelet count lt 50000 cumm bleeding time gt12 mtstime gt12 mts
Spinal and epidural anaesthesia carries the Spinal and epidural anaesthesia carries the risk of epidural haematoma and paralysis if risk of epidural haematoma and paralysis if there is abnormal clotting but there are there is abnormal clotting but there are otherwise no special precautionsotherwise no special precautions
The half-life of lignocaine is prolonged in The half-life of lignocaine is prolonged in liver failure but this is not significant when liver failure but this is not significant when used in regional anaesthesia used in regional anaesthesia
LA dose diminished in presence of AscitesLA dose diminished in presence of Ascites
Canadian Journal of Anesthesia Vol 45 452-Canadian Journal of Anesthesia Vol 45 452-459 459
Obstetrical anaesthesia for a parturient with Obstetrical anaesthesia for a parturient with preeclampsia HELLP syndrome and acute cortical preeclampsia HELLP syndrome and acute cortical
blindnessblindness A 39-yr-old woman with three past A 39-yr-old woman with three past uncomplicated pregnancies presented at 33 uncomplicated pregnancies presented at 33 wk with acute cortical blindnesswk with acute cortical blindness
Based on clinical and laboratory assessment Based on clinical and laboratory assessment a diagnosis of preeclampsia with HELLP a diagnosis of preeclampsia with HELLP syndrome was madesyndrome was made
A CT scan of her head demonstrated A CT scan of her head demonstrated ischaemic lesions of her basal ganglia ischaemic lesions of her basal ganglia extending superiorly to involve both posterior extending superiorly to involve both posterior parietal and occipital regionsparietal and occipital regions
Infusions of magnesium sulphate and Infusions of magnesium sulphate and hydralazine were started and an urgent hydralazine were started and an urgent Caesarean section was performed Caesarean section was performed under under subarachnoid anaesthesiasubarachnoid anaesthesia after insertion of an after insertion of an arterial line and intravenous hydration arterial line and intravenous hydration
ContdhellipContdhellip The course of anaesthesia and surgery was uneventful The course of anaesthesia and surgery was uneventful
and she delivered a live 1540 g female infantand she delivered a live 1540 g female infant By the following morning she had recovered some By the following morning she had recovered some
vision and visual recovery was complete by 72 hr vision and visual recovery was complete by 72 hr postpartum postpartum
Her postoperative course was uneventful Her postoperative course was uneventful CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION Provided that it is not contraindicated Provided that it is not contraindicated
because of prohibitive risk to the mother because of prohibitive risk to the mother regional regional anaesthesia has particular advantage in these anaesthesia has particular advantage in these patientspatients
In particular the use of spinal anaesthesia which has In particular the use of spinal anaesthesia which has been discouraged by some for this patient population been discouraged by some for this patient population should be re-evaluated should be re-evaluated
Postoperative Postoperative managementmanagement
Oxygen enriched airOxygen enriched air Major surgery ndash elective post operative Major surgery ndash elective post operative
ventilationventilation Replace blood lossReplace blood loss Maintain adequate urine outputMaintain adequate urine output Dopamine and inotropes should be Dopamine and inotropes should be
continuedcontinued The principle complications are likely The principle complications are likely
to be continued bleeding sepsis and to be continued bleeding sepsis and hepatic decompensation hepatic decompensation
Peri-operative considerations in Child-Peri-operative considerations in Child-Pugh A patientsPugh A patients
Pre-operative Pre-operative Aetiology of condition - virology Aetiology of condition - virology Drug idiosyncrasy Drug idiosyncrasy
Blood count and platelets Blood count and platelets Clotting screen Clotting screen Assess renal function Assess renal function Previous anaesthetics Previous anaesthetics
Per-operative Per-operative Consider drug bio-availability issues Consider drug bio-availability issues Avoid drugs excreted via liverAvoid drugs excreted via liver Regional techniques acceptable if clotting Regional techniques acceptable if clotting
normalnormal Post-operativePost-operative Monitor for post-operative hepatic Monitor for post-operative hepatic
decompensationdecompensation Possible prolonged duration of action in Possible prolonged duration of action in opiates HDU ITU careopiates HDU ITU care
Child-Pugh Group BC patient Child-Pugh Group BC patient undergoing major surgeryundergoing major surgery
Previous upper abdominal surgery portal Previous upper abdominal surgery portal hypertension and coagulopathy dramatically hypertension and coagulopathy dramatically increase the potential for per-operative blood lossincrease the potential for per-operative blood loss
8-12 units of blood together fresh frozen plasma 8-12 units of blood together fresh frozen plasma and platelets should be available and platelets should be available
Pre-medicationPre-medication Sedative premedicants should be avoided in the Sedative premedicants should be avoided in the
encephalopathic patient encephalopathic patient Other drugs may be needed pre-operatively and Other drugs may be needed pre-operatively and
include antibiotics and H2 receptor antagonistsinclude antibiotics and H2 receptor antagonists The oral or intravenous route used - The oral or intravenous route used -
intramuscular injections should be avoidedintramuscular injections should be avoided Coagulopathy may require correction with fresh Coagulopathy may require correction with fresh
frozen plasma and platelets and renal frozen plasma and platelets and renal replacement therapy may need to be consideredreplacement therapy may need to be considered
Per-operative considerationsPer-operative considerations Regional techniques -- considered carefully - Regional techniques -- considered carefully -
coagulopathy epidural varices can pose an coagulopathy epidural varices can pose an additional risk additional risk
Vascular accessVascular access with a multi-lumen central with a multi-lumen central venous catheter together with at least one large venous catheter together with at least one large bore central line bore central line
Monitoring of arterial and central venous Monitoring of arterial and central venous pressures is mandatory pressures is mandatory
Pulmonary artery pulmonary capillary wedge Pulmonary artery pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and cardiac output measurements pressure and cardiac output measurements may be necessary in the sick patientmay be necessary in the sick patient
Trans-oesophageal echocardiography and Trans-oesophageal echocardiography and volumetric haemodynamic monitoring pulse volumetric haemodynamic monitoring pulse contour analysis can provide significant contour analysis can provide significant additional information for the strategic additional information for the strategic management of these patients management of these patients
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Coagulation and fibrinolysisCoagulation and fibrinolysis are major are major
concerns concerns The potential for large volume blood replacement The potential for large volume blood replacement
means that temperature should be measured and means that temperature should be measured and a fluid warmer and warming mattress useda fluid warmer and warming mattress used
Regular per-operative estimation of INRPTR may Regular per-operative estimation of INRPTR may be necessary - thromboelastography provides be necessary - thromboelastography provides useful intra-operative evaluation of coagulationuseful intra-operative evaluation of coagulation
Blood conservationBlood conservation - considered - considered Preservation of hepatic function -Preservation of hepatic function - N- N-
acetylcysteine (NAC) is a sulphur-containing acetylcysteine (NAC) is a sulphur-containing antioxidant - benefit patients with fulminant antioxidant - benefit patients with fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
NAC appears to improve oxygen delivery NAC appears to improve oxygen delivery and consumption and reduce base deficitand consumption and reduce base deficit
Renal FunctionRenal Function - - Dopamine may be usefulDopamine may be useful
Bleeding oesophageal Bleeding oesophageal varicesvarices
Bleeding oesophageal varices - life-threatening Bleeding oesophageal varices - life-threatening complication of - often occur against a complication of - often occur against a background of abnormal clotting background of abnormal clotting thrombocytopenia encephalopathy and Ascitesthrombocytopenia encephalopathy and Ascites
Overall mortality is 30 Overall mortality is 30 The principles of anaesthetic managementThe principles of anaesthetic management Protect the airway Protect the airway Establish good vascular access Establish good vascular access Volume replacement - colloid blood fresh Volume replacement - colloid blood fresh
frozen plasma and platelets Avoid saline frozen plasma and platelets Avoid saline Check correct clotting Give Vitamin K correct Check correct clotting Give Vitamin K correct
fibrinolysis and review blood chemistry fibrinolysis and review blood chemistry
Intoxicated Alcoholic Intoxicated Alcoholic PatientsPatients
Requires less anaesthetic ndashadditive depressant Requires less anaesthetic ndashadditive depressant effect of alcohol amp anaestheticseffect of alcohol amp anaesthetics
Ill - equipped to withstand stress amp Acute blood Ill - equipped to withstand stress amp Acute blood lossloss
Alcohol decrease the tolerance of brain to hypoxiaAlcohol decrease the tolerance of brain to hypoxia uarr uarr Risk of regurgitation amp aspiration - alcohol Risk of regurgitation amp aspiration - alcohol
darrtone of lower oesophageal sphincter amp slows darrtone of lower oesophageal sphincter amp slows gastric emptyinggastric emptying
Alcohol Interferes with platelet aggregationAlcohol Interferes with platelet aggregation Causes uarrconc of plasma catecholamines rarr Causes uarrconc of plasma catecholamines rarr
Intraoperative dysarrhytmiasIntraoperative dysarrhytmias
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE
Mild ndash 17 marked - 4Mild ndash 17 marked - 4 Patient factorsPatient factors Congenital Congenital
hemolytic disordershemolytic disorders Acquired hemolytic Acquired hemolytic
disordersdisorders Pre existing liver Pre existing liver
diseasedisease CoagulopathyCoagulopathy Gilberts syndromeGilberts syndrome SepsisSepsis
Perioperative Perioperative factorsfactors
Anaesthetic induced Anaesthetic induced darrHBFdarrHBF
BleedingBleeding HypotensionHypotension Blood transfusionBlood transfusion Biliary tree traumaBiliary tree trauma Viral hepatitisViral hepatitis DrugsDrugs Halothane antibioticsHalothane antibiotics Nonsteroidal agentsNonsteroidal agents
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -
5000mg Bilirubin5000mg Bilirubin 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg
bilirubinbilirubin Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in
G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cell disease multiple blood transfusionscell disease multiple blood transfusions
Delayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashDelayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashpostop jaundicepostop jaundice
Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgeryuarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgery
ContdhellipContdhellip Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow
non biliary surgery 3- 30 days post opnon biliary surgery 3- 30 days post op Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis
[benign] - associated with multiple blood [benign] - associated with multiple blood transfusions hypoxia hypotension - transfusions hypoxia hypotension - uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks
ManagementManagement Prevention is the best treatment Prevention is the best treatment Avoid precipitating factorsAvoid precipitating factors
Halothane HepatitisHalothane Hepatitis The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane
anaesthetics - higher in women the middle anaesthetics - higher in women the middle aged and the obeseaged and the obese
Rarer in paediatric patients and with the Rarer in paediatric patients and with the newer volatile agents newer volatile agents
Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
ldquoldquoUnexplained liver damage within 28 days of Unexplained liver damage within 28 days of halothane exposure in previously normal halothane exposure in previously normal patientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reactionpatientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reaction
Clinical featuresClinical features malaise anorexiafever malaise anorexiafever within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks
Halothane HepatitisHalothane HepatitisDIAGNOSISDIAGNOSIS Serum antibodies that react with specific liver Serum antibodies that react with specific liver
microsomal proteins that are altered by microsomal proteins that are altered by trifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothanetrifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothane
Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Risk factorsRisk factors High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ]High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ] previous adverse reactionprevious adverse reaction Uncertain - obesityUncertain - obesity Female [16 1 ]Female [16 1 ] Drug allergy [ 15 ]Drug allergy [ 15 ] Family historyFamily history Lymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoinLymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoin
ContdhellipContdhellip The cause not fully established - multifactorial - The cause not fully established - multifactorial -
possible immunological cause possible immunological cause Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated
proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically predisposed subjectspredisposed subjects
Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also to blameto blame
Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile agent so toxic metabolites may be involvedagent so toxic metabolites may be involved
The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with increasing numbers of exposures to halothane increasing numbers of exposures to halothane
Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO database holds 225 and 159 reports respectivelydatabase holds 225 and 159 reports respectively
Halothane exposure Halothane exposure guidelinesguidelines
Avoid Halothane ifAvoid Halothane if Within at least 3 months of a previous Within at least 3 months of a previous
exposure exposure Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or
pyrexia pyrexia Family history of hepatic reactions to Family history of hepatic reactions to
halothanehalothane Pre - existing liver diseasePre - existing liver disease Adverse reactions to Other volatile Adverse reactions to Other volatile
anaesthetic agentsanaesthetic agents
Liver and PregnancyLiver and Pregnancy Normal in sizeNormal in size A decrease in total protein as well albumin A decrease in total protein as well albumin An increase of the liver dependent clotting An increase of the liver dependent clotting
factors such as fibrinogen factors such as fibrinogen An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times
secondary to placental alkalinesecondary to placental alkaline Srcholinesterase Srcholinesterase darr 30darr 30 Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and
bilirubinbilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin
ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver disease disease
Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Intrahepatic Cholestasis of PregnancyPregnancy
Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Rare in black patients Rare in black patients
Strong family history Strong family history High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies
60-7060-70 Pruritus alone - 80 percent Pruritus alone - 80 percent Jaundice develop in 20 percentJaundice develop in 20 percent Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or
no elevation in transaminasesno elevation in transaminases
IChP ndashcontdhellipIChP ndashcontdhellip Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early
delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice ) pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice )
Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts Dexamethasone Dexamethasone
Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but bilurubin within 4-6 weeks bilurubin within 4-6 weeks
Implications on Anaesthesia Implications on Anaesthesia Check coagulation profile Check coagulation profile Ask for vit K IV Ask for vit K IV take care of high incidence of fetal distress take care of high incidence of fetal distress
meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist must attend with incubatormust attend with incubator
Preeclampsia amp EclampsiaPreeclampsia amp Eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia
and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl
If not associated with other criteria of HELLP If not associated with other criteria of HELLP syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 50mlday 50mlday
Implications on anaesthesiaImplications on anaesthesia Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress
response which could continue to anaesthesia response which could continue to anaesthesia provided INR lt15 provided INR lt15
Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed tube 6-7 mm tube 6-7 mm
Adequate analgesia Adequate analgesia Fluids restriction Fluids restriction Continue medications postoperative in ICU Continue medications postoperative in ICU
HELLP syndrome HELLP syndrome Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low
plateletsplatelets Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-
eclampsia result from very active platelets eclampsia result from very active platelets aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia and congestion with deposition of fibrous and congestion with deposition of fibrous network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage
Nausea vomiting headache and upper right Nausea vomiting headache and upper right abdominal pain hypotension shockabdominal pain hypotension shock
Best markers are the maternal lactate Best markers are the maternal lactate dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet count count
Congested liver of HELLP Congested liver of HELLP syndromesyndrome
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high
dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has been shown to markedly improve the laboratory been shown to markedly improve the laboratory abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome
Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is
greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of magnesium sulfate magnesium sulfate
Anesthesia like severe preclampsia Anesthesia like severe preclampsia avoid trauma to liveravoid trauma to liver Vit K if INR gt15Vit K if INR gt15 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60
ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF PREGNANCYPREGNANCY
Rare serious disorder unknown etiologyRare serious disorder unknown etiology Symptoms in third trimesterSymptoms in third trimester ndashabdominal
pain nausea vomiting anorexiafatique fever headache
Rapid progression ndashbleeding jaundice encephalopathy renal failure hepatic failure coagulopathy - PPH
uarrTransaminases hyperbilirubinemia uarrprothrombin time --- DIC
Prompt delivery is advisable
Hepatic Rupture and Hepatic Rupture and Infarction Infarction
Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 to 85 percent) are at higher risk to 85 percent) are at higher risk
Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in
shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy
Therapy for hepatic rupture has included Therapy for hepatic rupture has included transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted in hepatic rupture in hepatic rupture
Hepatic infarctionHepatic infarction was typically present with fever was typically present with fever and marked elevations in transaminase levels In and marked elevations in transaminase levels In surviving patients liver function and histopathology surviving patients liver function and histopathology are normal within six months of delivery are normal within six months of delivery
Anesthesia in pregnant women with Anesthesia in pregnant women with HELLP syndromeHELLP syndrome
Retrospective studyRetrospective study For the period of 1 July For the period of 1 July 1996 through 30 June 2000 1996 through 30 June 2000
RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had cesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal deliverycesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal delivery
Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 postcesarean delivery the range platelet count postcesarean delivery the range platelet count was 19000-143000microl was 19000-143000microl
Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia
There were no neurologic complications or There were no neurologic complications or bleeding in the epidural spacebleeding in the epidural space
CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any neurologic or hematologic complications of women neurologic or hematologic complications of women with HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesiawith HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesia
Subdural Hematoma following dural Subdural Hematoma following dural puncture in a parturient with HELLP puncture in a parturient with HELLP
syndromesyndrome This complication occurred following This complication occurred following accidental dural puncture in a parturient accidental dural puncture in a parturient with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who subsequently developed the syndrome of subsequently developed the syndrome of hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low plateletsplatelets
On the first postoperative day postdural On the first postoperative day postdural puncture headache (PDPH) developed puncture headache (PDPH) developed
An epidural blood patch (EBP) was An epidural blood patch (EBP) was deferred to the third postoperative day deferred to the third postoperative day because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1 because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1
Headache intensified from a typical PDPH Headache intensified from a typical PDPH to one which was not posturally related to one which was not posturally related
A second EBP was abandoned after the A second EBP was abandoned after the
injection of 5 mL of blood because of injection of 5 mL of blood because of increasing headache during the procedure increasing headache during the procedure
Magnetic resonance imaging revealed Magnetic resonance imaging revealed bilateral temporal subdural hematomas bilateral temporal subdural hematomas
The patient was managed conservatively and The patient was managed conservatively and discharged home without any sequelae discharged home without any sequelae
ConclusionConclusion It is conceivable that It is conceivable that thrombocytopenia together with possible thrombocytopenia together with possible abnormal platelet function increased the risk abnormal platelet function increased the risk of subdural hematoma of subdural hematoma
Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be considered whenever headache is not considered whenever headache is not posturally related posturally related
OCUPATIONAL HAZARDOCUPATIONAL HAZARD Risk of transmission of HBV following Risk of transmission of HBV following
inoculation is 5 -30inoculation is 5 -30 May occur through needle prickcuts May occur through needle prickcuts
sharp injuriesmucous membranes- sharp injuriesmucous membranes- waterproof dressingwaterproof dressing
Wear gloves while inserting a Wear gloves while inserting a cannula airways intubation amp extubation cannula airways intubation amp extubation
Sharps should not be handed directly to Sharps should not be handed directly to othersothers
See to the sterilisation of other See to the sterilisation of other contaminated thingscontaminated things
ContdhellipContdhellip Glutathione ndash S ndash transferase ndashto Glutathione ndash S ndash transferase ndashto
assess damage assess damage due to anaestheticsdue to anaesthetics ALP ndashEarly in biliary obstructionALP ndashEarly in biliary obstruction γγ - Glutamyl trans peptidase ndash rises - Glutamyl trans peptidase ndash rises
after alcohol amp drug induced liver after alcohol amp drug induced liver damagedamage
Plasma glucose should be measuredPlasma glucose should be measured
Risk and severity scoringRisk and severity scoring In 1964 Child and Turcotte classified risk for In 1964 Child and Turcotte classified risk for
patients with liver cirrhosis undergoing porto-patients with liver cirrhosis undergoing porto-caval anastomosis for management of portal caval anastomosis for management of portal hypertensionhypertension
Pugh et al at Kings College Hospital Pugh et al at Kings College Hospital published a severity scoring system for published a severity scoring system for patients undergoing oesophageal transection patients undergoing oesophageal transection for bleeding oesophageal varices for bleeding oesophageal varices
The two systems have been amalgamated and The two systems have been amalgamated and provide a disease severity assessment based provide a disease severity assessment based on two clinical and three laboratory variables on two clinical and three laboratory variables
PUGHlsquoS MODIFICATION OF CHILD GRADINGPUGHlsquoS MODIFICATION OF CHILD GRADING Clinical amp Biochemical Clinical amp Biochemical variablesvariables
POINTS POINTS 11
SCORESCOREDD22
33
Serum albumin (gL)Serum albumin (gL) gt35gt35 28-3528-35 lt28lt28
Serum bilirubin (micromolL)Serum bilirubin (micromolL) [Mg dl][Mg dl]
lt35lt35lt 2lt 2
35-6035-602 -32 -3
gt60gt60gt 3gt 3
PT (seconds) prolongedPT (seconds) prolongedfrom controlfrom control
1-41-4INR [ lt INR [ lt 1 7]1 7]
4-104-10INR [17 INR [17 -23]-23]
1010INR gt23INR gt23
AscitesAscites NoneNone MildMild ModerateModerateEncephalopathyEncephalopathy AbsentAbsent Grade I ndash Grade I ndash
IIIIGrade III ndash Grade III ndash IVIV
POINTS 5- 6 ndash class A [5 Mortality] 7 -9 ndashClass B [10 mortality] 10 -15 ndashClass C [50 mortality]
Surgery in patients with liver Surgery in patients with liver dysfunctiondysfunction
The Child-Pugh classification is a useful method The Child-Pugh classification is a useful method of staging the progress of liver decompensation of staging the progress of liver decompensation
Limited predictive value in anaesthesia and Limited predictive value in anaesthesia and surgerysurgery
Group A patients are lower riskGroup A patients are lower risk and with and with sufficient care can be considered as candidates sufficient care can be considered as candidates for most types of surgeryfor most types of surgery
Group B patients ndash acceptable but correct Group B patients ndash acceptable but correct abnormalities abnormalities
Group C patientsGroup C patients present an extremely high present an extremely high operative risk - surgical procedures in these operative risk - surgical procedures in these patients should be avoided if possible- patients should be avoided if possible- only only emergency or life-saving proceduresemergency or life-saving procedures should should be undertakenbe undertaken
Preoperative assessmentPreoperative assessment Type and extent of liver diseaseType and extent of liver disease Extra hepatic effectsExtra hepatic effects Risk assessmentRisk assessment Patients general condition- hydration nutritionPatients general condition- hydration nutrition Associated co-morbid conditionsAssociated co-morbid conditions LFTLFT ConsentConsent Premedication-short acting temazepam in absence Premedication-short acting temazepam in absence
of neurological impairment orally ndashavoid of neurological impairment orally ndashavoid intramuscular injectionsintramuscular injections
H2 receptor antagonistsH2 receptor antagonists Preop Vit K optimal hydrationPreop Vit K optimal hydration
PREOP INVESTIGATIONSPREOP INVESTIGATIONS
Hematological ndashHb Platelet Hematological ndashHb Platelet countWBC Coagulation profilecountWBC Coagulation profile
Metabolic ndash sr Metabolic ndash sr glucose urea creatinine electrolytesglucose urea creatinine electrolytes
Cardio respiratory ndash chest x-rayECG Cardio respiratory ndash chest x-rayECG PFT ABGPFT ABG
Liver function ndash Liver function ndash srbilirubinalbuminliver enzymessrbilirubinalbuminliver enzymes
Pre-op risk factors Pre-op risk factors associated with associated with
postoperative mortalitypostoperative mortality Serum albumin lt3gLSerum albumin lt3gL Serum bilirubin gt50 micromolLSerum bilirubin gt50 micromolL PT gt15 s over controlPT gt15 s over control Presence of infectionPresence of infection WBC gt 10000WBC gt 10000 Treatment with more than two antibioticsTreatment with more than two antibiotics Presence of AscitesPresence of Ascites MalnutritionMalnutrition Emergency surgeryEmergency surgery
Anaesthetic TechniqueAnaesthetic Technique Avoid hypotensive techniquesmdashintra hepatic necrosisAvoid hypotensive techniquesmdashintra hepatic necrosis High conc of oxygen -- - due to intrapulmonary shuntsHigh conc of oxygen -- - due to intrapulmonary shunts Avoid hypotension amp hypoxemiaAvoid hypotension amp hypoxemia Meticulous fluid balance ndashMeticulous fluid balance ndash Ascites ndash may lose a large amount of fluid rapidlyAscites ndash may lose a large amount of fluid rapidly Concentrated albumin solutions ndashto correct Concentrated albumin solutions ndashto correct
hypoproteinemiahypoproteinemia Fresh blood ndashto prevent hypocalcemia due to Fresh blood ndashto prevent hypocalcemia due to
reduced metabolism of preservativesreduced metabolism of preservatives FFP 12 - 15 mlKg ndashCorrect dilutional FFP 12 - 15 mlKg ndashCorrect dilutional
coagulopathycoagulopathy 1 unit of FFP for every 1 unit of packed cells or 250 1 unit of FFP for every 1 unit of packed cells or 250
ml of 09 saline or colloid [500 ml of FFP - uarr ml of 09 saline or colloid [500 ml of FFP - uarr Clotting factors by 20 ]Clotting factors by 20 ]
Maintenance of temperature Maintenance of temperature
MonitoringMonitoring Monitoring of temperature Monitoring of temperature Coagulation status should be monitored ndashplatelet count fibrin Coagulation status should be monitored ndashplatelet count fibrin
degradation products prothrombin time activated clotting degradation products prothrombin time activated clotting time partial thromboplastin timetime partial thromboplastin time
Thromboelastography has been used as a tool in liver Thromboelastography has been used as a tool in liver transplantationtransplantation
Repeated BP cuff inflation ndashmay lead to bruising in patients Repeated BP cuff inflation ndashmay lead to bruising in patients with altered haemostatic functionwith altered haemostatic function
Insertion of Intra arterial line ndash care to prevent haematoma Insertion of Intra arterial line ndash care to prevent haematoma Jugular route is preferred in CVP monitoringJugular route is preferred in CVP monitoring OximetryOximetry Urine outputUrine output Blood lossBlood loss Monitor ionized calciumMonitor ionized calcium
DRUGSDRUGS
Thiopentone ndash intrinsic clearance delayed Thiopentone ndash intrinsic clearance delayed but recovery not delayed because of but recovery not delayed because of redistributionredistribution
Alcoholic cirrhosis ndash larger dose of thio ndash Alcoholic cirrhosis ndash larger dose of thio ndash cross tolerancecross tolerance
Halothane and enflurane reduce hepatic Halothane and enflurane reduce hepatic arterial flow (vasodilatation negative arterial flow (vasodilatation negative inotropic effects)inotropic effects)
Isoflurane increases hepatic blood flowIsoflurane increases hepatic blood flow [preferred][preferred]
NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING AGENTSAGENTS
Reduced plasma pseudo cholinesterase activityReduced plasma pseudo cholinesterase activity Prolonged action- vecuronium Prolonged action- vecuronium
pancruonium[16 fold]pancruonium[16 fold] Decreased biliary excretionDecreased biliary excretion Increased volume of distribution ndashlarger Increased volume of distribution ndashlarger
initial dosesinitial doses 1048708 1048708 Recommended Atracurium ndash metabolism Recommended Atracurium ndash metabolism
independent of liver and kidneysindependent of liver and kidneys 1048708 1048708 For transplantation ndash long acting agent such For transplantation ndash long acting agent such
as doxacuriumas doxacurium
OPIODS amp SEDATIVESOPIODS amp SEDATIVES
NarcoticsNarcotics Reduced metabolism of morphine and Reduced metabolism of morphine and
pethidinepethidine Prefer fentanylPrefer fentanyl Remifentanyl - ideal Remifentanyl - ideal 1048708 1048708 BenzodiazepinesBenzodiazepines 1048708 1048708 Diazepam - prolonged half lifeDiazepam - prolonged half life 1048708 1048708 Oxazepam and lorazepam preferrred Oxazepam and lorazepam preferrred
ndashmetabolised by glucuronidation ndashmetabolised by glucuronidation without liver requirementwithout liver requirement
Regional Anaesthesia Regional Anaesthesia Contraindicated if PT gt25 s above control Contraindicated if PT gt25 s above control
platelet count lt 50000 cumm bleeding platelet count lt 50000 cumm bleeding time gt12 mtstime gt12 mts
Spinal and epidural anaesthesia carries the Spinal and epidural anaesthesia carries the risk of epidural haematoma and paralysis if risk of epidural haematoma and paralysis if there is abnormal clotting but there are there is abnormal clotting but there are otherwise no special precautionsotherwise no special precautions
The half-life of lignocaine is prolonged in The half-life of lignocaine is prolonged in liver failure but this is not significant when liver failure but this is not significant when used in regional anaesthesia used in regional anaesthesia
LA dose diminished in presence of AscitesLA dose diminished in presence of Ascites
Canadian Journal of Anesthesia Vol 45 452-Canadian Journal of Anesthesia Vol 45 452-459 459
Obstetrical anaesthesia for a parturient with Obstetrical anaesthesia for a parturient with preeclampsia HELLP syndrome and acute cortical preeclampsia HELLP syndrome and acute cortical
blindnessblindness A 39-yr-old woman with three past A 39-yr-old woman with three past uncomplicated pregnancies presented at 33 uncomplicated pregnancies presented at 33 wk with acute cortical blindnesswk with acute cortical blindness
Based on clinical and laboratory assessment Based on clinical and laboratory assessment a diagnosis of preeclampsia with HELLP a diagnosis of preeclampsia with HELLP syndrome was madesyndrome was made
A CT scan of her head demonstrated A CT scan of her head demonstrated ischaemic lesions of her basal ganglia ischaemic lesions of her basal ganglia extending superiorly to involve both posterior extending superiorly to involve both posterior parietal and occipital regionsparietal and occipital regions
Infusions of magnesium sulphate and Infusions of magnesium sulphate and hydralazine were started and an urgent hydralazine were started and an urgent Caesarean section was performed Caesarean section was performed under under subarachnoid anaesthesiasubarachnoid anaesthesia after insertion of an after insertion of an arterial line and intravenous hydration arterial line and intravenous hydration
ContdhellipContdhellip The course of anaesthesia and surgery was uneventful The course of anaesthesia and surgery was uneventful
and she delivered a live 1540 g female infantand she delivered a live 1540 g female infant By the following morning she had recovered some By the following morning she had recovered some
vision and visual recovery was complete by 72 hr vision and visual recovery was complete by 72 hr postpartum postpartum
Her postoperative course was uneventful Her postoperative course was uneventful CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION Provided that it is not contraindicated Provided that it is not contraindicated
because of prohibitive risk to the mother because of prohibitive risk to the mother regional regional anaesthesia has particular advantage in these anaesthesia has particular advantage in these patientspatients
In particular the use of spinal anaesthesia which has In particular the use of spinal anaesthesia which has been discouraged by some for this patient population been discouraged by some for this patient population should be re-evaluated should be re-evaluated
Postoperative Postoperative managementmanagement
Oxygen enriched airOxygen enriched air Major surgery ndash elective post operative Major surgery ndash elective post operative
ventilationventilation Replace blood lossReplace blood loss Maintain adequate urine outputMaintain adequate urine output Dopamine and inotropes should be Dopamine and inotropes should be
continuedcontinued The principle complications are likely The principle complications are likely
to be continued bleeding sepsis and to be continued bleeding sepsis and hepatic decompensation hepatic decompensation
Peri-operative considerations in Child-Peri-operative considerations in Child-Pugh A patientsPugh A patients
Pre-operative Pre-operative Aetiology of condition - virology Aetiology of condition - virology Drug idiosyncrasy Drug idiosyncrasy
Blood count and platelets Blood count and platelets Clotting screen Clotting screen Assess renal function Assess renal function Previous anaesthetics Previous anaesthetics
Per-operative Per-operative Consider drug bio-availability issues Consider drug bio-availability issues Avoid drugs excreted via liverAvoid drugs excreted via liver Regional techniques acceptable if clotting Regional techniques acceptable if clotting
normalnormal Post-operativePost-operative Monitor for post-operative hepatic Monitor for post-operative hepatic
decompensationdecompensation Possible prolonged duration of action in Possible prolonged duration of action in opiates HDU ITU careopiates HDU ITU care
Child-Pugh Group BC patient Child-Pugh Group BC patient undergoing major surgeryundergoing major surgery
Previous upper abdominal surgery portal Previous upper abdominal surgery portal hypertension and coagulopathy dramatically hypertension and coagulopathy dramatically increase the potential for per-operative blood lossincrease the potential for per-operative blood loss
8-12 units of blood together fresh frozen plasma 8-12 units of blood together fresh frozen plasma and platelets should be available and platelets should be available
Pre-medicationPre-medication Sedative premedicants should be avoided in the Sedative premedicants should be avoided in the
encephalopathic patient encephalopathic patient Other drugs may be needed pre-operatively and Other drugs may be needed pre-operatively and
include antibiotics and H2 receptor antagonistsinclude antibiotics and H2 receptor antagonists The oral or intravenous route used - The oral or intravenous route used -
intramuscular injections should be avoidedintramuscular injections should be avoided Coagulopathy may require correction with fresh Coagulopathy may require correction with fresh
frozen plasma and platelets and renal frozen plasma and platelets and renal replacement therapy may need to be consideredreplacement therapy may need to be considered
Per-operative considerationsPer-operative considerations Regional techniques -- considered carefully - Regional techniques -- considered carefully -
coagulopathy epidural varices can pose an coagulopathy epidural varices can pose an additional risk additional risk
Vascular accessVascular access with a multi-lumen central with a multi-lumen central venous catheter together with at least one large venous catheter together with at least one large bore central line bore central line
Monitoring of arterial and central venous Monitoring of arterial and central venous pressures is mandatory pressures is mandatory
Pulmonary artery pulmonary capillary wedge Pulmonary artery pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and cardiac output measurements pressure and cardiac output measurements may be necessary in the sick patientmay be necessary in the sick patient
Trans-oesophageal echocardiography and Trans-oesophageal echocardiography and volumetric haemodynamic monitoring pulse volumetric haemodynamic monitoring pulse contour analysis can provide significant contour analysis can provide significant additional information for the strategic additional information for the strategic management of these patients management of these patients
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Coagulation and fibrinolysisCoagulation and fibrinolysis are major are major
concerns concerns The potential for large volume blood replacement The potential for large volume blood replacement
means that temperature should be measured and means that temperature should be measured and a fluid warmer and warming mattress useda fluid warmer and warming mattress used
Regular per-operative estimation of INRPTR may Regular per-operative estimation of INRPTR may be necessary - thromboelastography provides be necessary - thromboelastography provides useful intra-operative evaluation of coagulationuseful intra-operative evaluation of coagulation
Blood conservationBlood conservation - considered - considered Preservation of hepatic function -Preservation of hepatic function - N- N-
acetylcysteine (NAC) is a sulphur-containing acetylcysteine (NAC) is a sulphur-containing antioxidant - benefit patients with fulminant antioxidant - benefit patients with fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
NAC appears to improve oxygen delivery NAC appears to improve oxygen delivery and consumption and reduce base deficitand consumption and reduce base deficit
Renal FunctionRenal Function - - Dopamine may be usefulDopamine may be useful
Bleeding oesophageal Bleeding oesophageal varicesvarices
Bleeding oesophageal varices - life-threatening Bleeding oesophageal varices - life-threatening complication of - often occur against a complication of - often occur against a background of abnormal clotting background of abnormal clotting thrombocytopenia encephalopathy and Ascitesthrombocytopenia encephalopathy and Ascites
Overall mortality is 30 Overall mortality is 30 The principles of anaesthetic managementThe principles of anaesthetic management Protect the airway Protect the airway Establish good vascular access Establish good vascular access Volume replacement - colloid blood fresh Volume replacement - colloid blood fresh
frozen plasma and platelets Avoid saline frozen plasma and platelets Avoid saline Check correct clotting Give Vitamin K correct Check correct clotting Give Vitamin K correct
fibrinolysis and review blood chemistry fibrinolysis and review blood chemistry
Intoxicated Alcoholic Intoxicated Alcoholic PatientsPatients
Requires less anaesthetic ndashadditive depressant Requires less anaesthetic ndashadditive depressant effect of alcohol amp anaestheticseffect of alcohol amp anaesthetics
Ill - equipped to withstand stress amp Acute blood Ill - equipped to withstand stress amp Acute blood lossloss
Alcohol decrease the tolerance of brain to hypoxiaAlcohol decrease the tolerance of brain to hypoxia uarr uarr Risk of regurgitation amp aspiration - alcohol Risk of regurgitation amp aspiration - alcohol
darrtone of lower oesophageal sphincter amp slows darrtone of lower oesophageal sphincter amp slows gastric emptyinggastric emptying
Alcohol Interferes with platelet aggregationAlcohol Interferes with platelet aggregation Causes uarrconc of plasma catecholamines rarr Causes uarrconc of plasma catecholamines rarr
Intraoperative dysarrhytmiasIntraoperative dysarrhytmias
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE
Mild ndash 17 marked - 4Mild ndash 17 marked - 4 Patient factorsPatient factors Congenital Congenital
hemolytic disordershemolytic disorders Acquired hemolytic Acquired hemolytic
disordersdisorders Pre existing liver Pre existing liver
diseasedisease CoagulopathyCoagulopathy Gilberts syndromeGilberts syndrome SepsisSepsis
Perioperative Perioperative factorsfactors
Anaesthetic induced Anaesthetic induced darrHBFdarrHBF
BleedingBleeding HypotensionHypotension Blood transfusionBlood transfusion Biliary tree traumaBiliary tree trauma Viral hepatitisViral hepatitis DrugsDrugs Halothane antibioticsHalothane antibiotics Nonsteroidal agentsNonsteroidal agents
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -
5000mg Bilirubin5000mg Bilirubin 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg
bilirubinbilirubin Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in
G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cell disease multiple blood transfusionscell disease multiple blood transfusions
Delayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashDelayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashpostop jaundicepostop jaundice
Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgeryuarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgery
ContdhellipContdhellip Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow
non biliary surgery 3- 30 days post opnon biliary surgery 3- 30 days post op Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis
[benign] - associated with multiple blood [benign] - associated with multiple blood transfusions hypoxia hypotension - transfusions hypoxia hypotension - uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks
ManagementManagement Prevention is the best treatment Prevention is the best treatment Avoid precipitating factorsAvoid precipitating factors
Halothane HepatitisHalothane Hepatitis The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane
anaesthetics - higher in women the middle anaesthetics - higher in women the middle aged and the obeseaged and the obese
Rarer in paediatric patients and with the Rarer in paediatric patients and with the newer volatile agents newer volatile agents
Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
ldquoldquoUnexplained liver damage within 28 days of Unexplained liver damage within 28 days of halothane exposure in previously normal halothane exposure in previously normal patientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reactionpatientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reaction
Clinical featuresClinical features malaise anorexiafever malaise anorexiafever within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks
Halothane HepatitisHalothane HepatitisDIAGNOSISDIAGNOSIS Serum antibodies that react with specific liver Serum antibodies that react with specific liver
microsomal proteins that are altered by microsomal proteins that are altered by trifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothanetrifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothane
Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Risk factorsRisk factors High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ]High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ] previous adverse reactionprevious adverse reaction Uncertain - obesityUncertain - obesity Female [16 1 ]Female [16 1 ] Drug allergy [ 15 ]Drug allergy [ 15 ] Family historyFamily history Lymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoinLymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoin
ContdhellipContdhellip The cause not fully established - multifactorial - The cause not fully established - multifactorial -
possible immunological cause possible immunological cause Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated
proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically predisposed subjectspredisposed subjects
Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also to blameto blame
Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile agent so toxic metabolites may be involvedagent so toxic metabolites may be involved
The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with increasing numbers of exposures to halothane increasing numbers of exposures to halothane
Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO database holds 225 and 159 reports respectivelydatabase holds 225 and 159 reports respectively
Halothane exposure Halothane exposure guidelinesguidelines
Avoid Halothane ifAvoid Halothane if Within at least 3 months of a previous Within at least 3 months of a previous
exposure exposure Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or
pyrexia pyrexia Family history of hepatic reactions to Family history of hepatic reactions to
halothanehalothane Pre - existing liver diseasePre - existing liver disease Adverse reactions to Other volatile Adverse reactions to Other volatile
anaesthetic agentsanaesthetic agents
Liver and PregnancyLiver and Pregnancy Normal in sizeNormal in size A decrease in total protein as well albumin A decrease in total protein as well albumin An increase of the liver dependent clotting An increase of the liver dependent clotting
factors such as fibrinogen factors such as fibrinogen An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times
secondary to placental alkalinesecondary to placental alkaline Srcholinesterase Srcholinesterase darr 30darr 30 Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and
bilirubinbilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin
ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver disease disease
Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Intrahepatic Cholestasis of PregnancyPregnancy
Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Rare in black patients Rare in black patients
Strong family history Strong family history High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies
60-7060-70 Pruritus alone - 80 percent Pruritus alone - 80 percent Jaundice develop in 20 percentJaundice develop in 20 percent Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or
no elevation in transaminasesno elevation in transaminases
IChP ndashcontdhellipIChP ndashcontdhellip Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early
delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice ) pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice )
Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts Dexamethasone Dexamethasone
Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but bilurubin within 4-6 weeks bilurubin within 4-6 weeks
Implications on Anaesthesia Implications on Anaesthesia Check coagulation profile Check coagulation profile Ask for vit K IV Ask for vit K IV take care of high incidence of fetal distress take care of high incidence of fetal distress
meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist must attend with incubatormust attend with incubator
Preeclampsia amp EclampsiaPreeclampsia amp Eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia
and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl
If not associated with other criteria of HELLP If not associated with other criteria of HELLP syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 50mlday 50mlday
Implications on anaesthesiaImplications on anaesthesia Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress
response which could continue to anaesthesia response which could continue to anaesthesia provided INR lt15 provided INR lt15
Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed tube 6-7 mm tube 6-7 mm
Adequate analgesia Adequate analgesia Fluids restriction Fluids restriction Continue medications postoperative in ICU Continue medications postoperative in ICU
HELLP syndrome HELLP syndrome Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low
plateletsplatelets Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-
eclampsia result from very active platelets eclampsia result from very active platelets aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia and congestion with deposition of fibrous and congestion with deposition of fibrous network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage
Nausea vomiting headache and upper right Nausea vomiting headache and upper right abdominal pain hypotension shockabdominal pain hypotension shock
Best markers are the maternal lactate Best markers are the maternal lactate dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet count count
Congested liver of HELLP Congested liver of HELLP syndromesyndrome
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high
dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has been shown to markedly improve the laboratory been shown to markedly improve the laboratory abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome
Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is
greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of magnesium sulfate magnesium sulfate
Anesthesia like severe preclampsia Anesthesia like severe preclampsia avoid trauma to liveravoid trauma to liver Vit K if INR gt15Vit K if INR gt15 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60
ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF PREGNANCYPREGNANCY
Rare serious disorder unknown etiologyRare serious disorder unknown etiology Symptoms in third trimesterSymptoms in third trimester ndashabdominal
pain nausea vomiting anorexiafatique fever headache
Rapid progression ndashbleeding jaundice encephalopathy renal failure hepatic failure coagulopathy - PPH
uarrTransaminases hyperbilirubinemia uarrprothrombin time --- DIC
Prompt delivery is advisable
Hepatic Rupture and Hepatic Rupture and Infarction Infarction
Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 to 85 percent) are at higher risk to 85 percent) are at higher risk
Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in
shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy
Therapy for hepatic rupture has included Therapy for hepatic rupture has included transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted in hepatic rupture in hepatic rupture
Hepatic infarctionHepatic infarction was typically present with fever was typically present with fever and marked elevations in transaminase levels In and marked elevations in transaminase levels In surviving patients liver function and histopathology surviving patients liver function and histopathology are normal within six months of delivery are normal within six months of delivery
Anesthesia in pregnant women with Anesthesia in pregnant women with HELLP syndromeHELLP syndrome
Retrospective studyRetrospective study For the period of 1 July For the period of 1 July 1996 through 30 June 2000 1996 through 30 June 2000
RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had cesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal deliverycesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal delivery
Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 postcesarean delivery the range platelet count postcesarean delivery the range platelet count was 19000-143000microl was 19000-143000microl
Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia
There were no neurologic complications or There were no neurologic complications or bleeding in the epidural spacebleeding in the epidural space
CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any neurologic or hematologic complications of women neurologic or hematologic complications of women with HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesiawith HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesia
Subdural Hematoma following dural Subdural Hematoma following dural puncture in a parturient with HELLP puncture in a parturient with HELLP
syndromesyndrome This complication occurred following This complication occurred following accidental dural puncture in a parturient accidental dural puncture in a parturient with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who subsequently developed the syndrome of subsequently developed the syndrome of hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low plateletsplatelets
On the first postoperative day postdural On the first postoperative day postdural puncture headache (PDPH) developed puncture headache (PDPH) developed
An epidural blood patch (EBP) was An epidural blood patch (EBP) was deferred to the third postoperative day deferred to the third postoperative day because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1 because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1
Headache intensified from a typical PDPH Headache intensified from a typical PDPH to one which was not posturally related to one which was not posturally related
A second EBP was abandoned after the A second EBP was abandoned after the
injection of 5 mL of blood because of injection of 5 mL of blood because of increasing headache during the procedure increasing headache during the procedure
Magnetic resonance imaging revealed Magnetic resonance imaging revealed bilateral temporal subdural hematomas bilateral temporal subdural hematomas
The patient was managed conservatively and The patient was managed conservatively and discharged home without any sequelae discharged home without any sequelae
ConclusionConclusion It is conceivable that It is conceivable that thrombocytopenia together with possible thrombocytopenia together with possible abnormal platelet function increased the risk abnormal platelet function increased the risk of subdural hematoma of subdural hematoma
Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be considered whenever headache is not considered whenever headache is not posturally related posturally related
OCUPATIONAL HAZARDOCUPATIONAL HAZARD Risk of transmission of HBV following Risk of transmission of HBV following
inoculation is 5 -30inoculation is 5 -30 May occur through needle prickcuts May occur through needle prickcuts
sharp injuriesmucous membranes- sharp injuriesmucous membranes- waterproof dressingwaterproof dressing
Wear gloves while inserting a Wear gloves while inserting a cannula airways intubation amp extubation cannula airways intubation amp extubation
Sharps should not be handed directly to Sharps should not be handed directly to othersothers
See to the sterilisation of other See to the sterilisation of other contaminated thingscontaminated things
Risk and severity scoringRisk and severity scoring In 1964 Child and Turcotte classified risk for In 1964 Child and Turcotte classified risk for
patients with liver cirrhosis undergoing porto-patients with liver cirrhosis undergoing porto-caval anastomosis for management of portal caval anastomosis for management of portal hypertensionhypertension
Pugh et al at Kings College Hospital Pugh et al at Kings College Hospital published a severity scoring system for published a severity scoring system for patients undergoing oesophageal transection patients undergoing oesophageal transection for bleeding oesophageal varices for bleeding oesophageal varices
The two systems have been amalgamated and The two systems have been amalgamated and provide a disease severity assessment based provide a disease severity assessment based on two clinical and three laboratory variables on two clinical and three laboratory variables
PUGHlsquoS MODIFICATION OF CHILD GRADINGPUGHlsquoS MODIFICATION OF CHILD GRADING Clinical amp Biochemical Clinical amp Biochemical variablesvariables
POINTS POINTS 11
SCORESCOREDD22
33
Serum albumin (gL)Serum albumin (gL) gt35gt35 28-3528-35 lt28lt28
Serum bilirubin (micromolL)Serum bilirubin (micromolL) [Mg dl][Mg dl]
lt35lt35lt 2lt 2
35-6035-602 -32 -3
gt60gt60gt 3gt 3
PT (seconds) prolongedPT (seconds) prolongedfrom controlfrom control
1-41-4INR [ lt INR [ lt 1 7]1 7]
4-104-10INR [17 INR [17 -23]-23]
1010INR gt23INR gt23
AscitesAscites NoneNone MildMild ModerateModerateEncephalopathyEncephalopathy AbsentAbsent Grade I ndash Grade I ndash
IIIIGrade III ndash Grade III ndash IVIV
POINTS 5- 6 ndash class A [5 Mortality] 7 -9 ndashClass B [10 mortality] 10 -15 ndashClass C [50 mortality]
Surgery in patients with liver Surgery in patients with liver dysfunctiondysfunction
The Child-Pugh classification is a useful method The Child-Pugh classification is a useful method of staging the progress of liver decompensation of staging the progress of liver decompensation
Limited predictive value in anaesthesia and Limited predictive value in anaesthesia and surgerysurgery
Group A patients are lower riskGroup A patients are lower risk and with and with sufficient care can be considered as candidates sufficient care can be considered as candidates for most types of surgeryfor most types of surgery
Group B patients ndash acceptable but correct Group B patients ndash acceptable but correct abnormalities abnormalities
Group C patientsGroup C patients present an extremely high present an extremely high operative risk - surgical procedures in these operative risk - surgical procedures in these patients should be avoided if possible- patients should be avoided if possible- only only emergency or life-saving proceduresemergency or life-saving procedures should should be undertakenbe undertaken
Preoperative assessmentPreoperative assessment Type and extent of liver diseaseType and extent of liver disease Extra hepatic effectsExtra hepatic effects Risk assessmentRisk assessment Patients general condition- hydration nutritionPatients general condition- hydration nutrition Associated co-morbid conditionsAssociated co-morbid conditions LFTLFT ConsentConsent Premedication-short acting temazepam in absence Premedication-short acting temazepam in absence
of neurological impairment orally ndashavoid of neurological impairment orally ndashavoid intramuscular injectionsintramuscular injections
H2 receptor antagonistsH2 receptor antagonists Preop Vit K optimal hydrationPreop Vit K optimal hydration
PREOP INVESTIGATIONSPREOP INVESTIGATIONS
Hematological ndashHb Platelet Hematological ndashHb Platelet countWBC Coagulation profilecountWBC Coagulation profile
Metabolic ndash sr Metabolic ndash sr glucose urea creatinine electrolytesglucose urea creatinine electrolytes
Cardio respiratory ndash chest x-rayECG Cardio respiratory ndash chest x-rayECG PFT ABGPFT ABG
Liver function ndash Liver function ndash srbilirubinalbuminliver enzymessrbilirubinalbuminliver enzymes
Pre-op risk factors Pre-op risk factors associated with associated with
postoperative mortalitypostoperative mortality Serum albumin lt3gLSerum albumin lt3gL Serum bilirubin gt50 micromolLSerum bilirubin gt50 micromolL PT gt15 s over controlPT gt15 s over control Presence of infectionPresence of infection WBC gt 10000WBC gt 10000 Treatment with more than two antibioticsTreatment with more than two antibiotics Presence of AscitesPresence of Ascites MalnutritionMalnutrition Emergency surgeryEmergency surgery
Anaesthetic TechniqueAnaesthetic Technique Avoid hypotensive techniquesmdashintra hepatic necrosisAvoid hypotensive techniquesmdashintra hepatic necrosis High conc of oxygen -- - due to intrapulmonary shuntsHigh conc of oxygen -- - due to intrapulmonary shunts Avoid hypotension amp hypoxemiaAvoid hypotension amp hypoxemia Meticulous fluid balance ndashMeticulous fluid balance ndash Ascites ndash may lose a large amount of fluid rapidlyAscites ndash may lose a large amount of fluid rapidly Concentrated albumin solutions ndashto correct Concentrated albumin solutions ndashto correct
hypoproteinemiahypoproteinemia Fresh blood ndashto prevent hypocalcemia due to Fresh blood ndashto prevent hypocalcemia due to
reduced metabolism of preservativesreduced metabolism of preservatives FFP 12 - 15 mlKg ndashCorrect dilutional FFP 12 - 15 mlKg ndashCorrect dilutional
coagulopathycoagulopathy 1 unit of FFP for every 1 unit of packed cells or 250 1 unit of FFP for every 1 unit of packed cells or 250
ml of 09 saline or colloid [500 ml of FFP - uarr ml of 09 saline or colloid [500 ml of FFP - uarr Clotting factors by 20 ]Clotting factors by 20 ]
Maintenance of temperature Maintenance of temperature
MonitoringMonitoring Monitoring of temperature Monitoring of temperature Coagulation status should be monitored ndashplatelet count fibrin Coagulation status should be monitored ndashplatelet count fibrin
degradation products prothrombin time activated clotting degradation products prothrombin time activated clotting time partial thromboplastin timetime partial thromboplastin time
Thromboelastography has been used as a tool in liver Thromboelastography has been used as a tool in liver transplantationtransplantation
Repeated BP cuff inflation ndashmay lead to bruising in patients Repeated BP cuff inflation ndashmay lead to bruising in patients with altered haemostatic functionwith altered haemostatic function
Insertion of Intra arterial line ndash care to prevent haematoma Insertion of Intra arterial line ndash care to prevent haematoma Jugular route is preferred in CVP monitoringJugular route is preferred in CVP monitoring OximetryOximetry Urine outputUrine output Blood lossBlood loss Monitor ionized calciumMonitor ionized calcium
DRUGSDRUGS
Thiopentone ndash intrinsic clearance delayed Thiopentone ndash intrinsic clearance delayed but recovery not delayed because of but recovery not delayed because of redistributionredistribution
Alcoholic cirrhosis ndash larger dose of thio ndash Alcoholic cirrhosis ndash larger dose of thio ndash cross tolerancecross tolerance
Halothane and enflurane reduce hepatic Halothane and enflurane reduce hepatic arterial flow (vasodilatation negative arterial flow (vasodilatation negative inotropic effects)inotropic effects)
Isoflurane increases hepatic blood flowIsoflurane increases hepatic blood flow [preferred][preferred]
NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING AGENTSAGENTS
Reduced plasma pseudo cholinesterase activityReduced plasma pseudo cholinesterase activity Prolonged action- vecuronium Prolonged action- vecuronium
pancruonium[16 fold]pancruonium[16 fold] Decreased biliary excretionDecreased biliary excretion Increased volume of distribution ndashlarger Increased volume of distribution ndashlarger
initial dosesinitial doses 1048708 1048708 Recommended Atracurium ndash metabolism Recommended Atracurium ndash metabolism
independent of liver and kidneysindependent of liver and kidneys 1048708 1048708 For transplantation ndash long acting agent such For transplantation ndash long acting agent such
as doxacuriumas doxacurium
OPIODS amp SEDATIVESOPIODS amp SEDATIVES
NarcoticsNarcotics Reduced metabolism of morphine and Reduced metabolism of morphine and
pethidinepethidine Prefer fentanylPrefer fentanyl Remifentanyl - ideal Remifentanyl - ideal 1048708 1048708 BenzodiazepinesBenzodiazepines 1048708 1048708 Diazepam - prolonged half lifeDiazepam - prolonged half life 1048708 1048708 Oxazepam and lorazepam preferrred Oxazepam and lorazepam preferrred
ndashmetabolised by glucuronidation ndashmetabolised by glucuronidation without liver requirementwithout liver requirement
Regional Anaesthesia Regional Anaesthesia Contraindicated if PT gt25 s above control Contraindicated if PT gt25 s above control
platelet count lt 50000 cumm bleeding platelet count lt 50000 cumm bleeding time gt12 mtstime gt12 mts
Spinal and epidural anaesthesia carries the Spinal and epidural anaesthesia carries the risk of epidural haematoma and paralysis if risk of epidural haematoma and paralysis if there is abnormal clotting but there are there is abnormal clotting but there are otherwise no special precautionsotherwise no special precautions
The half-life of lignocaine is prolonged in The half-life of lignocaine is prolonged in liver failure but this is not significant when liver failure but this is not significant when used in regional anaesthesia used in regional anaesthesia
LA dose diminished in presence of AscitesLA dose diminished in presence of Ascites
Canadian Journal of Anesthesia Vol 45 452-Canadian Journal of Anesthesia Vol 45 452-459 459
Obstetrical anaesthesia for a parturient with Obstetrical anaesthesia for a parturient with preeclampsia HELLP syndrome and acute cortical preeclampsia HELLP syndrome and acute cortical
blindnessblindness A 39-yr-old woman with three past A 39-yr-old woman with three past uncomplicated pregnancies presented at 33 uncomplicated pregnancies presented at 33 wk with acute cortical blindnesswk with acute cortical blindness
Based on clinical and laboratory assessment Based on clinical and laboratory assessment a diagnosis of preeclampsia with HELLP a diagnosis of preeclampsia with HELLP syndrome was madesyndrome was made
A CT scan of her head demonstrated A CT scan of her head demonstrated ischaemic lesions of her basal ganglia ischaemic lesions of her basal ganglia extending superiorly to involve both posterior extending superiorly to involve both posterior parietal and occipital regionsparietal and occipital regions
Infusions of magnesium sulphate and Infusions of magnesium sulphate and hydralazine were started and an urgent hydralazine were started and an urgent Caesarean section was performed Caesarean section was performed under under subarachnoid anaesthesiasubarachnoid anaesthesia after insertion of an after insertion of an arterial line and intravenous hydration arterial line and intravenous hydration
ContdhellipContdhellip The course of anaesthesia and surgery was uneventful The course of anaesthesia and surgery was uneventful
and she delivered a live 1540 g female infantand she delivered a live 1540 g female infant By the following morning she had recovered some By the following morning she had recovered some
vision and visual recovery was complete by 72 hr vision and visual recovery was complete by 72 hr postpartum postpartum
Her postoperative course was uneventful Her postoperative course was uneventful CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION Provided that it is not contraindicated Provided that it is not contraindicated
because of prohibitive risk to the mother because of prohibitive risk to the mother regional regional anaesthesia has particular advantage in these anaesthesia has particular advantage in these patientspatients
In particular the use of spinal anaesthesia which has In particular the use of spinal anaesthesia which has been discouraged by some for this patient population been discouraged by some for this patient population should be re-evaluated should be re-evaluated
Postoperative Postoperative managementmanagement
Oxygen enriched airOxygen enriched air Major surgery ndash elective post operative Major surgery ndash elective post operative
ventilationventilation Replace blood lossReplace blood loss Maintain adequate urine outputMaintain adequate urine output Dopamine and inotropes should be Dopamine and inotropes should be
continuedcontinued The principle complications are likely The principle complications are likely
to be continued bleeding sepsis and to be continued bleeding sepsis and hepatic decompensation hepatic decompensation
Peri-operative considerations in Child-Peri-operative considerations in Child-Pugh A patientsPugh A patients
Pre-operative Pre-operative Aetiology of condition - virology Aetiology of condition - virology Drug idiosyncrasy Drug idiosyncrasy
Blood count and platelets Blood count and platelets Clotting screen Clotting screen Assess renal function Assess renal function Previous anaesthetics Previous anaesthetics
Per-operative Per-operative Consider drug bio-availability issues Consider drug bio-availability issues Avoid drugs excreted via liverAvoid drugs excreted via liver Regional techniques acceptable if clotting Regional techniques acceptable if clotting
normalnormal Post-operativePost-operative Monitor for post-operative hepatic Monitor for post-operative hepatic
decompensationdecompensation Possible prolonged duration of action in Possible prolonged duration of action in opiates HDU ITU careopiates HDU ITU care
Child-Pugh Group BC patient Child-Pugh Group BC patient undergoing major surgeryundergoing major surgery
Previous upper abdominal surgery portal Previous upper abdominal surgery portal hypertension and coagulopathy dramatically hypertension and coagulopathy dramatically increase the potential for per-operative blood lossincrease the potential for per-operative blood loss
8-12 units of blood together fresh frozen plasma 8-12 units of blood together fresh frozen plasma and platelets should be available and platelets should be available
Pre-medicationPre-medication Sedative premedicants should be avoided in the Sedative premedicants should be avoided in the
encephalopathic patient encephalopathic patient Other drugs may be needed pre-operatively and Other drugs may be needed pre-operatively and
include antibiotics and H2 receptor antagonistsinclude antibiotics and H2 receptor antagonists The oral or intravenous route used - The oral or intravenous route used -
intramuscular injections should be avoidedintramuscular injections should be avoided Coagulopathy may require correction with fresh Coagulopathy may require correction with fresh
frozen plasma and platelets and renal frozen plasma and platelets and renal replacement therapy may need to be consideredreplacement therapy may need to be considered
Per-operative considerationsPer-operative considerations Regional techniques -- considered carefully - Regional techniques -- considered carefully -
coagulopathy epidural varices can pose an coagulopathy epidural varices can pose an additional risk additional risk
Vascular accessVascular access with a multi-lumen central with a multi-lumen central venous catheter together with at least one large venous catheter together with at least one large bore central line bore central line
Monitoring of arterial and central venous Monitoring of arterial and central venous pressures is mandatory pressures is mandatory
Pulmonary artery pulmonary capillary wedge Pulmonary artery pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and cardiac output measurements pressure and cardiac output measurements may be necessary in the sick patientmay be necessary in the sick patient
Trans-oesophageal echocardiography and Trans-oesophageal echocardiography and volumetric haemodynamic monitoring pulse volumetric haemodynamic monitoring pulse contour analysis can provide significant contour analysis can provide significant additional information for the strategic additional information for the strategic management of these patients management of these patients
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Coagulation and fibrinolysisCoagulation and fibrinolysis are major are major
concerns concerns The potential for large volume blood replacement The potential for large volume blood replacement
means that temperature should be measured and means that temperature should be measured and a fluid warmer and warming mattress useda fluid warmer and warming mattress used
Regular per-operative estimation of INRPTR may Regular per-operative estimation of INRPTR may be necessary - thromboelastography provides be necessary - thromboelastography provides useful intra-operative evaluation of coagulationuseful intra-operative evaluation of coagulation
Blood conservationBlood conservation - considered - considered Preservation of hepatic function -Preservation of hepatic function - N- N-
acetylcysteine (NAC) is a sulphur-containing acetylcysteine (NAC) is a sulphur-containing antioxidant - benefit patients with fulminant antioxidant - benefit patients with fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
NAC appears to improve oxygen delivery NAC appears to improve oxygen delivery and consumption and reduce base deficitand consumption and reduce base deficit
Renal FunctionRenal Function - - Dopamine may be usefulDopamine may be useful
Bleeding oesophageal Bleeding oesophageal varicesvarices
Bleeding oesophageal varices - life-threatening Bleeding oesophageal varices - life-threatening complication of - often occur against a complication of - often occur against a background of abnormal clotting background of abnormal clotting thrombocytopenia encephalopathy and Ascitesthrombocytopenia encephalopathy and Ascites
Overall mortality is 30 Overall mortality is 30 The principles of anaesthetic managementThe principles of anaesthetic management Protect the airway Protect the airway Establish good vascular access Establish good vascular access Volume replacement - colloid blood fresh Volume replacement - colloid blood fresh
frozen plasma and platelets Avoid saline frozen plasma and platelets Avoid saline Check correct clotting Give Vitamin K correct Check correct clotting Give Vitamin K correct
fibrinolysis and review blood chemistry fibrinolysis and review blood chemistry
Intoxicated Alcoholic Intoxicated Alcoholic PatientsPatients
Requires less anaesthetic ndashadditive depressant Requires less anaesthetic ndashadditive depressant effect of alcohol amp anaestheticseffect of alcohol amp anaesthetics
Ill - equipped to withstand stress amp Acute blood Ill - equipped to withstand stress amp Acute blood lossloss
Alcohol decrease the tolerance of brain to hypoxiaAlcohol decrease the tolerance of brain to hypoxia uarr uarr Risk of regurgitation amp aspiration - alcohol Risk of regurgitation amp aspiration - alcohol
darrtone of lower oesophageal sphincter amp slows darrtone of lower oesophageal sphincter amp slows gastric emptyinggastric emptying
Alcohol Interferes with platelet aggregationAlcohol Interferes with platelet aggregation Causes uarrconc of plasma catecholamines rarr Causes uarrconc of plasma catecholamines rarr
Intraoperative dysarrhytmiasIntraoperative dysarrhytmias
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE
Mild ndash 17 marked - 4Mild ndash 17 marked - 4 Patient factorsPatient factors Congenital Congenital
hemolytic disordershemolytic disorders Acquired hemolytic Acquired hemolytic
disordersdisorders Pre existing liver Pre existing liver
diseasedisease CoagulopathyCoagulopathy Gilberts syndromeGilberts syndrome SepsisSepsis
Perioperative Perioperative factorsfactors
Anaesthetic induced Anaesthetic induced darrHBFdarrHBF
BleedingBleeding HypotensionHypotension Blood transfusionBlood transfusion Biliary tree traumaBiliary tree trauma Viral hepatitisViral hepatitis DrugsDrugs Halothane antibioticsHalothane antibiotics Nonsteroidal agentsNonsteroidal agents
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -
5000mg Bilirubin5000mg Bilirubin 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg
bilirubinbilirubin Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in
G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cell disease multiple blood transfusionscell disease multiple blood transfusions
Delayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashDelayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashpostop jaundicepostop jaundice
Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgeryuarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgery
ContdhellipContdhellip Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow
non biliary surgery 3- 30 days post opnon biliary surgery 3- 30 days post op Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis
[benign] - associated with multiple blood [benign] - associated with multiple blood transfusions hypoxia hypotension - transfusions hypoxia hypotension - uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks
ManagementManagement Prevention is the best treatment Prevention is the best treatment Avoid precipitating factorsAvoid precipitating factors
Halothane HepatitisHalothane Hepatitis The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane
anaesthetics - higher in women the middle anaesthetics - higher in women the middle aged and the obeseaged and the obese
Rarer in paediatric patients and with the Rarer in paediatric patients and with the newer volatile agents newer volatile agents
Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
ldquoldquoUnexplained liver damage within 28 days of Unexplained liver damage within 28 days of halothane exposure in previously normal halothane exposure in previously normal patientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reactionpatientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reaction
Clinical featuresClinical features malaise anorexiafever malaise anorexiafever within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks
Halothane HepatitisHalothane HepatitisDIAGNOSISDIAGNOSIS Serum antibodies that react with specific liver Serum antibodies that react with specific liver
microsomal proteins that are altered by microsomal proteins that are altered by trifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothanetrifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothane
Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Risk factorsRisk factors High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ]High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ] previous adverse reactionprevious adverse reaction Uncertain - obesityUncertain - obesity Female [16 1 ]Female [16 1 ] Drug allergy [ 15 ]Drug allergy [ 15 ] Family historyFamily history Lymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoinLymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoin
ContdhellipContdhellip The cause not fully established - multifactorial - The cause not fully established - multifactorial -
possible immunological cause possible immunological cause Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated
proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically predisposed subjectspredisposed subjects
Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also to blameto blame
Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile agent so toxic metabolites may be involvedagent so toxic metabolites may be involved
The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with increasing numbers of exposures to halothane increasing numbers of exposures to halothane
Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO database holds 225 and 159 reports respectivelydatabase holds 225 and 159 reports respectively
Halothane exposure Halothane exposure guidelinesguidelines
Avoid Halothane ifAvoid Halothane if Within at least 3 months of a previous Within at least 3 months of a previous
exposure exposure Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or
pyrexia pyrexia Family history of hepatic reactions to Family history of hepatic reactions to
halothanehalothane Pre - existing liver diseasePre - existing liver disease Adverse reactions to Other volatile Adverse reactions to Other volatile
anaesthetic agentsanaesthetic agents
Liver and PregnancyLiver and Pregnancy Normal in sizeNormal in size A decrease in total protein as well albumin A decrease in total protein as well albumin An increase of the liver dependent clotting An increase of the liver dependent clotting
factors such as fibrinogen factors such as fibrinogen An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times
secondary to placental alkalinesecondary to placental alkaline Srcholinesterase Srcholinesterase darr 30darr 30 Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and
bilirubinbilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin
ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver disease disease
Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Intrahepatic Cholestasis of PregnancyPregnancy
Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Rare in black patients Rare in black patients
Strong family history Strong family history High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies
60-7060-70 Pruritus alone - 80 percent Pruritus alone - 80 percent Jaundice develop in 20 percentJaundice develop in 20 percent Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or
no elevation in transaminasesno elevation in transaminases
IChP ndashcontdhellipIChP ndashcontdhellip Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early
delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice ) pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice )
Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts Dexamethasone Dexamethasone
Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but bilurubin within 4-6 weeks bilurubin within 4-6 weeks
Implications on Anaesthesia Implications on Anaesthesia Check coagulation profile Check coagulation profile Ask for vit K IV Ask for vit K IV take care of high incidence of fetal distress take care of high incidence of fetal distress
meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist must attend with incubatormust attend with incubator
Preeclampsia amp EclampsiaPreeclampsia amp Eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia
and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl
If not associated with other criteria of HELLP If not associated with other criteria of HELLP syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 50mlday 50mlday
Implications on anaesthesiaImplications on anaesthesia Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress
response which could continue to anaesthesia response which could continue to anaesthesia provided INR lt15 provided INR lt15
Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed tube 6-7 mm tube 6-7 mm
Adequate analgesia Adequate analgesia Fluids restriction Fluids restriction Continue medications postoperative in ICU Continue medications postoperative in ICU
HELLP syndrome HELLP syndrome Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low
plateletsplatelets Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-
eclampsia result from very active platelets eclampsia result from very active platelets aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia and congestion with deposition of fibrous and congestion with deposition of fibrous network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage
Nausea vomiting headache and upper right Nausea vomiting headache and upper right abdominal pain hypotension shockabdominal pain hypotension shock
Best markers are the maternal lactate Best markers are the maternal lactate dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet count count
Congested liver of HELLP Congested liver of HELLP syndromesyndrome
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high
dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has been shown to markedly improve the laboratory been shown to markedly improve the laboratory abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome
Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is
greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of magnesium sulfate magnesium sulfate
Anesthesia like severe preclampsia Anesthesia like severe preclampsia avoid trauma to liveravoid trauma to liver Vit K if INR gt15Vit K if INR gt15 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60
ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF PREGNANCYPREGNANCY
Rare serious disorder unknown etiologyRare serious disorder unknown etiology Symptoms in third trimesterSymptoms in third trimester ndashabdominal
pain nausea vomiting anorexiafatique fever headache
Rapid progression ndashbleeding jaundice encephalopathy renal failure hepatic failure coagulopathy - PPH
uarrTransaminases hyperbilirubinemia uarrprothrombin time --- DIC
Prompt delivery is advisable
Hepatic Rupture and Hepatic Rupture and Infarction Infarction
Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 to 85 percent) are at higher risk to 85 percent) are at higher risk
Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in
shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy
Therapy for hepatic rupture has included Therapy for hepatic rupture has included transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted in hepatic rupture in hepatic rupture
Hepatic infarctionHepatic infarction was typically present with fever was typically present with fever and marked elevations in transaminase levels In and marked elevations in transaminase levels In surviving patients liver function and histopathology surviving patients liver function and histopathology are normal within six months of delivery are normal within six months of delivery
Anesthesia in pregnant women with Anesthesia in pregnant women with HELLP syndromeHELLP syndrome
Retrospective studyRetrospective study For the period of 1 July For the period of 1 July 1996 through 30 June 2000 1996 through 30 June 2000
RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had cesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal deliverycesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal delivery
Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 postcesarean delivery the range platelet count postcesarean delivery the range platelet count was 19000-143000microl was 19000-143000microl
Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia
There were no neurologic complications or There were no neurologic complications or bleeding in the epidural spacebleeding in the epidural space
CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any neurologic or hematologic complications of women neurologic or hematologic complications of women with HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesiawith HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesia
Subdural Hematoma following dural Subdural Hematoma following dural puncture in a parturient with HELLP puncture in a parturient with HELLP
syndromesyndrome This complication occurred following This complication occurred following accidental dural puncture in a parturient accidental dural puncture in a parturient with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who subsequently developed the syndrome of subsequently developed the syndrome of hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low plateletsplatelets
On the first postoperative day postdural On the first postoperative day postdural puncture headache (PDPH) developed puncture headache (PDPH) developed
An epidural blood patch (EBP) was An epidural blood patch (EBP) was deferred to the third postoperative day deferred to the third postoperative day because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1 because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1
Headache intensified from a typical PDPH Headache intensified from a typical PDPH to one which was not posturally related to one which was not posturally related
A second EBP was abandoned after the A second EBP was abandoned after the
injection of 5 mL of blood because of injection of 5 mL of blood because of increasing headache during the procedure increasing headache during the procedure
Magnetic resonance imaging revealed Magnetic resonance imaging revealed bilateral temporal subdural hematomas bilateral temporal subdural hematomas
The patient was managed conservatively and The patient was managed conservatively and discharged home without any sequelae discharged home without any sequelae
ConclusionConclusion It is conceivable that It is conceivable that thrombocytopenia together with possible thrombocytopenia together with possible abnormal platelet function increased the risk abnormal platelet function increased the risk of subdural hematoma of subdural hematoma
Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be considered whenever headache is not considered whenever headache is not posturally related posturally related
OCUPATIONAL HAZARDOCUPATIONAL HAZARD Risk of transmission of HBV following Risk of transmission of HBV following
inoculation is 5 -30inoculation is 5 -30 May occur through needle prickcuts May occur through needle prickcuts
sharp injuriesmucous membranes- sharp injuriesmucous membranes- waterproof dressingwaterproof dressing
Wear gloves while inserting a Wear gloves while inserting a cannula airways intubation amp extubation cannula airways intubation amp extubation
Sharps should not be handed directly to Sharps should not be handed directly to othersothers
See to the sterilisation of other See to the sterilisation of other contaminated thingscontaminated things
PUGHlsquoS MODIFICATION OF CHILD GRADINGPUGHlsquoS MODIFICATION OF CHILD GRADING Clinical amp Biochemical Clinical amp Biochemical variablesvariables
POINTS POINTS 11
SCORESCOREDD22
33
Serum albumin (gL)Serum albumin (gL) gt35gt35 28-3528-35 lt28lt28
Serum bilirubin (micromolL)Serum bilirubin (micromolL) [Mg dl][Mg dl]
lt35lt35lt 2lt 2
35-6035-602 -32 -3
gt60gt60gt 3gt 3
PT (seconds) prolongedPT (seconds) prolongedfrom controlfrom control
1-41-4INR [ lt INR [ lt 1 7]1 7]
4-104-10INR [17 INR [17 -23]-23]
1010INR gt23INR gt23
AscitesAscites NoneNone MildMild ModerateModerateEncephalopathyEncephalopathy AbsentAbsent Grade I ndash Grade I ndash
IIIIGrade III ndash Grade III ndash IVIV
POINTS 5- 6 ndash class A [5 Mortality] 7 -9 ndashClass B [10 mortality] 10 -15 ndashClass C [50 mortality]
Surgery in patients with liver Surgery in patients with liver dysfunctiondysfunction
The Child-Pugh classification is a useful method The Child-Pugh classification is a useful method of staging the progress of liver decompensation of staging the progress of liver decompensation
Limited predictive value in anaesthesia and Limited predictive value in anaesthesia and surgerysurgery
Group A patients are lower riskGroup A patients are lower risk and with and with sufficient care can be considered as candidates sufficient care can be considered as candidates for most types of surgeryfor most types of surgery
Group B patients ndash acceptable but correct Group B patients ndash acceptable but correct abnormalities abnormalities
Group C patientsGroup C patients present an extremely high present an extremely high operative risk - surgical procedures in these operative risk - surgical procedures in these patients should be avoided if possible- patients should be avoided if possible- only only emergency or life-saving proceduresemergency or life-saving procedures should should be undertakenbe undertaken
Preoperative assessmentPreoperative assessment Type and extent of liver diseaseType and extent of liver disease Extra hepatic effectsExtra hepatic effects Risk assessmentRisk assessment Patients general condition- hydration nutritionPatients general condition- hydration nutrition Associated co-morbid conditionsAssociated co-morbid conditions LFTLFT ConsentConsent Premedication-short acting temazepam in absence Premedication-short acting temazepam in absence
of neurological impairment orally ndashavoid of neurological impairment orally ndashavoid intramuscular injectionsintramuscular injections
H2 receptor antagonistsH2 receptor antagonists Preop Vit K optimal hydrationPreop Vit K optimal hydration
PREOP INVESTIGATIONSPREOP INVESTIGATIONS
Hematological ndashHb Platelet Hematological ndashHb Platelet countWBC Coagulation profilecountWBC Coagulation profile
Metabolic ndash sr Metabolic ndash sr glucose urea creatinine electrolytesglucose urea creatinine electrolytes
Cardio respiratory ndash chest x-rayECG Cardio respiratory ndash chest x-rayECG PFT ABGPFT ABG
Liver function ndash Liver function ndash srbilirubinalbuminliver enzymessrbilirubinalbuminliver enzymes
Pre-op risk factors Pre-op risk factors associated with associated with
postoperative mortalitypostoperative mortality Serum albumin lt3gLSerum albumin lt3gL Serum bilirubin gt50 micromolLSerum bilirubin gt50 micromolL PT gt15 s over controlPT gt15 s over control Presence of infectionPresence of infection WBC gt 10000WBC gt 10000 Treatment with more than two antibioticsTreatment with more than two antibiotics Presence of AscitesPresence of Ascites MalnutritionMalnutrition Emergency surgeryEmergency surgery
Anaesthetic TechniqueAnaesthetic Technique Avoid hypotensive techniquesmdashintra hepatic necrosisAvoid hypotensive techniquesmdashintra hepatic necrosis High conc of oxygen -- - due to intrapulmonary shuntsHigh conc of oxygen -- - due to intrapulmonary shunts Avoid hypotension amp hypoxemiaAvoid hypotension amp hypoxemia Meticulous fluid balance ndashMeticulous fluid balance ndash Ascites ndash may lose a large amount of fluid rapidlyAscites ndash may lose a large amount of fluid rapidly Concentrated albumin solutions ndashto correct Concentrated albumin solutions ndashto correct
hypoproteinemiahypoproteinemia Fresh blood ndashto prevent hypocalcemia due to Fresh blood ndashto prevent hypocalcemia due to
reduced metabolism of preservativesreduced metabolism of preservatives FFP 12 - 15 mlKg ndashCorrect dilutional FFP 12 - 15 mlKg ndashCorrect dilutional
coagulopathycoagulopathy 1 unit of FFP for every 1 unit of packed cells or 250 1 unit of FFP for every 1 unit of packed cells or 250
ml of 09 saline or colloid [500 ml of FFP - uarr ml of 09 saline or colloid [500 ml of FFP - uarr Clotting factors by 20 ]Clotting factors by 20 ]
Maintenance of temperature Maintenance of temperature
MonitoringMonitoring Monitoring of temperature Monitoring of temperature Coagulation status should be monitored ndashplatelet count fibrin Coagulation status should be monitored ndashplatelet count fibrin
degradation products prothrombin time activated clotting degradation products prothrombin time activated clotting time partial thromboplastin timetime partial thromboplastin time
Thromboelastography has been used as a tool in liver Thromboelastography has been used as a tool in liver transplantationtransplantation
Repeated BP cuff inflation ndashmay lead to bruising in patients Repeated BP cuff inflation ndashmay lead to bruising in patients with altered haemostatic functionwith altered haemostatic function
Insertion of Intra arterial line ndash care to prevent haematoma Insertion of Intra arterial line ndash care to prevent haematoma Jugular route is preferred in CVP monitoringJugular route is preferred in CVP monitoring OximetryOximetry Urine outputUrine output Blood lossBlood loss Monitor ionized calciumMonitor ionized calcium
DRUGSDRUGS
Thiopentone ndash intrinsic clearance delayed Thiopentone ndash intrinsic clearance delayed but recovery not delayed because of but recovery not delayed because of redistributionredistribution
Alcoholic cirrhosis ndash larger dose of thio ndash Alcoholic cirrhosis ndash larger dose of thio ndash cross tolerancecross tolerance
Halothane and enflurane reduce hepatic Halothane and enflurane reduce hepatic arterial flow (vasodilatation negative arterial flow (vasodilatation negative inotropic effects)inotropic effects)
Isoflurane increases hepatic blood flowIsoflurane increases hepatic blood flow [preferred][preferred]
NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING AGENTSAGENTS
Reduced plasma pseudo cholinesterase activityReduced plasma pseudo cholinesterase activity Prolonged action- vecuronium Prolonged action- vecuronium
pancruonium[16 fold]pancruonium[16 fold] Decreased biliary excretionDecreased biliary excretion Increased volume of distribution ndashlarger Increased volume of distribution ndashlarger
initial dosesinitial doses 1048708 1048708 Recommended Atracurium ndash metabolism Recommended Atracurium ndash metabolism
independent of liver and kidneysindependent of liver and kidneys 1048708 1048708 For transplantation ndash long acting agent such For transplantation ndash long acting agent such
as doxacuriumas doxacurium
OPIODS amp SEDATIVESOPIODS amp SEDATIVES
NarcoticsNarcotics Reduced metabolism of morphine and Reduced metabolism of morphine and
pethidinepethidine Prefer fentanylPrefer fentanyl Remifentanyl - ideal Remifentanyl - ideal 1048708 1048708 BenzodiazepinesBenzodiazepines 1048708 1048708 Diazepam - prolonged half lifeDiazepam - prolonged half life 1048708 1048708 Oxazepam and lorazepam preferrred Oxazepam and lorazepam preferrred
ndashmetabolised by glucuronidation ndashmetabolised by glucuronidation without liver requirementwithout liver requirement
Regional Anaesthesia Regional Anaesthesia Contraindicated if PT gt25 s above control Contraindicated if PT gt25 s above control
platelet count lt 50000 cumm bleeding platelet count lt 50000 cumm bleeding time gt12 mtstime gt12 mts
Spinal and epidural anaesthesia carries the Spinal and epidural anaesthesia carries the risk of epidural haematoma and paralysis if risk of epidural haematoma and paralysis if there is abnormal clotting but there are there is abnormal clotting but there are otherwise no special precautionsotherwise no special precautions
The half-life of lignocaine is prolonged in The half-life of lignocaine is prolonged in liver failure but this is not significant when liver failure but this is not significant when used in regional anaesthesia used in regional anaesthesia
LA dose diminished in presence of AscitesLA dose diminished in presence of Ascites
Canadian Journal of Anesthesia Vol 45 452-Canadian Journal of Anesthesia Vol 45 452-459 459
Obstetrical anaesthesia for a parturient with Obstetrical anaesthesia for a parturient with preeclampsia HELLP syndrome and acute cortical preeclampsia HELLP syndrome and acute cortical
blindnessblindness A 39-yr-old woman with three past A 39-yr-old woman with three past uncomplicated pregnancies presented at 33 uncomplicated pregnancies presented at 33 wk with acute cortical blindnesswk with acute cortical blindness
Based on clinical and laboratory assessment Based on clinical and laboratory assessment a diagnosis of preeclampsia with HELLP a diagnosis of preeclampsia with HELLP syndrome was madesyndrome was made
A CT scan of her head demonstrated A CT scan of her head demonstrated ischaemic lesions of her basal ganglia ischaemic lesions of her basal ganglia extending superiorly to involve both posterior extending superiorly to involve both posterior parietal and occipital regionsparietal and occipital regions
Infusions of magnesium sulphate and Infusions of magnesium sulphate and hydralazine were started and an urgent hydralazine were started and an urgent Caesarean section was performed Caesarean section was performed under under subarachnoid anaesthesiasubarachnoid anaesthesia after insertion of an after insertion of an arterial line and intravenous hydration arterial line and intravenous hydration
ContdhellipContdhellip The course of anaesthesia and surgery was uneventful The course of anaesthesia and surgery was uneventful
and she delivered a live 1540 g female infantand she delivered a live 1540 g female infant By the following morning she had recovered some By the following morning she had recovered some
vision and visual recovery was complete by 72 hr vision and visual recovery was complete by 72 hr postpartum postpartum
Her postoperative course was uneventful Her postoperative course was uneventful CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION Provided that it is not contraindicated Provided that it is not contraindicated
because of prohibitive risk to the mother because of prohibitive risk to the mother regional regional anaesthesia has particular advantage in these anaesthesia has particular advantage in these patientspatients
In particular the use of spinal anaesthesia which has In particular the use of spinal anaesthesia which has been discouraged by some for this patient population been discouraged by some for this patient population should be re-evaluated should be re-evaluated
Postoperative Postoperative managementmanagement
Oxygen enriched airOxygen enriched air Major surgery ndash elective post operative Major surgery ndash elective post operative
ventilationventilation Replace blood lossReplace blood loss Maintain adequate urine outputMaintain adequate urine output Dopamine and inotropes should be Dopamine and inotropes should be
continuedcontinued The principle complications are likely The principle complications are likely
to be continued bleeding sepsis and to be continued bleeding sepsis and hepatic decompensation hepatic decompensation
Peri-operative considerations in Child-Peri-operative considerations in Child-Pugh A patientsPugh A patients
Pre-operative Pre-operative Aetiology of condition - virology Aetiology of condition - virology Drug idiosyncrasy Drug idiosyncrasy
Blood count and platelets Blood count and platelets Clotting screen Clotting screen Assess renal function Assess renal function Previous anaesthetics Previous anaesthetics
Per-operative Per-operative Consider drug bio-availability issues Consider drug bio-availability issues Avoid drugs excreted via liverAvoid drugs excreted via liver Regional techniques acceptable if clotting Regional techniques acceptable if clotting
normalnormal Post-operativePost-operative Monitor for post-operative hepatic Monitor for post-operative hepatic
decompensationdecompensation Possible prolonged duration of action in Possible prolonged duration of action in opiates HDU ITU careopiates HDU ITU care
Child-Pugh Group BC patient Child-Pugh Group BC patient undergoing major surgeryundergoing major surgery
Previous upper abdominal surgery portal Previous upper abdominal surgery portal hypertension and coagulopathy dramatically hypertension and coagulopathy dramatically increase the potential for per-operative blood lossincrease the potential for per-operative blood loss
8-12 units of blood together fresh frozen plasma 8-12 units of blood together fresh frozen plasma and platelets should be available and platelets should be available
Pre-medicationPre-medication Sedative premedicants should be avoided in the Sedative premedicants should be avoided in the
encephalopathic patient encephalopathic patient Other drugs may be needed pre-operatively and Other drugs may be needed pre-operatively and
include antibiotics and H2 receptor antagonistsinclude antibiotics and H2 receptor antagonists The oral or intravenous route used - The oral or intravenous route used -
intramuscular injections should be avoidedintramuscular injections should be avoided Coagulopathy may require correction with fresh Coagulopathy may require correction with fresh
frozen plasma and platelets and renal frozen plasma and platelets and renal replacement therapy may need to be consideredreplacement therapy may need to be considered
Per-operative considerationsPer-operative considerations Regional techniques -- considered carefully - Regional techniques -- considered carefully -
coagulopathy epidural varices can pose an coagulopathy epidural varices can pose an additional risk additional risk
Vascular accessVascular access with a multi-lumen central with a multi-lumen central venous catheter together with at least one large venous catheter together with at least one large bore central line bore central line
Monitoring of arterial and central venous Monitoring of arterial and central venous pressures is mandatory pressures is mandatory
Pulmonary artery pulmonary capillary wedge Pulmonary artery pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and cardiac output measurements pressure and cardiac output measurements may be necessary in the sick patientmay be necessary in the sick patient
Trans-oesophageal echocardiography and Trans-oesophageal echocardiography and volumetric haemodynamic monitoring pulse volumetric haemodynamic monitoring pulse contour analysis can provide significant contour analysis can provide significant additional information for the strategic additional information for the strategic management of these patients management of these patients
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Coagulation and fibrinolysisCoagulation and fibrinolysis are major are major
concerns concerns The potential for large volume blood replacement The potential for large volume blood replacement
means that temperature should be measured and means that temperature should be measured and a fluid warmer and warming mattress useda fluid warmer and warming mattress used
Regular per-operative estimation of INRPTR may Regular per-operative estimation of INRPTR may be necessary - thromboelastography provides be necessary - thromboelastography provides useful intra-operative evaluation of coagulationuseful intra-operative evaluation of coagulation
Blood conservationBlood conservation - considered - considered Preservation of hepatic function -Preservation of hepatic function - N- N-
acetylcysteine (NAC) is a sulphur-containing acetylcysteine (NAC) is a sulphur-containing antioxidant - benefit patients with fulminant antioxidant - benefit patients with fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
NAC appears to improve oxygen delivery NAC appears to improve oxygen delivery and consumption and reduce base deficitand consumption and reduce base deficit
Renal FunctionRenal Function - - Dopamine may be usefulDopamine may be useful
Bleeding oesophageal Bleeding oesophageal varicesvarices
Bleeding oesophageal varices - life-threatening Bleeding oesophageal varices - life-threatening complication of - often occur against a complication of - often occur against a background of abnormal clotting background of abnormal clotting thrombocytopenia encephalopathy and Ascitesthrombocytopenia encephalopathy and Ascites
Overall mortality is 30 Overall mortality is 30 The principles of anaesthetic managementThe principles of anaesthetic management Protect the airway Protect the airway Establish good vascular access Establish good vascular access Volume replacement - colloid blood fresh Volume replacement - colloid blood fresh
frozen plasma and platelets Avoid saline frozen plasma and platelets Avoid saline Check correct clotting Give Vitamin K correct Check correct clotting Give Vitamin K correct
fibrinolysis and review blood chemistry fibrinolysis and review blood chemistry
Intoxicated Alcoholic Intoxicated Alcoholic PatientsPatients
Requires less anaesthetic ndashadditive depressant Requires less anaesthetic ndashadditive depressant effect of alcohol amp anaestheticseffect of alcohol amp anaesthetics
Ill - equipped to withstand stress amp Acute blood Ill - equipped to withstand stress amp Acute blood lossloss
Alcohol decrease the tolerance of brain to hypoxiaAlcohol decrease the tolerance of brain to hypoxia uarr uarr Risk of regurgitation amp aspiration - alcohol Risk of regurgitation amp aspiration - alcohol
darrtone of lower oesophageal sphincter amp slows darrtone of lower oesophageal sphincter amp slows gastric emptyinggastric emptying
Alcohol Interferes with platelet aggregationAlcohol Interferes with platelet aggregation Causes uarrconc of plasma catecholamines rarr Causes uarrconc of plasma catecholamines rarr
Intraoperative dysarrhytmiasIntraoperative dysarrhytmias
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE
Mild ndash 17 marked - 4Mild ndash 17 marked - 4 Patient factorsPatient factors Congenital Congenital
hemolytic disordershemolytic disorders Acquired hemolytic Acquired hemolytic
disordersdisorders Pre existing liver Pre existing liver
diseasedisease CoagulopathyCoagulopathy Gilberts syndromeGilberts syndrome SepsisSepsis
Perioperative Perioperative factorsfactors
Anaesthetic induced Anaesthetic induced darrHBFdarrHBF
BleedingBleeding HypotensionHypotension Blood transfusionBlood transfusion Biliary tree traumaBiliary tree trauma Viral hepatitisViral hepatitis DrugsDrugs Halothane antibioticsHalothane antibiotics Nonsteroidal agentsNonsteroidal agents
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -
5000mg Bilirubin5000mg Bilirubin 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg
bilirubinbilirubin Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in
G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cell disease multiple blood transfusionscell disease multiple blood transfusions
Delayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashDelayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashpostop jaundicepostop jaundice
Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgeryuarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgery
ContdhellipContdhellip Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow
non biliary surgery 3- 30 days post opnon biliary surgery 3- 30 days post op Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis
[benign] - associated with multiple blood [benign] - associated with multiple blood transfusions hypoxia hypotension - transfusions hypoxia hypotension - uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks
ManagementManagement Prevention is the best treatment Prevention is the best treatment Avoid precipitating factorsAvoid precipitating factors
Halothane HepatitisHalothane Hepatitis The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane
anaesthetics - higher in women the middle anaesthetics - higher in women the middle aged and the obeseaged and the obese
Rarer in paediatric patients and with the Rarer in paediatric patients and with the newer volatile agents newer volatile agents
Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
ldquoldquoUnexplained liver damage within 28 days of Unexplained liver damage within 28 days of halothane exposure in previously normal halothane exposure in previously normal patientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reactionpatientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reaction
Clinical featuresClinical features malaise anorexiafever malaise anorexiafever within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks
Halothane HepatitisHalothane HepatitisDIAGNOSISDIAGNOSIS Serum antibodies that react with specific liver Serum antibodies that react with specific liver
microsomal proteins that are altered by microsomal proteins that are altered by trifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothanetrifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothane
Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Risk factorsRisk factors High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ]High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ] previous adverse reactionprevious adverse reaction Uncertain - obesityUncertain - obesity Female [16 1 ]Female [16 1 ] Drug allergy [ 15 ]Drug allergy [ 15 ] Family historyFamily history Lymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoinLymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoin
ContdhellipContdhellip The cause not fully established - multifactorial - The cause not fully established - multifactorial -
possible immunological cause possible immunological cause Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated
proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically predisposed subjectspredisposed subjects
Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also to blameto blame
Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile agent so toxic metabolites may be involvedagent so toxic metabolites may be involved
The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with increasing numbers of exposures to halothane increasing numbers of exposures to halothane
Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO database holds 225 and 159 reports respectivelydatabase holds 225 and 159 reports respectively
Halothane exposure Halothane exposure guidelinesguidelines
Avoid Halothane ifAvoid Halothane if Within at least 3 months of a previous Within at least 3 months of a previous
exposure exposure Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or
pyrexia pyrexia Family history of hepatic reactions to Family history of hepatic reactions to
halothanehalothane Pre - existing liver diseasePre - existing liver disease Adverse reactions to Other volatile Adverse reactions to Other volatile
anaesthetic agentsanaesthetic agents
Liver and PregnancyLiver and Pregnancy Normal in sizeNormal in size A decrease in total protein as well albumin A decrease in total protein as well albumin An increase of the liver dependent clotting An increase of the liver dependent clotting
factors such as fibrinogen factors such as fibrinogen An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times
secondary to placental alkalinesecondary to placental alkaline Srcholinesterase Srcholinesterase darr 30darr 30 Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and
bilirubinbilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin
ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver disease disease
Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Intrahepatic Cholestasis of PregnancyPregnancy
Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Rare in black patients Rare in black patients
Strong family history Strong family history High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies
60-7060-70 Pruritus alone - 80 percent Pruritus alone - 80 percent Jaundice develop in 20 percentJaundice develop in 20 percent Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or
no elevation in transaminasesno elevation in transaminases
IChP ndashcontdhellipIChP ndashcontdhellip Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early
delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice ) pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice )
Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts Dexamethasone Dexamethasone
Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but bilurubin within 4-6 weeks bilurubin within 4-6 weeks
Implications on Anaesthesia Implications on Anaesthesia Check coagulation profile Check coagulation profile Ask for vit K IV Ask for vit K IV take care of high incidence of fetal distress take care of high incidence of fetal distress
meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist must attend with incubatormust attend with incubator
Preeclampsia amp EclampsiaPreeclampsia amp Eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia
and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl
If not associated with other criteria of HELLP If not associated with other criteria of HELLP syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 50mlday 50mlday
Implications on anaesthesiaImplications on anaesthesia Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress
response which could continue to anaesthesia response which could continue to anaesthesia provided INR lt15 provided INR lt15
Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed tube 6-7 mm tube 6-7 mm
Adequate analgesia Adequate analgesia Fluids restriction Fluids restriction Continue medications postoperative in ICU Continue medications postoperative in ICU
HELLP syndrome HELLP syndrome Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low
plateletsplatelets Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-
eclampsia result from very active platelets eclampsia result from very active platelets aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia and congestion with deposition of fibrous and congestion with deposition of fibrous network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage
Nausea vomiting headache and upper right Nausea vomiting headache and upper right abdominal pain hypotension shockabdominal pain hypotension shock
Best markers are the maternal lactate Best markers are the maternal lactate dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet count count
Congested liver of HELLP Congested liver of HELLP syndromesyndrome
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high
dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has been shown to markedly improve the laboratory been shown to markedly improve the laboratory abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome
Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is
greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of magnesium sulfate magnesium sulfate
Anesthesia like severe preclampsia Anesthesia like severe preclampsia avoid trauma to liveravoid trauma to liver Vit K if INR gt15Vit K if INR gt15 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60
ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF PREGNANCYPREGNANCY
Rare serious disorder unknown etiologyRare serious disorder unknown etiology Symptoms in third trimesterSymptoms in third trimester ndashabdominal
pain nausea vomiting anorexiafatique fever headache
Rapid progression ndashbleeding jaundice encephalopathy renal failure hepatic failure coagulopathy - PPH
uarrTransaminases hyperbilirubinemia uarrprothrombin time --- DIC
Prompt delivery is advisable
Hepatic Rupture and Hepatic Rupture and Infarction Infarction
Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 to 85 percent) are at higher risk to 85 percent) are at higher risk
Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in
shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy
Therapy for hepatic rupture has included Therapy for hepatic rupture has included transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted in hepatic rupture in hepatic rupture
Hepatic infarctionHepatic infarction was typically present with fever was typically present with fever and marked elevations in transaminase levels In and marked elevations in transaminase levels In surviving patients liver function and histopathology surviving patients liver function and histopathology are normal within six months of delivery are normal within six months of delivery
Anesthesia in pregnant women with Anesthesia in pregnant women with HELLP syndromeHELLP syndrome
Retrospective studyRetrospective study For the period of 1 July For the period of 1 July 1996 through 30 June 2000 1996 through 30 June 2000
RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had cesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal deliverycesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal delivery
Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 postcesarean delivery the range platelet count postcesarean delivery the range platelet count was 19000-143000microl was 19000-143000microl
Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia
There were no neurologic complications or There were no neurologic complications or bleeding in the epidural spacebleeding in the epidural space
CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any neurologic or hematologic complications of women neurologic or hematologic complications of women with HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesiawith HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesia
Subdural Hematoma following dural Subdural Hematoma following dural puncture in a parturient with HELLP puncture in a parturient with HELLP
syndromesyndrome This complication occurred following This complication occurred following accidental dural puncture in a parturient accidental dural puncture in a parturient with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who subsequently developed the syndrome of subsequently developed the syndrome of hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low plateletsplatelets
On the first postoperative day postdural On the first postoperative day postdural puncture headache (PDPH) developed puncture headache (PDPH) developed
An epidural blood patch (EBP) was An epidural blood patch (EBP) was deferred to the third postoperative day deferred to the third postoperative day because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1 because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1
Headache intensified from a typical PDPH Headache intensified from a typical PDPH to one which was not posturally related to one which was not posturally related
A second EBP was abandoned after the A second EBP was abandoned after the
injection of 5 mL of blood because of injection of 5 mL of blood because of increasing headache during the procedure increasing headache during the procedure
Magnetic resonance imaging revealed Magnetic resonance imaging revealed bilateral temporal subdural hematomas bilateral temporal subdural hematomas
The patient was managed conservatively and The patient was managed conservatively and discharged home without any sequelae discharged home without any sequelae
ConclusionConclusion It is conceivable that It is conceivable that thrombocytopenia together with possible thrombocytopenia together with possible abnormal platelet function increased the risk abnormal platelet function increased the risk of subdural hematoma of subdural hematoma
Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be considered whenever headache is not considered whenever headache is not posturally related posturally related
OCUPATIONAL HAZARDOCUPATIONAL HAZARD Risk of transmission of HBV following Risk of transmission of HBV following
inoculation is 5 -30inoculation is 5 -30 May occur through needle prickcuts May occur through needle prickcuts
sharp injuriesmucous membranes- sharp injuriesmucous membranes- waterproof dressingwaterproof dressing
Wear gloves while inserting a Wear gloves while inserting a cannula airways intubation amp extubation cannula airways intubation amp extubation
Sharps should not be handed directly to Sharps should not be handed directly to othersothers
See to the sterilisation of other See to the sterilisation of other contaminated thingscontaminated things
Surgery in patients with liver Surgery in patients with liver dysfunctiondysfunction
The Child-Pugh classification is a useful method The Child-Pugh classification is a useful method of staging the progress of liver decompensation of staging the progress of liver decompensation
Limited predictive value in anaesthesia and Limited predictive value in anaesthesia and surgerysurgery
Group A patients are lower riskGroup A patients are lower risk and with and with sufficient care can be considered as candidates sufficient care can be considered as candidates for most types of surgeryfor most types of surgery
Group B patients ndash acceptable but correct Group B patients ndash acceptable but correct abnormalities abnormalities
Group C patientsGroup C patients present an extremely high present an extremely high operative risk - surgical procedures in these operative risk - surgical procedures in these patients should be avoided if possible- patients should be avoided if possible- only only emergency or life-saving proceduresemergency or life-saving procedures should should be undertakenbe undertaken
Preoperative assessmentPreoperative assessment Type and extent of liver diseaseType and extent of liver disease Extra hepatic effectsExtra hepatic effects Risk assessmentRisk assessment Patients general condition- hydration nutritionPatients general condition- hydration nutrition Associated co-morbid conditionsAssociated co-morbid conditions LFTLFT ConsentConsent Premedication-short acting temazepam in absence Premedication-short acting temazepam in absence
of neurological impairment orally ndashavoid of neurological impairment orally ndashavoid intramuscular injectionsintramuscular injections
H2 receptor antagonistsH2 receptor antagonists Preop Vit K optimal hydrationPreop Vit K optimal hydration
PREOP INVESTIGATIONSPREOP INVESTIGATIONS
Hematological ndashHb Platelet Hematological ndashHb Platelet countWBC Coagulation profilecountWBC Coagulation profile
Metabolic ndash sr Metabolic ndash sr glucose urea creatinine electrolytesglucose urea creatinine electrolytes
Cardio respiratory ndash chest x-rayECG Cardio respiratory ndash chest x-rayECG PFT ABGPFT ABG
Liver function ndash Liver function ndash srbilirubinalbuminliver enzymessrbilirubinalbuminliver enzymes
Pre-op risk factors Pre-op risk factors associated with associated with
postoperative mortalitypostoperative mortality Serum albumin lt3gLSerum albumin lt3gL Serum bilirubin gt50 micromolLSerum bilirubin gt50 micromolL PT gt15 s over controlPT gt15 s over control Presence of infectionPresence of infection WBC gt 10000WBC gt 10000 Treatment with more than two antibioticsTreatment with more than two antibiotics Presence of AscitesPresence of Ascites MalnutritionMalnutrition Emergency surgeryEmergency surgery
Anaesthetic TechniqueAnaesthetic Technique Avoid hypotensive techniquesmdashintra hepatic necrosisAvoid hypotensive techniquesmdashintra hepatic necrosis High conc of oxygen -- - due to intrapulmonary shuntsHigh conc of oxygen -- - due to intrapulmonary shunts Avoid hypotension amp hypoxemiaAvoid hypotension amp hypoxemia Meticulous fluid balance ndashMeticulous fluid balance ndash Ascites ndash may lose a large amount of fluid rapidlyAscites ndash may lose a large amount of fluid rapidly Concentrated albumin solutions ndashto correct Concentrated albumin solutions ndashto correct
hypoproteinemiahypoproteinemia Fresh blood ndashto prevent hypocalcemia due to Fresh blood ndashto prevent hypocalcemia due to
reduced metabolism of preservativesreduced metabolism of preservatives FFP 12 - 15 mlKg ndashCorrect dilutional FFP 12 - 15 mlKg ndashCorrect dilutional
coagulopathycoagulopathy 1 unit of FFP for every 1 unit of packed cells or 250 1 unit of FFP for every 1 unit of packed cells or 250
ml of 09 saline or colloid [500 ml of FFP - uarr ml of 09 saline or colloid [500 ml of FFP - uarr Clotting factors by 20 ]Clotting factors by 20 ]
Maintenance of temperature Maintenance of temperature
MonitoringMonitoring Monitoring of temperature Monitoring of temperature Coagulation status should be monitored ndashplatelet count fibrin Coagulation status should be monitored ndashplatelet count fibrin
degradation products prothrombin time activated clotting degradation products prothrombin time activated clotting time partial thromboplastin timetime partial thromboplastin time
Thromboelastography has been used as a tool in liver Thromboelastography has been used as a tool in liver transplantationtransplantation
Repeated BP cuff inflation ndashmay lead to bruising in patients Repeated BP cuff inflation ndashmay lead to bruising in patients with altered haemostatic functionwith altered haemostatic function
Insertion of Intra arterial line ndash care to prevent haematoma Insertion of Intra arterial line ndash care to prevent haematoma Jugular route is preferred in CVP monitoringJugular route is preferred in CVP monitoring OximetryOximetry Urine outputUrine output Blood lossBlood loss Monitor ionized calciumMonitor ionized calcium
DRUGSDRUGS
Thiopentone ndash intrinsic clearance delayed Thiopentone ndash intrinsic clearance delayed but recovery not delayed because of but recovery not delayed because of redistributionredistribution
Alcoholic cirrhosis ndash larger dose of thio ndash Alcoholic cirrhosis ndash larger dose of thio ndash cross tolerancecross tolerance
Halothane and enflurane reduce hepatic Halothane and enflurane reduce hepatic arterial flow (vasodilatation negative arterial flow (vasodilatation negative inotropic effects)inotropic effects)
Isoflurane increases hepatic blood flowIsoflurane increases hepatic blood flow [preferred][preferred]
NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING AGENTSAGENTS
Reduced plasma pseudo cholinesterase activityReduced plasma pseudo cholinesterase activity Prolonged action- vecuronium Prolonged action- vecuronium
pancruonium[16 fold]pancruonium[16 fold] Decreased biliary excretionDecreased biliary excretion Increased volume of distribution ndashlarger Increased volume of distribution ndashlarger
initial dosesinitial doses 1048708 1048708 Recommended Atracurium ndash metabolism Recommended Atracurium ndash metabolism
independent of liver and kidneysindependent of liver and kidneys 1048708 1048708 For transplantation ndash long acting agent such For transplantation ndash long acting agent such
as doxacuriumas doxacurium
OPIODS amp SEDATIVESOPIODS amp SEDATIVES
NarcoticsNarcotics Reduced metabolism of morphine and Reduced metabolism of morphine and
pethidinepethidine Prefer fentanylPrefer fentanyl Remifentanyl - ideal Remifentanyl - ideal 1048708 1048708 BenzodiazepinesBenzodiazepines 1048708 1048708 Diazepam - prolonged half lifeDiazepam - prolonged half life 1048708 1048708 Oxazepam and lorazepam preferrred Oxazepam and lorazepam preferrred
ndashmetabolised by glucuronidation ndashmetabolised by glucuronidation without liver requirementwithout liver requirement
Regional Anaesthesia Regional Anaesthesia Contraindicated if PT gt25 s above control Contraindicated if PT gt25 s above control
platelet count lt 50000 cumm bleeding platelet count lt 50000 cumm bleeding time gt12 mtstime gt12 mts
Spinal and epidural anaesthesia carries the Spinal and epidural anaesthesia carries the risk of epidural haematoma and paralysis if risk of epidural haematoma and paralysis if there is abnormal clotting but there are there is abnormal clotting but there are otherwise no special precautionsotherwise no special precautions
The half-life of lignocaine is prolonged in The half-life of lignocaine is prolonged in liver failure but this is not significant when liver failure but this is not significant when used in regional anaesthesia used in regional anaesthesia
LA dose diminished in presence of AscitesLA dose diminished in presence of Ascites
Canadian Journal of Anesthesia Vol 45 452-Canadian Journal of Anesthesia Vol 45 452-459 459
Obstetrical anaesthesia for a parturient with Obstetrical anaesthesia for a parturient with preeclampsia HELLP syndrome and acute cortical preeclampsia HELLP syndrome and acute cortical
blindnessblindness A 39-yr-old woman with three past A 39-yr-old woman with three past uncomplicated pregnancies presented at 33 uncomplicated pregnancies presented at 33 wk with acute cortical blindnesswk with acute cortical blindness
Based on clinical and laboratory assessment Based on clinical and laboratory assessment a diagnosis of preeclampsia with HELLP a diagnosis of preeclampsia with HELLP syndrome was madesyndrome was made
A CT scan of her head demonstrated A CT scan of her head demonstrated ischaemic lesions of her basal ganglia ischaemic lesions of her basal ganglia extending superiorly to involve both posterior extending superiorly to involve both posterior parietal and occipital regionsparietal and occipital regions
Infusions of magnesium sulphate and Infusions of magnesium sulphate and hydralazine were started and an urgent hydralazine were started and an urgent Caesarean section was performed Caesarean section was performed under under subarachnoid anaesthesiasubarachnoid anaesthesia after insertion of an after insertion of an arterial line and intravenous hydration arterial line and intravenous hydration
ContdhellipContdhellip The course of anaesthesia and surgery was uneventful The course of anaesthesia and surgery was uneventful
and she delivered a live 1540 g female infantand she delivered a live 1540 g female infant By the following morning she had recovered some By the following morning she had recovered some
vision and visual recovery was complete by 72 hr vision and visual recovery was complete by 72 hr postpartum postpartum
Her postoperative course was uneventful Her postoperative course was uneventful CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION Provided that it is not contraindicated Provided that it is not contraindicated
because of prohibitive risk to the mother because of prohibitive risk to the mother regional regional anaesthesia has particular advantage in these anaesthesia has particular advantage in these patientspatients
In particular the use of spinal anaesthesia which has In particular the use of spinal anaesthesia which has been discouraged by some for this patient population been discouraged by some for this patient population should be re-evaluated should be re-evaluated
Postoperative Postoperative managementmanagement
Oxygen enriched airOxygen enriched air Major surgery ndash elective post operative Major surgery ndash elective post operative
ventilationventilation Replace blood lossReplace blood loss Maintain adequate urine outputMaintain adequate urine output Dopamine and inotropes should be Dopamine and inotropes should be
continuedcontinued The principle complications are likely The principle complications are likely
to be continued bleeding sepsis and to be continued bleeding sepsis and hepatic decompensation hepatic decompensation
Peri-operative considerations in Child-Peri-operative considerations in Child-Pugh A patientsPugh A patients
Pre-operative Pre-operative Aetiology of condition - virology Aetiology of condition - virology Drug idiosyncrasy Drug idiosyncrasy
Blood count and platelets Blood count and platelets Clotting screen Clotting screen Assess renal function Assess renal function Previous anaesthetics Previous anaesthetics
Per-operative Per-operative Consider drug bio-availability issues Consider drug bio-availability issues Avoid drugs excreted via liverAvoid drugs excreted via liver Regional techniques acceptable if clotting Regional techniques acceptable if clotting
normalnormal Post-operativePost-operative Monitor for post-operative hepatic Monitor for post-operative hepatic
decompensationdecompensation Possible prolonged duration of action in Possible prolonged duration of action in opiates HDU ITU careopiates HDU ITU care
Child-Pugh Group BC patient Child-Pugh Group BC patient undergoing major surgeryundergoing major surgery
Previous upper abdominal surgery portal Previous upper abdominal surgery portal hypertension and coagulopathy dramatically hypertension and coagulopathy dramatically increase the potential for per-operative blood lossincrease the potential for per-operative blood loss
8-12 units of blood together fresh frozen plasma 8-12 units of blood together fresh frozen plasma and platelets should be available and platelets should be available
Pre-medicationPre-medication Sedative premedicants should be avoided in the Sedative premedicants should be avoided in the
encephalopathic patient encephalopathic patient Other drugs may be needed pre-operatively and Other drugs may be needed pre-operatively and
include antibiotics and H2 receptor antagonistsinclude antibiotics and H2 receptor antagonists The oral or intravenous route used - The oral or intravenous route used -
intramuscular injections should be avoidedintramuscular injections should be avoided Coagulopathy may require correction with fresh Coagulopathy may require correction with fresh
frozen plasma and platelets and renal frozen plasma and platelets and renal replacement therapy may need to be consideredreplacement therapy may need to be considered
Per-operative considerationsPer-operative considerations Regional techniques -- considered carefully - Regional techniques -- considered carefully -
coagulopathy epidural varices can pose an coagulopathy epidural varices can pose an additional risk additional risk
Vascular accessVascular access with a multi-lumen central with a multi-lumen central venous catheter together with at least one large venous catheter together with at least one large bore central line bore central line
Monitoring of arterial and central venous Monitoring of arterial and central venous pressures is mandatory pressures is mandatory
Pulmonary artery pulmonary capillary wedge Pulmonary artery pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and cardiac output measurements pressure and cardiac output measurements may be necessary in the sick patientmay be necessary in the sick patient
Trans-oesophageal echocardiography and Trans-oesophageal echocardiography and volumetric haemodynamic monitoring pulse volumetric haemodynamic monitoring pulse contour analysis can provide significant contour analysis can provide significant additional information for the strategic additional information for the strategic management of these patients management of these patients
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Coagulation and fibrinolysisCoagulation and fibrinolysis are major are major
concerns concerns The potential for large volume blood replacement The potential for large volume blood replacement
means that temperature should be measured and means that temperature should be measured and a fluid warmer and warming mattress useda fluid warmer and warming mattress used
Regular per-operative estimation of INRPTR may Regular per-operative estimation of INRPTR may be necessary - thromboelastography provides be necessary - thromboelastography provides useful intra-operative evaluation of coagulationuseful intra-operative evaluation of coagulation
Blood conservationBlood conservation - considered - considered Preservation of hepatic function -Preservation of hepatic function - N- N-
acetylcysteine (NAC) is a sulphur-containing acetylcysteine (NAC) is a sulphur-containing antioxidant - benefit patients with fulminant antioxidant - benefit patients with fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
NAC appears to improve oxygen delivery NAC appears to improve oxygen delivery and consumption and reduce base deficitand consumption and reduce base deficit
Renal FunctionRenal Function - - Dopamine may be usefulDopamine may be useful
Bleeding oesophageal Bleeding oesophageal varicesvarices
Bleeding oesophageal varices - life-threatening Bleeding oesophageal varices - life-threatening complication of - often occur against a complication of - often occur against a background of abnormal clotting background of abnormal clotting thrombocytopenia encephalopathy and Ascitesthrombocytopenia encephalopathy and Ascites
Overall mortality is 30 Overall mortality is 30 The principles of anaesthetic managementThe principles of anaesthetic management Protect the airway Protect the airway Establish good vascular access Establish good vascular access Volume replacement - colloid blood fresh Volume replacement - colloid blood fresh
frozen plasma and platelets Avoid saline frozen plasma and platelets Avoid saline Check correct clotting Give Vitamin K correct Check correct clotting Give Vitamin K correct
fibrinolysis and review blood chemistry fibrinolysis and review blood chemistry
Intoxicated Alcoholic Intoxicated Alcoholic PatientsPatients
Requires less anaesthetic ndashadditive depressant Requires less anaesthetic ndashadditive depressant effect of alcohol amp anaestheticseffect of alcohol amp anaesthetics
Ill - equipped to withstand stress amp Acute blood Ill - equipped to withstand stress amp Acute blood lossloss
Alcohol decrease the tolerance of brain to hypoxiaAlcohol decrease the tolerance of brain to hypoxia uarr uarr Risk of regurgitation amp aspiration - alcohol Risk of regurgitation amp aspiration - alcohol
darrtone of lower oesophageal sphincter amp slows darrtone of lower oesophageal sphincter amp slows gastric emptyinggastric emptying
Alcohol Interferes with platelet aggregationAlcohol Interferes with platelet aggregation Causes uarrconc of plasma catecholamines rarr Causes uarrconc of plasma catecholamines rarr
Intraoperative dysarrhytmiasIntraoperative dysarrhytmias
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE
Mild ndash 17 marked - 4Mild ndash 17 marked - 4 Patient factorsPatient factors Congenital Congenital
hemolytic disordershemolytic disorders Acquired hemolytic Acquired hemolytic
disordersdisorders Pre existing liver Pre existing liver
diseasedisease CoagulopathyCoagulopathy Gilberts syndromeGilberts syndrome SepsisSepsis
Perioperative Perioperative factorsfactors
Anaesthetic induced Anaesthetic induced darrHBFdarrHBF
BleedingBleeding HypotensionHypotension Blood transfusionBlood transfusion Biliary tree traumaBiliary tree trauma Viral hepatitisViral hepatitis DrugsDrugs Halothane antibioticsHalothane antibiotics Nonsteroidal agentsNonsteroidal agents
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -
5000mg Bilirubin5000mg Bilirubin 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg
bilirubinbilirubin Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in
G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cell disease multiple blood transfusionscell disease multiple blood transfusions
Delayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashDelayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashpostop jaundicepostop jaundice
Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgeryuarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgery
ContdhellipContdhellip Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow
non biliary surgery 3- 30 days post opnon biliary surgery 3- 30 days post op Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis
[benign] - associated with multiple blood [benign] - associated with multiple blood transfusions hypoxia hypotension - transfusions hypoxia hypotension - uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks
ManagementManagement Prevention is the best treatment Prevention is the best treatment Avoid precipitating factorsAvoid precipitating factors
Halothane HepatitisHalothane Hepatitis The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane
anaesthetics - higher in women the middle anaesthetics - higher in women the middle aged and the obeseaged and the obese
Rarer in paediatric patients and with the Rarer in paediatric patients and with the newer volatile agents newer volatile agents
Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
ldquoldquoUnexplained liver damage within 28 days of Unexplained liver damage within 28 days of halothane exposure in previously normal halothane exposure in previously normal patientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reactionpatientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reaction
Clinical featuresClinical features malaise anorexiafever malaise anorexiafever within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks
Halothane HepatitisHalothane HepatitisDIAGNOSISDIAGNOSIS Serum antibodies that react with specific liver Serum antibodies that react with specific liver
microsomal proteins that are altered by microsomal proteins that are altered by trifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothanetrifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothane
Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Risk factorsRisk factors High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ]High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ] previous adverse reactionprevious adverse reaction Uncertain - obesityUncertain - obesity Female [16 1 ]Female [16 1 ] Drug allergy [ 15 ]Drug allergy [ 15 ] Family historyFamily history Lymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoinLymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoin
ContdhellipContdhellip The cause not fully established - multifactorial - The cause not fully established - multifactorial -
possible immunological cause possible immunological cause Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated
proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically predisposed subjectspredisposed subjects
Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also to blameto blame
Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile agent so toxic metabolites may be involvedagent so toxic metabolites may be involved
The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with increasing numbers of exposures to halothane increasing numbers of exposures to halothane
Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO database holds 225 and 159 reports respectivelydatabase holds 225 and 159 reports respectively
Halothane exposure Halothane exposure guidelinesguidelines
Avoid Halothane ifAvoid Halothane if Within at least 3 months of a previous Within at least 3 months of a previous
exposure exposure Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or
pyrexia pyrexia Family history of hepatic reactions to Family history of hepatic reactions to
halothanehalothane Pre - existing liver diseasePre - existing liver disease Adverse reactions to Other volatile Adverse reactions to Other volatile
anaesthetic agentsanaesthetic agents
Liver and PregnancyLiver and Pregnancy Normal in sizeNormal in size A decrease in total protein as well albumin A decrease in total protein as well albumin An increase of the liver dependent clotting An increase of the liver dependent clotting
factors such as fibrinogen factors such as fibrinogen An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times
secondary to placental alkalinesecondary to placental alkaline Srcholinesterase Srcholinesterase darr 30darr 30 Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and
bilirubinbilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin
ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver disease disease
Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Intrahepatic Cholestasis of PregnancyPregnancy
Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Rare in black patients Rare in black patients
Strong family history Strong family history High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies
60-7060-70 Pruritus alone - 80 percent Pruritus alone - 80 percent Jaundice develop in 20 percentJaundice develop in 20 percent Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or
no elevation in transaminasesno elevation in transaminases
IChP ndashcontdhellipIChP ndashcontdhellip Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early
delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice ) pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice )
Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts Dexamethasone Dexamethasone
Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but bilurubin within 4-6 weeks bilurubin within 4-6 weeks
Implications on Anaesthesia Implications on Anaesthesia Check coagulation profile Check coagulation profile Ask for vit K IV Ask for vit K IV take care of high incidence of fetal distress take care of high incidence of fetal distress
meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist must attend with incubatormust attend with incubator
Preeclampsia amp EclampsiaPreeclampsia amp Eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia
and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl
If not associated with other criteria of HELLP If not associated with other criteria of HELLP syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 50mlday 50mlday
Implications on anaesthesiaImplications on anaesthesia Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress
response which could continue to anaesthesia response which could continue to anaesthesia provided INR lt15 provided INR lt15
Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed tube 6-7 mm tube 6-7 mm
Adequate analgesia Adequate analgesia Fluids restriction Fluids restriction Continue medications postoperative in ICU Continue medications postoperative in ICU
HELLP syndrome HELLP syndrome Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low
plateletsplatelets Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-
eclampsia result from very active platelets eclampsia result from very active platelets aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia and congestion with deposition of fibrous and congestion with deposition of fibrous network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage
Nausea vomiting headache and upper right Nausea vomiting headache and upper right abdominal pain hypotension shockabdominal pain hypotension shock
Best markers are the maternal lactate Best markers are the maternal lactate dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet count count
Congested liver of HELLP Congested liver of HELLP syndromesyndrome
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high
dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has been shown to markedly improve the laboratory been shown to markedly improve the laboratory abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome
Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is
greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of magnesium sulfate magnesium sulfate
Anesthesia like severe preclampsia Anesthesia like severe preclampsia avoid trauma to liveravoid trauma to liver Vit K if INR gt15Vit K if INR gt15 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60
ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF PREGNANCYPREGNANCY
Rare serious disorder unknown etiologyRare serious disorder unknown etiology Symptoms in third trimesterSymptoms in third trimester ndashabdominal
pain nausea vomiting anorexiafatique fever headache
Rapid progression ndashbleeding jaundice encephalopathy renal failure hepatic failure coagulopathy - PPH
uarrTransaminases hyperbilirubinemia uarrprothrombin time --- DIC
Prompt delivery is advisable
Hepatic Rupture and Hepatic Rupture and Infarction Infarction
Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 to 85 percent) are at higher risk to 85 percent) are at higher risk
Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in
shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy
Therapy for hepatic rupture has included Therapy for hepatic rupture has included transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted in hepatic rupture in hepatic rupture
Hepatic infarctionHepatic infarction was typically present with fever was typically present with fever and marked elevations in transaminase levels In and marked elevations in transaminase levels In surviving patients liver function and histopathology surviving patients liver function and histopathology are normal within six months of delivery are normal within six months of delivery
Anesthesia in pregnant women with Anesthesia in pregnant women with HELLP syndromeHELLP syndrome
Retrospective studyRetrospective study For the period of 1 July For the period of 1 July 1996 through 30 June 2000 1996 through 30 June 2000
RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had cesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal deliverycesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal delivery
Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 postcesarean delivery the range platelet count postcesarean delivery the range platelet count was 19000-143000microl was 19000-143000microl
Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia
There were no neurologic complications or There were no neurologic complications or bleeding in the epidural spacebleeding in the epidural space
CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any neurologic or hematologic complications of women neurologic or hematologic complications of women with HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesiawith HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesia
Subdural Hematoma following dural Subdural Hematoma following dural puncture in a parturient with HELLP puncture in a parturient with HELLP
syndromesyndrome This complication occurred following This complication occurred following accidental dural puncture in a parturient accidental dural puncture in a parturient with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who subsequently developed the syndrome of subsequently developed the syndrome of hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low plateletsplatelets
On the first postoperative day postdural On the first postoperative day postdural puncture headache (PDPH) developed puncture headache (PDPH) developed
An epidural blood patch (EBP) was An epidural blood patch (EBP) was deferred to the third postoperative day deferred to the third postoperative day because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1 because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1
Headache intensified from a typical PDPH Headache intensified from a typical PDPH to one which was not posturally related to one which was not posturally related
A second EBP was abandoned after the A second EBP was abandoned after the
injection of 5 mL of blood because of injection of 5 mL of blood because of increasing headache during the procedure increasing headache during the procedure
Magnetic resonance imaging revealed Magnetic resonance imaging revealed bilateral temporal subdural hematomas bilateral temporal subdural hematomas
The patient was managed conservatively and The patient was managed conservatively and discharged home without any sequelae discharged home without any sequelae
ConclusionConclusion It is conceivable that It is conceivable that thrombocytopenia together with possible thrombocytopenia together with possible abnormal platelet function increased the risk abnormal platelet function increased the risk of subdural hematoma of subdural hematoma
Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be considered whenever headache is not considered whenever headache is not posturally related posturally related
OCUPATIONAL HAZARDOCUPATIONAL HAZARD Risk of transmission of HBV following Risk of transmission of HBV following
inoculation is 5 -30inoculation is 5 -30 May occur through needle prickcuts May occur through needle prickcuts
sharp injuriesmucous membranes- sharp injuriesmucous membranes- waterproof dressingwaterproof dressing
Wear gloves while inserting a Wear gloves while inserting a cannula airways intubation amp extubation cannula airways intubation amp extubation
Sharps should not be handed directly to Sharps should not be handed directly to othersothers
See to the sterilisation of other See to the sterilisation of other contaminated thingscontaminated things
Preoperative assessmentPreoperative assessment Type and extent of liver diseaseType and extent of liver disease Extra hepatic effectsExtra hepatic effects Risk assessmentRisk assessment Patients general condition- hydration nutritionPatients general condition- hydration nutrition Associated co-morbid conditionsAssociated co-morbid conditions LFTLFT ConsentConsent Premedication-short acting temazepam in absence Premedication-short acting temazepam in absence
of neurological impairment orally ndashavoid of neurological impairment orally ndashavoid intramuscular injectionsintramuscular injections
H2 receptor antagonistsH2 receptor antagonists Preop Vit K optimal hydrationPreop Vit K optimal hydration
PREOP INVESTIGATIONSPREOP INVESTIGATIONS
Hematological ndashHb Platelet Hematological ndashHb Platelet countWBC Coagulation profilecountWBC Coagulation profile
Metabolic ndash sr Metabolic ndash sr glucose urea creatinine electrolytesglucose urea creatinine electrolytes
Cardio respiratory ndash chest x-rayECG Cardio respiratory ndash chest x-rayECG PFT ABGPFT ABG
Liver function ndash Liver function ndash srbilirubinalbuminliver enzymessrbilirubinalbuminliver enzymes
Pre-op risk factors Pre-op risk factors associated with associated with
postoperative mortalitypostoperative mortality Serum albumin lt3gLSerum albumin lt3gL Serum bilirubin gt50 micromolLSerum bilirubin gt50 micromolL PT gt15 s over controlPT gt15 s over control Presence of infectionPresence of infection WBC gt 10000WBC gt 10000 Treatment with more than two antibioticsTreatment with more than two antibiotics Presence of AscitesPresence of Ascites MalnutritionMalnutrition Emergency surgeryEmergency surgery
Anaesthetic TechniqueAnaesthetic Technique Avoid hypotensive techniquesmdashintra hepatic necrosisAvoid hypotensive techniquesmdashintra hepatic necrosis High conc of oxygen -- - due to intrapulmonary shuntsHigh conc of oxygen -- - due to intrapulmonary shunts Avoid hypotension amp hypoxemiaAvoid hypotension amp hypoxemia Meticulous fluid balance ndashMeticulous fluid balance ndash Ascites ndash may lose a large amount of fluid rapidlyAscites ndash may lose a large amount of fluid rapidly Concentrated albumin solutions ndashto correct Concentrated albumin solutions ndashto correct
hypoproteinemiahypoproteinemia Fresh blood ndashto prevent hypocalcemia due to Fresh blood ndashto prevent hypocalcemia due to
reduced metabolism of preservativesreduced metabolism of preservatives FFP 12 - 15 mlKg ndashCorrect dilutional FFP 12 - 15 mlKg ndashCorrect dilutional
coagulopathycoagulopathy 1 unit of FFP for every 1 unit of packed cells or 250 1 unit of FFP for every 1 unit of packed cells or 250
ml of 09 saline or colloid [500 ml of FFP - uarr ml of 09 saline or colloid [500 ml of FFP - uarr Clotting factors by 20 ]Clotting factors by 20 ]
Maintenance of temperature Maintenance of temperature
MonitoringMonitoring Monitoring of temperature Monitoring of temperature Coagulation status should be monitored ndashplatelet count fibrin Coagulation status should be monitored ndashplatelet count fibrin
degradation products prothrombin time activated clotting degradation products prothrombin time activated clotting time partial thromboplastin timetime partial thromboplastin time
Thromboelastography has been used as a tool in liver Thromboelastography has been used as a tool in liver transplantationtransplantation
Repeated BP cuff inflation ndashmay lead to bruising in patients Repeated BP cuff inflation ndashmay lead to bruising in patients with altered haemostatic functionwith altered haemostatic function
Insertion of Intra arterial line ndash care to prevent haematoma Insertion of Intra arterial line ndash care to prevent haematoma Jugular route is preferred in CVP monitoringJugular route is preferred in CVP monitoring OximetryOximetry Urine outputUrine output Blood lossBlood loss Monitor ionized calciumMonitor ionized calcium
DRUGSDRUGS
Thiopentone ndash intrinsic clearance delayed Thiopentone ndash intrinsic clearance delayed but recovery not delayed because of but recovery not delayed because of redistributionredistribution
Alcoholic cirrhosis ndash larger dose of thio ndash Alcoholic cirrhosis ndash larger dose of thio ndash cross tolerancecross tolerance
Halothane and enflurane reduce hepatic Halothane and enflurane reduce hepatic arterial flow (vasodilatation negative arterial flow (vasodilatation negative inotropic effects)inotropic effects)
Isoflurane increases hepatic blood flowIsoflurane increases hepatic blood flow [preferred][preferred]
NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING AGENTSAGENTS
Reduced plasma pseudo cholinesterase activityReduced plasma pseudo cholinesterase activity Prolonged action- vecuronium Prolonged action- vecuronium
pancruonium[16 fold]pancruonium[16 fold] Decreased biliary excretionDecreased biliary excretion Increased volume of distribution ndashlarger Increased volume of distribution ndashlarger
initial dosesinitial doses 1048708 1048708 Recommended Atracurium ndash metabolism Recommended Atracurium ndash metabolism
independent of liver and kidneysindependent of liver and kidneys 1048708 1048708 For transplantation ndash long acting agent such For transplantation ndash long acting agent such
as doxacuriumas doxacurium
OPIODS amp SEDATIVESOPIODS amp SEDATIVES
NarcoticsNarcotics Reduced metabolism of morphine and Reduced metabolism of morphine and
pethidinepethidine Prefer fentanylPrefer fentanyl Remifentanyl - ideal Remifentanyl - ideal 1048708 1048708 BenzodiazepinesBenzodiazepines 1048708 1048708 Diazepam - prolonged half lifeDiazepam - prolonged half life 1048708 1048708 Oxazepam and lorazepam preferrred Oxazepam and lorazepam preferrred
ndashmetabolised by glucuronidation ndashmetabolised by glucuronidation without liver requirementwithout liver requirement
Regional Anaesthesia Regional Anaesthesia Contraindicated if PT gt25 s above control Contraindicated if PT gt25 s above control
platelet count lt 50000 cumm bleeding platelet count lt 50000 cumm bleeding time gt12 mtstime gt12 mts
Spinal and epidural anaesthesia carries the Spinal and epidural anaesthesia carries the risk of epidural haematoma and paralysis if risk of epidural haematoma and paralysis if there is abnormal clotting but there are there is abnormal clotting but there are otherwise no special precautionsotherwise no special precautions
The half-life of lignocaine is prolonged in The half-life of lignocaine is prolonged in liver failure but this is not significant when liver failure but this is not significant when used in regional anaesthesia used in regional anaesthesia
LA dose diminished in presence of AscitesLA dose diminished in presence of Ascites
Canadian Journal of Anesthesia Vol 45 452-Canadian Journal of Anesthesia Vol 45 452-459 459
Obstetrical anaesthesia for a parturient with Obstetrical anaesthesia for a parturient with preeclampsia HELLP syndrome and acute cortical preeclampsia HELLP syndrome and acute cortical
blindnessblindness A 39-yr-old woman with three past A 39-yr-old woman with three past uncomplicated pregnancies presented at 33 uncomplicated pregnancies presented at 33 wk with acute cortical blindnesswk with acute cortical blindness
Based on clinical and laboratory assessment Based on clinical and laboratory assessment a diagnosis of preeclampsia with HELLP a diagnosis of preeclampsia with HELLP syndrome was madesyndrome was made
A CT scan of her head demonstrated A CT scan of her head demonstrated ischaemic lesions of her basal ganglia ischaemic lesions of her basal ganglia extending superiorly to involve both posterior extending superiorly to involve both posterior parietal and occipital regionsparietal and occipital regions
Infusions of magnesium sulphate and Infusions of magnesium sulphate and hydralazine were started and an urgent hydralazine were started and an urgent Caesarean section was performed Caesarean section was performed under under subarachnoid anaesthesiasubarachnoid anaesthesia after insertion of an after insertion of an arterial line and intravenous hydration arterial line and intravenous hydration
ContdhellipContdhellip The course of anaesthesia and surgery was uneventful The course of anaesthesia and surgery was uneventful
and she delivered a live 1540 g female infantand she delivered a live 1540 g female infant By the following morning she had recovered some By the following morning she had recovered some
vision and visual recovery was complete by 72 hr vision and visual recovery was complete by 72 hr postpartum postpartum
Her postoperative course was uneventful Her postoperative course was uneventful CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION Provided that it is not contraindicated Provided that it is not contraindicated
because of prohibitive risk to the mother because of prohibitive risk to the mother regional regional anaesthesia has particular advantage in these anaesthesia has particular advantage in these patientspatients
In particular the use of spinal anaesthesia which has In particular the use of spinal anaesthesia which has been discouraged by some for this patient population been discouraged by some for this patient population should be re-evaluated should be re-evaluated
Postoperative Postoperative managementmanagement
Oxygen enriched airOxygen enriched air Major surgery ndash elective post operative Major surgery ndash elective post operative
ventilationventilation Replace blood lossReplace blood loss Maintain adequate urine outputMaintain adequate urine output Dopamine and inotropes should be Dopamine and inotropes should be
continuedcontinued The principle complications are likely The principle complications are likely
to be continued bleeding sepsis and to be continued bleeding sepsis and hepatic decompensation hepatic decompensation
Peri-operative considerations in Child-Peri-operative considerations in Child-Pugh A patientsPugh A patients
Pre-operative Pre-operative Aetiology of condition - virology Aetiology of condition - virology Drug idiosyncrasy Drug idiosyncrasy
Blood count and platelets Blood count and platelets Clotting screen Clotting screen Assess renal function Assess renal function Previous anaesthetics Previous anaesthetics
Per-operative Per-operative Consider drug bio-availability issues Consider drug bio-availability issues Avoid drugs excreted via liverAvoid drugs excreted via liver Regional techniques acceptable if clotting Regional techniques acceptable if clotting
normalnormal Post-operativePost-operative Monitor for post-operative hepatic Monitor for post-operative hepatic
decompensationdecompensation Possible prolonged duration of action in Possible prolonged duration of action in opiates HDU ITU careopiates HDU ITU care
Child-Pugh Group BC patient Child-Pugh Group BC patient undergoing major surgeryundergoing major surgery
Previous upper abdominal surgery portal Previous upper abdominal surgery portal hypertension and coagulopathy dramatically hypertension and coagulopathy dramatically increase the potential for per-operative blood lossincrease the potential for per-operative blood loss
8-12 units of blood together fresh frozen plasma 8-12 units of blood together fresh frozen plasma and platelets should be available and platelets should be available
Pre-medicationPre-medication Sedative premedicants should be avoided in the Sedative premedicants should be avoided in the
encephalopathic patient encephalopathic patient Other drugs may be needed pre-operatively and Other drugs may be needed pre-operatively and
include antibiotics and H2 receptor antagonistsinclude antibiotics and H2 receptor antagonists The oral or intravenous route used - The oral or intravenous route used -
intramuscular injections should be avoidedintramuscular injections should be avoided Coagulopathy may require correction with fresh Coagulopathy may require correction with fresh
frozen plasma and platelets and renal frozen plasma and platelets and renal replacement therapy may need to be consideredreplacement therapy may need to be considered
Per-operative considerationsPer-operative considerations Regional techniques -- considered carefully - Regional techniques -- considered carefully -
coagulopathy epidural varices can pose an coagulopathy epidural varices can pose an additional risk additional risk
Vascular accessVascular access with a multi-lumen central with a multi-lumen central venous catheter together with at least one large venous catheter together with at least one large bore central line bore central line
Monitoring of arterial and central venous Monitoring of arterial and central venous pressures is mandatory pressures is mandatory
Pulmonary artery pulmonary capillary wedge Pulmonary artery pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and cardiac output measurements pressure and cardiac output measurements may be necessary in the sick patientmay be necessary in the sick patient
Trans-oesophageal echocardiography and Trans-oesophageal echocardiography and volumetric haemodynamic monitoring pulse volumetric haemodynamic monitoring pulse contour analysis can provide significant contour analysis can provide significant additional information for the strategic additional information for the strategic management of these patients management of these patients
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Coagulation and fibrinolysisCoagulation and fibrinolysis are major are major
concerns concerns The potential for large volume blood replacement The potential for large volume blood replacement
means that temperature should be measured and means that temperature should be measured and a fluid warmer and warming mattress useda fluid warmer and warming mattress used
Regular per-operative estimation of INRPTR may Regular per-operative estimation of INRPTR may be necessary - thromboelastography provides be necessary - thromboelastography provides useful intra-operative evaluation of coagulationuseful intra-operative evaluation of coagulation
Blood conservationBlood conservation - considered - considered Preservation of hepatic function -Preservation of hepatic function - N- N-
acetylcysteine (NAC) is a sulphur-containing acetylcysteine (NAC) is a sulphur-containing antioxidant - benefit patients with fulminant antioxidant - benefit patients with fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
NAC appears to improve oxygen delivery NAC appears to improve oxygen delivery and consumption and reduce base deficitand consumption and reduce base deficit
Renal FunctionRenal Function - - Dopamine may be usefulDopamine may be useful
Bleeding oesophageal Bleeding oesophageal varicesvarices
Bleeding oesophageal varices - life-threatening Bleeding oesophageal varices - life-threatening complication of - often occur against a complication of - often occur against a background of abnormal clotting background of abnormal clotting thrombocytopenia encephalopathy and Ascitesthrombocytopenia encephalopathy and Ascites
Overall mortality is 30 Overall mortality is 30 The principles of anaesthetic managementThe principles of anaesthetic management Protect the airway Protect the airway Establish good vascular access Establish good vascular access Volume replacement - colloid blood fresh Volume replacement - colloid blood fresh
frozen plasma and platelets Avoid saline frozen plasma and platelets Avoid saline Check correct clotting Give Vitamin K correct Check correct clotting Give Vitamin K correct
fibrinolysis and review blood chemistry fibrinolysis and review blood chemistry
Intoxicated Alcoholic Intoxicated Alcoholic PatientsPatients
Requires less anaesthetic ndashadditive depressant Requires less anaesthetic ndashadditive depressant effect of alcohol amp anaestheticseffect of alcohol amp anaesthetics
Ill - equipped to withstand stress amp Acute blood Ill - equipped to withstand stress amp Acute blood lossloss
Alcohol decrease the tolerance of brain to hypoxiaAlcohol decrease the tolerance of brain to hypoxia uarr uarr Risk of regurgitation amp aspiration - alcohol Risk of regurgitation amp aspiration - alcohol
darrtone of lower oesophageal sphincter amp slows darrtone of lower oesophageal sphincter amp slows gastric emptyinggastric emptying
Alcohol Interferes with platelet aggregationAlcohol Interferes with platelet aggregation Causes uarrconc of plasma catecholamines rarr Causes uarrconc of plasma catecholamines rarr
Intraoperative dysarrhytmiasIntraoperative dysarrhytmias
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE
Mild ndash 17 marked - 4Mild ndash 17 marked - 4 Patient factorsPatient factors Congenital Congenital
hemolytic disordershemolytic disorders Acquired hemolytic Acquired hemolytic
disordersdisorders Pre existing liver Pre existing liver
diseasedisease CoagulopathyCoagulopathy Gilberts syndromeGilberts syndrome SepsisSepsis
Perioperative Perioperative factorsfactors
Anaesthetic induced Anaesthetic induced darrHBFdarrHBF
BleedingBleeding HypotensionHypotension Blood transfusionBlood transfusion Biliary tree traumaBiliary tree trauma Viral hepatitisViral hepatitis DrugsDrugs Halothane antibioticsHalothane antibiotics Nonsteroidal agentsNonsteroidal agents
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -
5000mg Bilirubin5000mg Bilirubin 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg
bilirubinbilirubin Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in
G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cell disease multiple blood transfusionscell disease multiple blood transfusions
Delayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashDelayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashpostop jaundicepostop jaundice
Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgeryuarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgery
ContdhellipContdhellip Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow
non biliary surgery 3- 30 days post opnon biliary surgery 3- 30 days post op Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis
[benign] - associated with multiple blood [benign] - associated with multiple blood transfusions hypoxia hypotension - transfusions hypoxia hypotension - uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks
ManagementManagement Prevention is the best treatment Prevention is the best treatment Avoid precipitating factorsAvoid precipitating factors
Halothane HepatitisHalothane Hepatitis The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane
anaesthetics - higher in women the middle anaesthetics - higher in women the middle aged and the obeseaged and the obese
Rarer in paediatric patients and with the Rarer in paediatric patients and with the newer volatile agents newer volatile agents
Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
ldquoldquoUnexplained liver damage within 28 days of Unexplained liver damage within 28 days of halothane exposure in previously normal halothane exposure in previously normal patientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reactionpatientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reaction
Clinical featuresClinical features malaise anorexiafever malaise anorexiafever within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks
Halothane HepatitisHalothane HepatitisDIAGNOSISDIAGNOSIS Serum antibodies that react with specific liver Serum antibodies that react with specific liver
microsomal proteins that are altered by microsomal proteins that are altered by trifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothanetrifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothane
Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Risk factorsRisk factors High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ]High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ] previous adverse reactionprevious adverse reaction Uncertain - obesityUncertain - obesity Female [16 1 ]Female [16 1 ] Drug allergy [ 15 ]Drug allergy [ 15 ] Family historyFamily history Lymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoinLymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoin
ContdhellipContdhellip The cause not fully established - multifactorial - The cause not fully established - multifactorial -
possible immunological cause possible immunological cause Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated
proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically predisposed subjectspredisposed subjects
Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also to blameto blame
Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile agent so toxic metabolites may be involvedagent so toxic metabolites may be involved
The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with increasing numbers of exposures to halothane increasing numbers of exposures to halothane
Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO database holds 225 and 159 reports respectivelydatabase holds 225 and 159 reports respectively
Halothane exposure Halothane exposure guidelinesguidelines
Avoid Halothane ifAvoid Halothane if Within at least 3 months of a previous Within at least 3 months of a previous
exposure exposure Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or
pyrexia pyrexia Family history of hepatic reactions to Family history of hepatic reactions to
halothanehalothane Pre - existing liver diseasePre - existing liver disease Adverse reactions to Other volatile Adverse reactions to Other volatile
anaesthetic agentsanaesthetic agents
Liver and PregnancyLiver and Pregnancy Normal in sizeNormal in size A decrease in total protein as well albumin A decrease in total protein as well albumin An increase of the liver dependent clotting An increase of the liver dependent clotting
factors such as fibrinogen factors such as fibrinogen An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times
secondary to placental alkalinesecondary to placental alkaline Srcholinesterase Srcholinesterase darr 30darr 30 Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and
bilirubinbilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin
ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver disease disease
Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Intrahepatic Cholestasis of PregnancyPregnancy
Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Rare in black patients Rare in black patients
Strong family history Strong family history High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies
60-7060-70 Pruritus alone - 80 percent Pruritus alone - 80 percent Jaundice develop in 20 percentJaundice develop in 20 percent Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or
no elevation in transaminasesno elevation in transaminases
IChP ndashcontdhellipIChP ndashcontdhellip Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early
delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice ) pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice )
Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts Dexamethasone Dexamethasone
Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but bilurubin within 4-6 weeks bilurubin within 4-6 weeks
Implications on Anaesthesia Implications on Anaesthesia Check coagulation profile Check coagulation profile Ask for vit K IV Ask for vit K IV take care of high incidence of fetal distress take care of high incidence of fetal distress
meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist must attend with incubatormust attend with incubator
Preeclampsia amp EclampsiaPreeclampsia amp Eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia
and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl
If not associated with other criteria of HELLP If not associated with other criteria of HELLP syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 50mlday 50mlday
Implications on anaesthesiaImplications on anaesthesia Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress
response which could continue to anaesthesia response which could continue to anaesthesia provided INR lt15 provided INR lt15
Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed tube 6-7 mm tube 6-7 mm
Adequate analgesia Adequate analgesia Fluids restriction Fluids restriction Continue medications postoperative in ICU Continue medications postoperative in ICU
HELLP syndrome HELLP syndrome Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low
plateletsplatelets Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-
eclampsia result from very active platelets eclampsia result from very active platelets aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia and congestion with deposition of fibrous and congestion with deposition of fibrous network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage
Nausea vomiting headache and upper right Nausea vomiting headache and upper right abdominal pain hypotension shockabdominal pain hypotension shock
Best markers are the maternal lactate Best markers are the maternal lactate dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet count count
Congested liver of HELLP Congested liver of HELLP syndromesyndrome
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high
dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has been shown to markedly improve the laboratory been shown to markedly improve the laboratory abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome
Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is
greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of magnesium sulfate magnesium sulfate
Anesthesia like severe preclampsia Anesthesia like severe preclampsia avoid trauma to liveravoid trauma to liver Vit K if INR gt15Vit K if INR gt15 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60
ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF PREGNANCYPREGNANCY
Rare serious disorder unknown etiologyRare serious disorder unknown etiology Symptoms in third trimesterSymptoms in third trimester ndashabdominal
pain nausea vomiting anorexiafatique fever headache
Rapid progression ndashbleeding jaundice encephalopathy renal failure hepatic failure coagulopathy - PPH
uarrTransaminases hyperbilirubinemia uarrprothrombin time --- DIC
Prompt delivery is advisable
Hepatic Rupture and Hepatic Rupture and Infarction Infarction
Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 to 85 percent) are at higher risk to 85 percent) are at higher risk
Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in
shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy
Therapy for hepatic rupture has included Therapy for hepatic rupture has included transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted in hepatic rupture in hepatic rupture
Hepatic infarctionHepatic infarction was typically present with fever was typically present with fever and marked elevations in transaminase levels In and marked elevations in transaminase levels In surviving patients liver function and histopathology surviving patients liver function and histopathology are normal within six months of delivery are normal within six months of delivery
Anesthesia in pregnant women with Anesthesia in pregnant women with HELLP syndromeHELLP syndrome
Retrospective studyRetrospective study For the period of 1 July For the period of 1 July 1996 through 30 June 2000 1996 through 30 June 2000
RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had cesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal deliverycesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal delivery
Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 postcesarean delivery the range platelet count postcesarean delivery the range platelet count was 19000-143000microl was 19000-143000microl
Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia
There were no neurologic complications or There were no neurologic complications or bleeding in the epidural spacebleeding in the epidural space
CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any neurologic or hematologic complications of women neurologic or hematologic complications of women with HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesiawith HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesia
Subdural Hematoma following dural Subdural Hematoma following dural puncture in a parturient with HELLP puncture in a parturient with HELLP
syndromesyndrome This complication occurred following This complication occurred following accidental dural puncture in a parturient accidental dural puncture in a parturient with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who subsequently developed the syndrome of subsequently developed the syndrome of hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low plateletsplatelets
On the first postoperative day postdural On the first postoperative day postdural puncture headache (PDPH) developed puncture headache (PDPH) developed
An epidural blood patch (EBP) was An epidural blood patch (EBP) was deferred to the third postoperative day deferred to the third postoperative day because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1 because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1
Headache intensified from a typical PDPH Headache intensified from a typical PDPH to one which was not posturally related to one which was not posturally related
A second EBP was abandoned after the A second EBP was abandoned after the
injection of 5 mL of blood because of injection of 5 mL of blood because of increasing headache during the procedure increasing headache during the procedure
Magnetic resonance imaging revealed Magnetic resonance imaging revealed bilateral temporal subdural hematomas bilateral temporal subdural hematomas
The patient was managed conservatively and The patient was managed conservatively and discharged home without any sequelae discharged home without any sequelae
ConclusionConclusion It is conceivable that It is conceivable that thrombocytopenia together with possible thrombocytopenia together with possible abnormal platelet function increased the risk abnormal platelet function increased the risk of subdural hematoma of subdural hematoma
Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be considered whenever headache is not considered whenever headache is not posturally related posturally related
OCUPATIONAL HAZARDOCUPATIONAL HAZARD Risk of transmission of HBV following Risk of transmission of HBV following
inoculation is 5 -30inoculation is 5 -30 May occur through needle prickcuts May occur through needle prickcuts
sharp injuriesmucous membranes- sharp injuriesmucous membranes- waterproof dressingwaterproof dressing
Wear gloves while inserting a Wear gloves while inserting a cannula airways intubation amp extubation cannula airways intubation amp extubation
Sharps should not be handed directly to Sharps should not be handed directly to othersothers
See to the sterilisation of other See to the sterilisation of other contaminated thingscontaminated things
PREOP INVESTIGATIONSPREOP INVESTIGATIONS
Hematological ndashHb Platelet Hematological ndashHb Platelet countWBC Coagulation profilecountWBC Coagulation profile
Metabolic ndash sr Metabolic ndash sr glucose urea creatinine electrolytesglucose urea creatinine electrolytes
Cardio respiratory ndash chest x-rayECG Cardio respiratory ndash chest x-rayECG PFT ABGPFT ABG
Liver function ndash Liver function ndash srbilirubinalbuminliver enzymessrbilirubinalbuminliver enzymes
Pre-op risk factors Pre-op risk factors associated with associated with
postoperative mortalitypostoperative mortality Serum albumin lt3gLSerum albumin lt3gL Serum bilirubin gt50 micromolLSerum bilirubin gt50 micromolL PT gt15 s over controlPT gt15 s over control Presence of infectionPresence of infection WBC gt 10000WBC gt 10000 Treatment with more than two antibioticsTreatment with more than two antibiotics Presence of AscitesPresence of Ascites MalnutritionMalnutrition Emergency surgeryEmergency surgery
Anaesthetic TechniqueAnaesthetic Technique Avoid hypotensive techniquesmdashintra hepatic necrosisAvoid hypotensive techniquesmdashintra hepatic necrosis High conc of oxygen -- - due to intrapulmonary shuntsHigh conc of oxygen -- - due to intrapulmonary shunts Avoid hypotension amp hypoxemiaAvoid hypotension amp hypoxemia Meticulous fluid balance ndashMeticulous fluid balance ndash Ascites ndash may lose a large amount of fluid rapidlyAscites ndash may lose a large amount of fluid rapidly Concentrated albumin solutions ndashto correct Concentrated albumin solutions ndashto correct
hypoproteinemiahypoproteinemia Fresh blood ndashto prevent hypocalcemia due to Fresh blood ndashto prevent hypocalcemia due to
reduced metabolism of preservativesreduced metabolism of preservatives FFP 12 - 15 mlKg ndashCorrect dilutional FFP 12 - 15 mlKg ndashCorrect dilutional
coagulopathycoagulopathy 1 unit of FFP for every 1 unit of packed cells or 250 1 unit of FFP for every 1 unit of packed cells or 250
ml of 09 saline or colloid [500 ml of FFP - uarr ml of 09 saline or colloid [500 ml of FFP - uarr Clotting factors by 20 ]Clotting factors by 20 ]
Maintenance of temperature Maintenance of temperature
MonitoringMonitoring Monitoring of temperature Monitoring of temperature Coagulation status should be monitored ndashplatelet count fibrin Coagulation status should be monitored ndashplatelet count fibrin
degradation products prothrombin time activated clotting degradation products prothrombin time activated clotting time partial thromboplastin timetime partial thromboplastin time
Thromboelastography has been used as a tool in liver Thromboelastography has been used as a tool in liver transplantationtransplantation
Repeated BP cuff inflation ndashmay lead to bruising in patients Repeated BP cuff inflation ndashmay lead to bruising in patients with altered haemostatic functionwith altered haemostatic function
Insertion of Intra arterial line ndash care to prevent haematoma Insertion of Intra arterial line ndash care to prevent haematoma Jugular route is preferred in CVP monitoringJugular route is preferred in CVP monitoring OximetryOximetry Urine outputUrine output Blood lossBlood loss Monitor ionized calciumMonitor ionized calcium
DRUGSDRUGS
Thiopentone ndash intrinsic clearance delayed Thiopentone ndash intrinsic clearance delayed but recovery not delayed because of but recovery not delayed because of redistributionredistribution
Alcoholic cirrhosis ndash larger dose of thio ndash Alcoholic cirrhosis ndash larger dose of thio ndash cross tolerancecross tolerance
Halothane and enflurane reduce hepatic Halothane and enflurane reduce hepatic arterial flow (vasodilatation negative arterial flow (vasodilatation negative inotropic effects)inotropic effects)
Isoflurane increases hepatic blood flowIsoflurane increases hepatic blood flow [preferred][preferred]
NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING AGENTSAGENTS
Reduced plasma pseudo cholinesterase activityReduced plasma pseudo cholinesterase activity Prolonged action- vecuronium Prolonged action- vecuronium
pancruonium[16 fold]pancruonium[16 fold] Decreased biliary excretionDecreased biliary excretion Increased volume of distribution ndashlarger Increased volume of distribution ndashlarger
initial dosesinitial doses 1048708 1048708 Recommended Atracurium ndash metabolism Recommended Atracurium ndash metabolism
independent of liver and kidneysindependent of liver and kidneys 1048708 1048708 For transplantation ndash long acting agent such For transplantation ndash long acting agent such
as doxacuriumas doxacurium
OPIODS amp SEDATIVESOPIODS amp SEDATIVES
NarcoticsNarcotics Reduced metabolism of morphine and Reduced metabolism of morphine and
pethidinepethidine Prefer fentanylPrefer fentanyl Remifentanyl - ideal Remifentanyl - ideal 1048708 1048708 BenzodiazepinesBenzodiazepines 1048708 1048708 Diazepam - prolonged half lifeDiazepam - prolonged half life 1048708 1048708 Oxazepam and lorazepam preferrred Oxazepam and lorazepam preferrred
ndashmetabolised by glucuronidation ndashmetabolised by glucuronidation without liver requirementwithout liver requirement
Regional Anaesthesia Regional Anaesthesia Contraindicated if PT gt25 s above control Contraindicated if PT gt25 s above control
platelet count lt 50000 cumm bleeding platelet count lt 50000 cumm bleeding time gt12 mtstime gt12 mts
Spinal and epidural anaesthesia carries the Spinal and epidural anaesthesia carries the risk of epidural haematoma and paralysis if risk of epidural haematoma and paralysis if there is abnormal clotting but there are there is abnormal clotting but there are otherwise no special precautionsotherwise no special precautions
The half-life of lignocaine is prolonged in The half-life of lignocaine is prolonged in liver failure but this is not significant when liver failure but this is not significant when used in regional anaesthesia used in regional anaesthesia
LA dose diminished in presence of AscitesLA dose diminished in presence of Ascites
Canadian Journal of Anesthesia Vol 45 452-Canadian Journal of Anesthesia Vol 45 452-459 459
Obstetrical anaesthesia for a parturient with Obstetrical anaesthesia for a parturient with preeclampsia HELLP syndrome and acute cortical preeclampsia HELLP syndrome and acute cortical
blindnessblindness A 39-yr-old woman with three past A 39-yr-old woman with three past uncomplicated pregnancies presented at 33 uncomplicated pregnancies presented at 33 wk with acute cortical blindnesswk with acute cortical blindness
Based on clinical and laboratory assessment Based on clinical and laboratory assessment a diagnosis of preeclampsia with HELLP a diagnosis of preeclampsia with HELLP syndrome was madesyndrome was made
A CT scan of her head demonstrated A CT scan of her head demonstrated ischaemic lesions of her basal ganglia ischaemic lesions of her basal ganglia extending superiorly to involve both posterior extending superiorly to involve both posterior parietal and occipital regionsparietal and occipital regions
Infusions of magnesium sulphate and Infusions of magnesium sulphate and hydralazine were started and an urgent hydralazine were started and an urgent Caesarean section was performed Caesarean section was performed under under subarachnoid anaesthesiasubarachnoid anaesthesia after insertion of an after insertion of an arterial line and intravenous hydration arterial line and intravenous hydration
ContdhellipContdhellip The course of anaesthesia and surgery was uneventful The course of anaesthesia and surgery was uneventful
and she delivered a live 1540 g female infantand she delivered a live 1540 g female infant By the following morning she had recovered some By the following morning she had recovered some
vision and visual recovery was complete by 72 hr vision and visual recovery was complete by 72 hr postpartum postpartum
Her postoperative course was uneventful Her postoperative course was uneventful CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION Provided that it is not contraindicated Provided that it is not contraindicated
because of prohibitive risk to the mother because of prohibitive risk to the mother regional regional anaesthesia has particular advantage in these anaesthesia has particular advantage in these patientspatients
In particular the use of spinal anaesthesia which has In particular the use of spinal anaesthesia which has been discouraged by some for this patient population been discouraged by some for this patient population should be re-evaluated should be re-evaluated
Postoperative Postoperative managementmanagement
Oxygen enriched airOxygen enriched air Major surgery ndash elective post operative Major surgery ndash elective post operative
ventilationventilation Replace blood lossReplace blood loss Maintain adequate urine outputMaintain adequate urine output Dopamine and inotropes should be Dopamine and inotropes should be
continuedcontinued The principle complications are likely The principle complications are likely
to be continued bleeding sepsis and to be continued bleeding sepsis and hepatic decompensation hepatic decompensation
Peri-operative considerations in Child-Peri-operative considerations in Child-Pugh A patientsPugh A patients
Pre-operative Pre-operative Aetiology of condition - virology Aetiology of condition - virology Drug idiosyncrasy Drug idiosyncrasy
Blood count and platelets Blood count and platelets Clotting screen Clotting screen Assess renal function Assess renal function Previous anaesthetics Previous anaesthetics
Per-operative Per-operative Consider drug bio-availability issues Consider drug bio-availability issues Avoid drugs excreted via liverAvoid drugs excreted via liver Regional techniques acceptable if clotting Regional techniques acceptable if clotting
normalnormal Post-operativePost-operative Monitor for post-operative hepatic Monitor for post-operative hepatic
decompensationdecompensation Possible prolonged duration of action in Possible prolonged duration of action in opiates HDU ITU careopiates HDU ITU care
Child-Pugh Group BC patient Child-Pugh Group BC patient undergoing major surgeryundergoing major surgery
Previous upper abdominal surgery portal Previous upper abdominal surgery portal hypertension and coagulopathy dramatically hypertension and coagulopathy dramatically increase the potential for per-operative blood lossincrease the potential for per-operative blood loss
8-12 units of blood together fresh frozen plasma 8-12 units of blood together fresh frozen plasma and platelets should be available and platelets should be available
Pre-medicationPre-medication Sedative premedicants should be avoided in the Sedative premedicants should be avoided in the
encephalopathic patient encephalopathic patient Other drugs may be needed pre-operatively and Other drugs may be needed pre-operatively and
include antibiotics and H2 receptor antagonistsinclude antibiotics and H2 receptor antagonists The oral or intravenous route used - The oral or intravenous route used -
intramuscular injections should be avoidedintramuscular injections should be avoided Coagulopathy may require correction with fresh Coagulopathy may require correction with fresh
frozen plasma and platelets and renal frozen plasma and platelets and renal replacement therapy may need to be consideredreplacement therapy may need to be considered
Per-operative considerationsPer-operative considerations Regional techniques -- considered carefully - Regional techniques -- considered carefully -
coagulopathy epidural varices can pose an coagulopathy epidural varices can pose an additional risk additional risk
Vascular accessVascular access with a multi-lumen central with a multi-lumen central venous catheter together with at least one large venous catheter together with at least one large bore central line bore central line
Monitoring of arterial and central venous Monitoring of arterial and central venous pressures is mandatory pressures is mandatory
Pulmonary artery pulmonary capillary wedge Pulmonary artery pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and cardiac output measurements pressure and cardiac output measurements may be necessary in the sick patientmay be necessary in the sick patient
Trans-oesophageal echocardiography and Trans-oesophageal echocardiography and volumetric haemodynamic monitoring pulse volumetric haemodynamic monitoring pulse contour analysis can provide significant contour analysis can provide significant additional information for the strategic additional information for the strategic management of these patients management of these patients
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Coagulation and fibrinolysisCoagulation and fibrinolysis are major are major
concerns concerns The potential for large volume blood replacement The potential for large volume blood replacement
means that temperature should be measured and means that temperature should be measured and a fluid warmer and warming mattress useda fluid warmer and warming mattress used
Regular per-operative estimation of INRPTR may Regular per-operative estimation of INRPTR may be necessary - thromboelastography provides be necessary - thromboelastography provides useful intra-operative evaluation of coagulationuseful intra-operative evaluation of coagulation
Blood conservationBlood conservation - considered - considered Preservation of hepatic function -Preservation of hepatic function - N- N-
acetylcysteine (NAC) is a sulphur-containing acetylcysteine (NAC) is a sulphur-containing antioxidant - benefit patients with fulminant antioxidant - benefit patients with fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
NAC appears to improve oxygen delivery NAC appears to improve oxygen delivery and consumption and reduce base deficitand consumption and reduce base deficit
Renal FunctionRenal Function - - Dopamine may be usefulDopamine may be useful
Bleeding oesophageal Bleeding oesophageal varicesvarices
Bleeding oesophageal varices - life-threatening Bleeding oesophageal varices - life-threatening complication of - often occur against a complication of - often occur against a background of abnormal clotting background of abnormal clotting thrombocytopenia encephalopathy and Ascitesthrombocytopenia encephalopathy and Ascites
Overall mortality is 30 Overall mortality is 30 The principles of anaesthetic managementThe principles of anaesthetic management Protect the airway Protect the airway Establish good vascular access Establish good vascular access Volume replacement - colloid blood fresh Volume replacement - colloid blood fresh
frozen plasma and platelets Avoid saline frozen plasma and platelets Avoid saline Check correct clotting Give Vitamin K correct Check correct clotting Give Vitamin K correct
fibrinolysis and review blood chemistry fibrinolysis and review blood chemistry
Intoxicated Alcoholic Intoxicated Alcoholic PatientsPatients
Requires less anaesthetic ndashadditive depressant Requires less anaesthetic ndashadditive depressant effect of alcohol amp anaestheticseffect of alcohol amp anaesthetics
Ill - equipped to withstand stress amp Acute blood Ill - equipped to withstand stress amp Acute blood lossloss
Alcohol decrease the tolerance of brain to hypoxiaAlcohol decrease the tolerance of brain to hypoxia uarr uarr Risk of regurgitation amp aspiration - alcohol Risk of regurgitation amp aspiration - alcohol
darrtone of lower oesophageal sphincter amp slows darrtone of lower oesophageal sphincter amp slows gastric emptyinggastric emptying
Alcohol Interferes with platelet aggregationAlcohol Interferes with platelet aggregation Causes uarrconc of plasma catecholamines rarr Causes uarrconc of plasma catecholamines rarr
Intraoperative dysarrhytmiasIntraoperative dysarrhytmias
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE
Mild ndash 17 marked - 4Mild ndash 17 marked - 4 Patient factorsPatient factors Congenital Congenital
hemolytic disordershemolytic disorders Acquired hemolytic Acquired hemolytic
disordersdisorders Pre existing liver Pre existing liver
diseasedisease CoagulopathyCoagulopathy Gilberts syndromeGilberts syndrome SepsisSepsis
Perioperative Perioperative factorsfactors
Anaesthetic induced Anaesthetic induced darrHBFdarrHBF
BleedingBleeding HypotensionHypotension Blood transfusionBlood transfusion Biliary tree traumaBiliary tree trauma Viral hepatitisViral hepatitis DrugsDrugs Halothane antibioticsHalothane antibiotics Nonsteroidal agentsNonsteroidal agents
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -
5000mg Bilirubin5000mg Bilirubin 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg
bilirubinbilirubin Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in
G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cell disease multiple blood transfusionscell disease multiple blood transfusions
Delayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashDelayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashpostop jaundicepostop jaundice
Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgeryuarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgery
ContdhellipContdhellip Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow
non biliary surgery 3- 30 days post opnon biliary surgery 3- 30 days post op Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis
[benign] - associated with multiple blood [benign] - associated with multiple blood transfusions hypoxia hypotension - transfusions hypoxia hypotension - uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks
ManagementManagement Prevention is the best treatment Prevention is the best treatment Avoid precipitating factorsAvoid precipitating factors
Halothane HepatitisHalothane Hepatitis The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane
anaesthetics - higher in women the middle anaesthetics - higher in women the middle aged and the obeseaged and the obese
Rarer in paediatric patients and with the Rarer in paediatric patients and with the newer volatile agents newer volatile agents
Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
ldquoldquoUnexplained liver damage within 28 days of Unexplained liver damage within 28 days of halothane exposure in previously normal halothane exposure in previously normal patientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reactionpatientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reaction
Clinical featuresClinical features malaise anorexiafever malaise anorexiafever within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks
Halothane HepatitisHalothane HepatitisDIAGNOSISDIAGNOSIS Serum antibodies that react with specific liver Serum antibodies that react with specific liver
microsomal proteins that are altered by microsomal proteins that are altered by trifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothanetrifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothane
Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Risk factorsRisk factors High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ]High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ] previous adverse reactionprevious adverse reaction Uncertain - obesityUncertain - obesity Female [16 1 ]Female [16 1 ] Drug allergy [ 15 ]Drug allergy [ 15 ] Family historyFamily history Lymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoinLymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoin
ContdhellipContdhellip The cause not fully established - multifactorial - The cause not fully established - multifactorial -
possible immunological cause possible immunological cause Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated
proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically predisposed subjectspredisposed subjects
Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also to blameto blame
Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile agent so toxic metabolites may be involvedagent so toxic metabolites may be involved
The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with increasing numbers of exposures to halothane increasing numbers of exposures to halothane
Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO database holds 225 and 159 reports respectivelydatabase holds 225 and 159 reports respectively
Halothane exposure Halothane exposure guidelinesguidelines
Avoid Halothane ifAvoid Halothane if Within at least 3 months of a previous Within at least 3 months of a previous
exposure exposure Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or
pyrexia pyrexia Family history of hepatic reactions to Family history of hepatic reactions to
halothanehalothane Pre - existing liver diseasePre - existing liver disease Adverse reactions to Other volatile Adverse reactions to Other volatile
anaesthetic agentsanaesthetic agents
Liver and PregnancyLiver and Pregnancy Normal in sizeNormal in size A decrease in total protein as well albumin A decrease in total protein as well albumin An increase of the liver dependent clotting An increase of the liver dependent clotting
factors such as fibrinogen factors such as fibrinogen An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times
secondary to placental alkalinesecondary to placental alkaline Srcholinesterase Srcholinesterase darr 30darr 30 Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and
bilirubinbilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin
ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver disease disease
Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Intrahepatic Cholestasis of PregnancyPregnancy
Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Rare in black patients Rare in black patients
Strong family history Strong family history High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies
60-7060-70 Pruritus alone - 80 percent Pruritus alone - 80 percent Jaundice develop in 20 percentJaundice develop in 20 percent Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or
no elevation in transaminasesno elevation in transaminases
IChP ndashcontdhellipIChP ndashcontdhellip Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early
delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice ) pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice )
Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts Dexamethasone Dexamethasone
Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but bilurubin within 4-6 weeks bilurubin within 4-6 weeks
Implications on Anaesthesia Implications on Anaesthesia Check coagulation profile Check coagulation profile Ask for vit K IV Ask for vit K IV take care of high incidence of fetal distress take care of high incidence of fetal distress
meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist must attend with incubatormust attend with incubator
Preeclampsia amp EclampsiaPreeclampsia amp Eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia
and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl
If not associated with other criteria of HELLP If not associated with other criteria of HELLP syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 50mlday 50mlday
Implications on anaesthesiaImplications on anaesthesia Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress
response which could continue to anaesthesia response which could continue to anaesthesia provided INR lt15 provided INR lt15
Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed tube 6-7 mm tube 6-7 mm
Adequate analgesia Adequate analgesia Fluids restriction Fluids restriction Continue medications postoperative in ICU Continue medications postoperative in ICU
HELLP syndrome HELLP syndrome Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low
plateletsplatelets Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-
eclampsia result from very active platelets eclampsia result from very active platelets aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia and congestion with deposition of fibrous and congestion with deposition of fibrous network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage
Nausea vomiting headache and upper right Nausea vomiting headache and upper right abdominal pain hypotension shockabdominal pain hypotension shock
Best markers are the maternal lactate Best markers are the maternal lactate dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet count count
Congested liver of HELLP Congested liver of HELLP syndromesyndrome
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high
dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has been shown to markedly improve the laboratory been shown to markedly improve the laboratory abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome
Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is
greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of magnesium sulfate magnesium sulfate
Anesthesia like severe preclampsia Anesthesia like severe preclampsia avoid trauma to liveravoid trauma to liver Vit K if INR gt15Vit K if INR gt15 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60
ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF PREGNANCYPREGNANCY
Rare serious disorder unknown etiologyRare serious disorder unknown etiology Symptoms in third trimesterSymptoms in third trimester ndashabdominal
pain nausea vomiting anorexiafatique fever headache
Rapid progression ndashbleeding jaundice encephalopathy renal failure hepatic failure coagulopathy - PPH
uarrTransaminases hyperbilirubinemia uarrprothrombin time --- DIC
Prompt delivery is advisable
Hepatic Rupture and Hepatic Rupture and Infarction Infarction
Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 to 85 percent) are at higher risk to 85 percent) are at higher risk
Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in
shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy
Therapy for hepatic rupture has included Therapy for hepatic rupture has included transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted in hepatic rupture in hepatic rupture
Hepatic infarctionHepatic infarction was typically present with fever was typically present with fever and marked elevations in transaminase levels In and marked elevations in transaminase levels In surviving patients liver function and histopathology surviving patients liver function and histopathology are normal within six months of delivery are normal within six months of delivery
Anesthesia in pregnant women with Anesthesia in pregnant women with HELLP syndromeHELLP syndrome
Retrospective studyRetrospective study For the period of 1 July For the period of 1 July 1996 through 30 June 2000 1996 through 30 June 2000
RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had cesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal deliverycesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal delivery
Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 postcesarean delivery the range platelet count postcesarean delivery the range platelet count was 19000-143000microl was 19000-143000microl
Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia
There were no neurologic complications or There were no neurologic complications or bleeding in the epidural spacebleeding in the epidural space
CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any neurologic or hematologic complications of women neurologic or hematologic complications of women with HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesiawith HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesia
Subdural Hematoma following dural Subdural Hematoma following dural puncture in a parturient with HELLP puncture in a parturient with HELLP
syndromesyndrome This complication occurred following This complication occurred following accidental dural puncture in a parturient accidental dural puncture in a parturient with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who subsequently developed the syndrome of subsequently developed the syndrome of hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low plateletsplatelets
On the first postoperative day postdural On the first postoperative day postdural puncture headache (PDPH) developed puncture headache (PDPH) developed
An epidural blood patch (EBP) was An epidural blood patch (EBP) was deferred to the third postoperative day deferred to the third postoperative day because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1 because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1
Headache intensified from a typical PDPH Headache intensified from a typical PDPH to one which was not posturally related to one which was not posturally related
A second EBP was abandoned after the A second EBP was abandoned after the
injection of 5 mL of blood because of injection of 5 mL of blood because of increasing headache during the procedure increasing headache during the procedure
Magnetic resonance imaging revealed Magnetic resonance imaging revealed bilateral temporal subdural hematomas bilateral temporal subdural hematomas
The patient was managed conservatively and The patient was managed conservatively and discharged home without any sequelae discharged home without any sequelae
ConclusionConclusion It is conceivable that It is conceivable that thrombocytopenia together with possible thrombocytopenia together with possible abnormal platelet function increased the risk abnormal platelet function increased the risk of subdural hematoma of subdural hematoma
Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be considered whenever headache is not considered whenever headache is not posturally related posturally related
OCUPATIONAL HAZARDOCUPATIONAL HAZARD Risk of transmission of HBV following Risk of transmission of HBV following
inoculation is 5 -30inoculation is 5 -30 May occur through needle prickcuts May occur through needle prickcuts
sharp injuriesmucous membranes- sharp injuriesmucous membranes- waterproof dressingwaterproof dressing
Wear gloves while inserting a Wear gloves while inserting a cannula airways intubation amp extubation cannula airways intubation amp extubation
Sharps should not be handed directly to Sharps should not be handed directly to othersothers
See to the sterilisation of other See to the sterilisation of other contaminated thingscontaminated things
Pre-op risk factors Pre-op risk factors associated with associated with
postoperative mortalitypostoperative mortality Serum albumin lt3gLSerum albumin lt3gL Serum bilirubin gt50 micromolLSerum bilirubin gt50 micromolL PT gt15 s over controlPT gt15 s over control Presence of infectionPresence of infection WBC gt 10000WBC gt 10000 Treatment with more than two antibioticsTreatment with more than two antibiotics Presence of AscitesPresence of Ascites MalnutritionMalnutrition Emergency surgeryEmergency surgery
Anaesthetic TechniqueAnaesthetic Technique Avoid hypotensive techniquesmdashintra hepatic necrosisAvoid hypotensive techniquesmdashintra hepatic necrosis High conc of oxygen -- - due to intrapulmonary shuntsHigh conc of oxygen -- - due to intrapulmonary shunts Avoid hypotension amp hypoxemiaAvoid hypotension amp hypoxemia Meticulous fluid balance ndashMeticulous fluid balance ndash Ascites ndash may lose a large amount of fluid rapidlyAscites ndash may lose a large amount of fluid rapidly Concentrated albumin solutions ndashto correct Concentrated albumin solutions ndashto correct
hypoproteinemiahypoproteinemia Fresh blood ndashto prevent hypocalcemia due to Fresh blood ndashto prevent hypocalcemia due to
reduced metabolism of preservativesreduced metabolism of preservatives FFP 12 - 15 mlKg ndashCorrect dilutional FFP 12 - 15 mlKg ndashCorrect dilutional
coagulopathycoagulopathy 1 unit of FFP for every 1 unit of packed cells or 250 1 unit of FFP for every 1 unit of packed cells or 250
ml of 09 saline or colloid [500 ml of FFP - uarr ml of 09 saline or colloid [500 ml of FFP - uarr Clotting factors by 20 ]Clotting factors by 20 ]
Maintenance of temperature Maintenance of temperature
MonitoringMonitoring Monitoring of temperature Monitoring of temperature Coagulation status should be monitored ndashplatelet count fibrin Coagulation status should be monitored ndashplatelet count fibrin
degradation products prothrombin time activated clotting degradation products prothrombin time activated clotting time partial thromboplastin timetime partial thromboplastin time
Thromboelastography has been used as a tool in liver Thromboelastography has been used as a tool in liver transplantationtransplantation
Repeated BP cuff inflation ndashmay lead to bruising in patients Repeated BP cuff inflation ndashmay lead to bruising in patients with altered haemostatic functionwith altered haemostatic function
Insertion of Intra arterial line ndash care to prevent haematoma Insertion of Intra arterial line ndash care to prevent haematoma Jugular route is preferred in CVP monitoringJugular route is preferred in CVP monitoring OximetryOximetry Urine outputUrine output Blood lossBlood loss Monitor ionized calciumMonitor ionized calcium
DRUGSDRUGS
Thiopentone ndash intrinsic clearance delayed Thiopentone ndash intrinsic clearance delayed but recovery not delayed because of but recovery not delayed because of redistributionredistribution
Alcoholic cirrhosis ndash larger dose of thio ndash Alcoholic cirrhosis ndash larger dose of thio ndash cross tolerancecross tolerance
Halothane and enflurane reduce hepatic Halothane and enflurane reduce hepatic arterial flow (vasodilatation negative arterial flow (vasodilatation negative inotropic effects)inotropic effects)
Isoflurane increases hepatic blood flowIsoflurane increases hepatic blood flow [preferred][preferred]
NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING AGENTSAGENTS
Reduced plasma pseudo cholinesterase activityReduced plasma pseudo cholinesterase activity Prolonged action- vecuronium Prolonged action- vecuronium
pancruonium[16 fold]pancruonium[16 fold] Decreased biliary excretionDecreased biliary excretion Increased volume of distribution ndashlarger Increased volume of distribution ndashlarger
initial dosesinitial doses 1048708 1048708 Recommended Atracurium ndash metabolism Recommended Atracurium ndash metabolism
independent of liver and kidneysindependent of liver and kidneys 1048708 1048708 For transplantation ndash long acting agent such For transplantation ndash long acting agent such
as doxacuriumas doxacurium
OPIODS amp SEDATIVESOPIODS amp SEDATIVES
NarcoticsNarcotics Reduced metabolism of morphine and Reduced metabolism of morphine and
pethidinepethidine Prefer fentanylPrefer fentanyl Remifentanyl - ideal Remifentanyl - ideal 1048708 1048708 BenzodiazepinesBenzodiazepines 1048708 1048708 Diazepam - prolonged half lifeDiazepam - prolonged half life 1048708 1048708 Oxazepam and lorazepam preferrred Oxazepam and lorazepam preferrred
ndashmetabolised by glucuronidation ndashmetabolised by glucuronidation without liver requirementwithout liver requirement
Regional Anaesthesia Regional Anaesthesia Contraindicated if PT gt25 s above control Contraindicated if PT gt25 s above control
platelet count lt 50000 cumm bleeding platelet count lt 50000 cumm bleeding time gt12 mtstime gt12 mts
Spinal and epidural anaesthesia carries the Spinal and epidural anaesthesia carries the risk of epidural haematoma and paralysis if risk of epidural haematoma and paralysis if there is abnormal clotting but there are there is abnormal clotting but there are otherwise no special precautionsotherwise no special precautions
The half-life of lignocaine is prolonged in The half-life of lignocaine is prolonged in liver failure but this is not significant when liver failure but this is not significant when used in regional anaesthesia used in regional anaesthesia
LA dose diminished in presence of AscitesLA dose diminished in presence of Ascites
Canadian Journal of Anesthesia Vol 45 452-Canadian Journal of Anesthesia Vol 45 452-459 459
Obstetrical anaesthesia for a parturient with Obstetrical anaesthesia for a parturient with preeclampsia HELLP syndrome and acute cortical preeclampsia HELLP syndrome and acute cortical
blindnessblindness A 39-yr-old woman with three past A 39-yr-old woman with three past uncomplicated pregnancies presented at 33 uncomplicated pregnancies presented at 33 wk with acute cortical blindnesswk with acute cortical blindness
Based on clinical and laboratory assessment Based on clinical and laboratory assessment a diagnosis of preeclampsia with HELLP a diagnosis of preeclampsia with HELLP syndrome was madesyndrome was made
A CT scan of her head demonstrated A CT scan of her head demonstrated ischaemic lesions of her basal ganglia ischaemic lesions of her basal ganglia extending superiorly to involve both posterior extending superiorly to involve both posterior parietal and occipital regionsparietal and occipital regions
Infusions of magnesium sulphate and Infusions of magnesium sulphate and hydralazine were started and an urgent hydralazine were started and an urgent Caesarean section was performed Caesarean section was performed under under subarachnoid anaesthesiasubarachnoid anaesthesia after insertion of an after insertion of an arterial line and intravenous hydration arterial line and intravenous hydration
ContdhellipContdhellip The course of anaesthesia and surgery was uneventful The course of anaesthesia and surgery was uneventful
and she delivered a live 1540 g female infantand she delivered a live 1540 g female infant By the following morning she had recovered some By the following morning she had recovered some
vision and visual recovery was complete by 72 hr vision and visual recovery was complete by 72 hr postpartum postpartum
Her postoperative course was uneventful Her postoperative course was uneventful CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION Provided that it is not contraindicated Provided that it is not contraindicated
because of prohibitive risk to the mother because of prohibitive risk to the mother regional regional anaesthesia has particular advantage in these anaesthesia has particular advantage in these patientspatients
In particular the use of spinal anaesthesia which has In particular the use of spinal anaesthesia which has been discouraged by some for this patient population been discouraged by some for this patient population should be re-evaluated should be re-evaluated
Postoperative Postoperative managementmanagement
Oxygen enriched airOxygen enriched air Major surgery ndash elective post operative Major surgery ndash elective post operative
ventilationventilation Replace blood lossReplace blood loss Maintain adequate urine outputMaintain adequate urine output Dopamine and inotropes should be Dopamine and inotropes should be
continuedcontinued The principle complications are likely The principle complications are likely
to be continued bleeding sepsis and to be continued bleeding sepsis and hepatic decompensation hepatic decompensation
Peri-operative considerations in Child-Peri-operative considerations in Child-Pugh A patientsPugh A patients
Pre-operative Pre-operative Aetiology of condition - virology Aetiology of condition - virology Drug idiosyncrasy Drug idiosyncrasy
Blood count and platelets Blood count and platelets Clotting screen Clotting screen Assess renal function Assess renal function Previous anaesthetics Previous anaesthetics
Per-operative Per-operative Consider drug bio-availability issues Consider drug bio-availability issues Avoid drugs excreted via liverAvoid drugs excreted via liver Regional techniques acceptable if clotting Regional techniques acceptable if clotting
normalnormal Post-operativePost-operative Monitor for post-operative hepatic Monitor for post-operative hepatic
decompensationdecompensation Possible prolonged duration of action in Possible prolonged duration of action in opiates HDU ITU careopiates HDU ITU care
Child-Pugh Group BC patient Child-Pugh Group BC patient undergoing major surgeryundergoing major surgery
Previous upper abdominal surgery portal Previous upper abdominal surgery portal hypertension and coagulopathy dramatically hypertension and coagulopathy dramatically increase the potential for per-operative blood lossincrease the potential for per-operative blood loss
8-12 units of blood together fresh frozen plasma 8-12 units of blood together fresh frozen plasma and platelets should be available and platelets should be available
Pre-medicationPre-medication Sedative premedicants should be avoided in the Sedative premedicants should be avoided in the
encephalopathic patient encephalopathic patient Other drugs may be needed pre-operatively and Other drugs may be needed pre-operatively and
include antibiotics and H2 receptor antagonistsinclude antibiotics and H2 receptor antagonists The oral or intravenous route used - The oral or intravenous route used -
intramuscular injections should be avoidedintramuscular injections should be avoided Coagulopathy may require correction with fresh Coagulopathy may require correction with fresh
frozen plasma and platelets and renal frozen plasma and platelets and renal replacement therapy may need to be consideredreplacement therapy may need to be considered
Per-operative considerationsPer-operative considerations Regional techniques -- considered carefully - Regional techniques -- considered carefully -
coagulopathy epidural varices can pose an coagulopathy epidural varices can pose an additional risk additional risk
Vascular accessVascular access with a multi-lumen central with a multi-lumen central venous catheter together with at least one large venous catheter together with at least one large bore central line bore central line
Monitoring of arterial and central venous Monitoring of arterial and central venous pressures is mandatory pressures is mandatory
Pulmonary artery pulmonary capillary wedge Pulmonary artery pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and cardiac output measurements pressure and cardiac output measurements may be necessary in the sick patientmay be necessary in the sick patient
Trans-oesophageal echocardiography and Trans-oesophageal echocardiography and volumetric haemodynamic monitoring pulse volumetric haemodynamic monitoring pulse contour analysis can provide significant contour analysis can provide significant additional information for the strategic additional information for the strategic management of these patients management of these patients
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Coagulation and fibrinolysisCoagulation and fibrinolysis are major are major
concerns concerns The potential for large volume blood replacement The potential for large volume blood replacement
means that temperature should be measured and means that temperature should be measured and a fluid warmer and warming mattress useda fluid warmer and warming mattress used
Regular per-operative estimation of INRPTR may Regular per-operative estimation of INRPTR may be necessary - thromboelastography provides be necessary - thromboelastography provides useful intra-operative evaluation of coagulationuseful intra-operative evaluation of coagulation
Blood conservationBlood conservation - considered - considered Preservation of hepatic function -Preservation of hepatic function - N- N-
acetylcysteine (NAC) is a sulphur-containing acetylcysteine (NAC) is a sulphur-containing antioxidant - benefit patients with fulminant antioxidant - benefit patients with fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
NAC appears to improve oxygen delivery NAC appears to improve oxygen delivery and consumption and reduce base deficitand consumption and reduce base deficit
Renal FunctionRenal Function - - Dopamine may be usefulDopamine may be useful
Bleeding oesophageal Bleeding oesophageal varicesvarices
Bleeding oesophageal varices - life-threatening Bleeding oesophageal varices - life-threatening complication of - often occur against a complication of - often occur against a background of abnormal clotting background of abnormal clotting thrombocytopenia encephalopathy and Ascitesthrombocytopenia encephalopathy and Ascites
Overall mortality is 30 Overall mortality is 30 The principles of anaesthetic managementThe principles of anaesthetic management Protect the airway Protect the airway Establish good vascular access Establish good vascular access Volume replacement - colloid blood fresh Volume replacement - colloid blood fresh
frozen plasma and platelets Avoid saline frozen plasma and platelets Avoid saline Check correct clotting Give Vitamin K correct Check correct clotting Give Vitamin K correct
fibrinolysis and review blood chemistry fibrinolysis and review blood chemistry
Intoxicated Alcoholic Intoxicated Alcoholic PatientsPatients
Requires less anaesthetic ndashadditive depressant Requires less anaesthetic ndashadditive depressant effect of alcohol amp anaestheticseffect of alcohol amp anaesthetics
Ill - equipped to withstand stress amp Acute blood Ill - equipped to withstand stress amp Acute blood lossloss
Alcohol decrease the tolerance of brain to hypoxiaAlcohol decrease the tolerance of brain to hypoxia uarr uarr Risk of regurgitation amp aspiration - alcohol Risk of regurgitation amp aspiration - alcohol
darrtone of lower oesophageal sphincter amp slows darrtone of lower oesophageal sphincter amp slows gastric emptyinggastric emptying
Alcohol Interferes with platelet aggregationAlcohol Interferes with platelet aggregation Causes uarrconc of plasma catecholamines rarr Causes uarrconc of plasma catecholamines rarr
Intraoperative dysarrhytmiasIntraoperative dysarrhytmias
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE
Mild ndash 17 marked - 4Mild ndash 17 marked - 4 Patient factorsPatient factors Congenital Congenital
hemolytic disordershemolytic disorders Acquired hemolytic Acquired hemolytic
disordersdisorders Pre existing liver Pre existing liver
diseasedisease CoagulopathyCoagulopathy Gilberts syndromeGilberts syndrome SepsisSepsis
Perioperative Perioperative factorsfactors
Anaesthetic induced Anaesthetic induced darrHBFdarrHBF
BleedingBleeding HypotensionHypotension Blood transfusionBlood transfusion Biliary tree traumaBiliary tree trauma Viral hepatitisViral hepatitis DrugsDrugs Halothane antibioticsHalothane antibiotics Nonsteroidal agentsNonsteroidal agents
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -
5000mg Bilirubin5000mg Bilirubin 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg
bilirubinbilirubin Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in
G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cell disease multiple blood transfusionscell disease multiple blood transfusions
Delayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashDelayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashpostop jaundicepostop jaundice
Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgeryuarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgery
ContdhellipContdhellip Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow
non biliary surgery 3- 30 days post opnon biliary surgery 3- 30 days post op Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis
[benign] - associated with multiple blood [benign] - associated with multiple blood transfusions hypoxia hypotension - transfusions hypoxia hypotension - uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks
ManagementManagement Prevention is the best treatment Prevention is the best treatment Avoid precipitating factorsAvoid precipitating factors
Halothane HepatitisHalothane Hepatitis The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane
anaesthetics - higher in women the middle anaesthetics - higher in women the middle aged and the obeseaged and the obese
Rarer in paediatric patients and with the Rarer in paediatric patients and with the newer volatile agents newer volatile agents
Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
ldquoldquoUnexplained liver damage within 28 days of Unexplained liver damage within 28 days of halothane exposure in previously normal halothane exposure in previously normal patientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reactionpatientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reaction
Clinical featuresClinical features malaise anorexiafever malaise anorexiafever within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks
Halothane HepatitisHalothane HepatitisDIAGNOSISDIAGNOSIS Serum antibodies that react with specific liver Serum antibodies that react with specific liver
microsomal proteins that are altered by microsomal proteins that are altered by trifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothanetrifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothane
Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Risk factorsRisk factors High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ]High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ] previous adverse reactionprevious adverse reaction Uncertain - obesityUncertain - obesity Female [16 1 ]Female [16 1 ] Drug allergy [ 15 ]Drug allergy [ 15 ] Family historyFamily history Lymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoinLymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoin
ContdhellipContdhellip The cause not fully established - multifactorial - The cause not fully established - multifactorial -
possible immunological cause possible immunological cause Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated
proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically predisposed subjectspredisposed subjects
Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also to blameto blame
Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile agent so toxic metabolites may be involvedagent so toxic metabolites may be involved
The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with increasing numbers of exposures to halothane increasing numbers of exposures to halothane
Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO database holds 225 and 159 reports respectivelydatabase holds 225 and 159 reports respectively
Halothane exposure Halothane exposure guidelinesguidelines
Avoid Halothane ifAvoid Halothane if Within at least 3 months of a previous Within at least 3 months of a previous
exposure exposure Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or
pyrexia pyrexia Family history of hepatic reactions to Family history of hepatic reactions to
halothanehalothane Pre - existing liver diseasePre - existing liver disease Adverse reactions to Other volatile Adverse reactions to Other volatile
anaesthetic agentsanaesthetic agents
Liver and PregnancyLiver and Pregnancy Normal in sizeNormal in size A decrease in total protein as well albumin A decrease in total protein as well albumin An increase of the liver dependent clotting An increase of the liver dependent clotting
factors such as fibrinogen factors such as fibrinogen An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times
secondary to placental alkalinesecondary to placental alkaline Srcholinesterase Srcholinesterase darr 30darr 30 Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and
bilirubinbilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin
ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver disease disease
Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Intrahepatic Cholestasis of PregnancyPregnancy
Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Rare in black patients Rare in black patients
Strong family history Strong family history High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies
60-7060-70 Pruritus alone - 80 percent Pruritus alone - 80 percent Jaundice develop in 20 percentJaundice develop in 20 percent Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or
no elevation in transaminasesno elevation in transaminases
IChP ndashcontdhellipIChP ndashcontdhellip Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early
delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice ) pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice )
Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts Dexamethasone Dexamethasone
Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but bilurubin within 4-6 weeks bilurubin within 4-6 weeks
Implications on Anaesthesia Implications on Anaesthesia Check coagulation profile Check coagulation profile Ask for vit K IV Ask for vit K IV take care of high incidence of fetal distress take care of high incidence of fetal distress
meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist must attend with incubatormust attend with incubator
Preeclampsia amp EclampsiaPreeclampsia amp Eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia
and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl
If not associated with other criteria of HELLP If not associated with other criteria of HELLP syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 50mlday 50mlday
Implications on anaesthesiaImplications on anaesthesia Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress
response which could continue to anaesthesia response which could continue to anaesthesia provided INR lt15 provided INR lt15
Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed tube 6-7 mm tube 6-7 mm
Adequate analgesia Adequate analgesia Fluids restriction Fluids restriction Continue medications postoperative in ICU Continue medications postoperative in ICU
HELLP syndrome HELLP syndrome Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low
plateletsplatelets Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-
eclampsia result from very active platelets eclampsia result from very active platelets aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia and congestion with deposition of fibrous and congestion with deposition of fibrous network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage
Nausea vomiting headache and upper right Nausea vomiting headache and upper right abdominal pain hypotension shockabdominal pain hypotension shock
Best markers are the maternal lactate Best markers are the maternal lactate dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet count count
Congested liver of HELLP Congested liver of HELLP syndromesyndrome
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high
dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has been shown to markedly improve the laboratory been shown to markedly improve the laboratory abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome
Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is
greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of magnesium sulfate magnesium sulfate
Anesthesia like severe preclampsia Anesthesia like severe preclampsia avoid trauma to liveravoid trauma to liver Vit K if INR gt15Vit K if INR gt15 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60
ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF PREGNANCYPREGNANCY
Rare serious disorder unknown etiologyRare serious disorder unknown etiology Symptoms in third trimesterSymptoms in third trimester ndashabdominal
pain nausea vomiting anorexiafatique fever headache
Rapid progression ndashbleeding jaundice encephalopathy renal failure hepatic failure coagulopathy - PPH
uarrTransaminases hyperbilirubinemia uarrprothrombin time --- DIC
Prompt delivery is advisable
Hepatic Rupture and Hepatic Rupture and Infarction Infarction
Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 to 85 percent) are at higher risk to 85 percent) are at higher risk
Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in
shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy
Therapy for hepatic rupture has included Therapy for hepatic rupture has included transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted in hepatic rupture in hepatic rupture
Hepatic infarctionHepatic infarction was typically present with fever was typically present with fever and marked elevations in transaminase levels In and marked elevations in transaminase levels In surviving patients liver function and histopathology surviving patients liver function and histopathology are normal within six months of delivery are normal within six months of delivery
Anesthesia in pregnant women with Anesthesia in pregnant women with HELLP syndromeHELLP syndrome
Retrospective studyRetrospective study For the period of 1 July For the period of 1 July 1996 through 30 June 2000 1996 through 30 June 2000
RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had cesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal deliverycesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal delivery
Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 postcesarean delivery the range platelet count postcesarean delivery the range platelet count was 19000-143000microl was 19000-143000microl
Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia
There were no neurologic complications or There were no neurologic complications or bleeding in the epidural spacebleeding in the epidural space
CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any neurologic or hematologic complications of women neurologic or hematologic complications of women with HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesiawith HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesia
Subdural Hematoma following dural Subdural Hematoma following dural puncture in a parturient with HELLP puncture in a parturient with HELLP
syndromesyndrome This complication occurred following This complication occurred following accidental dural puncture in a parturient accidental dural puncture in a parturient with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who subsequently developed the syndrome of subsequently developed the syndrome of hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low plateletsplatelets
On the first postoperative day postdural On the first postoperative day postdural puncture headache (PDPH) developed puncture headache (PDPH) developed
An epidural blood patch (EBP) was An epidural blood patch (EBP) was deferred to the third postoperative day deferred to the third postoperative day because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1 because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1
Headache intensified from a typical PDPH Headache intensified from a typical PDPH to one which was not posturally related to one which was not posturally related
A second EBP was abandoned after the A second EBP was abandoned after the
injection of 5 mL of blood because of injection of 5 mL of blood because of increasing headache during the procedure increasing headache during the procedure
Magnetic resonance imaging revealed Magnetic resonance imaging revealed bilateral temporal subdural hematomas bilateral temporal subdural hematomas
The patient was managed conservatively and The patient was managed conservatively and discharged home without any sequelae discharged home without any sequelae
ConclusionConclusion It is conceivable that It is conceivable that thrombocytopenia together with possible thrombocytopenia together with possible abnormal platelet function increased the risk abnormal platelet function increased the risk of subdural hematoma of subdural hematoma
Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be considered whenever headache is not considered whenever headache is not posturally related posturally related
OCUPATIONAL HAZARDOCUPATIONAL HAZARD Risk of transmission of HBV following Risk of transmission of HBV following
inoculation is 5 -30inoculation is 5 -30 May occur through needle prickcuts May occur through needle prickcuts
sharp injuriesmucous membranes- sharp injuriesmucous membranes- waterproof dressingwaterproof dressing
Wear gloves while inserting a Wear gloves while inserting a cannula airways intubation amp extubation cannula airways intubation amp extubation
Sharps should not be handed directly to Sharps should not be handed directly to othersothers
See to the sterilisation of other See to the sterilisation of other contaminated thingscontaminated things
Anaesthetic TechniqueAnaesthetic Technique Avoid hypotensive techniquesmdashintra hepatic necrosisAvoid hypotensive techniquesmdashintra hepatic necrosis High conc of oxygen -- - due to intrapulmonary shuntsHigh conc of oxygen -- - due to intrapulmonary shunts Avoid hypotension amp hypoxemiaAvoid hypotension amp hypoxemia Meticulous fluid balance ndashMeticulous fluid balance ndash Ascites ndash may lose a large amount of fluid rapidlyAscites ndash may lose a large amount of fluid rapidly Concentrated albumin solutions ndashto correct Concentrated albumin solutions ndashto correct
hypoproteinemiahypoproteinemia Fresh blood ndashto prevent hypocalcemia due to Fresh blood ndashto prevent hypocalcemia due to
reduced metabolism of preservativesreduced metabolism of preservatives FFP 12 - 15 mlKg ndashCorrect dilutional FFP 12 - 15 mlKg ndashCorrect dilutional
coagulopathycoagulopathy 1 unit of FFP for every 1 unit of packed cells or 250 1 unit of FFP for every 1 unit of packed cells or 250
ml of 09 saline or colloid [500 ml of FFP - uarr ml of 09 saline or colloid [500 ml of FFP - uarr Clotting factors by 20 ]Clotting factors by 20 ]
Maintenance of temperature Maintenance of temperature
MonitoringMonitoring Monitoring of temperature Monitoring of temperature Coagulation status should be monitored ndashplatelet count fibrin Coagulation status should be monitored ndashplatelet count fibrin
degradation products prothrombin time activated clotting degradation products prothrombin time activated clotting time partial thromboplastin timetime partial thromboplastin time
Thromboelastography has been used as a tool in liver Thromboelastography has been used as a tool in liver transplantationtransplantation
Repeated BP cuff inflation ndashmay lead to bruising in patients Repeated BP cuff inflation ndashmay lead to bruising in patients with altered haemostatic functionwith altered haemostatic function
Insertion of Intra arterial line ndash care to prevent haematoma Insertion of Intra arterial line ndash care to prevent haematoma Jugular route is preferred in CVP monitoringJugular route is preferred in CVP monitoring OximetryOximetry Urine outputUrine output Blood lossBlood loss Monitor ionized calciumMonitor ionized calcium
DRUGSDRUGS
Thiopentone ndash intrinsic clearance delayed Thiopentone ndash intrinsic clearance delayed but recovery not delayed because of but recovery not delayed because of redistributionredistribution
Alcoholic cirrhosis ndash larger dose of thio ndash Alcoholic cirrhosis ndash larger dose of thio ndash cross tolerancecross tolerance
Halothane and enflurane reduce hepatic Halothane and enflurane reduce hepatic arterial flow (vasodilatation negative arterial flow (vasodilatation negative inotropic effects)inotropic effects)
Isoflurane increases hepatic blood flowIsoflurane increases hepatic blood flow [preferred][preferred]
NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING AGENTSAGENTS
Reduced plasma pseudo cholinesterase activityReduced plasma pseudo cholinesterase activity Prolonged action- vecuronium Prolonged action- vecuronium
pancruonium[16 fold]pancruonium[16 fold] Decreased biliary excretionDecreased biliary excretion Increased volume of distribution ndashlarger Increased volume of distribution ndashlarger
initial dosesinitial doses 1048708 1048708 Recommended Atracurium ndash metabolism Recommended Atracurium ndash metabolism
independent of liver and kidneysindependent of liver and kidneys 1048708 1048708 For transplantation ndash long acting agent such For transplantation ndash long acting agent such
as doxacuriumas doxacurium
OPIODS amp SEDATIVESOPIODS amp SEDATIVES
NarcoticsNarcotics Reduced metabolism of morphine and Reduced metabolism of morphine and
pethidinepethidine Prefer fentanylPrefer fentanyl Remifentanyl - ideal Remifentanyl - ideal 1048708 1048708 BenzodiazepinesBenzodiazepines 1048708 1048708 Diazepam - prolonged half lifeDiazepam - prolonged half life 1048708 1048708 Oxazepam and lorazepam preferrred Oxazepam and lorazepam preferrred
ndashmetabolised by glucuronidation ndashmetabolised by glucuronidation without liver requirementwithout liver requirement
Regional Anaesthesia Regional Anaesthesia Contraindicated if PT gt25 s above control Contraindicated if PT gt25 s above control
platelet count lt 50000 cumm bleeding platelet count lt 50000 cumm bleeding time gt12 mtstime gt12 mts
Spinal and epidural anaesthesia carries the Spinal and epidural anaesthesia carries the risk of epidural haematoma and paralysis if risk of epidural haematoma and paralysis if there is abnormal clotting but there are there is abnormal clotting but there are otherwise no special precautionsotherwise no special precautions
The half-life of lignocaine is prolonged in The half-life of lignocaine is prolonged in liver failure but this is not significant when liver failure but this is not significant when used in regional anaesthesia used in regional anaesthesia
LA dose diminished in presence of AscitesLA dose diminished in presence of Ascites
Canadian Journal of Anesthesia Vol 45 452-Canadian Journal of Anesthesia Vol 45 452-459 459
Obstetrical anaesthesia for a parturient with Obstetrical anaesthesia for a parturient with preeclampsia HELLP syndrome and acute cortical preeclampsia HELLP syndrome and acute cortical
blindnessblindness A 39-yr-old woman with three past A 39-yr-old woman with three past uncomplicated pregnancies presented at 33 uncomplicated pregnancies presented at 33 wk with acute cortical blindnesswk with acute cortical blindness
Based on clinical and laboratory assessment Based on clinical and laboratory assessment a diagnosis of preeclampsia with HELLP a diagnosis of preeclampsia with HELLP syndrome was madesyndrome was made
A CT scan of her head demonstrated A CT scan of her head demonstrated ischaemic lesions of her basal ganglia ischaemic lesions of her basal ganglia extending superiorly to involve both posterior extending superiorly to involve both posterior parietal and occipital regionsparietal and occipital regions
Infusions of magnesium sulphate and Infusions of magnesium sulphate and hydralazine were started and an urgent hydralazine were started and an urgent Caesarean section was performed Caesarean section was performed under under subarachnoid anaesthesiasubarachnoid anaesthesia after insertion of an after insertion of an arterial line and intravenous hydration arterial line and intravenous hydration
ContdhellipContdhellip The course of anaesthesia and surgery was uneventful The course of anaesthesia and surgery was uneventful
and she delivered a live 1540 g female infantand she delivered a live 1540 g female infant By the following morning she had recovered some By the following morning she had recovered some
vision and visual recovery was complete by 72 hr vision and visual recovery was complete by 72 hr postpartum postpartum
Her postoperative course was uneventful Her postoperative course was uneventful CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION Provided that it is not contraindicated Provided that it is not contraindicated
because of prohibitive risk to the mother because of prohibitive risk to the mother regional regional anaesthesia has particular advantage in these anaesthesia has particular advantage in these patientspatients
In particular the use of spinal anaesthesia which has In particular the use of spinal anaesthesia which has been discouraged by some for this patient population been discouraged by some for this patient population should be re-evaluated should be re-evaluated
Postoperative Postoperative managementmanagement
Oxygen enriched airOxygen enriched air Major surgery ndash elective post operative Major surgery ndash elective post operative
ventilationventilation Replace blood lossReplace blood loss Maintain adequate urine outputMaintain adequate urine output Dopamine and inotropes should be Dopamine and inotropes should be
continuedcontinued The principle complications are likely The principle complications are likely
to be continued bleeding sepsis and to be continued bleeding sepsis and hepatic decompensation hepatic decompensation
Peri-operative considerations in Child-Peri-operative considerations in Child-Pugh A patientsPugh A patients
Pre-operative Pre-operative Aetiology of condition - virology Aetiology of condition - virology Drug idiosyncrasy Drug idiosyncrasy
Blood count and platelets Blood count and platelets Clotting screen Clotting screen Assess renal function Assess renal function Previous anaesthetics Previous anaesthetics
Per-operative Per-operative Consider drug bio-availability issues Consider drug bio-availability issues Avoid drugs excreted via liverAvoid drugs excreted via liver Regional techniques acceptable if clotting Regional techniques acceptable if clotting
normalnormal Post-operativePost-operative Monitor for post-operative hepatic Monitor for post-operative hepatic
decompensationdecompensation Possible prolonged duration of action in Possible prolonged duration of action in opiates HDU ITU careopiates HDU ITU care
Child-Pugh Group BC patient Child-Pugh Group BC patient undergoing major surgeryundergoing major surgery
Previous upper abdominal surgery portal Previous upper abdominal surgery portal hypertension and coagulopathy dramatically hypertension and coagulopathy dramatically increase the potential for per-operative blood lossincrease the potential for per-operative blood loss
8-12 units of blood together fresh frozen plasma 8-12 units of blood together fresh frozen plasma and platelets should be available and platelets should be available
Pre-medicationPre-medication Sedative premedicants should be avoided in the Sedative premedicants should be avoided in the
encephalopathic patient encephalopathic patient Other drugs may be needed pre-operatively and Other drugs may be needed pre-operatively and
include antibiotics and H2 receptor antagonistsinclude antibiotics and H2 receptor antagonists The oral or intravenous route used - The oral or intravenous route used -
intramuscular injections should be avoidedintramuscular injections should be avoided Coagulopathy may require correction with fresh Coagulopathy may require correction with fresh
frozen plasma and platelets and renal frozen plasma and platelets and renal replacement therapy may need to be consideredreplacement therapy may need to be considered
Per-operative considerationsPer-operative considerations Regional techniques -- considered carefully - Regional techniques -- considered carefully -
coagulopathy epidural varices can pose an coagulopathy epidural varices can pose an additional risk additional risk
Vascular accessVascular access with a multi-lumen central with a multi-lumen central venous catheter together with at least one large venous catheter together with at least one large bore central line bore central line
Monitoring of arterial and central venous Monitoring of arterial and central venous pressures is mandatory pressures is mandatory
Pulmonary artery pulmonary capillary wedge Pulmonary artery pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and cardiac output measurements pressure and cardiac output measurements may be necessary in the sick patientmay be necessary in the sick patient
Trans-oesophageal echocardiography and Trans-oesophageal echocardiography and volumetric haemodynamic monitoring pulse volumetric haemodynamic monitoring pulse contour analysis can provide significant contour analysis can provide significant additional information for the strategic additional information for the strategic management of these patients management of these patients
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Coagulation and fibrinolysisCoagulation and fibrinolysis are major are major
concerns concerns The potential for large volume blood replacement The potential for large volume blood replacement
means that temperature should be measured and means that temperature should be measured and a fluid warmer and warming mattress useda fluid warmer and warming mattress used
Regular per-operative estimation of INRPTR may Regular per-operative estimation of INRPTR may be necessary - thromboelastography provides be necessary - thromboelastography provides useful intra-operative evaluation of coagulationuseful intra-operative evaluation of coagulation
Blood conservationBlood conservation - considered - considered Preservation of hepatic function -Preservation of hepatic function - N- N-
acetylcysteine (NAC) is a sulphur-containing acetylcysteine (NAC) is a sulphur-containing antioxidant - benefit patients with fulminant antioxidant - benefit patients with fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
NAC appears to improve oxygen delivery NAC appears to improve oxygen delivery and consumption and reduce base deficitand consumption and reduce base deficit
Renal FunctionRenal Function - - Dopamine may be usefulDopamine may be useful
Bleeding oesophageal Bleeding oesophageal varicesvarices
Bleeding oesophageal varices - life-threatening Bleeding oesophageal varices - life-threatening complication of - often occur against a complication of - often occur against a background of abnormal clotting background of abnormal clotting thrombocytopenia encephalopathy and Ascitesthrombocytopenia encephalopathy and Ascites
Overall mortality is 30 Overall mortality is 30 The principles of anaesthetic managementThe principles of anaesthetic management Protect the airway Protect the airway Establish good vascular access Establish good vascular access Volume replacement - colloid blood fresh Volume replacement - colloid blood fresh
frozen plasma and platelets Avoid saline frozen plasma and platelets Avoid saline Check correct clotting Give Vitamin K correct Check correct clotting Give Vitamin K correct
fibrinolysis and review blood chemistry fibrinolysis and review blood chemistry
Intoxicated Alcoholic Intoxicated Alcoholic PatientsPatients
Requires less anaesthetic ndashadditive depressant Requires less anaesthetic ndashadditive depressant effect of alcohol amp anaestheticseffect of alcohol amp anaesthetics
Ill - equipped to withstand stress amp Acute blood Ill - equipped to withstand stress amp Acute blood lossloss
Alcohol decrease the tolerance of brain to hypoxiaAlcohol decrease the tolerance of brain to hypoxia uarr uarr Risk of regurgitation amp aspiration - alcohol Risk of regurgitation amp aspiration - alcohol
darrtone of lower oesophageal sphincter amp slows darrtone of lower oesophageal sphincter amp slows gastric emptyinggastric emptying
Alcohol Interferes with platelet aggregationAlcohol Interferes with platelet aggregation Causes uarrconc of plasma catecholamines rarr Causes uarrconc of plasma catecholamines rarr
Intraoperative dysarrhytmiasIntraoperative dysarrhytmias
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE
Mild ndash 17 marked - 4Mild ndash 17 marked - 4 Patient factorsPatient factors Congenital Congenital
hemolytic disordershemolytic disorders Acquired hemolytic Acquired hemolytic
disordersdisorders Pre existing liver Pre existing liver
diseasedisease CoagulopathyCoagulopathy Gilberts syndromeGilberts syndrome SepsisSepsis
Perioperative Perioperative factorsfactors
Anaesthetic induced Anaesthetic induced darrHBFdarrHBF
BleedingBleeding HypotensionHypotension Blood transfusionBlood transfusion Biliary tree traumaBiliary tree trauma Viral hepatitisViral hepatitis DrugsDrugs Halothane antibioticsHalothane antibiotics Nonsteroidal agentsNonsteroidal agents
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -
5000mg Bilirubin5000mg Bilirubin 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg
bilirubinbilirubin Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in
G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cell disease multiple blood transfusionscell disease multiple blood transfusions
Delayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashDelayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashpostop jaundicepostop jaundice
Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgeryuarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgery
ContdhellipContdhellip Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow
non biliary surgery 3- 30 days post opnon biliary surgery 3- 30 days post op Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis
[benign] - associated with multiple blood [benign] - associated with multiple blood transfusions hypoxia hypotension - transfusions hypoxia hypotension - uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks
ManagementManagement Prevention is the best treatment Prevention is the best treatment Avoid precipitating factorsAvoid precipitating factors
Halothane HepatitisHalothane Hepatitis The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane
anaesthetics - higher in women the middle anaesthetics - higher in women the middle aged and the obeseaged and the obese
Rarer in paediatric patients and with the Rarer in paediatric patients and with the newer volatile agents newer volatile agents
Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
ldquoldquoUnexplained liver damage within 28 days of Unexplained liver damage within 28 days of halothane exposure in previously normal halothane exposure in previously normal patientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reactionpatientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reaction
Clinical featuresClinical features malaise anorexiafever malaise anorexiafever within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks
Halothane HepatitisHalothane HepatitisDIAGNOSISDIAGNOSIS Serum antibodies that react with specific liver Serum antibodies that react with specific liver
microsomal proteins that are altered by microsomal proteins that are altered by trifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothanetrifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothane
Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Risk factorsRisk factors High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ]High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ] previous adverse reactionprevious adverse reaction Uncertain - obesityUncertain - obesity Female [16 1 ]Female [16 1 ] Drug allergy [ 15 ]Drug allergy [ 15 ] Family historyFamily history Lymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoinLymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoin
ContdhellipContdhellip The cause not fully established - multifactorial - The cause not fully established - multifactorial -
possible immunological cause possible immunological cause Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated
proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically predisposed subjectspredisposed subjects
Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also to blameto blame
Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile agent so toxic metabolites may be involvedagent so toxic metabolites may be involved
The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with increasing numbers of exposures to halothane increasing numbers of exposures to halothane
Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO database holds 225 and 159 reports respectivelydatabase holds 225 and 159 reports respectively
Halothane exposure Halothane exposure guidelinesguidelines
Avoid Halothane ifAvoid Halothane if Within at least 3 months of a previous Within at least 3 months of a previous
exposure exposure Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or
pyrexia pyrexia Family history of hepatic reactions to Family history of hepatic reactions to
halothanehalothane Pre - existing liver diseasePre - existing liver disease Adverse reactions to Other volatile Adverse reactions to Other volatile
anaesthetic agentsanaesthetic agents
Liver and PregnancyLiver and Pregnancy Normal in sizeNormal in size A decrease in total protein as well albumin A decrease in total protein as well albumin An increase of the liver dependent clotting An increase of the liver dependent clotting
factors such as fibrinogen factors such as fibrinogen An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times
secondary to placental alkalinesecondary to placental alkaline Srcholinesterase Srcholinesterase darr 30darr 30 Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and
bilirubinbilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin
ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver disease disease
Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Intrahepatic Cholestasis of PregnancyPregnancy
Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Rare in black patients Rare in black patients
Strong family history Strong family history High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies
60-7060-70 Pruritus alone - 80 percent Pruritus alone - 80 percent Jaundice develop in 20 percentJaundice develop in 20 percent Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or
no elevation in transaminasesno elevation in transaminases
IChP ndashcontdhellipIChP ndashcontdhellip Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early
delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice ) pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice )
Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts Dexamethasone Dexamethasone
Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but bilurubin within 4-6 weeks bilurubin within 4-6 weeks
Implications on Anaesthesia Implications on Anaesthesia Check coagulation profile Check coagulation profile Ask for vit K IV Ask for vit K IV take care of high incidence of fetal distress take care of high incidence of fetal distress
meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist must attend with incubatormust attend with incubator
Preeclampsia amp EclampsiaPreeclampsia amp Eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia
and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl
If not associated with other criteria of HELLP If not associated with other criteria of HELLP syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 50mlday 50mlday
Implications on anaesthesiaImplications on anaesthesia Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress
response which could continue to anaesthesia response which could continue to anaesthesia provided INR lt15 provided INR lt15
Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed tube 6-7 mm tube 6-7 mm
Adequate analgesia Adequate analgesia Fluids restriction Fluids restriction Continue medications postoperative in ICU Continue medications postoperative in ICU
HELLP syndrome HELLP syndrome Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low
plateletsplatelets Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-
eclampsia result from very active platelets eclampsia result from very active platelets aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia and congestion with deposition of fibrous and congestion with deposition of fibrous network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage
Nausea vomiting headache and upper right Nausea vomiting headache and upper right abdominal pain hypotension shockabdominal pain hypotension shock
Best markers are the maternal lactate Best markers are the maternal lactate dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet count count
Congested liver of HELLP Congested liver of HELLP syndromesyndrome
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high
dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has been shown to markedly improve the laboratory been shown to markedly improve the laboratory abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome
Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is
greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of magnesium sulfate magnesium sulfate
Anesthesia like severe preclampsia Anesthesia like severe preclampsia avoid trauma to liveravoid trauma to liver Vit K if INR gt15Vit K if INR gt15 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60
ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF PREGNANCYPREGNANCY
Rare serious disorder unknown etiologyRare serious disorder unknown etiology Symptoms in third trimesterSymptoms in third trimester ndashabdominal
pain nausea vomiting anorexiafatique fever headache
Rapid progression ndashbleeding jaundice encephalopathy renal failure hepatic failure coagulopathy - PPH
uarrTransaminases hyperbilirubinemia uarrprothrombin time --- DIC
Prompt delivery is advisable
Hepatic Rupture and Hepatic Rupture and Infarction Infarction
Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 to 85 percent) are at higher risk to 85 percent) are at higher risk
Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in
shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy
Therapy for hepatic rupture has included Therapy for hepatic rupture has included transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted in hepatic rupture in hepatic rupture
Hepatic infarctionHepatic infarction was typically present with fever was typically present with fever and marked elevations in transaminase levels In and marked elevations in transaminase levels In surviving patients liver function and histopathology surviving patients liver function and histopathology are normal within six months of delivery are normal within six months of delivery
Anesthesia in pregnant women with Anesthesia in pregnant women with HELLP syndromeHELLP syndrome
Retrospective studyRetrospective study For the period of 1 July For the period of 1 July 1996 through 30 June 2000 1996 through 30 June 2000
RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had cesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal deliverycesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal delivery
Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 postcesarean delivery the range platelet count postcesarean delivery the range platelet count was 19000-143000microl was 19000-143000microl
Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia
There were no neurologic complications or There were no neurologic complications or bleeding in the epidural spacebleeding in the epidural space
CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any neurologic or hematologic complications of women neurologic or hematologic complications of women with HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesiawith HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesia
Subdural Hematoma following dural Subdural Hematoma following dural puncture in a parturient with HELLP puncture in a parturient with HELLP
syndromesyndrome This complication occurred following This complication occurred following accidental dural puncture in a parturient accidental dural puncture in a parturient with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who subsequently developed the syndrome of subsequently developed the syndrome of hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low plateletsplatelets
On the first postoperative day postdural On the first postoperative day postdural puncture headache (PDPH) developed puncture headache (PDPH) developed
An epidural blood patch (EBP) was An epidural blood patch (EBP) was deferred to the third postoperative day deferred to the third postoperative day because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1 because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1
Headache intensified from a typical PDPH Headache intensified from a typical PDPH to one which was not posturally related to one which was not posturally related
A second EBP was abandoned after the A second EBP was abandoned after the
injection of 5 mL of blood because of injection of 5 mL of blood because of increasing headache during the procedure increasing headache during the procedure
Magnetic resonance imaging revealed Magnetic resonance imaging revealed bilateral temporal subdural hematomas bilateral temporal subdural hematomas
The patient was managed conservatively and The patient was managed conservatively and discharged home without any sequelae discharged home without any sequelae
ConclusionConclusion It is conceivable that It is conceivable that thrombocytopenia together with possible thrombocytopenia together with possible abnormal platelet function increased the risk abnormal platelet function increased the risk of subdural hematoma of subdural hematoma
Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be considered whenever headache is not considered whenever headache is not posturally related posturally related
OCUPATIONAL HAZARDOCUPATIONAL HAZARD Risk of transmission of HBV following Risk of transmission of HBV following
inoculation is 5 -30inoculation is 5 -30 May occur through needle prickcuts May occur through needle prickcuts
sharp injuriesmucous membranes- sharp injuriesmucous membranes- waterproof dressingwaterproof dressing
Wear gloves while inserting a Wear gloves while inserting a cannula airways intubation amp extubation cannula airways intubation amp extubation
Sharps should not be handed directly to Sharps should not be handed directly to othersothers
See to the sterilisation of other See to the sterilisation of other contaminated thingscontaminated things
MonitoringMonitoring Monitoring of temperature Monitoring of temperature Coagulation status should be monitored ndashplatelet count fibrin Coagulation status should be monitored ndashplatelet count fibrin
degradation products prothrombin time activated clotting degradation products prothrombin time activated clotting time partial thromboplastin timetime partial thromboplastin time
Thromboelastography has been used as a tool in liver Thromboelastography has been used as a tool in liver transplantationtransplantation
Repeated BP cuff inflation ndashmay lead to bruising in patients Repeated BP cuff inflation ndashmay lead to bruising in patients with altered haemostatic functionwith altered haemostatic function
Insertion of Intra arterial line ndash care to prevent haematoma Insertion of Intra arterial line ndash care to prevent haematoma Jugular route is preferred in CVP monitoringJugular route is preferred in CVP monitoring OximetryOximetry Urine outputUrine output Blood lossBlood loss Monitor ionized calciumMonitor ionized calcium
DRUGSDRUGS
Thiopentone ndash intrinsic clearance delayed Thiopentone ndash intrinsic clearance delayed but recovery not delayed because of but recovery not delayed because of redistributionredistribution
Alcoholic cirrhosis ndash larger dose of thio ndash Alcoholic cirrhosis ndash larger dose of thio ndash cross tolerancecross tolerance
Halothane and enflurane reduce hepatic Halothane and enflurane reduce hepatic arterial flow (vasodilatation negative arterial flow (vasodilatation negative inotropic effects)inotropic effects)
Isoflurane increases hepatic blood flowIsoflurane increases hepatic blood flow [preferred][preferred]
NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING AGENTSAGENTS
Reduced plasma pseudo cholinesterase activityReduced plasma pseudo cholinesterase activity Prolonged action- vecuronium Prolonged action- vecuronium
pancruonium[16 fold]pancruonium[16 fold] Decreased biliary excretionDecreased biliary excretion Increased volume of distribution ndashlarger Increased volume of distribution ndashlarger
initial dosesinitial doses 1048708 1048708 Recommended Atracurium ndash metabolism Recommended Atracurium ndash metabolism
independent of liver and kidneysindependent of liver and kidneys 1048708 1048708 For transplantation ndash long acting agent such For transplantation ndash long acting agent such
as doxacuriumas doxacurium
OPIODS amp SEDATIVESOPIODS amp SEDATIVES
NarcoticsNarcotics Reduced metabolism of morphine and Reduced metabolism of morphine and
pethidinepethidine Prefer fentanylPrefer fentanyl Remifentanyl - ideal Remifentanyl - ideal 1048708 1048708 BenzodiazepinesBenzodiazepines 1048708 1048708 Diazepam - prolonged half lifeDiazepam - prolonged half life 1048708 1048708 Oxazepam and lorazepam preferrred Oxazepam and lorazepam preferrred
ndashmetabolised by glucuronidation ndashmetabolised by glucuronidation without liver requirementwithout liver requirement
Regional Anaesthesia Regional Anaesthesia Contraindicated if PT gt25 s above control Contraindicated if PT gt25 s above control
platelet count lt 50000 cumm bleeding platelet count lt 50000 cumm bleeding time gt12 mtstime gt12 mts
Spinal and epidural anaesthesia carries the Spinal and epidural anaesthesia carries the risk of epidural haematoma and paralysis if risk of epidural haematoma and paralysis if there is abnormal clotting but there are there is abnormal clotting but there are otherwise no special precautionsotherwise no special precautions
The half-life of lignocaine is prolonged in The half-life of lignocaine is prolonged in liver failure but this is not significant when liver failure but this is not significant when used in regional anaesthesia used in regional anaesthesia
LA dose diminished in presence of AscitesLA dose diminished in presence of Ascites
Canadian Journal of Anesthesia Vol 45 452-Canadian Journal of Anesthesia Vol 45 452-459 459
Obstetrical anaesthesia for a parturient with Obstetrical anaesthesia for a parturient with preeclampsia HELLP syndrome and acute cortical preeclampsia HELLP syndrome and acute cortical
blindnessblindness A 39-yr-old woman with three past A 39-yr-old woman with three past uncomplicated pregnancies presented at 33 uncomplicated pregnancies presented at 33 wk with acute cortical blindnesswk with acute cortical blindness
Based on clinical and laboratory assessment Based on clinical and laboratory assessment a diagnosis of preeclampsia with HELLP a diagnosis of preeclampsia with HELLP syndrome was madesyndrome was made
A CT scan of her head demonstrated A CT scan of her head demonstrated ischaemic lesions of her basal ganglia ischaemic lesions of her basal ganglia extending superiorly to involve both posterior extending superiorly to involve both posterior parietal and occipital regionsparietal and occipital regions
Infusions of magnesium sulphate and Infusions of magnesium sulphate and hydralazine were started and an urgent hydralazine were started and an urgent Caesarean section was performed Caesarean section was performed under under subarachnoid anaesthesiasubarachnoid anaesthesia after insertion of an after insertion of an arterial line and intravenous hydration arterial line and intravenous hydration
ContdhellipContdhellip The course of anaesthesia and surgery was uneventful The course of anaesthesia and surgery was uneventful
and she delivered a live 1540 g female infantand she delivered a live 1540 g female infant By the following morning she had recovered some By the following morning she had recovered some
vision and visual recovery was complete by 72 hr vision and visual recovery was complete by 72 hr postpartum postpartum
Her postoperative course was uneventful Her postoperative course was uneventful CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION Provided that it is not contraindicated Provided that it is not contraindicated
because of prohibitive risk to the mother because of prohibitive risk to the mother regional regional anaesthesia has particular advantage in these anaesthesia has particular advantage in these patientspatients
In particular the use of spinal anaesthesia which has In particular the use of spinal anaesthesia which has been discouraged by some for this patient population been discouraged by some for this patient population should be re-evaluated should be re-evaluated
Postoperative Postoperative managementmanagement
Oxygen enriched airOxygen enriched air Major surgery ndash elective post operative Major surgery ndash elective post operative
ventilationventilation Replace blood lossReplace blood loss Maintain adequate urine outputMaintain adequate urine output Dopamine and inotropes should be Dopamine and inotropes should be
continuedcontinued The principle complications are likely The principle complications are likely
to be continued bleeding sepsis and to be continued bleeding sepsis and hepatic decompensation hepatic decompensation
Peri-operative considerations in Child-Peri-operative considerations in Child-Pugh A patientsPugh A patients
Pre-operative Pre-operative Aetiology of condition - virology Aetiology of condition - virology Drug idiosyncrasy Drug idiosyncrasy
Blood count and platelets Blood count and platelets Clotting screen Clotting screen Assess renal function Assess renal function Previous anaesthetics Previous anaesthetics
Per-operative Per-operative Consider drug bio-availability issues Consider drug bio-availability issues Avoid drugs excreted via liverAvoid drugs excreted via liver Regional techniques acceptable if clotting Regional techniques acceptable if clotting
normalnormal Post-operativePost-operative Monitor for post-operative hepatic Monitor for post-operative hepatic
decompensationdecompensation Possible prolonged duration of action in Possible prolonged duration of action in opiates HDU ITU careopiates HDU ITU care
Child-Pugh Group BC patient Child-Pugh Group BC patient undergoing major surgeryundergoing major surgery
Previous upper abdominal surgery portal Previous upper abdominal surgery portal hypertension and coagulopathy dramatically hypertension and coagulopathy dramatically increase the potential for per-operative blood lossincrease the potential for per-operative blood loss
8-12 units of blood together fresh frozen plasma 8-12 units of blood together fresh frozen plasma and platelets should be available and platelets should be available
Pre-medicationPre-medication Sedative premedicants should be avoided in the Sedative premedicants should be avoided in the
encephalopathic patient encephalopathic patient Other drugs may be needed pre-operatively and Other drugs may be needed pre-operatively and
include antibiotics and H2 receptor antagonistsinclude antibiotics and H2 receptor antagonists The oral or intravenous route used - The oral or intravenous route used -
intramuscular injections should be avoidedintramuscular injections should be avoided Coagulopathy may require correction with fresh Coagulopathy may require correction with fresh
frozen plasma and platelets and renal frozen plasma and platelets and renal replacement therapy may need to be consideredreplacement therapy may need to be considered
Per-operative considerationsPer-operative considerations Regional techniques -- considered carefully - Regional techniques -- considered carefully -
coagulopathy epidural varices can pose an coagulopathy epidural varices can pose an additional risk additional risk
Vascular accessVascular access with a multi-lumen central with a multi-lumen central venous catheter together with at least one large venous catheter together with at least one large bore central line bore central line
Monitoring of arterial and central venous Monitoring of arterial and central venous pressures is mandatory pressures is mandatory
Pulmonary artery pulmonary capillary wedge Pulmonary artery pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and cardiac output measurements pressure and cardiac output measurements may be necessary in the sick patientmay be necessary in the sick patient
Trans-oesophageal echocardiography and Trans-oesophageal echocardiography and volumetric haemodynamic monitoring pulse volumetric haemodynamic monitoring pulse contour analysis can provide significant contour analysis can provide significant additional information for the strategic additional information for the strategic management of these patients management of these patients
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Coagulation and fibrinolysisCoagulation and fibrinolysis are major are major
concerns concerns The potential for large volume blood replacement The potential for large volume blood replacement
means that temperature should be measured and means that temperature should be measured and a fluid warmer and warming mattress useda fluid warmer and warming mattress used
Regular per-operative estimation of INRPTR may Regular per-operative estimation of INRPTR may be necessary - thromboelastography provides be necessary - thromboelastography provides useful intra-operative evaluation of coagulationuseful intra-operative evaluation of coagulation
Blood conservationBlood conservation - considered - considered Preservation of hepatic function -Preservation of hepatic function - N- N-
acetylcysteine (NAC) is a sulphur-containing acetylcysteine (NAC) is a sulphur-containing antioxidant - benefit patients with fulminant antioxidant - benefit patients with fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
NAC appears to improve oxygen delivery NAC appears to improve oxygen delivery and consumption and reduce base deficitand consumption and reduce base deficit
Renal FunctionRenal Function - - Dopamine may be usefulDopamine may be useful
Bleeding oesophageal Bleeding oesophageal varicesvarices
Bleeding oesophageal varices - life-threatening Bleeding oesophageal varices - life-threatening complication of - often occur against a complication of - often occur against a background of abnormal clotting background of abnormal clotting thrombocytopenia encephalopathy and Ascitesthrombocytopenia encephalopathy and Ascites
Overall mortality is 30 Overall mortality is 30 The principles of anaesthetic managementThe principles of anaesthetic management Protect the airway Protect the airway Establish good vascular access Establish good vascular access Volume replacement - colloid blood fresh Volume replacement - colloid blood fresh
frozen plasma and platelets Avoid saline frozen plasma and platelets Avoid saline Check correct clotting Give Vitamin K correct Check correct clotting Give Vitamin K correct
fibrinolysis and review blood chemistry fibrinolysis and review blood chemistry
Intoxicated Alcoholic Intoxicated Alcoholic PatientsPatients
Requires less anaesthetic ndashadditive depressant Requires less anaesthetic ndashadditive depressant effect of alcohol amp anaestheticseffect of alcohol amp anaesthetics
Ill - equipped to withstand stress amp Acute blood Ill - equipped to withstand stress amp Acute blood lossloss
Alcohol decrease the tolerance of brain to hypoxiaAlcohol decrease the tolerance of brain to hypoxia uarr uarr Risk of regurgitation amp aspiration - alcohol Risk of regurgitation amp aspiration - alcohol
darrtone of lower oesophageal sphincter amp slows darrtone of lower oesophageal sphincter amp slows gastric emptyinggastric emptying
Alcohol Interferes with platelet aggregationAlcohol Interferes with platelet aggregation Causes uarrconc of plasma catecholamines rarr Causes uarrconc of plasma catecholamines rarr
Intraoperative dysarrhytmiasIntraoperative dysarrhytmias
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE
Mild ndash 17 marked - 4Mild ndash 17 marked - 4 Patient factorsPatient factors Congenital Congenital
hemolytic disordershemolytic disorders Acquired hemolytic Acquired hemolytic
disordersdisorders Pre existing liver Pre existing liver
diseasedisease CoagulopathyCoagulopathy Gilberts syndromeGilberts syndrome SepsisSepsis
Perioperative Perioperative factorsfactors
Anaesthetic induced Anaesthetic induced darrHBFdarrHBF
BleedingBleeding HypotensionHypotension Blood transfusionBlood transfusion Biliary tree traumaBiliary tree trauma Viral hepatitisViral hepatitis DrugsDrugs Halothane antibioticsHalothane antibiotics Nonsteroidal agentsNonsteroidal agents
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -
5000mg Bilirubin5000mg Bilirubin 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg
bilirubinbilirubin Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in
G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cell disease multiple blood transfusionscell disease multiple blood transfusions
Delayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashDelayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashpostop jaundicepostop jaundice
Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgeryuarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgery
ContdhellipContdhellip Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow
non biliary surgery 3- 30 days post opnon biliary surgery 3- 30 days post op Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis
[benign] - associated with multiple blood [benign] - associated with multiple blood transfusions hypoxia hypotension - transfusions hypoxia hypotension - uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks
ManagementManagement Prevention is the best treatment Prevention is the best treatment Avoid precipitating factorsAvoid precipitating factors
Halothane HepatitisHalothane Hepatitis The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane
anaesthetics - higher in women the middle anaesthetics - higher in women the middle aged and the obeseaged and the obese
Rarer in paediatric patients and with the Rarer in paediatric patients and with the newer volatile agents newer volatile agents
Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
ldquoldquoUnexplained liver damage within 28 days of Unexplained liver damage within 28 days of halothane exposure in previously normal halothane exposure in previously normal patientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reactionpatientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reaction
Clinical featuresClinical features malaise anorexiafever malaise anorexiafever within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks
Halothane HepatitisHalothane HepatitisDIAGNOSISDIAGNOSIS Serum antibodies that react with specific liver Serum antibodies that react with specific liver
microsomal proteins that are altered by microsomal proteins that are altered by trifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothanetrifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothane
Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Risk factorsRisk factors High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ]High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ] previous adverse reactionprevious adverse reaction Uncertain - obesityUncertain - obesity Female [16 1 ]Female [16 1 ] Drug allergy [ 15 ]Drug allergy [ 15 ] Family historyFamily history Lymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoinLymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoin
ContdhellipContdhellip The cause not fully established - multifactorial - The cause not fully established - multifactorial -
possible immunological cause possible immunological cause Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated
proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically predisposed subjectspredisposed subjects
Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also to blameto blame
Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile agent so toxic metabolites may be involvedagent so toxic metabolites may be involved
The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with increasing numbers of exposures to halothane increasing numbers of exposures to halothane
Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO database holds 225 and 159 reports respectivelydatabase holds 225 and 159 reports respectively
Halothane exposure Halothane exposure guidelinesguidelines
Avoid Halothane ifAvoid Halothane if Within at least 3 months of a previous Within at least 3 months of a previous
exposure exposure Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or
pyrexia pyrexia Family history of hepatic reactions to Family history of hepatic reactions to
halothanehalothane Pre - existing liver diseasePre - existing liver disease Adverse reactions to Other volatile Adverse reactions to Other volatile
anaesthetic agentsanaesthetic agents
Liver and PregnancyLiver and Pregnancy Normal in sizeNormal in size A decrease in total protein as well albumin A decrease in total protein as well albumin An increase of the liver dependent clotting An increase of the liver dependent clotting
factors such as fibrinogen factors such as fibrinogen An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times
secondary to placental alkalinesecondary to placental alkaline Srcholinesterase Srcholinesterase darr 30darr 30 Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and
bilirubinbilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin
ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver disease disease
Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Intrahepatic Cholestasis of PregnancyPregnancy
Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Rare in black patients Rare in black patients
Strong family history Strong family history High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies
60-7060-70 Pruritus alone - 80 percent Pruritus alone - 80 percent Jaundice develop in 20 percentJaundice develop in 20 percent Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or
no elevation in transaminasesno elevation in transaminases
IChP ndashcontdhellipIChP ndashcontdhellip Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early
delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice ) pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice )
Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts Dexamethasone Dexamethasone
Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but bilurubin within 4-6 weeks bilurubin within 4-6 weeks
Implications on Anaesthesia Implications on Anaesthesia Check coagulation profile Check coagulation profile Ask for vit K IV Ask for vit K IV take care of high incidence of fetal distress take care of high incidence of fetal distress
meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist must attend with incubatormust attend with incubator
Preeclampsia amp EclampsiaPreeclampsia amp Eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia
and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl
If not associated with other criteria of HELLP If not associated with other criteria of HELLP syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 50mlday 50mlday
Implications on anaesthesiaImplications on anaesthesia Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress
response which could continue to anaesthesia response which could continue to anaesthesia provided INR lt15 provided INR lt15
Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed tube 6-7 mm tube 6-7 mm
Adequate analgesia Adequate analgesia Fluids restriction Fluids restriction Continue medications postoperative in ICU Continue medications postoperative in ICU
HELLP syndrome HELLP syndrome Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low
plateletsplatelets Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-
eclampsia result from very active platelets eclampsia result from very active platelets aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia and congestion with deposition of fibrous and congestion with deposition of fibrous network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage
Nausea vomiting headache and upper right Nausea vomiting headache and upper right abdominal pain hypotension shockabdominal pain hypotension shock
Best markers are the maternal lactate Best markers are the maternal lactate dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet count count
Congested liver of HELLP Congested liver of HELLP syndromesyndrome
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high
dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has been shown to markedly improve the laboratory been shown to markedly improve the laboratory abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome
Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is
greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of magnesium sulfate magnesium sulfate
Anesthesia like severe preclampsia Anesthesia like severe preclampsia avoid trauma to liveravoid trauma to liver Vit K if INR gt15Vit K if INR gt15 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60
ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF PREGNANCYPREGNANCY
Rare serious disorder unknown etiologyRare serious disorder unknown etiology Symptoms in third trimesterSymptoms in third trimester ndashabdominal
pain nausea vomiting anorexiafatique fever headache
Rapid progression ndashbleeding jaundice encephalopathy renal failure hepatic failure coagulopathy - PPH
uarrTransaminases hyperbilirubinemia uarrprothrombin time --- DIC
Prompt delivery is advisable
Hepatic Rupture and Hepatic Rupture and Infarction Infarction
Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 to 85 percent) are at higher risk to 85 percent) are at higher risk
Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in
shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy
Therapy for hepatic rupture has included Therapy for hepatic rupture has included transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted in hepatic rupture in hepatic rupture
Hepatic infarctionHepatic infarction was typically present with fever was typically present with fever and marked elevations in transaminase levels In and marked elevations in transaminase levels In surviving patients liver function and histopathology surviving patients liver function and histopathology are normal within six months of delivery are normal within six months of delivery
Anesthesia in pregnant women with Anesthesia in pregnant women with HELLP syndromeHELLP syndrome
Retrospective studyRetrospective study For the period of 1 July For the period of 1 July 1996 through 30 June 2000 1996 through 30 June 2000
RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had cesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal deliverycesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal delivery
Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 postcesarean delivery the range platelet count postcesarean delivery the range platelet count was 19000-143000microl was 19000-143000microl
Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia
There were no neurologic complications or There were no neurologic complications or bleeding in the epidural spacebleeding in the epidural space
CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any neurologic or hematologic complications of women neurologic or hematologic complications of women with HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesiawith HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesia
Subdural Hematoma following dural Subdural Hematoma following dural puncture in a parturient with HELLP puncture in a parturient with HELLP
syndromesyndrome This complication occurred following This complication occurred following accidental dural puncture in a parturient accidental dural puncture in a parturient with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who subsequently developed the syndrome of subsequently developed the syndrome of hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low plateletsplatelets
On the first postoperative day postdural On the first postoperative day postdural puncture headache (PDPH) developed puncture headache (PDPH) developed
An epidural blood patch (EBP) was An epidural blood patch (EBP) was deferred to the third postoperative day deferred to the third postoperative day because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1 because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1
Headache intensified from a typical PDPH Headache intensified from a typical PDPH to one which was not posturally related to one which was not posturally related
A second EBP was abandoned after the A second EBP was abandoned after the
injection of 5 mL of blood because of injection of 5 mL of blood because of increasing headache during the procedure increasing headache during the procedure
Magnetic resonance imaging revealed Magnetic resonance imaging revealed bilateral temporal subdural hematomas bilateral temporal subdural hematomas
The patient was managed conservatively and The patient was managed conservatively and discharged home without any sequelae discharged home without any sequelae
ConclusionConclusion It is conceivable that It is conceivable that thrombocytopenia together with possible thrombocytopenia together with possible abnormal platelet function increased the risk abnormal platelet function increased the risk of subdural hematoma of subdural hematoma
Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be considered whenever headache is not considered whenever headache is not posturally related posturally related
OCUPATIONAL HAZARDOCUPATIONAL HAZARD Risk of transmission of HBV following Risk of transmission of HBV following
inoculation is 5 -30inoculation is 5 -30 May occur through needle prickcuts May occur through needle prickcuts
sharp injuriesmucous membranes- sharp injuriesmucous membranes- waterproof dressingwaterproof dressing
Wear gloves while inserting a Wear gloves while inserting a cannula airways intubation amp extubation cannula airways intubation amp extubation
Sharps should not be handed directly to Sharps should not be handed directly to othersothers
See to the sterilisation of other See to the sterilisation of other contaminated thingscontaminated things
DRUGSDRUGS
Thiopentone ndash intrinsic clearance delayed Thiopentone ndash intrinsic clearance delayed but recovery not delayed because of but recovery not delayed because of redistributionredistribution
Alcoholic cirrhosis ndash larger dose of thio ndash Alcoholic cirrhosis ndash larger dose of thio ndash cross tolerancecross tolerance
Halothane and enflurane reduce hepatic Halothane and enflurane reduce hepatic arterial flow (vasodilatation negative arterial flow (vasodilatation negative inotropic effects)inotropic effects)
Isoflurane increases hepatic blood flowIsoflurane increases hepatic blood flow [preferred][preferred]
NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING AGENTSAGENTS
Reduced plasma pseudo cholinesterase activityReduced plasma pseudo cholinesterase activity Prolonged action- vecuronium Prolonged action- vecuronium
pancruonium[16 fold]pancruonium[16 fold] Decreased biliary excretionDecreased biliary excretion Increased volume of distribution ndashlarger Increased volume of distribution ndashlarger
initial dosesinitial doses 1048708 1048708 Recommended Atracurium ndash metabolism Recommended Atracurium ndash metabolism
independent of liver and kidneysindependent of liver and kidneys 1048708 1048708 For transplantation ndash long acting agent such For transplantation ndash long acting agent such
as doxacuriumas doxacurium
OPIODS amp SEDATIVESOPIODS amp SEDATIVES
NarcoticsNarcotics Reduced metabolism of morphine and Reduced metabolism of morphine and
pethidinepethidine Prefer fentanylPrefer fentanyl Remifentanyl - ideal Remifentanyl - ideal 1048708 1048708 BenzodiazepinesBenzodiazepines 1048708 1048708 Diazepam - prolonged half lifeDiazepam - prolonged half life 1048708 1048708 Oxazepam and lorazepam preferrred Oxazepam and lorazepam preferrred
ndashmetabolised by glucuronidation ndashmetabolised by glucuronidation without liver requirementwithout liver requirement
Regional Anaesthesia Regional Anaesthesia Contraindicated if PT gt25 s above control Contraindicated if PT gt25 s above control
platelet count lt 50000 cumm bleeding platelet count lt 50000 cumm bleeding time gt12 mtstime gt12 mts
Spinal and epidural anaesthesia carries the Spinal and epidural anaesthesia carries the risk of epidural haematoma and paralysis if risk of epidural haematoma and paralysis if there is abnormal clotting but there are there is abnormal clotting but there are otherwise no special precautionsotherwise no special precautions
The half-life of lignocaine is prolonged in The half-life of lignocaine is prolonged in liver failure but this is not significant when liver failure but this is not significant when used in regional anaesthesia used in regional anaesthesia
LA dose diminished in presence of AscitesLA dose diminished in presence of Ascites
Canadian Journal of Anesthesia Vol 45 452-Canadian Journal of Anesthesia Vol 45 452-459 459
Obstetrical anaesthesia for a parturient with Obstetrical anaesthesia for a parturient with preeclampsia HELLP syndrome and acute cortical preeclampsia HELLP syndrome and acute cortical
blindnessblindness A 39-yr-old woman with three past A 39-yr-old woman with three past uncomplicated pregnancies presented at 33 uncomplicated pregnancies presented at 33 wk with acute cortical blindnesswk with acute cortical blindness
Based on clinical and laboratory assessment Based on clinical and laboratory assessment a diagnosis of preeclampsia with HELLP a diagnosis of preeclampsia with HELLP syndrome was madesyndrome was made
A CT scan of her head demonstrated A CT scan of her head demonstrated ischaemic lesions of her basal ganglia ischaemic lesions of her basal ganglia extending superiorly to involve both posterior extending superiorly to involve both posterior parietal and occipital regionsparietal and occipital regions
Infusions of magnesium sulphate and Infusions of magnesium sulphate and hydralazine were started and an urgent hydralazine were started and an urgent Caesarean section was performed Caesarean section was performed under under subarachnoid anaesthesiasubarachnoid anaesthesia after insertion of an after insertion of an arterial line and intravenous hydration arterial line and intravenous hydration
ContdhellipContdhellip The course of anaesthesia and surgery was uneventful The course of anaesthesia and surgery was uneventful
and she delivered a live 1540 g female infantand she delivered a live 1540 g female infant By the following morning she had recovered some By the following morning she had recovered some
vision and visual recovery was complete by 72 hr vision and visual recovery was complete by 72 hr postpartum postpartum
Her postoperative course was uneventful Her postoperative course was uneventful CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION Provided that it is not contraindicated Provided that it is not contraindicated
because of prohibitive risk to the mother because of prohibitive risk to the mother regional regional anaesthesia has particular advantage in these anaesthesia has particular advantage in these patientspatients
In particular the use of spinal anaesthesia which has In particular the use of spinal anaesthesia which has been discouraged by some for this patient population been discouraged by some for this patient population should be re-evaluated should be re-evaluated
Postoperative Postoperative managementmanagement
Oxygen enriched airOxygen enriched air Major surgery ndash elective post operative Major surgery ndash elective post operative
ventilationventilation Replace blood lossReplace blood loss Maintain adequate urine outputMaintain adequate urine output Dopamine and inotropes should be Dopamine and inotropes should be
continuedcontinued The principle complications are likely The principle complications are likely
to be continued bleeding sepsis and to be continued bleeding sepsis and hepatic decompensation hepatic decompensation
Peri-operative considerations in Child-Peri-operative considerations in Child-Pugh A patientsPugh A patients
Pre-operative Pre-operative Aetiology of condition - virology Aetiology of condition - virology Drug idiosyncrasy Drug idiosyncrasy
Blood count and platelets Blood count and platelets Clotting screen Clotting screen Assess renal function Assess renal function Previous anaesthetics Previous anaesthetics
Per-operative Per-operative Consider drug bio-availability issues Consider drug bio-availability issues Avoid drugs excreted via liverAvoid drugs excreted via liver Regional techniques acceptable if clotting Regional techniques acceptable if clotting
normalnormal Post-operativePost-operative Monitor for post-operative hepatic Monitor for post-operative hepatic
decompensationdecompensation Possible prolonged duration of action in Possible prolonged duration of action in opiates HDU ITU careopiates HDU ITU care
Child-Pugh Group BC patient Child-Pugh Group BC patient undergoing major surgeryundergoing major surgery
Previous upper abdominal surgery portal Previous upper abdominal surgery portal hypertension and coagulopathy dramatically hypertension and coagulopathy dramatically increase the potential for per-operative blood lossincrease the potential for per-operative blood loss
8-12 units of blood together fresh frozen plasma 8-12 units of blood together fresh frozen plasma and platelets should be available and platelets should be available
Pre-medicationPre-medication Sedative premedicants should be avoided in the Sedative premedicants should be avoided in the
encephalopathic patient encephalopathic patient Other drugs may be needed pre-operatively and Other drugs may be needed pre-operatively and
include antibiotics and H2 receptor antagonistsinclude antibiotics and H2 receptor antagonists The oral or intravenous route used - The oral or intravenous route used -
intramuscular injections should be avoidedintramuscular injections should be avoided Coagulopathy may require correction with fresh Coagulopathy may require correction with fresh
frozen plasma and platelets and renal frozen plasma and platelets and renal replacement therapy may need to be consideredreplacement therapy may need to be considered
Per-operative considerationsPer-operative considerations Regional techniques -- considered carefully - Regional techniques -- considered carefully -
coagulopathy epidural varices can pose an coagulopathy epidural varices can pose an additional risk additional risk
Vascular accessVascular access with a multi-lumen central with a multi-lumen central venous catheter together with at least one large venous catheter together with at least one large bore central line bore central line
Monitoring of arterial and central venous Monitoring of arterial and central venous pressures is mandatory pressures is mandatory
Pulmonary artery pulmonary capillary wedge Pulmonary artery pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and cardiac output measurements pressure and cardiac output measurements may be necessary in the sick patientmay be necessary in the sick patient
Trans-oesophageal echocardiography and Trans-oesophageal echocardiography and volumetric haemodynamic monitoring pulse volumetric haemodynamic monitoring pulse contour analysis can provide significant contour analysis can provide significant additional information for the strategic additional information for the strategic management of these patients management of these patients
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Coagulation and fibrinolysisCoagulation and fibrinolysis are major are major
concerns concerns The potential for large volume blood replacement The potential for large volume blood replacement
means that temperature should be measured and means that temperature should be measured and a fluid warmer and warming mattress useda fluid warmer and warming mattress used
Regular per-operative estimation of INRPTR may Regular per-operative estimation of INRPTR may be necessary - thromboelastography provides be necessary - thromboelastography provides useful intra-operative evaluation of coagulationuseful intra-operative evaluation of coagulation
Blood conservationBlood conservation - considered - considered Preservation of hepatic function -Preservation of hepatic function - N- N-
acetylcysteine (NAC) is a sulphur-containing acetylcysteine (NAC) is a sulphur-containing antioxidant - benefit patients with fulminant antioxidant - benefit patients with fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
NAC appears to improve oxygen delivery NAC appears to improve oxygen delivery and consumption and reduce base deficitand consumption and reduce base deficit
Renal FunctionRenal Function - - Dopamine may be usefulDopamine may be useful
Bleeding oesophageal Bleeding oesophageal varicesvarices
Bleeding oesophageal varices - life-threatening Bleeding oesophageal varices - life-threatening complication of - often occur against a complication of - often occur against a background of abnormal clotting background of abnormal clotting thrombocytopenia encephalopathy and Ascitesthrombocytopenia encephalopathy and Ascites
Overall mortality is 30 Overall mortality is 30 The principles of anaesthetic managementThe principles of anaesthetic management Protect the airway Protect the airway Establish good vascular access Establish good vascular access Volume replacement - colloid blood fresh Volume replacement - colloid blood fresh
frozen plasma and platelets Avoid saline frozen plasma and platelets Avoid saline Check correct clotting Give Vitamin K correct Check correct clotting Give Vitamin K correct
fibrinolysis and review blood chemistry fibrinolysis and review blood chemistry
Intoxicated Alcoholic Intoxicated Alcoholic PatientsPatients
Requires less anaesthetic ndashadditive depressant Requires less anaesthetic ndashadditive depressant effect of alcohol amp anaestheticseffect of alcohol amp anaesthetics
Ill - equipped to withstand stress amp Acute blood Ill - equipped to withstand stress amp Acute blood lossloss
Alcohol decrease the tolerance of brain to hypoxiaAlcohol decrease the tolerance of brain to hypoxia uarr uarr Risk of regurgitation amp aspiration - alcohol Risk of regurgitation amp aspiration - alcohol
darrtone of lower oesophageal sphincter amp slows darrtone of lower oesophageal sphincter amp slows gastric emptyinggastric emptying
Alcohol Interferes with platelet aggregationAlcohol Interferes with platelet aggregation Causes uarrconc of plasma catecholamines rarr Causes uarrconc of plasma catecholamines rarr
Intraoperative dysarrhytmiasIntraoperative dysarrhytmias
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE
Mild ndash 17 marked - 4Mild ndash 17 marked - 4 Patient factorsPatient factors Congenital Congenital
hemolytic disordershemolytic disorders Acquired hemolytic Acquired hemolytic
disordersdisorders Pre existing liver Pre existing liver
diseasedisease CoagulopathyCoagulopathy Gilberts syndromeGilberts syndrome SepsisSepsis
Perioperative Perioperative factorsfactors
Anaesthetic induced Anaesthetic induced darrHBFdarrHBF
BleedingBleeding HypotensionHypotension Blood transfusionBlood transfusion Biliary tree traumaBiliary tree trauma Viral hepatitisViral hepatitis DrugsDrugs Halothane antibioticsHalothane antibiotics Nonsteroidal agentsNonsteroidal agents
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -
5000mg Bilirubin5000mg Bilirubin 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg
bilirubinbilirubin Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in
G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cell disease multiple blood transfusionscell disease multiple blood transfusions
Delayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashDelayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashpostop jaundicepostop jaundice
Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgeryuarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgery
ContdhellipContdhellip Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow
non biliary surgery 3- 30 days post opnon biliary surgery 3- 30 days post op Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis
[benign] - associated with multiple blood [benign] - associated with multiple blood transfusions hypoxia hypotension - transfusions hypoxia hypotension - uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks
ManagementManagement Prevention is the best treatment Prevention is the best treatment Avoid precipitating factorsAvoid precipitating factors
Halothane HepatitisHalothane Hepatitis The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane
anaesthetics - higher in women the middle anaesthetics - higher in women the middle aged and the obeseaged and the obese
Rarer in paediatric patients and with the Rarer in paediatric patients and with the newer volatile agents newer volatile agents
Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
ldquoldquoUnexplained liver damage within 28 days of Unexplained liver damage within 28 days of halothane exposure in previously normal halothane exposure in previously normal patientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reactionpatientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reaction
Clinical featuresClinical features malaise anorexiafever malaise anorexiafever within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks
Halothane HepatitisHalothane HepatitisDIAGNOSISDIAGNOSIS Serum antibodies that react with specific liver Serum antibodies that react with specific liver
microsomal proteins that are altered by microsomal proteins that are altered by trifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothanetrifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothane
Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Risk factorsRisk factors High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ]High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ] previous adverse reactionprevious adverse reaction Uncertain - obesityUncertain - obesity Female [16 1 ]Female [16 1 ] Drug allergy [ 15 ]Drug allergy [ 15 ] Family historyFamily history Lymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoinLymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoin
ContdhellipContdhellip The cause not fully established - multifactorial - The cause not fully established - multifactorial -
possible immunological cause possible immunological cause Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated
proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically predisposed subjectspredisposed subjects
Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also to blameto blame
Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile agent so toxic metabolites may be involvedagent so toxic metabolites may be involved
The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with increasing numbers of exposures to halothane increasing numbers of exposures to halothane
Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO database holds 225 and 159 reports respectivelydatabase holds 225 and 159 reports respectively
Halothane exposure Halothane exposure guidelinesguidelines
Avoid Halothane ifAvoid Halothane if Within at least 3 months of a previous Within at least 3 months of a previous
exposure exposure Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or
pyrexia pyrexia Family history of hepatic reactions to Family history of hepatic reactions to
halothanehalothane Pre - existing liver diseasePre - existing liver disease Adverse reactions to Other volatile Adverse reactions to Other volatile
anaesthetic agentsanaesthetic agents
Liver and PregnancyLiver and Pregnancy Normal in sizeNormal in size A decrease in total protein as well albumin A decrease in total protein as well albumin An increase of the liver dependent clotting An increase of the liver dependent clotting
factors such as fibrinogen factors such as fibrinogen An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times
secondary to placental alkalinesecondary to placental alkaline Srcholinesterase Srcholinesterase darr 30darr 30 Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and
bilirubinbilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin
ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver disease disease
Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Intrahepatic Cholestasis of PregnancyPregnancy
Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Rare in black patients Rare in black patients
Strong family history Strong family history High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies
60-7060-70 Pruritus alone - 80 percent Pruritus alone - 80 percent Jaundice develop in 20 percentJaundice develop in 20 percent Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or
no elevation in transaminasesno elevation in transaminases
IChP ndashcontdhellipIChP ndashcontdhellip Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early
delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice ) pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice )
Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts Dexamethasone Dexamethasone
Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but bilurubin within 4-6 weeks bilurubin within 4-6 weeks
Implications on Anaesthesia Implications on Anaesthesia Check coagulation profile Check coagulation profile Ask for vit K IV Ask for vit K IV take care of high incidence of fetal distress take care of high incidence of fetal distress
meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist must attend with incubatormust attend with incubator
Preeclampsia amp EclampsiaPreeclampsia amp Eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia
and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl
If not associated with other criteria of HELLP If not associated with other criteria of HELLP syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 50mlday 50mlday
Implications on anaesthesiaImplications on anaesthesia Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress
response which could continue to anaesthesia response which could continue to anaesthesia provided INR lt15 provided INR lt15
Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed tube 6-7 mm tube 6-7 mm
Adequate analgesia Adequate analgesia Fluids restriction Fluids restriction Continue medications postoperative in ICU Continue medications postoperative in ICU
HELLP syndrome HELLP syndrome Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low
plateletsplatelets Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-
eclampsia result from very active platelets eclampsia result from very active platelets aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia and congestion with deposition of fibrous and congestion with deposition of fibrous network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage
Nausea vomiting headache and upper right Nausea vomiting headache and upper right abdominal pain hypotension shockabdominal pain hypotension shock
Best markers are the maternal lactate Best markers are the maternal lactate dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet count count
Congested liver of HELLP Congested liver of HELLP syndromesyndrome
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high
dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has been shown to markedly improve the laboratory been shown to markedly improve the laboratory abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome
Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is
greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of magnesium sulfate magnesium sulfate
Anesthesia like severe preclampsia Anesthesia like severe preclampsia avoid trauma to liveravoid trauma to liver Vit K if INR gt15Vit K if INR gt15 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60
ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF PREGNANCYPREGNANCY
Rare serious disorder unknown etiologyRare serious disorder unknown etiology Symptoms in third trimesterSymptoms in third trimester ndashabdominal
pain nausea vomiting anorexiafatique fever headache
Rapid progression ndashbleeding jaundice encephalopathy renal failure hepatic failure coagulopathy - PPH
uarrTransaminases hyperbilirubinemia uarrprothrombin time --- DIC
Prompt delivery is advisable
Hepatic Rupture and Hepatic Rupture and Infarction Infarction
Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 to 85 percent) are at higher risk to 85 percent) are at higher risk
Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in
shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy
Therapy for hepatic rupture has included Therapy for hepatic rupture has included transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted in hepatic rupture in hepatic rupture
Hepatic infarctionHepatic infarction was typically present with fever was typically present with fever and marked elevations in transaminase levels In and marked elevations in transaminase levels In surviving patients liver function and histopathology surviving patients liver function and histopathology are normal within six months of delivery are normal within six months of delivery
Anesthesia in pregnant women with Anesthesia in pregnant women with HELLP syndromeHELLP syndrome
Retrospective studyRetrospective study For the period of 1 July For the period of 1 July 1996 through 30 June 2000 1996 through 30 June 2000
RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had cesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal deliverycesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal delivery
Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 postcesarean delivery the range platelet count postcesarean delivery the range platelet count was 19000-143000microl was 19000-143000microl
Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia
There were no neurologic complications or There were no neurologic complications or bleeding in the epidural spacebleeding in the epidural space
CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any neurologic or hematologic complications of women neurologic or hematologic complications of women with HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesiawith HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesia
Subdural Hematoma following dural Subdural Hematoma following dural puncture in a parturient with HELLP puncture in a parturient with HELLP
syndromesyndrome This complication occurred following This complication occurred following accidental dural puncture in a parturient accidental dural puncture in a parturient with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who subsequently developed the syndrome of subsequently developed the syndrome of hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low plateletsplatelets
On the first postoperative day postdural On the first postoperative day postdural puncture headache (PDPH) developed puncture headache (PDPH) developed
An epidural blood patch (EBP) was An epidural blood patch (EBP) was deferred to the third postoperative day deferred to the third postoperative day because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1 because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1
Headache intensified from a typical PDPH Headache intensified from a typical PDPH to one which was not posturally related to one which was not posturally related
A second EBP was abandoned after the A second EBP was abandoned after the
injection of 5 mL of blood because of injection of 5 mL of blood because of increasing headache during the procedure increasing headache during the procedure
Magnetic resonance imaging revealed Magnetic resonance imaging revealed bilateral temporal subdural hematomas bilateral temporal subdural hematomas
The patient was managed conservatively and The patient was managed conservatively and discharged home without any sequelae discharged home without any sequelae
ConclusionConclusion It is conceivable that It is conceivable that thrombocytopenia together with possible thrombocytopenia together with possible abnormal platelet function increased the risk abnormal platelet function increased the risk of subdural hematoma of subdural hematoma
Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be considered whenever headache is not considered whenever headache is not posturally related posturally related
OCUPATIONAL HAZARDOCUPATIONAL HAZARD Risk of transmission of HBV following Risk of transmission of HBV following
inoculation is 5 -30inoculation is 5 -30 May occur through needle prickcuts May occur through needle prickcuts
sharp injuriesmucous membranes- sharp injuriesmucous membranes- waterproof dressingwaterproof dressing
Wear gloves while inserting a Wear gloves while inserting a cannula airways intubation amp extubation cannula airways intubation amp extubation
Sharps should not be handed directly to Sharps should not be handed directly to othersothers
See to the sterilisation of other See to the sterilisation of other contaminated thingscontaminated things
NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING AGENTSAGENTS
Reduced plasma pseudo cholinesterase activityReduced plasma pseudo cholinesterase activity Prolonged action- vecuronium Prolonged action- vecuronium
pancruonium[16 fold]pancruonium[16 fold] Decreased biliary excretionDecreased biliary excretion Increased volume of distribution ndashlarger Increased volume of distribution ndashlarger
initial dosesinitial doses 1048708 1048708 Recommended Atracurium ndash metabolism Recommended Atracurium ndash metabolism
independent of liver and kidneysindependent of liver and kidneys 1048708 1048708 For transplantation ndash long acting agent such For transplantation ndash long acting agent such
as doxacuriumas doxacurium
OPIODS amp SEDATIVESOPIODS amp SEDATIVES
NarcoticsNarcotics Reduced metabolism of morphine and Reduced metabolism of morphine and
pethidinepethidine Prefer fentanylPrefer fentanyl Remifentanyl - ideal Remifentanyl - ideal 1048708 1048708 BenzodiazepinesBenzodiazepines 1048708 1048708 Diazepam - prolonged half lifeDiazepam - prolonged half life 1048708 1048708 Oxazepam and lorazepam preferrred Oxazepam and lorazepam preferrred
ndashmetabolised by glucuronidation ndashmetabolised by glucuronidation without liver requirementwithout liver requirement
Regional Anaesthesia Regional Anaesthesia Contraindicated if PT gt25 s above control Contraindicated if PT gt25 s above control
platelet count lt 50000 cumm bleeding platelet count lt 50000 cumm bleeding time gt12 mtstime gt12 mts
Spinal and epidural anaesthesia carries the Spinal and epidural anaesthesia carries the risk of epidural haematoma and paralysis if risk of epidural haematoma and paralysis if there is abnormal clotting but there are there is abnormal clotting but there are otherwise no special precautionsotherwise no special precautions
The half-life of lignocaine is prolonged in The half-life of lignocaine is prolonged in liver failure but this is not significant when liver failure but this is not significant when used in regional anaesthesia used in regional anaesthesia
LA dose diminished in presence of AscitesLA dose diminished in presence of Ascites
Canadian Journal of Anesthesia Vol 45 452-Canadian Journal of Anesthesia Vol 45 452-459 459
Obstetrical anaesthesia for a parturient with Obstetrical anaesthesia for a parturient with preeclampsia HELLP syndrome and acute cortical preeclampsia HELLP syndrome and acute cortical
blindnessblindness A 39-yr-old woman with three past A 39-yr-old woman with three past uncomplicated pregnancies presented at 33 uncomplicated pregnancies presented at 33 wk with acute cortical blindnesswk with acute cortical blindness
Based on clinical and laboratory assessment Based on clinical and laboratory assessment a diagnosis of preeclampsia with HELLP a diagnosis of preeclampsia with HELLP syndrome was madesyndrome was made
A CT scan of her head demonstrated A CT scan of her head demonstrated ischaemic lesions of her basal ganglia ischaemic lesions of her basal ganglia extending superiorly to involve both posterior extending superiorly to involve both posterior parietal and occipital regionsparietal and occipital regions
Infusions of magnesium sulphate and Infusions of magnesium sulphate and hydralazine were started and an urgent hydralazine were started and an urgent Caesarean section was performed Caesarean section was performed under under subarachnoid anaesthesiasubarachnoid anaesthesia after insertion of an after insertion of an arterial line and intravenous hydration arterial line and intravenous hydration
ContdhellipContdhellip The course of anaesthesia and surgery was uneventful The course of anaesthesia and surgery was uneventful
and she delivered a live 1540 g female infantand she delivered a live 1540 g female infant By the following morning she had recovered some By the following morning she had recovered some
vision and visual recovery was complete by 72 hr vision and visual recovery was complete by 72 hr postpartum postpartum
Her postoperative course was uneventful Her postoperative course was uneventful CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION Provided that it is not contraindicated Provided that it is not contraindicated
because of prohibitive risk to the mother because of prohibitive risk to the mother regional regional anaesthesia has particular advantage in these anaesthesia has particular advantage in these patientspatients
In particular the use of spinal anaesthesia which has In particular the use of spinal anaesthesia which has been discouraged by some for this patient population been discouraged by some for this patient population should be re-evaluated should be re-evaluated
Postoperative Postoperative managementmanagement
Oxygen enriched airOxygen enriched air Major surgery ndash elective post operative Major surgery ndash elective post operative
ventilationventilation Replace blood lossReplace blood loss Maintain adequate urine outputMaintain adequate urine output Dopamine and inotropes should be Dopamine and inotropes should be
continuedcontinued The principle complications are likely The principle complications are likely
to be continued bleeding sepsis and to be continued bleeding sepsis and hepatic decompensation hepatic decompensation
Peri-operative considerations in Child-Peri-operative considerations in Child-Pugh A patientsPugh A patients
Pre-operative Pre-operative Aetiology of condition - virology Aetiology of condition - virology Drug idiosyncrasy Drug idiosyncrasy
Blood count and platelets Blood count and platelets Clotting screen Clotting screen Assess renal function Assess renal function Previous anaesthetics Previous anaesthetics
Per-operative Per-operative Consider drug bio-availability issues Consider drug bio-availability issues Avoid drugs excreted via liverAvoid drugs excreted via liver Regional techniques acceptable if clotting Regional techniques acceptable if clotting
normalnormal Post-operativePost-operative Monitor for post-operative hepatic Monitor for post-operative hepatic
decompensationdecompensation Possible prolonged duration of action in Possible prolonged duration of action in opiates HDU ITU careopiates HDU ITU care
Child-Pugh Group BC patient Child-Pugh Group BC patient undergoing major surgeryundergoing major surgery
Previous upper abdominal surgery portal Previous upper abdominal surgery portal hypertension and coagulopathy dramatically hypertension and coagulopathy dramatically increase the potential for per-operative blood lossincrease the potential for per-operative blood loss
8-12 units of blood together fresh frozen plasma 8-12 units of blood together fresh frozen plasma and platelets should be available and platelets should be available
Pre-medicationPre-medication Sedative premedicants should be avoided in the Sedative premedicants should be avoided in the
encephalopathic patient encephalopathic patient Other drugs may be needed pre-operatively and Other drugs may be needed pre-operatively and
include antibiotics and H2 receptor antagonistsinclude antibiotics and H2 receptor antagonists The oral or intravenous route used - The oral or intravenous route used -
intramuscular injections should be avoidedintramuscular injections should be avoided Coagulopathy may require correction with fresh Coagulopathy may require correction with fresh
frozen plasma and platelets and renal frozen plasma and platelets and renal replacement therapy may need to be consideredreplacement therapy may need to be considered
Per-operative considerationsPer-operative considerations Regional techniques -- considered carefully - Regional techniques -- considered carefully -
coagulopathy epidural varices can pose an coagulopathy epidural varices can pose an additional risk additional risk
Vascular accessVascular access with a multi-lumen central with a multi-lumen central venous catheter together with at least one large venous catheter together with at least one large bore central line bore central line
Monitoring of arterial and central venous Monitoring of arterial and central venous pressures is mandatory pressures is mandatory
Pulmonary artery pulmonary capillary wedge Pulmonary artery pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and cardiac output measurements pressure and cardiac output measurements may be necessary in the sick patientmay be necessary in the sick patient
Trans-oesophageal echocardiography and Trans-oesophageal echocardiography and volumetric haemodynamic monitoring pulse volumetric haemodynamic monitoring pulse contour analysis can provide significant contour analysis can provide significant additional information for the strategic additional information for the strategic management of these patients management of these patients
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Coagulation and fibrinolysisCoagulation and fibrinolysis are major are major
concerns concerns The potential for large volume blood replacement The potential for large volume blood replacement
means that temperature should be measured and means that temperature should be measured and a fluid warmer and warming mattress useda fluid warmer and warming mattress used
Regular per-operative estimation of INRPTR may Regular per-operative estimation of INRPTR may be necessary - thromboelastography provides be necessary - thromboelastography provides useful intra-operative evaluation of coagulationuseful intra-operative evaluation of coagulation
Blood conservationBlood conservation - considered - considered Preservation of hepatic function -Preservation of hepatic function - N- N-
acetylcysteine (NAC) is a sulphur-containing acetylcysteine (NAC) is a sulphur-containing antioxidant - benefit patients with fulminant antioxidant - benefit patients with fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
NAC appears to improve oxygen delivery NAC appears to improve oxygen delivery and consumption and reduce base deficitand consumption and reduce base deficit
Renal FunctionRenal Function - - Dopamine may be usefulDopamine may be useful
Bleeding oesophageal Bleeding oesophageal varicesvarices
Bleeding oesophageal varices - life-threatening Bleeding oesophageal varices - life-threatening complication of - often occur against a complication of - often occur against a background of abnormal clotting background of abnormal clotting thrombocytopenia encephalopathy and Ascitesthrombocytopenia encephalopathy and Ascites
Overall mortality is 30 Overall mortality is 30 The principles of anaesthetic managementThe principles of anaesthetic management Protect the airway Protect the airway Establish good vascular access Establish good vascular access Volume replacement - colloid blood fresh Volume replacement - colloid blood fresh
frozen plasma and platelets Avoid saline frozen plasma and platelets Avoid saline Check correct clotting Give Vitamin K correct Check correct clotting Give Vitamin K correct
fibrinolysis and review blood chemistry fibrinolysis and review blood chemistry
Intoxicated Alcoholic Intoxicated Alcoholic PatientsPatients
Requires less anaesthetic ndashadditive depressant Requires less anaesthetic ndashadditive depressant effect of alcohol amp anaestheticseffect of alcohol amp anaesthetics
Ill - equipped to withstand stress amp Acute blood Ill - equipped to withstand stress amp Acute blood lossloss
Alcohol decrease the tolerance of brain to hypoxiaAlcohol decrease the tolerance of brain to hypoxia uarr uarr Risk of regurgitation amp aspiration - alcohol Risk of regurgitation amp aspiration - alcohol
darrtone of lower oesophageal sphincter amp slows darrtone of lower oesophageal sphincter amp slows gastric emptyinggastric emptying
Alcohol Interferes with platelet aggregationAlcohol Interferes with platelet aggregation Causes uarrconc of plasma catecholamines rarr Causes uarrconc of plasma catecholamines rarr
Intraoperative dysarrhytmiasIntraoperative dysarrhytmias
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE
Mild ndash 17 marked - 4Mild ndash 17 marked - 4 Patient factorsPatient factors Congenital Congenital
hemolytic disordershemolytic disorders Acquired hemolytic Acquired hemolytic
disordersdisorders Pre existing liver Pre existing liver
diseasedisease CoagulopathyCoagulopathy Gilberts syndromeGilberts syndrome SepsisSepsis
Perioperative Perioperative factorsfactors
Anaesthetic induced Anaesthetic induced darrHBFdarrHBF
BleedingBleeding HypotensionHypotension Blood transfusionBlood transfusion Biliary tree traumaBiliary tree trauma Viral hepatitisViral hepatitis DrugsDrugs Halothane antibioticsHalothane antibiotics Nonsteroidal agentsNonsteroidal agents
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -
5000mg Bilirubin5000mg Bilirubin 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg
bilirubinbilirubin Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in
G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cell disease multiple blood transfusionscell disease multiple blood transfusions
Delayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashDelayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashpostop jaundicepostop jaundice
Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgeryuarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgery
ContdhellipContdhellip Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow
non biliary surgery 3- 30 days post opnon biliary surgery 3- 30 days post op Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis
[benign] - associated with multiple blood [benign] - associated with multiple blood transfusions hypoxia hypotension - transfusions hypoxia hypotension - uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks
ManagementManagement Prevention is the best treatment Prevention is the best treatment Avoid precipitating factorsAvoid precipitating factors
Halothane HepatitisHalothane Hepatitis The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane
anaesthetics - higher in women the middle anaesthetics - higher in women the middle aged and the obeseaged and the obese
Rarer in paediatric patients and with the Rarer in paediatric patients and with the newer volatile agents newer volatile agents
Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
ldquoldquoUnexplained liver damage within 28 days of Unexplained liver damage within 28 days of halothane exposure in previously normal halothane exposure in previously normal patientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reactionpatientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reaction
Clinical featuresClinical features malaise anorexiafever malaise anorexiafever within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks
Halothane HepatitisHalothane HepatitisDIAGNOSISDIAGNOSIS Serum antibodies that react with specific liver Serum antibodies that react with specific liver
microsomal proteins that are altered by microsomal proteins that are altered by trifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothanetrifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothane
Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Risk factorsRisk factors High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ]High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ] previous adverse reactionprevious adverse reaction Uncertain - obesityUncertain - obesity Female [16 1 ]Female [16 1 ] Drug allergy [ 15 ]Drug allergy [ 15 ] Family historyFamily history Lymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoinLymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoin
ContdhellipContdhellip The cause not fully established - multifactorial - The cause not fully established - multifactorial -
possible immunological cause possible immunological cause Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated
proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically predisposed subjectspredisposed subjects
Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also to blameto blame
Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile agent so toxic metabolites may be involvedagent so toxic metabolites may be involved
The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with increasing numbers of exposures to halothane increasing numbers of exposures to halothane
Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO database holds 225 and 159 reports respectivelydatabase holds 225 and 159 reports respectively
Halothane exposure Halothane exposure guidelinesguidelines
Avoid Halothane ifAvoid Halothane if Within at least 3 months of a previous Within at least 3 months of a previous
exposure exposure Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or
pyrexia pyrexia Family history of hepatic reactions to Family history of hepatic reactions to
halothanehalothane Pre - existing liver diseasePre - existing liver disease Adverse reactions to Other volatile Adverse reactions to Other volatile
anaesthetic agentsanaesthetic agents
Liver and PregnancyLiver and Pregnancy Normal in sizeNormal in size A decrease in total protein as well albumin A decrease in total protein as well albumin An increase of the liver dependent clotting An increase of the liver dependent clotting
factors such as fibrinogen factors such as fibrinogen An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times
secondary to placental alkalinesecondary to placental alkaline Srcholinesterase Srcholinesterase darr 30darr 30 Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and
bilirubinbilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin
ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver disease disease
Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Intrahepatic Cholestasis of PregnancyPregnancy
Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Rare in black patients Rare in black patients
Strong family history Strong family history High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies
60-7060-70 Pruritus alone - 80 percent Pruritus alone - 80 percent Jaundice develop in 20 percentJaundice develop in 20 percent Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or
no elevation in transaminasesno elevation in transaminases
IChP ndashcontdhellipIChP ndashcontdhellip Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early
delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice ) pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice )
Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts Dexamethasone Dexamethasone
Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but bilurubin within 4-6 weeks bilurubin within 4-6 weeks
Implications on Anaesthesia Implications on Anaesthesia Check coagulation profile Check coagulation profile Ask for vit K IV Ask for vit K IV take care of high incidence of fetal distress take care of high incidence of fetal distress
meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist must attend with incubatormust attend with incubator
Preeclampsia amp EclampsiaPreeclampsia amp Eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia
and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl
If not associated with other criteria of HELLP If not associated with other criteria of HELLP syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 50mlday 50mlday
Implications on anaesthesiaImplications on anaesthesia Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress
response which could continue to anaesthesia response which could continue to anaesthesia provided INR lt15 provided INR lt15
Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed tube 6-7 mm tube 6-7 mm
Adequate analgesia Adequate analgesia Fluids restriction Fluids restriction Continue medications postoperative in ICU Continue medications postoperative in ICU
HELLP syndrome HELLP syndrome Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low
plateletsplatelets Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-
eclampsia result from very active platelets eclampsia result from very active platelets aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia and congestion with deposition of fibrous and congestion with deposition of fibrous network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage
Nausea vomiting headache and upper right Nausea vomiting headache and upper right abdominal pain hypotension shockabdominal pain hypotension shock
Best markers are the maternal lactate Best markers are the maternal lactate dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet count count
Congested liver of HELLP Congested liver of HELLP syndromesyndrome
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high
dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has been shown to markedly improve the laboratory been shown to markedly improve the laboratory abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome
Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is
greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of magnesium sulfate magnesium sulfate
Anesthesia like severe preclampsia Anesthesia like severe preclampsia avoid trauma to liveravoid trauma to liver Vit K if INR gt15Vit K if INR gt15 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60
ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF PREGNANCYPREGNANCY
Rare serious disorder unknown etiologyRare serious disorder unknown etiology Symptoms in third trimesterSymptoms in third trimester ndashabdominal
pain nausea vomiting anorexiafatique fever headache
Rapid progression ndashbleeding jaundice encephalopathy renal failure hepatic failure coagulopathy - PPH
uarrTransaminases hyperbilirubinemia uarrprothrombin time --- DIC
Prompt delivery is advisable
Hepatic Rupture and Hepatic Rupture and Infarction Infarction
Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 to 85 percent) are at higher risk to 85 percent) are at higher risk
Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in
shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy
Therapy for hepatic rupture has included Therapy for hepatic rupture has included transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted in hepatic rupture in hepatic rupture
Hepatic infarctionHepatic infarction was typically present with fever was typically present with fever and marked elevations in transaminase levels In and marked elevations in transaminase levels In surviving patients liver function and histopathology surviving patients liver function and histopathology are normal within six months of delivery are normal within six months of delivery
Anesthesia in pregnant women with Anesthesia in pregnant women with HELLP syndromeHELLP syndrome
Retrospective studyRetrospective study For the period of 1 July For the period of 1 July 1996 through 30 June 2000 1996 through 30 June 2000
RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had cesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal deliverycesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal delivery
Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 postcesarean delivery the range platelet count postcesarean delivery the range platelet count was 19000-143000microl was 19000-143000microl
Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia
There were no neurologic complications or There were no neurologic complications or bleeding in the epidural spacebleeding in the epidural space
CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any neurologic or hematologic complications of women neurologic or hematologic complications of women with HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesiawith HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesia
Subdural Hematoma following dural Subdural Hematoma following dural puncture in a parturient with HELLP puncture in a parturient with HELLP
syndromesyndrome This complication occurred following This complication occurred following accidental dural puncture in a parturient accidental dural puncture in a parturient with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who subsequently developed the syndrome of subsequently developed the syndrome of hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low plateletsplatelets
On the first postoperative day postdural On the first postoperative day postdural puncture headache (PDPH) developed puncture headache (PDPH) developed
An epidural blood patch (EBP) was An epidural blood patch (EBP) was deferred to the third postoperative day deferred to the third postoperative day because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1 because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1
Headache intensified from a typical PDPH Headache intensified from a typical PDPH to one which was not posturally related to one which was not posturally related
A second EBP was abandoned after the A second EBP was abandoned after the
injection of 5 mL of blood because of injection of 5 mL of blood because of increasing headache during the procedure increasing headache during the procedure
Magnetic resonance imaging revealed Magnetic resonance imaging revealed bilateral temporal subdural hematomas bilateral temporal subdural hematomas
The patient was managed conservatively and The patient was managed conservatively and discharged home without any sequelae discharged home without any sequelae
ConclusionConclusion It is conceivable that It is conceivable that thrombocytopenia together with possible thrombocytopenia together with possible abnormal platelet function increased the risk abnormal platelet function increased the risk of subdural hematoma of subdural hematoma
Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be considered whenever headache is not considered whenever headache is not posturally related posturally related
OCUPATIONAL HAZARDOCUPATIONAL HAZARD Risk of transmission of HBV following Risk of transmission of HBV following
inoculation is 5 -30inoculation is 5 -30 May occur through needle prickcuts May occur through needle prickcuts
sharp injuriesmucous membranes- sharp injuriesmucous membranes- waterproof dressingwaterproof dressing
Wear gloves while inserting a Wear gloves while inserting a cannula airways intubation amp extubation cannula airways intubation amp extubation
Sharps should not be handed directly to Sharps should not be handed directly to othersothers
See to the sterilisation of other See to the sterilisation of other contaminated thingscontaminated things
OPIODS amp SEDATIVESOPIODS amp SEDATIVES
NarcoticsNarcotics Reduced metabolism of morphine and Reduced metabolism of morphine and
pethidinepethidine Prefer fentanylPrefer fentanyl Remifentanyl - ideal Remifentanyl - ideal 1048708 1048708 BenzodiazepinesBenzodiazepines 1048708 1048708 Diazepam - prolonged half lifeDiazepam - prolonged half life 1048708 1048708 Oxazepam and lorazepam preferrred Oxazepam and lorazepam preferrred
ndashmetabolised by glucuronidation ndashmetabolised by glucuronidation without liver requirementwithout liver requirement
Regional Anaesthesia Regional Anaesthesia Contraindicated if PT gt25 s above control Contraindicated if PT gt25 s above control
platelet count lt 50000 cumm bleeding platelet count lt 50000 cumm bleeding time gt12 mtstime gt12 mts
Spinal and epidural anaesthesia carries the Spinal and epidural anaesthesia carries the risk of epidural haematoma and paralysis if risk of epidural haematoma and paralysis if there is abnormal clotting but there are there is abnormal clotting but there are otherwise no special precautionsotherwise no special precautions
The half-life of lignocaine is prolonged in The half-life of lignocaine is prolonged in liver failure but this is not significant when liver failure but this is not significant when used in regional anaesthesia used in regional anaesthesia
LA dose diminished in presence of AscitesLA dose diminished in presence of Ascites
Canadian Journal of Anesthesia Vol 45 452-Canadian Journal of Anesthesia Vol 45 452-459 459
Obstetrical anaesthesia for a parturient with Obstetrical anaesthesia for a parturient with preeclampsia HELLP syndrome and acute cortical preeclampsia HELLP syndrome and acute cortical
blindnessblindness A 39-yr-old woman with three past A 39-yr-old woman with three past uncomplicated pregnancies presented at 33 uncomplicated pregnancies presented at 33 wk with acute cortical blindnesswk with acute cortical blindness
Based on clinical and laboratory assessment Based on clinical and laboratory assessment a diagnosis of preeclampsia with HELLP a diagnosis of preeclampsia with HELLP syndrome was madesyndrome was made
A CT scan of her head demonstrated A CT scan of her head demonstrated ischaemic lesions of her basal ganglia ischaemic lesions of her basal ganglia extending superiorly to involve both posterior extending superiorly to involve both posterior parietal and occipital regionsparietal and occipital regions
Infusions of magnesium sulphate and Infusions of magnesium sulphate and hydralazine were started and an urgent hydralazine were started and an urgent Caesarean section was performed Caesarean section was performed under under subarachnoid anaesthesiasubarachnoid anaesthesia after insertion of an after insertion of an arterial line and intravenous hydration arterial line and intravenous hydration
ContdhellipContdhellip The course of anaesthesia and surgery was uneventful The course of anaesthesia and surgery was uneventful
and she delivered a live 1540 g female infantand she delivered a live 1540 g female infant By the following morning she had recovered some By the following morning she had recovered some
vision and visual recovery was complete by 72 hr vision and visual recovery was complete by 72 hr postpartum postpartum
Her postoperative course was uneventful Her postoperative course was uneventful CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION Provided that it is not contraindicated Provided that it is not contraindicated
because of prohibitive risk to the mother because of prohibitive risk to the mother regional regional anaesthesia has particular advantage in these anaesthesia has particular advantage in these patientspatients
In particular the use of spinal anaesthesia which has In particular the use of spinal anaesthesia which has been discouraged by some for this patient population been discouraged by some for this patient population should be re-evaluated should be re-evaluated
Postoperative Postoperative managementmanagement
Oxygen enriched airOxygen enriched air Major surgery ndash elective post operative Major surgery ndash elective post operative
ventilationventilation Replace blood lossReplace blood loss Maintain adequate urine outputMaintain adequate urine output Dopamine and inotropes should be Dopamine and inotropes should be
continuedcontinued The principle complications are likely The principle complications are likely
to be continued bleeding sepsis and to be continued bleeding sepsis and hepatic decompensation hepatic decompensation
Peri-operative considerations in Child-Peri-operative considerations in Child-Pugh A patientsPugh A patients
Pre-operative Pre-operative Aetiology of condition - virology Aetiology of condition - virology Drug idiosyncrasy Drug idiosyncrasy
Blood count and platelets Blood count and platelets Clotting screen Clotting screen Assess renal function Assess renal function Previous anaesthetics Previous anaesthetics
Per-operative Per-operative Consider drug bio-availability issues Consider drug bio-availability issues Avoid drugs excreted via liverAvoid drugs excreted via liver Regional techniques acceptable if clotting Regional techniques acceptable if clotting
normalnormal Post-operativePost-operative Monitor for post-operative hepatic Monitor for post-operative hepatic
decompensationdecompensation Possible prolonged duration of action in Possible prolonged duration of action in opiates HDU ITU careopiates HDU ITU care
Child-Pugh Group BC patient Child-Pugh Group BC patient undergoing major surgeryundergoing major surgery
Previous upper abdominal surgery portal Previous upper abdominal surgery portal hypertension and coagulopathy dramatically hypertension and coagulopathy dramatically increase the potential for per-operative blood lossincrease the potential for per-operative blood loss
8-12 units of blood together fresh frozen plasma 8-12 units of blood together fresh frozen plasma and platelets should be available and platelets should be available
Pre-medicationPre-medication Sedative premedicants should be avoided in the Sedative premedicants should be avoided in the
encephalopathic patient encephalopathic patient Other drugs may be needed pre-operatively and Other drugs may be needed pre-operatively and
include antibiotics and H2 receptor antagonistsinclude antibiotics and H2 receptor antagonists The oral or intravenous route used - The oral or intravenous route used -
intramuscular injections should be avoidedintramuscular injections should be avoided Coagulopathy may require correction with fresh Coagulopathy may require correction with fresh
frozen plasma and platelets and renal frozen plasma and platelets and renal replacement therapy may need to be consideredreplacement therapy may need to be considered
Per-operative considerationsPer-operative considerations Regional techniques -- considered carefully - Regional techniques -- considered carefully -
coagulopathy epidural varices can pose an coagulopathy epidural varices can pose an additional risk additional risk
Vascular accessVascular access with a multi-lumen central with a multi-lumen central venous catheter together with at least one large venous catheter together with at least one large bore central line bore central line
Monitoring of arterial and central venous Monitoring of arterial and central venous pressures is mandatory pressures is mandatory
Pulmonary artery pulmonary capillary wedge Pulmonary artery pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and cardiac output measurements pressure and cardiac output measurements may be necessary in the sick patientmay be necessary in the sick patient
Trans-oesophageal echocardiography and Trans-oesophageal echocardiography and volumetric haemodynamic monitoring pulse volumetric haemodynamic monitoring pulse contour analysis can provide significant contour analysis can provide significant additional information for the strategic additional information for the strategic management of these patients management of these patients
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Coagulation and fibrinolysisCoagulation and fibrinolysis are major are major
concerns concerns The potential for large volume blood replacement The potential for large volume blood replacement
means that temperature should be measured and means that temperature should be measured and a fluid warmer and warming mattress useda fluid warmer and warming mattress used
Regular per-operative estimation of INRPTR may Regular per-operative estimation of INRPTR may be necessary - thromboelastography provides be necessary - thromboelastography provides useful intra-operative evaluation of coagulationuseful intra-operative evaluation of coagulation
Blood conservationBlood conservation - considered - considered Preservation of hepatic function -Preservation of hepatic function - N- N-
acetylcysteine (NAC) is a sulphur-containing acetylcysteine (NAC) is a sulphur-containing antioxidant - benefit patients with fulminant antioxidant - benefit patients with fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
NAC appears to improve oxygen delivery NAC appears to improve oxygen delivery and consumption and reduce base deficitand consumption and reduce base deficit
Renal FunctionRenal Function - - Dopamine may be usefulDopamine may be useful
Bleeding oesophageal Bleeding oesophageal varicesvarices
Bleeding oesophageal varices - life-threatening Bleeding oesophageal varices - life-threatening complication of - often occur against a complication of - often occur against a background of abnormal clotting background of abnormal clotting thrombocytopenia encephalopathy and Ascitesthrombocytopenia encephalopathy and Ascites
Overall mortality is 30 Overall mortality is 30 The principles of anaesthetic managementThe principles of anaesthetic management Protect the airway Protect the airway Establish good vascular access Establish good vascular access Volume replacement - colloid blood fresh Volume replacement - colloid blood fresh
frozen plasma and platelets Avoid saline frozen plasma and platelets Avoid saline Check correct clotting Give Vitamin K correct Check correct clotting Give Vitamin K correct
fibrinolysis and review blood chemistry fibrinolysis and review blood chemistry
Intoxicated Alcoholic Intoxicated Alcoholic PatientsPatients
Requires less anaesthetic ndashadditive depressant Requires less anaesthetic ndashadditive depressant effect of alcohol amp anaestheticseffect of alcohol amp anaesthetics
Ill - equipped to withstand stress amp Acute blood Ill - equipped to withstand stress amp Acute blood lossloss
Alcohol decrease the tolerance of brain to hypoxiaAlcohol decrease the tolerance of brain to hypoxia uarr uarr Risk of regurgitation amp aspiration - alcohol Risk of regurgitation amp aspiration - alcohol
darrtone of lower oesophageal sphincter amp slows darrtone of lower oesophageal sphincter amp slows gastric emptyinggastric emptying
Alcohol Interferes with platelet aggregationAlcohol Interferes with platelet aggregation Causes uarrconc of plasma catecholamines rarr Causes uarrconc of plasma catecholamines rarr
Intraoperative dysarrhytmiasIntraoperative dysarrhytmias
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE
Mild ndash 17 marked - 4Mild ndash 17 marked - 4 Patient factorsPatient factors Congenital Congenital
hemolytic disordershemolytic disorders Acquired hemolytic Acquired hemolytic
disordersdisorders Pre existing liver Pre existing liver
diseasedisease CoagulopathyCoagulopathy Gilberts syndromeGilberts syndrome SepsisSepsis
Perioperative Perioperative factorsfactors
Anaesthetic induced Anaesthetic induced darrHBFdarrHBF
BleedingBleeding HypotensionHypotension Blood transfusionBlood transfusion Biliary tree traumaBiliary tree trauma Viral hepatitisViral hepatitis DrugsDrugs Halothane antibioticsHalothane antibiotics Nonsteroidal agentsNonsteroidal agents
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -
5000mg Bilirubin5000mg Bilirubin 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg
bilirubinbilirubin Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in
G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cell disease multiple blood transfusionscell disease multiple blood transfusions
Delayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashDelayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashpostop jaundicepostop jaundice
Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgeryuarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgery
ContdhellipContdhellip Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow
non biliary surgery 3- 30 days post opnon biliary surgery 3- 30 days post op Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis
[benign] - associated with multiple blood [benign] - associated with multiple blood transfusions hypoxia hypotension - transfusions hypoxia hypotension - uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks
ManagementManagement Prevention is the best treatment Prevention is the best treatment Avoid precipitating factorsAvoid precipitating factors
Halothane HepatitisHalothane Hepatitis The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane
anaesthetics - higher in women the middle anaesthetics - higher in women the middle aged and the obeseaged and the obese
Rarer in paediatric patients and with the Rarer in paediatric patients and with the newer volatile agents newer volatile agents
Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
ldquoldquoUnexplained liver damage within 28 days of Unexplained liver damage within 28 days of halothane exposure in previously normal halothane exposure in previously normal patientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reactionpatientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reaction
Clinical featuresClinical features malaise anorexiafever malaise anorexiafever within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks
Halothane HepatitisHalothane HepatitisDIAGNOSISDIAGNOSIS Serum antibodies that react with specific liver Serum antibodies that react with specific liver
microsomal proteins that are altered by microsomal proteins that are altered by trifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothanetrifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothane
Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Risk factorsRisk factors High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ]High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ] previous adverse reactionprevious adverse reaction Uncertain - obesityUncertain - obesity Female [16 1 ]Female [16 1 ] Drug allergy [ 15 ]Drug allergy [ 15 ] Family historyFamily history Lymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoinLymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoin
ContdhellipContdhellip The cause not fully established - multifactorial - The cause not fully established - multifactorial -
possible immunological cause possible immunological cause Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated
proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically predisposed subjectspredisposed subjects
Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also to blameto blame
Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile agent so toxic metabolites may be involvedagent so toxic metabolites may be involved
The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with increasing numbers of exposures to halothane increasing numbers of exposures to halothane
Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO database holds 225 and 159 reports respectivelydatabase holds 225 and 159 reports respectively
Halothane exposure Halothane exposure guidelinesguidelines
Avoid Halothane ifAvoid Halothane if Within at least 3 months of a previous Within at least 3 months of a previous
exposure exposure Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or
pyrexia pyrexia Family history of hepatic reactions to Family history of hepatic reactions to
halothanehalothane Pre - existing liver diseasePre - existing liver disease Adverse reactions to Other volatile Adverse reactions to Other volatile
anaesthetic agentsanaesthetic agents
Liver and PregnancyLiver and Pregnancy Normal in sizeNormal in size A decrease in total protein as well albumin A decrease in total protein as well albumin An increase of the liver dependent clotting An increase of the liver dependent clotting
factors such as fibrinogen factors such as fibrinogen An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times
secondary to placental alkalinesecondary to placental alkaline Srcholinesterase Srcholinesterase darr 30darr 30 Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and
bilirubinbilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin
ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver disease disease
Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Intrahepatic Cholestasis of PregnancyPregnancy
Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Rare in black patients Rare in black patients
Strong family history Strong family history High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies
60-7060-70 Pruritus alone - 80 percent Pruritus alone - 80 percent Jaundice develop in 20 percentJaundice develop in 20 percent Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or
no elevation in transaminasesno elevation in transaminases
IChP ndashcontdhellipIChP ndashcontdhellip Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early
delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice ) pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice )
Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts Dexamethasone Dexamethasone
Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but bilurubin within 4-6 weeks bilurubin within 4-6 weeks
Implications on Anaesthesia Implications on Anaesthesia Check coagulation profile Check coagulation profile Ask for vit K IV Ask for vit K IV take care of high incidence of fetal distress take care of high incidence of fetal distress
meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist must attend with incubatormust attend with incubator
Preeclampsia amp EclampsiaPreeclampsia amp Eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia
and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl
If not associated with other criteria of HELLP If not associated with other criteria of HELLP syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 50mlday 50mlday
Implications on anaesthesiaImplications on anaesthesia Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress
response which could continue to anaesthesia response which could continue to anaesthesia provided INR lt15 provided INR lt15
Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed tube 6-7 mm tube 6-7 mm
Adequate analgesia Adequate analgesia Fluids restriction Fluids restriction Continue medications postoperative in ICU Continue medications postoperative in ICU
HELLP syndrome HELLP syndrome Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low
plateletsplatelets Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-
eclampsia result from very active platelets eclampsia result from very active platelets aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia and congestion with deposition of fibrous and congestion with deposition of fibrous network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage
Nausea vomiting headache and upper right Nausea vomiting headache and upper right abdominal pain hypotension shockabdominal pain hypotension shock
Best markers are the maternal lactate Best markers are the maternal lactate dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet count count
Congested liver of HELLP Congested liver of HELLP syndromesyndrome
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high
dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has been shown to markedly improve the laboratory been shown to markedly improve the laboratory abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome
Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is
greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of magnesium sulfate magnesium sulfate
Anesthesia like severe preclampsia Anesthesia like severe preclampsia avoid trauma to liveravoid trauma to liver Vit K if INR gt15Vit K if INR gt15 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60
ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF PREGNANCYPREGNANCY
Rare serious disorder unknown etiologyRare serious disorder unknown etiology Symptoms in third trimesterSymptoms in third trimester ndashabdominal
pain nausea vomiting anorexiafatique fever headache
Rapid progression ndashbleeding jaundice encephalopathy renal failure hepatic failure coagulopathy - PPH
uarrTransaminases hyperbilirubinemia uarrprothrombin time --- DIC
Prompt delivery is advisable
Hepatic Rupture and Hepatic Rupture and Infarction Infarction
Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 to 85 percent) are at higher risk to 85 percent) are at higher risk
Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in
shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy
Therapy for hepatic rupture has included Therapy for hepatic rupture has included transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted in hepatic rupture in hepatic rupture
Hepatic infarctionHepatic infarction was typically present with fever was typically present with fever and marked elevations in transaminase levels In and marked elevations in transaminase levels In surviving patients liver function and histopathology surviving patients liver function and histopathology are normal within six months of delivery are normal within six months of delivery
Anesthesia in pregnant women with Anesthesia in pregnant women with HELLP syndromeHELLP syndrome
Retrospective studyRetrospective study For the period of 1 July For the period of 1 July 1996 through 30 June 2000 1996 through 30 June 2000
RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had cesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal deliverycesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal delivery
Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 postcesarean delivery the range platelet count postcesarean delivery the range platelet count was 19000-143000microl was 19000-143000microl
Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia
There were no neurologic complications or There were no neurologic complications or bleeding in the epidural spacebleeding in the epidural space
CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any neurologic or hematologic complications of women neurologic or hematologic complications of women with HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesiawith HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesia
Subdural Hematoma following dural Subdural Hematoma following dural puncture in a parturient with HELLP puncture in a parturient with HELLP
syndromesyndrome This complication occurred following This complication occurred following accidental dural puncture in a parturient accidental dural puncture in a parturient with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who subsequently developed the syndrome of subsequently developed the syndrome of hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low plateletsplatelets
On the first postoperative day postdural On the first postoperative day postdural puncture headache (PDPH) developed puncture headache (PDPH) developed
An epidural blood patch (EBP) was An epidural blood patch (EBP) was deferred to the third postoperative day deferred to the third postoperative day because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1 because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1
Headache intensified from a typical PDPH Headache intensified from a typical PDPH to one which was not posturally related to one which was not posturally related
A second EBP was abandoned after the A second EBP was abandoned after the
injection of 5 mL of blood because of injection of 5 mL of blood because of increasing headache during the procedure increasing headache during the procedure
Magnetic resonance imaging revealed Magnetic resonance imaging revealed bilateral temporal subdural hematomas bilateral temporal subdural hematomas
The patient was managed conservatively and The patient was managed conservatively and discharged home without any sequelae discharged home without any sequelae
ConclusionConclusion It is conceivable that It is conceivable that thrombocytopenia together with possible thrombocytopenia together with possible abnormal platelet function increased the risk abnormal platelet function increased the risk of subdural hematoma of subdural hematoma
Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be considered whenever headache is not considered whenever headache is not posturally related posturally related
OCUPATIONAL HAZARDOCUPATIONAL HAZARD Risk of transmission of HBV following Risk of transmission of HBV following
inoculation is 5 -30inoculation is 5 -30 May occur through needle prickcuts May occur through needle prickcuts
sharp injuriesmucous membranes- sharp injuriesmucous membranes- waterproof dressingwaterproof dressing
Wear gloves while inserting a Wear gloves while inserting a cannula airways intubation amp extubation cannula airways intubation amp extubation
Sharps should not be handed directly to Sharps should not be handed directly to othersothers
See to the sterilisation of other See to the sterilisation of other contaminated thingscontaminated things
Regional Anaesthesia Regional Anaesthesia Contraindicated if PT gt25 s above control Contraindicated if PT gt25 s above control
platelet count lt 50000 cumm bleeding platelet count lt 50000 cumm bleeding time gt12 mtstime gt12 mts
Spinal and epidural anaesthesia carries the Spinal and epidural anaesthesia carries the risk of epidural haematoma and paralysis if risk of epidural haematoma and paralysis if there is abnormal clotting but there are there is abnormal clotting but there are otherwise no special precautionsotherwise no special precautions
The half-life of lignocaine is prolonged in The half-life of lignocaine is prolonged in liver failure but this is not significant when liver failure but this is not significant when used in regional anaesthesia used in regional anaesthesia
LA dose diminished in presence of AscitesLA dose diminished in presence of Ascites
Canadian Journal of Anesthesia Vol 45 452-Canadian Journal of Anesthesia Vol 45 452-459 459
Obstetrical anaesthesia for a parturient with Obstetrical anaesthesia for a parturient with preeclampsia HELLP syndrome and acute cortical preeclampsia HELLP syndrome and acute cortical
blindnessblindness A 39-yr-old woman with three past A 39-yr-old woman with three past uncomplicated pregnancies presented at 33 uncomplicated pregnancies presented at 33 wk with acute cortical blindnesswk with acute cortical blindness
Based on clinical and laboratory assessment Based on clinical and laboratory assessment a diagnosis of preeclampsia with HELLP a diagnosis of preeclampsia with HELLP syndrome was madesyndrome was made
A CT scan of her head demonstrated A CT scan of her head demonstrated ischaemic lesions of her basal ganglia ischaemic lesions of her basal ganglia extending superiorly to involve both posterior extending superiorly to involve both posterior parietal and occipital regionsparietal and occipital regions
Infusions of magnesium sulphate and Infusions of magnesium sulphate and hydralazine were started and an urgent hydralazine were started and an urgent Caesarean section was performed Caesarean section was performed under under subarachnoid anaesthesiasubarachnoid anaesthesia after insertion of an after insertion of an arterial line and intravenous hydration arterial line and intravenous hydration
ContdhellipContdhellip The course of anaesthesia and surgery was uneventful The course of anaesthesia and surgery was uneventful
and she delivered a live 1540 g female infantand she delivered a live 1540 g female infant By the following morning she had recovered some By the following morning she had recovered some
vision and visual recovery was complete by 72 hr vision and visual recovery was complete by 72 hr postpartum postpartum
Her postoperative course was uneventful Her postoperative course was uneventful CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION Provided that it is not contraindicated Provided that it is not contraindicated
because of prohibitive risk to the mother because of prohibitive risk to the mother regional regional anaesthesia has particular advantage in these anaesthesia has particular advantage in these patientspatients
In particular the use of spinal anaesthesia which has In particular the use of spinal anaesthesia which has been discouraged by some for this patient population been discouraged by some for this patient population should be re-evaluated should be re-evaluated
Postoperative Postoperative managementmanagement
Oxygen enriched airOxygen enriched air Major surgery ndash elective post operative Major surgery ndash elective post operative
ventilationventilation Replace blood lossReplace blood loss Maintain adequate urine outputMaintain adequate urine output Dopamine and inotropes should be Dopamine and inotropes should be
continuedcontinued The principle complications are likely The principle complications are likely
to be continued bleeding sepsis and to be continued bleeding sepsis and hepatic decompensation hepatic decompensation
Peri-operative considerations in Child-Peri-operative considerations in Child-Pugh A patientsPugh A patients
Pre-operative Pre-operative Aetiology of condition - virology Aetiology of condition - virology Drug idiosyncrasy Drug idiosyncrasy
Blood count and platelets Blood count and platelets Clotting screen Clotting screen Assess renal function Assess renal function Previous anaesthetics Previous anaesthetics
Per-operative Per-operative Consider drug bio-availability issues Consider drug bio-availability issues Avoid drugs excreted via liverAvoid drugs excreted via liver Regional techniques acceptable if clotting Regional techniques acceptable if clotting
normalnormal Post-operativePost-operative Monitor for post-operative hepatic Monitor for post-operative hepatic
decompensationdecompensation Possible prolonged duration of action in Possible prolonged duration of action in opiates HDU ITU careopiates HDU ITU care
Child-Pugh Group BC patient Child-Pugh Group BC patient undergoing major surgeryundergoing major surgery
Previous upper abdominal surgery portal Previous upper abdominal surgery portal hypertension and coagulopathy dramatically hypertension and coagulopathy dramatically increase the potential for per-operative blood lossincrease the potential for per-operative blood loss
8-12 units of blood together fresh frozen plasma 8-12 units of blood together fresh frozen plasma and platelets should be available and platelets should be available
Pre-medicationPre-medication Sedative premedicants should be avoided in the Sedative premedicants should be avoided in the
encephalopathic patient encephalopathic patient Other drugs may be needed pre-operatively and Other drugs may be needed pre-operatively and
include antibiotics and H2 receptor antagonistsinclude antibiotics and H2 receptor antagonists The oral or intravenous route used - The oral or intravenous route used -
intramuscular injections should be avoidedintramuscular injections should be avoided Coagulopathy may require correction with fresh Coagulopathy may require correction with fresh
frozen plasma and platelets and renal frozen plasma and platelets and renal replacement therapy may need to be consideredreplacement therapy may need to be considered
Per-operative considerationsPer-operative considerations Regional techniques -- considered carefully - Regional techniques -- considered carefully -
coagulopathy epidural varices can pose an coagulopathy epidural varices can pose an additional risk additional risk
Vascular accessVascular access with a multi-lumen central with a multi-lumen central venous catheter together with at least one large venous catheter together with at least one large bore central line bore central line
Monitoring of arterial and central venous Monitoring of arterial and central venous pressures is mandatory pressures is mandatory
Pulmonary artery pulmonary capillary wedge Pulmonary artery pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and cardiac output measurements pressure and cardiac output measurements may be necessary in the sick patientmay be necessary in the sick patient
Trans-oesophageal echocardiography and Trans-oesophageal echocardiography and volumetric haemodynamic monitoring pulse volumetric haemodynamic monitoring pulse contour analysis can provide significant contour analysis can provide significant additional information for the strategic additional information for the strategic management of these patients management of these patients
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Coagulation and fibrinolysisCoagulation and fibrinolysis are major are major
concerns concerns The potential for large volume blood replacement The potential for large volume blood replacement
means that temperature should be measured and means that temperature should be measured and a fluid warmer and warming mattress useda fluid warmer and warming mattress used
Regular per-operative estimation of INRPTR may Regular per-operative estimation of INRPTR may be necessary - thromboelastography provides be necessary - thromboelastography provides useful intra-operative evaluation of coagulationuseful intra-operative evaluation of coagulation
Blood conservationBlood conservation - considered - considered Preservation of hepatic function -Preservation of hepatic function - N- N-
acetylcysteine (NAC) is a sulphur-containing acetylcysteine (NAC) is a sulphur-containing antioxidant - benefit patients with fulminant antioxidant - benefit patients with fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
NAC appears to improve oxygen delivery NAC appears to improve oxygen delivery and consumption and reduce base deficitand consumption and reduce base deficit
Renal FunctionRenal Function - - Dopamine may be usefulDopamine may be useful
Bleeding oesophageal Bleeding oesophageal varicesvarices
Bleeding oesophageal varices - life-threatening Bleeding oesophageal varices - life-threatening complication of - often occur against a complication of - often occur against a background of abnormal clotting background of abnormal clotting thrombocytopenia encephalopathy and Ascitesthrombocytopenia encephalopathy and Ascites
Overall mortality is 30 Overall mortality is 30 The principles of anaesthetic managementThe principles of anaesthetic management Protect the airway Protect the airway Establish good vascular access Establish good vascular access Volume replacement - colloid blood fresh Volume replacement - colloid blood fresh
frozen plasma and platelets Avoid saline frozen plasma and platelets Avoid saline Check correct clotting Give Vitamin K correct Check correct clotting Give Vitamin K correct
fibrinolysis and review blood chemistry fibrinolysis and review blood chemistry
Intoxicated Alcoholic Intoxicated Alcoholic PatientsPatients
Requires less anaesthetic ndashadditive depressant Requires less anaesthetic ndashadditive depressant effect of alcohol amp anaestheticseffect of alcohol amp anaesthetics
Ill - equipped to withstand stress amp Acute blood Ill - equipped to withstand stress amp Acute blood lossloss
Alcohol decrease the tolerance of brain to hypoxiaAlcohol decrease the tolerance of brain to hypoxia uarr uarr Risk of regurgitation amp aspiration - alcohol Risk of regurgitation amp aspiration - alcohol
darrtone of lower oesophageal sphincter amp slows darrtone of lower oesophageal sphincter amp slows gastric emptyinggastric emptying
Alcohol Interferes with platelet aggregationAlcohol Interferes with platelet aggregation Causes uarrconc of plasma catecholamines rarr Causes uarrconc of plasma catecholamines rarr
Intraoperative dysarrhytmiasIntraoperative dysarrhytmias
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE
Mild ndash 17 marked - 4Mild ndash 17 marked - 4 Patient factorsPatient factors Congenital Congenital
hemolytic disordershemolytic disorders Acquired hemolytic Acquired hemolytic
disordersdisorders Pre existing liver Pre existing liver
diseasedisease CoagulopathyCoagulopathy Gilberts syndromeGilberts syndrome SepsisSepsis
Perioperative Perioperative factorsfactors
Anaesthetic induced Anaesthetic induced darrHBFdarrHBF
BleedingBleeding HypotensionHypotension Blood transfusionBlood transfusion Biliary tree traumaBiliary tree trauma Viral hepatitisViral hepatitis DrugsDrugs Halothane antibioticsHalothane antibiotics Nonsteroidal agentsNonsteroidal agents
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -
5000mg Bilirubin5000mg Bilirubin 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg
bilirubinbilirubin Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in
G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cell disease multiple blood transfusionscell disease multiple blood transfusions
Delayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashDelayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashpostop jaundicepostop jaundice
Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgeryuarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgery
ContdhellipContdhellip Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow
non biliary surgery 3- 30 days post opnon biliary surgery 3- 30 days post op Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis
[benign] - associated with multiple blood [benign] - associated with multiple blood transfusions hypoxia hypotension - transfusions hypoxia hypotension - uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks
ManagementManagement Prevention is the best treatment Prevention is the best treatment Avoid precipitating factorsAvoid precipitating factors
Halothane HepatitisHalothane Hepatitis The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane
anaesthetics - higher in women the middle anaesthetics - higher in women the middle aged and the obeseaged and the obese
Rarer in paediatric patients and with the Rarer in paediatric patients and with the newer volatile agents newer volatile agents
Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
ldquoldquoUnexplained liver damage within 28 days of Unexplained liver damage within 28 days of halothane exposure in previously normal halothane exposure in previously normal patientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reactionpatientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reaction
Clinical featuresClinical features malaise anorexiafever malaise anorexiafever within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks
Halothane HepatitisHalothane HepatitisDIAGNOSISDIAGNOSIS Serum antibodies that react with specific liver Serum antibodies that react with specific liver
microsomal proteins that are altered by microsomal proteins that are altered by trifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothanetrifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothane
Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Risk factorsRisk factors High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ]High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ] previous adverse reactionprevious adverse reaction Uncertain - obesityUncertain - obesity Female [16 1 ]Female [16 1 ] Drug allergy [ 15 ]Drug allergy [ 15 ] Family historyFamily history Lymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoinLymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoin
ContdhellipContdhellip The cause not fully established - multifactorial - The cause not fully established - multifactorial -
possible immunological cause possible immunological cause Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated
proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically predisposed subjectspredisposed subjects
Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also to blameto blame
Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile agent so toxic metabolites may be involvedagent so toxic metabolites may be involved
The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with increasing numbers of exposures to halothane increasing numbers of exposures to halothane
Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO database holds 225 and 159 reports respectivelydatabase holds 225 and 159 reports respectively
Halothane exposure Halothane exposure guidelinesguidelines
Avoid Halothane ifAvoid Halothane if Within at least 3 months of a previous Within at least 3 months of a previous
exposure exposure Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or
pyrexia pyrexia Family history of hepatic reactions to Family history of hepatic reactions to
halothanehalothane Pre - existing liver diseasePre - existing liver disease Adverse reactions to Other volatile Adverse reactions to Other volatile
anaesthetic agentsanaesthetic agents
Liver and PregnancyLiver and Pregnancy Normal in sizeNormal in size A decrease in total protein as well albumin A decrease in total protein as well albumin An increase of the liver dependent clotting An increase of the liver dependent clotting
factors such as fibrinogen factors such as fibrinogen An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times
secondary to placental alkalinesecondary to placental alkaline Srcholinesterase Srcholinesterase darr 30darr 30 Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and
bilirubinbilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin
ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver disease disease
Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Intrahepatic Cholestasis of PregnancyPregnancy
Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Rare in black patients Rare in black patients
Strong family history Strong family history High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies
60-7060-70 Pruritus alone - 80 percent Pruritus alone - 80 percent Jaundice develop in 20 percentJaundice develop in 20 percent Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or
no elevation in transaminasesno elevation in transaminases
IChP ndashcontdhellipIChP ndashcontdhellip Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early
delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice ) pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice )
Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts Dexamethasone Dexamethasone
Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but bilurubin within 4-6 weeks bilurubin within 4-6 weeks
Implications on Anaesthesia Implications on Anaesthesia Check coagulation profile Check coagulation profile Ask for vit K IV Ask for vit K IV take care of high incidence of fetal distress take care of high incidence of fetal distress
meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist must attend with incubatormust attend with incubator
Preeclampsia amp EclampsiaPreeclampsia amp Eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia
and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl
If not associated with other criteria of HELLP If not associated with other criteria of HELLP syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 50mlday 50mlday
Implications on anaesthesiaImplications on anaesthesia Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress
response which could continue to anaesthesia response which could continue to anaesthesia provided INR lt15 provided INR lt15
Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed tube 6-7 mm tube 6-7 mm
Adequate analgesia Adequate analgesia Fluids restriction Fluids restriction Continue medications postoperative in ICU Continue medications postoperative in ICU
HELLP syndrome HELLP syndrome Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low
plateletsplatelets Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-
eclampsia result from very active platelets eclampsia result from very active platelets aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia and congestion with deposition of fibrous and congestion with deposition of fibrous network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage
Nausea vomiting headache and upper right Nausea vomiting headache and upper right abdominal pain hypotension shockabdominal pain hypotension shock
Best markers are the maternal lactate Best markers are the maternal lactate dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet count count
Congested liver of HELLP Congested liver of HELLP syndromesyndrome
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high
dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has been shown to markedly improve the laboratory been shown to markedly improve the laboratory abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome
Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is
greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of magnesium sulfate magnesium sulfate
Anesthesia like severe preclampsia Anesthesia like severe preclampsia avoid trauma to liveravoid trauma to liver Vit K if INR gt15Vit K if INR gt15 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60
ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF PREGNANCYPREGNANCY
Rare serious disorder unknown etiologyRare serious disorder unknown etiology Symptoms in third trimesterSymptoms in third trimester ndashabdominal
pain nausea vomiting anorexiafatique fever headache
Rapid progression ndashbleeding jaundice encephalopathy renal failure hepatic failure coagulopathy - PPH
uarrTransaminases hyperbilirubinemia uarrprothrombin time --- DIC
Prompt delivery is advisable
Hepatic Rupture and Hepatic Rupture and Infarction Infarction
Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 to 85 percent) are at higher risk to 85 percent) are at higher risk
Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in
shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy
Therapy for hepatic rupture has included Therapy for hepatic rupture has included transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted in hepatic rupture in hepatic rupture
Hepatic infarctionHepatic infarction was typically present with fever was typically present with fever and marked elevations in transaminase levels In and marked elevations in transaminase levels In surviving patients liver function and histopathology surviving patients liver function and histopathology are normal within six months of delivery are normal within six months of delivery
Anesthesia in pregnant women with Anesthesia in pregnant women with HELLP syndromeHELLP syndrome
Retrospective studyRetrospective study For the period of 1 July For the period of 1 July 1996 through 30 June 2000 1996 through 30 June 2000
RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had cesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal deliverycesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal delivery
Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 postcesarean delivery the range platelet count postcesarean delivery the range platelet count was 19000-143000microl was 19000-143000microl
Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia
There were no neurologic complications or There were no neurologic complications or bleeding in the epidural spacebleeding in the epidural space
CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any neurologic or hematologic complications of women neurologic or hematologic complications of women with HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesiawith HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesia
Subdural Hematoma following dural Subdural Hematoma following dural puncture in a parturient with HELLP puncture in a parturient with HELLP
syndromesyndrome This complication occurred following This complication occurred following accidental dural puncture in a parturient accidental dural puncture in a parturient with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who subsequently developed the syndrome of subsequently developed the syndrome of hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low plateletsplatelets
On the first postoperative day postdural On the first postoperative day postdural puncture headache (PDPH) developed puncture headache (PDPH) developed
An epidural blood patch (EBP) was An epidural blood patch (EBP) was deferred to the third postoperative day deferred to the third postoperative day because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1 because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1
Headache intensified from a typical PDPH Headache intensified from a typical PDPH to one which was not posturally related to one which was not posturally related
A second EBP was abandoned after the A second EBP was abandoned after the
injection of 5 mL of blood because of injection of 5 mL of blood because of increasing headache during the procedure increasing headache during the procedure
Magnetic resonance imaging revealed Magnetic resonance imaging revealed bilateral temporal subdural hematomas bilateral temporal subdural hematomas
The patient was managed conservatively and The patient was managed conservatively and discharged home without any sequelae discharged home without any sequelae
ConclusionConclusion It is conceivable that It is conceivable that thrombocytopenia together with possible thrombocytopenia together with possible abnormal platelet function increased the risk abnormal platelet function increased the risk of subdural hematoma of subdural hematoma
Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be considered whenever headache is not considered whenever headache is not posturally related posturally related
OCUPATIONAL HAZARDOCUPATIONAL HAZARD Risk of transmission of HBV following Risk of transmission of HBV following
inoculation is 5 -30inoculation is 5 -30 May occur through needle prickcuts May occur through needle prickcuts
sharp injuriesmucous membranes- sharp injuriesmucous membranes- waterproof dressingwaterproof dressing
Wear gloves while inserting a Wear gloves while inserting a cannula airways intubation amp extubation cannula airways intubation amp extubation
Sharps should not be handed directly to Sharps should not be handed directly to othersothers
See to the sterilisation of other See to the sterilisation of other contaminated thingscontaminated things
Canadian Journal of Anesthesia Vol 45 452-Canadian Journal of Anesthesia Vol 45 452-459 459
Obstetrical anaesthesia for a parturient with Obstetrical anaesthesia for a parturient with preeclampsia HELLP syndrome and acute cortical preeclampsia HELLP syndrome and acute cortical
blindnessblindness A 39-yr-old woman with three past A 39-yr-old woman with three past uncomplicated pregnancies presented at 33 uncomplicated pregnancies presented at 33 wk with acute cortical blindnesswk with acute cortical blindness
Based on clinical and laboratory assessment Based on clinical and laboratory assessment a diagnosis of preeclampsia with HELLP a diagnosis of preeclampsia with HELLP syndrome was madesyndrome was made
A CT scan of her head demonstrated A CT scan of her head demonstrated ischaemic lesions of her basal ganglia ischaemic lesions of her basal ganglia extending superiorly to involve both posterior extending superiorly to involve both posterior parietal and occipital regionsparietal and occipital regions
Infusions of magnesium sulphate and Infusions of magnesium sulphate and hydralazine were started and an urgent hydralazine were started and an urgent Caesarean section was performed Caesarean section was performed under under subarachnoid anaesthesiasubarachnoid anaesthesia after insertion of an after insertion of an arterial line and intravenous hydration arterial line and intravenous hydration
ContdhellipContdhellip The course of anaesthesia and surgery was uneventful The course of anaesthesia and surgery was uneventful
and she delivered a live 1540 g female infantand she delivered a live 1540 g female infant By the following morning she had recovered some By the following morning she had recovered some
vision and visual recovery was complete by 72 hr vision and visual recovery was complete by 72 hr postpartum postpartum
Her postoperative course was uneventful Her postoperative course was uneventful CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION Provided that it is not contraindicated Provided that it is not contraindicated
because of prohibitive risk to the mother because of prohibitive risk to the mother regional regional anaesthesia has particular advantage in these anaesthesia has particular advantage in these patientspatients
In particular the use of spinal anaesthesia which has In particular the use of spinal anaesthesia which has been discouraged by some for this patient population been discouraged by some for this patient population should be re-evaluated should be re-evaluated
Postoperative Postoperative managementmanagement
Oxygen enriched airOxygen enriched air Major surgery ndash elective post operative Major surgery ndash elective post operative
ventilationventilation Replace blood lossReplace blood loss Maintain adequate urine outputMaintain adequate urine output Dopamine and inotropes should be Dopamine and inotropes should be
continuedcontinued The principle complications are likely The principle complications are likely
to be continued bleeding sepsis and to be continued bleeding sepsis and hepatic decompensation hepatic decompensation
Peri-operative considerations in Child-Peri-operative considerations in Child-Pugh A patientsPugh A patients
Pre-operative Pre-operative Aetiology of condition - virology Aetiology of condition - virology Drug idiosyncrasy Drug idiosyncrasy
Blood count and platelets Blood count and platelets Clotting screen Clotting screen Assess renal function Assess renal function Previous anaesthetics Previous anaesthetics
Per-operative Per-operative Consider drug bio-availability issues Consider drug bio-availability issues Avoid drugs excreted via liverAvoid drugs excreted via liver Regional techniques acceptable if clotting Regional techniques acceptable if clotting
normalnormal Post-operativePost-operative Monitor for post-operative hepatic Monitor for post-operative hepatic
decompensationdecompensation Possible prolonged duration of action in Possible prolonged duration of action in opiates HDU ITU careopiates HDU ITU care
Child-Pugh Group BC patient Child-Pugh Group BC patient undergoing major surgeryundergoing major surgery
Previous upper abdominal surgery portal Previous upper abdominal surgery portal hypertension and coagulopathy dramatically hypertension and coagulopathy dramatically increase the potential for per-operative blood lossincrease the potential for per-operative blood loss
8-12 units of blood together fresh frozen plasma 8-12 units of blood together fresh frozen plasma and platelets should be available and platelets should be available
Pre-medicationPre-medication Sedative premedicants should be avoided in the Sedative premedicants should be avoided in the
encephalopathic patient encephalopathic patient Other drugs may be needed pre-operatively and Other drugs may be needed pre-operatively and
include antibiotics and H2 receptor antagonistsinclude antibiotics and H2 receptor antagonists The oral or intravenous route used - The oral or intravenous route used -
intramuscular injections should be avoidedintramuscular injections should be avoided Coagulopathy may require correction with fresh Coagulopathy may require correction with fresh
frozen plasma and platelets and renal frozen plasma and platelets and renal replacement therapy may need to be consideredreplacement therapy may need to be considered
Per-operative considerationsPer-operative considerations Regional techniques -- considered carefully - Regional techniques -- considered carefully -
coagulopathy epidural varices can pose an coagulopathy epidural varices can pose an additional risk additional risk
Vascular accessVascular access with a multi-lumen central with a multi-lumen central venous catheter together with at least one large venous catheter together with at least one large bore central line bore central line
Monitoring of arterial and central venous Monitoring of arterial and central venous pressures is mandatory pressures is mandatory
Pulmonary artery pulmonary capillary wedge Pulmonary artery pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and cardiac output measurements pressure and cardiac output measurements may be necessary in the sick patientmay be necessary in the sick patient
Trans-oesophageal echocardiography and Trans-oesophageal echocardiography and volumetric haemodynamic monitoring pulse volumetric haemodynamic monitoring pulse contour analysis can provide significant contour analysis can provide significant additional information for the strategic additional information for the strategic management of these patients management of these patients
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Coagulation and fibrinolysisCoagulation and fibrinolysis are major are major
concerns concerns The potential for large volume blood replacement The potential for large volume blood replacement
means that temperature should be measured and means that temperature should be measured and a fluid warmer and warming mattress useda fluid warmer and warming mattress used
Regular per-operative estimation of INRPTR may Regular per-operative estimation of INRPTR may be necessary - thromboelastography provides be necessary - thromboelastography provides useful intra-operative evaluation of coagulationuseful intra-operative evaluation of coagulation
Blood conservationBlood conservation - considered - considered Preservation of hepatic function -Preservation of hepatic function - N- N-
acetylcysteine (NAC) is a sulphur-containing acetylcysteine (NAC) is a sulphur-containing antioxidant - benefit patients with fulminant antioxidant - benefit patients with fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
NAC appears to improve oxygen delivery NAC appears to improve oxygen delivery and consumption and reduce base deficitand consumption and reduce base deficit
Renal FunctionRenal Function - - Dopamine may be usefulDopamine may be useful
Bleeding oesophageal Bleeding oesophageal varicesvarices
Bleeding oesophageal varices - life-threatening Bleeding oesophageal varices - life-threatening complication of - often occur against a complication of - often occur against a background of abnormal clotting background of abnormal clotting thrombocytopenia encephalopathy and Ascitesthrombocytopenia encephalopathy and Ascites
Overall mortality is 30 Overall mortality is 30 The principles of anaesthetic managementThe principles of anaesthetic management Protect the airway Protect the airway Establish good vascular access Establish good vascular access Volume replacement - colloid blood fresh Volume replacement - colloid blood fresh
frozen plasma and platelets Avoid saline frozen plasma and platelets Avoid saline Check correct clotting Give Vitamin K correct Check correct clotting Give Vitamin K correct
fibrinolysis and review blood chemistry fibrinolysis and review blood chemistry
Intoxicated Alcoholic Intoxicated Alcoholic PatientsPatients
Requires less anaesthetic ndashadditive depressant Requires less anaesthetic ndashadditive depressant effect of alcohol amp anaestheticseffect of alcohol amp anaesthetics
Ill - equipped to withstand stress amp Acute blood Ill - equipped to withstand stress amp Acute blood lossloss
Alcohol decrease the tolerance of brain to hypoxiaAlcohol decrease the tolerance of brain to hypoxia uarr uarr Risk of regurgitation amp aspiration - alcohol Risk of regurgitation amp aspiration - alcohol
darrtone of lower oesophageal sphincter amp slows darrtone of lower oesophageal sphincter amp slows gastric emptyinggastric emptying
Alcohol Interferes with platelet aggregationAlcohol Interferes with platelet aggregation Causes uarrconc of plasma catecholamines rarr Causes uarrconc of plasma catecholamines rarr
Intraoperative dysarrhytmiasIntraoperative dysarrhytmias
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE
Mild ndash 17 marked - 4Mild ndash 17 marked - 4 Patient factorsPatient factors Congenital Congenital
hemolytic disordershemolytic disorders Acquired hemolytic Acquired hemolytic
disordersdisorders Pre existing liver Pre existing liver
diseasedisease CoagulopathyCoagulopathy Gilberts syndromeGilberts syndrome SepsisSepsis
Perioperative Perioperative factorsfactors
Anaesthetic induced Anaesthetic induced darrHBFdarrHBF
BleedingBleeding HypotensionHypotension Blood transfusionBlood transfusion Biliary tree traumaBiliary tree trauma Viral hepatitisViral hepatitis DrugsDrugs Halothane antibioticsHalothane antibiotics Nonsteroidal agentsNonsteroidal agents
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -
5000mg Bilirubin5000mg Bilirubin 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg
bilirubinbilirubin Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in
G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cell disease multiple blood transfusionscell disease multiple blood transfusions
Delayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashDelayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashpostop jaundicepostop jaundice
Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgeryuarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgery
ContdhellipContdhellip Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow
non biliary surgery 3- 30 days post opnon biliary surgery 3- 30 days post op Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis
[benign] - associated with multiple blood [benign] - associated with multiple blood transfusions hypoxia hypotension - transfusions hypoxia hypotension - uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks
ManagementManagement Prevention is the best treatment Prevention is the best treatment Avoid precipitating factorsAvoid precipitating factors
Halothane HepatitisHalothane Hepatitis The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane
anaesthetics - higher in women the middle anaesthetics - higher in women the middle aged and the obeseaged and the obese
Rarer in paediatric patients and with the Rarer in paediatric patients and with the newer volatile agents newer volatile agents
Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
ldquoldquoUnexplained liver damage within 28 days of Unexplained liver damage within 28 days of halothane exposure in previously normal halothane exposure in previously normal patientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reactionpatientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reaction
Clinical featuresClinical features malaise anorexiafever malaise anorexiafever within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks
Halothane HepatitisHalothane HepatitisDIAGNOSISDIAGNOSIS Serum antibodies that react with specific liver Serum antibodies that react with specific liver
microsomal proteins that are altered by microsomal proteins that are altered by trifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothanetrifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothane
Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Risk factorsRisk factors High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ]High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ] previous adverse reactionprevious adverse reaction Uncertain - obesityUncertain - obesity Female [16 1 ]Female [16 1 ] Drug allergy [ 15 ]Drug allergy [ 15 ] Family historyFamily history Lymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoinLymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoin
ContdhellipContdhellip The cause not fully established - multifactorial - The cause not fully established - multifactorial -
possible immunological cause possible immunological cause Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated
proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically predisposed subjectspredisposed subjects
Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also to blameto blame
Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile agent so toxic metabolites may be involvedagent so toxic metabolites may be involved
The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with increasing numbers of exposures to halothane increasing numbers of exposures to halothane
Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO database holds 225 and 159 reports respectivelydatabase holds 225 and 159 reports respectively
Halothane exposure Halothane exposure guidelinesguidelines
Avoid Halothane ifAvoid Halothane if Within at least 3 months of a previous Within at least 3 months of a previous
exposure exposure Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or
pyrexia pyrexia Family history of hepatic reactions to Family history of hepatic reactions to
halothanehalothane Pre - existing liver diseasePre - existing liver disease Adverse reactions to Other volatile Adverse reactions to Other volatile
anaesthetic agentsanaesthetic agents
Liver and PregnancyLiver and Pregnancy Normal in sizeNormal in size A decrease in total protein as well albumin A decrease in total protein as well albumin An increase of the liver dependent clotting An increase of the liver dependent clotting
factors such as fibrinogen factors such as fibrinogen An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times
secondary to placental alkalinesecondary to placental alkaline Srcholinesterase Srcholinesterase darr 30darr 30 Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and
bilirubinbilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin
ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver disease disease
Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Intrahepatic Cholestasis of PregnancyPregnancy
Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Rare in black patients Rare in black patients
Strong family history Strong family history High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies
60-7060-70 Pruritus alone - 80 percent Pruritus alone - 80 percent Jaundice develop in 20 percentJaundice develop in 20 percent Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or
no elevation in transaminasesno elevation in transaminases
IChP ndashcontdhellipIChP ndashcontdhellip Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early
delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice ) pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice )
Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts Dexamethasone Dexamethasone
Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but bilurubin within 4-6 weeks bilurubin within 4-6 weeks
Implications on Anaesthesia Implications on Anaesthesia Check coagulation profile Check coagulation profile Ask for vit K IV Ask for vit K IV take care of high incidence of fetal distress take care of high incidence of fetal distress
meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist must attend with incubatormust attend with incubator
Preeclampsia amp EclampsiaPreeclampsia amp Eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia
and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl
If not associated with other criteria of HELLP If not associated with other criteria of HELLP syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 50mlday 50mlday
Implications on anaesthesiaImplications on anaesthesia Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress
response which could continue to anaesthesia response which could continue to anaesthesia provided INR lt15 provided INR lt15
Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed tube 6-7 mm tube 6-7 mm
Adequate analgesia Adequate analgesia Fluids restriction Fluids restriction Continue medications postoperative in ICU Continue medications postoperative in ICU
HELLP syndrome HELLP syndrome Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low
plateletsplatelets Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-
eclampsia result from very active platelets eclampsia result from very active platelets aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia and congestion with deposition of fibrous and congestion with deposition of fibrous network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage
Nausea vomiting headache and upper right Nausea vomiting headache and upper right abdominal pain hypotension shockabdominal pain hypotension shock
Best markers are the maternal lactate Best markers are the maternal lactate dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet count count
Congested liver of HELLP Congested liver of HELLP syndromesyndrome
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high
dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has been shown to markedly improve the laboratory been shown to markedly improve the laboratory abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome
Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is
greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of magnesium sulfate magnesium sulfate
Anesthesia like severe preclampsia Anesthesia like severe preclampsia avoid trauma to liveravoid trauma to liver Vit K if INR gt15Vit K if INR gt15 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60
ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF PREGNANCYPREGNANCY
Rare serious disorder unknown etiologyRare serious disorder unknown etiology Symptoms in third trimesterSymptoms in third trimester ndashabdominal
pain nausea vomiting anorexiafatique fever headache
Rapid progression ndashbleeding jaundice encephalopathy renal failure hepatic failure coagulopathy - PPH
uarrTransaminases hyperbilirubinemia uarrprothrombin time --- DIC
Prompt delivery is advisable
Hepatic Rupture and Hepatic Rupture and Infarction Infarction
Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 to 85 percent) are at higher risk to 85 percent) are at higher risk
Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in
shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy
Therapy for hepatic rupture has included Therapy for hepatic rupture has included transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted in hepatic rupture in hepatic rupture
Hepatic infarctionHepatic infarction was typically present with fever was typically present with fever and marked elevations in transaminase levels In and marked elevations in transaminase levels In surviving patients liver function and histopathology surviving patients liver function and histopathology are normal within six months of delivery are normal within six months of delivery
Anesthesia in pregnant women with Anesthesia in pregnant women with HELLP syndromeHELLP syndrome
Retrospective studyRetrospective study For the period of 1 July For the period of 1 July 1996 through 30 June 2000 1996 through 30 June 2000
RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had cesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal deliverycesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal delivery
Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 postcesarean delivery the range platelet count postcesarean delivery the range platelet count was 19000-143000microl was 19000-143000microl
Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia
There were no neurologic complications or There were no neurologic complications or bleeding in the epidural spacebleeding in the epidural space
CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any neurologic or hematologic complications of women neurologic or hematologic complications of women with HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesiawith HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesia
Subdural Hematoma following dural Subdural Hematoma following dural puncture in a parturient with HELLP puncture in a parturient with HELLP
syndromesyndrome This complication occurred following This complication occurred following accidental dural puncture in a parturient accidental dural puncture in a parturient with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who subsequently developed the syndrome of subsequently developed the syndrome of hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low plateletsplatelets
On the first postoperative day postdural On the first postoperative day postdural puncture headache (PDPH) developed puncture headache (PDPH) developed
An epidural blood patch (EBP) was An epidural blood patch (EBP) was deferred to the third postoperative day deferred to the third postoperative day because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1 because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1
Headache intensified from a typical PDPH Headache intensified from a typical PDPH to one which was not posturally related to one which was not posturally related
A second EBP was abandoned after the A second EBP was abandoned after the
injection of 5 mL of blood because of injection of 5 mL of blood because of increasing headache during the procedure increasing headache during the procedure
Magnetic resonance imaging revealed Magnetic resonance imaging revealed bilateral temporal subdural hematomas bilateral temporal subdural hematomas
The patient was managed conservatively and The patient was managed conservatively and discharged home without any sequelae discharged home without any sequelae
ConclusionConclusion It is conceivable that It is conceivable that thrombocytopenia together with possible thrombocytopenia together with possible abnormal platelet function increased the risk abnormal platelet function increased the risk of subdural hematoma of subdural hematoma
Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be considered whenever headache is not considered whenever headache is not posturally related posturally related
OCUPATIONAL HAZARDOCUPATIONAL HAZARD Risk of transmission of HBV following Risk of transmission of HBV following
inoculation is 5 -30inoculation is 5 -30 May occur through needle prickcuts May occur through needle prickcuts
sharp injuriesmucous membranes- sharp injuriesmucous membranes- waterproof dressingwaterproof dressing
Wear gloves while inserting a Wear gloves while inserting a cannula airways intubation amp extubation cannula airways intubation amp extubation
Sharps should not be handed directly to Sharps should not be handed directly to othersothers
See to the sterilisation of other See to the sterilisation of other contaminated thingscontaminated things
ContdhellipContdhellip The course of anaesthesia and surgery was uneventful The course of anaesthesia and surgery was uneventful
and she delivered a live 1540 g female infantand she delivered a live 1540 g female infant By the following morning she had recovered some By the following morning she had recovered some
vision and visual recovery was complete by 72 hr vision and visual recovery was complete by 72 hr postpartum postpartum
Her postoperative course was uneventful Her postoperative course was uneventful CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION Provided that it is not contraindicated Provided that it is not contraindicated
because of prohibitive risk to the mother because of prohibitive risk to the mother regional regional anaesthesia has particular advantage in these anaesthesia has particular advantage in these patientspatients
In particular the use of spinal anaesthesia which has In particular the use of spinal anaesthesia which has been discouraged by some for this patient population been discouraged by some for this patient population should be re-evaluated should be re-evaluated
Postoperative Postoperative managementmanagement
Oxygen enriched airOxygen enriched air Major surgery ndash elective post operative Major surgery ndash elective post operative
ventilationventilation Replace blood lossReplace blood loss Maintain adequate urine outputMaintain adequate urine output Dopamine and inotropes should be Dopamine and inotropes should be
continuedcontinued The principle complications are likely The principle complications are likely
to be continued bleeding sepsis and to be continued bleeding sepsis and hepatic decompensation hepatic decompensation
Peri-operative considerations in Child-Peri-operative considerations in Child-Pugh A patientsPugh A patients
Pre-operative Pre-operative Aetiology of condition - virology Aetiology of condition - virology Drug idiosyncrasy Drug idiosyncrasy
Blood count and platelets Blood count and platelets Clotting screen Clotting screen Assess renal function Assess renal function Previous anaesthetics Previous anaesthetics
Per-operative Per-operative Consider drug bio-availability issues Consider drug bio-availability issues Avoid drugs excreted via liverAvoid drugs excreted via liver Regional techniques acceptable if clotting Regional techniques acceptable if clotting
normalnormal Post-operativePost-operative Monitor for post-operative hepatic Monitor for post-operative hepatic
decompensationdecompensation Possible prolonged duration of action in Possible prolonged duration of action in opiates HDU ITU careopiates HDU ITU care
Child-Pugh Group BC patient Child-Pugh Group BC patient undergoing major surgeryundergoing major surgery
Previous upper abdominal surgery portal Previous upper abdominal surgery portal hypertension and coagulopathy dramatically hypertension and coagulopathy dramatically increase the potential for per-operative blood lossincrease the potential for per-operative blood loss
8-12 units of blood together fresh frozen plasma 8-12 units of blood together fresh frozen plasma and platelets should be available and platelets should be available
Pre-medicationPre-medication Sedative premedicants should be avoided in the Sedative premedicants should be avoided in the
encephalopathic patient encephalopathic patient Other drugs may be needed pre-operatively and Other drugs may be needed pre-operatively and
include antibiotics and H2 receptor antagonistsinclude antibiotics and H2 receptor antagonists The oral or intravenous route used - The oral or intravenous route used -
intramuscular injections should be avoidedintramuscular injections should be avoided Coagulopathy may require correction with fresh Coagulopathy may require correction with fresh
frozen plasma and platelets and renal frozen plasma and platelets and renal replacement therapy may need to be consideredreplacement therapy may need to be considered
Per-operative considerationsPer-operative considerations Regional techniques -- considered carefully - Regional techniques -- considered carefully -
coagulopathy epidural varices can pose an coagulopathy epidural varices can pose an additional risk additional risk
Vascular accessVascular access with a multi-lumen central with a multi-lumen central venous catheter together with at least one large venous catheter together with at least one large bore central line bore central line
Monitoring of arterial and central venous Monitoring of arterial and central venous pressures is mandatory pressures is mandatory
Pulmonary artery pulmonary capillary wedge Pulmonary artery pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and cardiac output measurements pressure and cardiac output measurements may be necessary in the sick patientmay be necessary in the sick patient
Trans-oesophageal echocardiography and Trans-oesophageal echocardiography and volumetric haemodynamic monitoring pulse volumetric haemodynamic monitoring pulse contour analysis can provide significant contour analysis can provide significant additional information for the strategic additional information for the strategic management of these patients management of these patients
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Coagulation and fibrinolysisCoagulation and fibrinolysis are major are major
concerns concerns The potential for large volume blood replacement The potential for large volume blood replacement
means that temperature should be measured and means that temperature should be measured and a fluid warmer and warming mattress useda fluid warmer and warming mattress used
Regular per-operative estimation of INRPTR may Regular per-operative estimation of INRPTR may be necessary - thromboelastography provides be necessary - thromboelastography provides useful intra-operative evaluation of coagulationuseful intra-operative evaluation of coagulation
Blood conservationBlood conservation - considered - considered Preservation of hepatic function -Preservation of hepatic function - N- N-
acetylcysteine (NAC) is a sulphur-containing acetylcysteine (NAC) is a sulphur-containing antioxidant - benefit patients with fulminant antioxidant - benefit patients with fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
NAC appears to improve oxygen delivery NAC appears to improve oxygen delivery and consumption and reduce base deficitand consumption and reduce base deficit
Renal FunctionRenal Function - - Dopamine may be usefulDopamine may be useful
Bleeding oesophageal Bleeding oesophageal varicesvarices
Bleeding oesophageal varices - life-threatening Bleeding oesophageal varices - life-threatening complication of - often occur against a complication of - often occur against a background of abnormal clotting background of abnormal clotting thrombocytopenia encephalopathy and Ascitesthrombocytopenia encephalopathy and Ascites
Overall mortality is 30 Overall mortality is 30 The principles of anaesthetic managementThe principles of anaesthetic management Protect the airway Protect the airway Establish good vascular access Establish good vascular access Volume replacement - colloid blood fresh Volume replacement - colloid blood fresh
frozen plasma and platelets Avoid saline frozen plasma and platelets Avoid saline Check correct clotting Give Vitamin K correct Check correct clotting Give Vitamin K correct
fibrinolysis and review blood chemistry fibrinolysis and review blood chemistry
Intoxicated Alcoholic Intoxicated Alcoholic PatientsPatients
Requires less anaesthetic ndashadditive depressant Requires less anaesthetic ndashadditive depressant effect of alcohol amp anaestheticseffect of alcohol amp anaesthetics
Ill - equipped to withstand stress amp Acute blood Ill - equipped to withstand stress amp Acute blood lossloss
Alcohol decrease the tolerance of brain to hypoxiaAlcohol decrease the tolerance of brain to hypoxia uarr uarr Risk of regurgitation amp aspiration - alcohol Risk of regurgitation amp aspiration - alcohol
darrtone of lower oesophageal sphincter amp slows darrtone of lower oesophageal sphincter amp slows gastric emptyinggastric emptying
Alcohol Interferes with platelet aggregationAlcohol Interferes with platelet aggregation Causes uarrconc of plasma catecholamines rarr Causes uarrconc of plasma catecholamines rarr
Intraoperative dysarrhytmiasIntraoperative dysarrhytmias
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE
Mild ndash 17 marked - 4Mild ndash 17 marked - 4 Patient factorsPatient factors Congenital Congenital
hemolytic disordershemolytic disorders Acquired hemolytic Acquired hemolytic
disordersdisorders Pre existing liver Pre existing liver
diseasedisease CoagulopathyCoagulopathy Gilberts syndromeGilberts syndrome SepsisSepsis
Perioperative Perioperative factorsfactors
Anaesthetic induced Anaesthetic induced darrHBFdarrHBF
BleedingBleeding HypotensionHypotension Blood transfusionBlood transfusion Biliary tree traumaBiliary tree trauma Viral hepatitisViral hepatitis DrugsDrugs Halothane antibioticsHalothane antibiotics Nonsteroidal agentsNonsteroidal agents
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -
5000mg Bilirubin5000mg Bilirubin 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg
bilirubinbilirubin Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in
G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cell disease multiple blood transfusionscell disease multiple blood transfusions
Delayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashDelayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashpostop jaundicepostop jaundice
Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgeryuarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgery
ContdhellipContdhellip Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow
non biliary surgery 3- 30 days post opnon biliary surgery 3- 30 days post op Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis
[benign] - associated with multiple blood [benign] - associated with multiple blood transfusions hypoxia hypotension - transfusions hypoxia hypotension - uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks
ManagementManagement Prevention is the best treatment Prevention is the best treatment Avoid precipitating factorsAvoid precipitating factors
Halothane HepatitisHalothane Hepatitis The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane
anaesthetics - higher in women the middle anaesthetics - higher in women the middle aged and the obeseaged and the obese
Rarer in paediatric patients and with the Rarer in paediatric patients and with the newer volatile agents newer volatile agents
Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
ldquoldquoUnexplained liver damage within 28 days of Unexplained liver damage within 28 days of halothane exposure in previously normal halothane exposure in previously normal patientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reactionpatientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reaction
Clinical featuresClinical features malaise anorexiafever malaise anorexiafever within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks
Halothane HepatitisHalothane HepatitisDIAGNOSISDIAGNOSIS Serum antibodies that react with specific liver Serum antibodies that react with specific liver
microsomal proteins that are altered by microsomal proteins that are altered by trifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothanetrifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothane
Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Risk factorsRisk factors High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ]High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ] previous adverse reactionprevious adverse reaction Uncertain - obesityUncertain - obesity Female [16 1 ]Female [16 1 ] Drug allergy [ 15 ]Drug allergy [ 15 ] Family historyFamily history Lymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoinLymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoin
ContdhellipContdhellip The cause not fully established - multifactorial - The cause not fully established - multifactorial -
possible immunological cause possible immunological cause Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated
proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically predisposed subjectspredisposed subjects
Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also to blameto blame
Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile agent so toxic metabolites may be involvedagent so toxic metabolites may be involved
The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with increasing numbers of exposures to halothane increasing numbers of exposures to halothane
Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO database holds 225 and 159 reports respectivelydatabase holds 225 and 159 reports respectively
Halothane exposure Halothane exposure guidelinesguidelines
Avoid Halothane ifAvoid Halothane if Within at least 3 months of a previous Within at least 3 months of a previous
exposure exposure Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or
pyrexia pyrexia Family history of hepatic reactions to Family history of hepatic reactions to
halothanehalothane Pre - existing liver diseasePre - existing liver disease Adverse reactions to Other volatile Adverse reactions to Other volatile
anaesthetic agentsanaesthetic agents
Liver and PregnancyLiver and Pregnancy Normal in sizeNormal in size A decrease in total protein as well albumin A decrease in total protein as well albumin An increase of the liver dependent clotting An increase of the liver dependent clotting
factors such as fibrinogen factors such as fibrinogen An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times
secondary to placental alkalinesecondary to placental alkaline Srcholinesterase Srcholinesterase darr 30darr 30 Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and
bilirubinbilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin
ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver disease disease
Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Intrahepatic Cholestasis of PregnancyPregnancy
Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Rare in black patients Rare in black patients
Strong family history Strong family history High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies
60-7060-70 Pruritus alone - 80 percent Pruritus alone - 80 percent Jaundice develop in 20 percentJaundice develop in 20 percent Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or
no elevation in transaminasesno elevation in transaminases
IChP ndashcontdhellipIChP ndashcontdhellip Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early
delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice ) pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice )
Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts Dexamethasone Dexamethasone
Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but bilurubin within 4-6 weeks bilurubin within 4-6 weeks
Implications on Anaesthesia Implications on Anaesthesia Check coagulation profile Check coagulation profile Ask for vit K IV Ask for vit K IV take care of high incidence of fetal distress take care of high incidence of fetal distress
meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist must attend with incubatormust attend with incubator
Preeclampsia amp EclampsiaPreeclampsia amp Eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia
and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl
If not associated with other criteria of HELLP If not associated with other criteria of HELLP syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 50mlday 50mlday
Implications on anaesthesiaImplications on anaesthesia Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress
response which could continue to anaesthesia response which could continue to anaesthesia provided INR lt15 provided INR lt15
Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed tube 6-7 mm tube 6-7 mm
Adequate analgesia Adequate analgesia Fluids restriction Fluids restriction Continue medications postoperative in ICU Continue medications postoperative in ICU
HELLP syndrome HELLP syndrome Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low
plateletsplatelets Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-
eclampsia result from very active platelets eclampsia result from very active platelets aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia and congestion with deposition of fibrous and congestion with deposition of fibrous network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage
Nausea vomiting headache and upper right Nausea vomiting headache and upper right abdominal pain hypotension shockabdominal pain hypotension shock
Best markers are the maternal lactate Best markers are the maternal lactate dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet count count
Congested liver of HELLP Congested liver of HELLP syndromesyndrome
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high
dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has been shown to markedly improve the laboratory been shown to markedly improve the laboratory abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome
Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is
greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of magnesium sulfate magnesium sulfate
Anesthesia like severe preclampsia Anesthesia like severe preclampsia avoid trauma to liveravoid trauma to liver Vit K if INR gt15Vit K if INR gt15 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60
ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF PREGNANCYPREGNANCY
Rare serious disorder unknown etiologyRare serious disorder unknown etiology Symptoms in third trimesterSymptoms in third trimester ndashabdominal
pain nausea vomiting anorexiafatique fever headache
Rapid progression ndashbleeding jaundice encephalopathy renal failure hepatic failure coagulopathy - PPH
uarrTransaminases hyperbilirubinemia uarrprothrombin time --- DIC
Prompt delivery is advisable
Hepatic Rupture and Hepatic Rupture and Infarction Infarction
Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 to 85 percent) are at higher risk to 85 percent) are at higher risk
Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in
shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy
Therapy for hepatic rupture has included Therapy for hepatic rupture has included transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted in hepatic rupture in hepatic rupture
Hepatic infarctionHepatic infarction was typically present with fever was typically present with fever and marked elevations in transaminase levels In and marked elevations in transaminase levels In surviving patients liver function and histopathology surviving patients liver function and histopathology are normal within six months of delivery are normal within six months of delivery
Anesthesia in pregnant women with Anesthesia in pregnant women with HELLP syndromeHELLP syndrome
Retrospective studyRetrospective study For the period of 1 July For the period of 1 July 1996 through 30 June 2000 1996 through 30 June 2000
RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had cesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal deliverycesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal delivery
Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 postcesarean delivery the range platelet count postcesarean delivery the range platelet count was 19000-143000microl was 19000-143000microl
Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia
There were no neurologic complications or There were no neurologic complications or bleeding in the epidural spacebleeding in the epidural space
CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any neurologic or hematologic complications of women neurologic or hematologic complications of women with HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesiawith HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesia
Subdural Hematoma following dural Subdural Hematoma following dural puncture in a parturient with HELLP puncture in a parturient with HELLP
syndromesyndrome This complication occurred following This complication occurred following accidental dural puncture in a parturient accidental dural puncture in a parturient with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who subsequently developed the syndrome of subsequently developed the syndrome of hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low plateletsplatelets
On the first postoperative day postdural On the first postoperative day postdural puncture headache (PDPH) developed puncture headache (PDPH) developed
An epidural blood patch (EBP) was An epidural blood patch (EBP) was deferred to the third postoperative day deferred to the third postoperative day because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1 because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1
Headache intensified from a typical PDPH Headache intensified from a typical PDPH to one which was not posturally related to one which was not posturally related
A second EBP was abandoned after the A second EBP was abandoned after the
injection of 5 mL of blood because of injection of 5 mL of blood because of increasing headache during the procedure increasing headache during the procedure
Magnetic resonance imaging revealed Magnetic resonance imaging revealed bilateral temporal subdural hematomas bilateral temporal subdural hematomas
The patient was managed conservatively and The patient was managed conservatively and discharged home without any sequelae discharged home without any sequelae
ConclusionConclusion It is conceivable that It is conceivable that thrombocytopenia together with possible thrombocytopenia together with possible abnormal platelet function increased the risk abnormal platelet function increased the risk of subdural hematoma of subdural hematoma
Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be considered whenever headache is not considered whenever headache is not posturally related posturally related
OCUPATIONAL HAZARDOCUPATIONAL HAZARD Risk of transmission of HBV following Risk of transmission of HBV following
inoculation is 5 -30inoculation is 5 -30 May occur through needle prickcuts May occur through needle prickcuts
sharp injuriesmucous membranes- sharp injuriesmucous membranes- waterproof dressingwaterproof dressing
Wear gloves while inserting a Wear gloves while inserting a cannula airways intubation amp extubation cannula airways intubation amp extubation
Sharps should not be handed directly to Sharps should not be handed directly to othersothers
See to the sterilisation of other See to the sterilisation of other contaminated thingscontaminated things
Postoperative Postoperative managementmanagement
Oxygen enriched airOxygen enriched air Major surgery ndash elective post operative Major surgery ndash elective post operative
ventilationventilation Replace blood lossReplace blood loss Maintain adequate urine outputMaintain adequate urine output Dopamine and inotropes should be Dopamine and inotropes should be
continuedcontinued The principle complications are likely The principle complications are likely
to be continued bleeding sepsis and to be continued bleeding sepsis and hepatic decompensation hepatic decompensation
Peri-operative considerations in Child-Peri-operative considerations in Child-Pugh A patientsPugh A patients
Pre-operative Pre-operative Aetiology of condition - virology Aetiology of condition - virology Drug idiosyncrasy Drug idiosyncrasy
Blood count and platelets Blood count and platelets Clotting screen Clotting screen Assess renal function Assess renal function Previous anaesthetics Previous anaesthetics
Per-operative Per-operative Consider drug bio-availability issues Consider drug bio-availability issues Avoid drugs excreted via liverAvoid drugs excreted via liver Regional techniques acceptable if clotting Regional techniques acceptable if clotting
normalnormal Post-operativePost-operative Monitor for post-operative hepatic Monitor for post-operative hepatic
decompensationdecompensation Possible prolonged duration of action in Possible prolonged duration of action in opiates HDU ITU careopiates HDU ITU care
Child-Pugh Group BC patient Child-Pugh Group BC patient undergoing major surgeryundergoing major surgery
Previous upper abdominal surgery portal Previous upper abdominal surgery portal hypertension and coagulopathy dramatically hypertension and coagulopathy dramatically increase the potential for per-operative blood lossincrease the potential for per-operative blood loss
8-12 units of blood together fresh frozen plasma 8-12 units of blood together fresh frozen plasma and platelets should be available and platelets should be available
Pre-medicationPre-medication Sedative premedicants should be avoided in the Sedative premedicants should be avoided in the
encephalopathic patient encephalopathic patient Other drugs may be needed pre-operatively and Other drugs may be needed pre-operatively and
include antibiotics and H2 receptor antagonistsinclude antibiotics and H2 receptor antagonists The oral or intravenous route used - The oral or intravenous route used -
intramuscular injections should be avoidedintramuscular injections should be avoided Coagulopathy may require correction with fresh Coagulopathy may require correction with fresh
frozen plasma and platelets and renal frozen plasma and platelets and renal replacement therapy may need to be consideredreplacement therapy may need to be considered
Per-operative considerationsPer-operative considerations Regional techniques -- considered carefully - Regional techniques -- considered carefully -
coagulopathy epidural varices can pose an coagulopathy epidural varices can pose an additional risk additional risk
Vascular accessVascular access with a multi-lumen central with a multi-lumen central venous catheter together with at least one large venous catheter together with at least one large bore central line bore central line
Monitoring of arterial and central venous Monitoring of arterial and central venous pressures is mandatory pressures is mandatory
Pulmonary artery pulmonary capillary wedge Pulmonary artery pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and cardiac output measurements pressure and cardiac output measurements may be necessary in the sick patientmay be necessary in the sick patient
Trans-oesophageal echocardiography and Trans-oesophageal echocardiography and volumetric haemodynamic monitoring pulse volumetric haemodynamic monitoring pulse contour analysis can provide significant contour analysis can provide significant additional information for the strategic additional information for the strategic management of these patients management of these patients
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Coagulation and fibrinolysisCoagulation and fibrinolysis are major are major
concerns concerns The potential for large volume blood replacement The potential for large volume blood replacement
means that temperature should be measured and means that temperature should be measured and a fluid warmer and warming mattress useda fluid warmer and warming mattress used
Regular per-operative estimation of INRPTR may Regular per-operative estimation of INRPTR may be necessary - thromboelastography provides be necessary - thromboelastography provides useful intra-operative evaluation of coagulationuseful intra-operative evaluation of coagulation
Blood conservationBlood conservation - considered - considered Preservation of hepatic function -Preservation of hepatic function - N- N-
acetylcysteine (NAC) is a sulphur-containing acetylcysteine (NAC) is a sulphur-containing antioxidant - benefit patients with fulminant antioxidant - benefit patients with fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
NAC appears to improve oxygen delivery NAC appears to improve oxygen delivery and consumption and reduce base deficitand consumption and reduce base deficit
Renal FunctionRenal Function - - Dopamine may be usefulDopamine may be useful
Bleeding oesophageal Bleeding oesophageal varicesvarices
Bleeding oesophageal varices - life-threatening Bleeding oesophageal varices - life-threatening complication of - often occur against a complication of - often occur against a background of abnormal clotting background of abnormal clotting thrombocytopenia encephalopathy and Ascitesthrombocytopenia encephalopathy and Ascites
Overall mortality is 30 Overall mortality is 30 The principles of anaesthetic managementThe principles of anaesthetic management Protect the airway Protect the airway Establish good vascular access Establish good vascular access Volume replacement - colloid blood fresh Volume replacement - colloid blood fresh
frozen plasma and platelets Avoid saline frozen plasma and platelets Avoid saline Check correct clotting Give Vitamin K correct Check correct clotting Give Vitamin K correct
fibrinolysis and review blood chemistry fibrinolysis and review blood chemistry
Intoxicated Alcoholic Intoxicated Alcoholic PatientsPatients
Requires less anaesthetic ndashadditive depressant Requires less anaesthetic ndashadditive depressant effect of alcohol amp anaestheticseffect of alcohol amp anaesthetics
Ill - equipped to withstand stress amp Acute blood Ill - equipped to withstand stress amp Acute blood lossloss
Alcohol decrease the tolerance of brain to hypoxiaAlcohol decrease the tolerance of brain to hypoxia uarr uarr Risk of regurgitation amp aspiration - alcohol Risk of regurgitation amp aspiration - alcohol
darrtone of lower oesophageal sphincter amp slows darrtone of lower oesophageal sphincter amp slows gastric emptyinggastric emptying
Alcohol Interferes with platelet aggregationAlcohol Interferes with platelet aggregation Causes uarrconc of plasma catecholamines rarr Causes uarrconc of plasma catecholamines rarr
Intraoperative dysarrhytmiasIntraoperative dysarrhytmias
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE
Mild ndash 17 marked - 4Mild ndash 17 marked - 4 Patient factorsPatient factors Congenital Congenital
hemolytic disordershemolytic disorders Acquired hemolytic Acquired hemolytic
disordersdisorders Pre existing liver Pre existing liver
diseasedisease CoagulopathyCoagulopathy Gilberts syndromeGilberts syndrome SepsisSepsis
Perioperative Perioperative factorsfactors
Anaesthetic induced Anaesthetic induced darrHBFdarrHBF
BleedingBleeding HypotensionHypotension Blood transfusionBlood transfusion Biliary tree traumaBiliary tree trauma Viral hepatitisViral hepatitis DrugsDrugs Halothane antibioticsHalothane antibiotics Nonsteroidal agentsNonsteroidal agents
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -
5000mg Bilirubin5000mg Bilirubin 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg
bilirubinbilirubin Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in
G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cell disease multiple blood transfusionscell disease multiple blood transfusions
Delayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashDelayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashpostop jaundicepostop jaundice
Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgeryuarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgery
ContdhellipContdhellip Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow
non biliary surgery 3- 30 days post opnon biliary surgery 3- 30 days post op Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis
[benign] - associated with multiple blood [benign] - associated with multiple blood transfusions hypoxia hypotension - transfusions hypoxia hypotension - uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks
ManagementManagement Prevention is the best treatment Prevention is the best treatment Avoid precipitating factorsAvoid precipitating factors
Halothane HepatitisHalothane Hepatitis The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane
anaesthetics - higher in women the middle anaesthetics - higher in women the middle aged and the obeseaged and the obese
Rarer in paediatric patients and with the Rarer in paediatric patients and with the newer volatile agents newer volatile agents
Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
ldquoldquoUnexplained liver damage within 28 days of Unexplained liver damage within 28 days of halothane exposure in previously normal halothane exposure in previously normal patientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reactionpatientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reaction
Clinical featuresClinical features malaise anorexiafever malaise anorexiafever within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks
Halothane HepatitisHalothane HepatitisDIAGNOSISDIAGNOSIS Serum antibodies that react with specific liver Serum antibodies that react with specific liver
microsomal proteins that are altered by microsomal proteins that are altered by trifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothanetrifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothane
Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Risk factorsRisk factors High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ]High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ] previous adverse reactionprevious adverse reaction Uncertain - obesityUncertain - obesity Female [16 1 ]Female [16 1 ] Drug allergy [ 15 ]Drug allergy [ 15 ] Family historyFamily history Lymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoinLymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoin
ContdhellipContdhellip The cause not fully established - multifactorial - The cause not fully established - multifactorial -
possible immunological cause possible immunological cause Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated
proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically predisposed subjectspredisposed subjects
Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also to blameto blame
Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile agent so toxic metabolites may be involvedagent so toxic metabolites may be involved
The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with increasing numbers of exposures to halothane increasing numbers of exposures to halothane
Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO database holds 225 and 159 reports respectivelydatabase holds 225 and 159 reports respectively
Halothane exposure Halothane exposure guidelinesguidelines
Avoid Halothane ifAvoid Halothane if Within at least 3 months of a previous Within at least 3 months of a previous
exposure exposure Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or
pyrexia pyrexia Family history of hepatic reactions to Family history of hepatic reactions to
halothanehalothane Pre - existing liver diseasePre - existing liver disease Adverse reactions to Other volatile Adverse reactions to Other volatile
anaesthetic agentsanaesthetic agents
Liver and PregnancyLiver and Pregnancy Normal in sizeNormal in size A decrease in total protein as well albumin A decrease in total protein as well albumin An increase of the liver dependent clotting An increase of the liver dependent clotting
factors such as fibrinogen factors such as fibrinogen An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times
secondary to placental alkalinesecondary to placental alkaline Srcholinesterase Srcholinesterase darr 30darr 30 Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and
bilirubinbilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin
ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver disease disease
Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Intrahepatic Cholestasis of PregnancyPregnancy
Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Rare in black patients Rare in black patients
Strong family history Strong family history High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies
60-7060-70 Pruritus alone - 80 percent Pruritus alone - 80 percent Jaundice develop in 20 percentJaundice develop in 20 percent Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or
no elevation in transaminasesno elevation in transaminases
IChP ndashcontdhellipIChP ndashcontdhellip Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early
delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice ) pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice )
Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts Dexamethasone Dexamethasone
Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but bilurubin within 4-6 weeks bilurubin within 4-6 weeks
Implications on Anaesthesia Implications on Anaesthesia Check coagulation profile Check coagulation profile Ask for vit K IV Ask for vit K IV take care of high incidence of fetal distress take care of high incidence of fetal distress
meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist must attend with incubatormust attend with incubator
Preeclampsia amp EclampsiaPreeclampsia amp Eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia
and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl
If not associated with other criteria of HELLP If not associated with other criteria of HELLP syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 50mlday 50mlday
Implications on anaesthesiaImplications on anaesthesia Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress
response which could continue to anaesthesia response which could continue to anaesthesia provided INR lt15 provided INR lt15
Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed tube 6-7 mm tube 6-7 mm
Adequate analgesia Adequate analgesia Fluids restriction Fluids restriction Continue medications postoperative in ICU Continue medications postoperative in ICU
HELLP syndrome HELLP syndrome Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low
plateletsplatelets Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-
eclampsia result from very active platelets eclampsia result from very active platelets aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia and congestion with deposition of fibrous and congestion with deposition of fibrous network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage
Nausea vomiting headache and upper right Nausea vomiting headache and upper right abdominal pain hypotension shockabdominal pain hypotension shock
Best markers are the maternal lactate Best markers are the maternal lactate dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet count count
Congested liver of HELLP Congested liver of HELLP syndromesyndrome
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high
dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has been shown to markedly improve the laboratory been shown to markedly improve the laboratory abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome
Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is
greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of magnesium sulfate magnesium sulfate
Anesthesia like severe preclampsia Anesthesia like severe preclampsia avoid trauma to liveravoid trauma to liver Vit K if INR gt15Vit K if INR gt15 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60
ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF PREGNANCYPREGNANCY
Rare serious disorder unknown etiologyRare serious disorder unknown etiology Symptoms in third trimesterSymptoms in third trimester ndashabdominal
pain nausea vomiting anorexiafatique fever headache
Rapid progression ndashbleeding jaundice encephalopathy renal failure hepatic failure coagulopathy - PPH
uarrTransaminases hyperbilirubinemia uarrprothrombin time --- DIC
Prompt delivery is advisable
Hepatic Rupture and Hepatic Rupture and Infarction Infarction
Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 to 85 percent) are at higher risk to 85 percent) are at higher risk
Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in
shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy
Therapy for hepatic rupture has included Therapy for hepatic rupture has included transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted in hepatic rupture in hepatic rupture
Hepatic infarctionHepatic infarction was typically present with fever was typically present with fever and marked elevations in transaminase levels In and marked elevations in transaminase levels In surviving patients liver function and histopathology surviving patients liver function and histopathology are normal within six months of delivery are normal within six months of delivery
Anesthesia in pregnant women with Anesthesia in pregnant women with HELLP syndromeHELLP syndrome
Retrospective studyRetrospective study For the period of 1 July For the period of 1 July 1996 through 30 June 2000 1996 through 30 June 2000
RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had cesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal deliverycesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal delivery
Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 postcesarean delivery the range platelet count postcesarean delivery the range platelet count was 19000-143000microl was 19000-143000microl
Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia
There were no neurologic complications or There were no neurologic complications or bleeding in the epidural spacebleeding in the epidural space
CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any neurologic or hematologic complications of women neurologic or hematologic complications of women with HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesiawith HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesia
Subdural Hematoma following dural Subdural Hematoma following dural puncture in a parturient with HELLP puncture in a parturient with HELLP
syndromesyndrome This complication occurred following This complication occurred following accidental dural puncture in a parturient accidental dural puncture in a parturient with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who subsequently developed the syndrome of subsequently developed the syndrome of hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low plateletsplatelets
On the first postoperative day postdural On the first postoperative day postdural puncture headache (PDPH) developed puncture headache (PDPH) developed
An epidural blood patch (EBP) was An epidural blood patch (EBP) was deferred to the third postoperative day deferred to the third postoperative day because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1 because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1
Headache intensified from a typical PDPH Headache intensified from a typical PDPH to one which was not posturally related to one which was not posturally related
A second EBP was abandoned after the A second EBP was abandoned after the
injection of 5 mL of blood because of injection of 5 mL of blood because of increasing headache during the procedure increasing headache during the procedure
Magnetic resonance imaging revealed Magnetic resonance imaging revealed bilateral temporal subdural hematomas bilateral temporal subdural hematomas
The patient was managed conservatively and The patient was managed conservatively and discharged home without any sequelae discharged home without any sequelae
ConclusionConclusion It is conceivable that It is conceivable that thrombocytopenia together with possible thrombocytopenia together with possible abnormal platelet function increased the risk abnormal platelet function increased the risk of subdural hematoma of subdural hematoma
Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be considered whenever headache is not considered whenever headache is not posturally related posturally related
OCUPATIONAL HAZARDOCUPATIONAL HAZARD Risk of transmission of HBV following Risk of transmission of HBV following
inoculation is 5 -30inoculation is 5 -30 May occur through needle prickcuts May occur through needle prickcuts
sharp injuriesmucous membranes- sharp injuriesmucous membranes- waterproof dressingwaterproof dressing
Wear gloves while inserting a Wear gloves while inserting a cannula airways intubation amp extubation cannula airways intubation amp extubation
Sharps should not be handed directly to Sharps should not be handed directly to othersothers
See to the sterilisation of other See to the sterilisation of other contaminated thingscontaminated things
Peri-operative considerations in Child-Peri-operative considerations in Child-Pugh A patientsPugh A patients
Pre-operative Pre-operative Aetiology of condition - virology Aetiology of condition - virology Drug idiosyncrasy Drug idiosyncrasy
Blood count and platelets Blood count and platelets Clotting screen Clotting screen Assess renal function Assess renal function Previous anaesthetics Previous anaesthetics
Per-operative Per-operative Consider drug bio-availability issues Consider drug bio-availability issues Avoid drugs excreted via liverAvoid drugs excreted via liver Regional techniques acceptable if clotting Regional techniques acceptable if clotting
normalnormal Post-operativePost-operative Monitor for post-operative hepatic Monitor for post-operative hepatic
decompensationdecompensation Possible prolonged duration of action in Possible prolonged duration of action in opiates HDU ITU careopiates HDU ITU care
Child-Pugh Group BC patient Child-Pugh Group BC patient undergoing major surgeryundergoing major surgery
Previous upper abdominal surgery portal Previous upper abdominal surgery portal hypertension and coagulopathy dramatically hypertension and coagulopathy dramatically increase the potential for per-operative blood lossincrease the potential for per-operative blood loss
8-12 units of blood together fresh frozen plasma 8-12 units of blood together fresh frozen plasma and platelets should be available and platelets should be available
Pre-medicationPre-medication Sedative premedicants should be avoided in the Sedative premedicants should be avoided in the
encephalopathic patient encephalopathic patient Other drugs may be needed pre-operatively and Other drugs may be needed pre-operatively and
include antibiotics and H2 receptor antagonistsinclude antibiotics and H2 receptor antagonists The oral or intravenous route used - The oral or intravenous route used -
intramuscular injections should be avoidedintramuscular injections should be avoided Coagulopathy may require correction with fresh Coagulopathy may require correction with fresh
frozen plasma and platelets and renal frozen plasma and platelets and renal replacement therapy may need to be consideredreplacement therapy may need to be considered
Per-operative considerationsPer-operative considerations Regional techniques -- considered carefully - Regional techniques -- considered carefully -
coagulopathy epidural varices can pose an coagulopathy epidural varices can pose an additional risk additional risk
Vascular accessVascular access with a multi-lumen central with a multi-lumen central venous catheter together with at least one large venous catheter together with at least one large bore central line bore central line
Monitoring of arterial and central venous Monitoring of arterial and central venous pressures is mandatory pressures is mandatory
Pulmonary artery pulmonary capillary wedge Pulmonary artery pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and cardiac output measurements pressure and cardiac output measurements may be necessary in the sick patientmay be necessary in the sick patient
Trans-oesophageal echocardiography and Trans-oesophageal echocardiography and volumetric haemodynamic monitoring pulse volumetric haemodynamic monitoring pulse contour analysis can provide significant contour analysis can provide significant additional information for the strategic additional information for the strategic management of these patients management of these patients
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Coagulation and fibrinolysisCoagulation and fibrinolysis are major are major
concerns concerns The potential for large volume blood replacement The potential for large volume blood replacement
means that temperature should be measured and means that temperature should be measured and a fluid warmer and warming mattress useda fluid warmer and warming mattress used
Regular per-operative estimation of INRPTR may Regular per-operative estimation of INRPTR may be necessary - thromboelastography provides be necessary - thromboelastography provides useful intra-operative evaluation of coagulationuseful intra-operative evaluation of coagulation
Blood conservationBlood conservation - considered - considered Preservation of hepatic function -Preservation of hepatic function - N- N-
acetylcysteine (NAC) is a sulphur-containing acetylcysteine (NAC) is a sulphur-containing antioxidant - benefit patients with fulminant antioxidant - benefit patients with fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
NAC appears to improve oxygen delivery NAC appears to improve oxygen delivery and consumption and reduce base deficitand consumption and reduce base deficit
Renal FunctionRenal Function - - Dopamine may be usefulDopamine may be useful
Bleeding oesophageal Bleeding oesophageal varicesvarices
Bleeding oesophageal varices - life-threatening Bleeding oesophageal varices - life-threatening complication of - often occur against a complication of - often occur against a background of abnormal clotting background of abnormal clotting thrombocytopenia encephalopathy and Ascitesthrombocytopenia encephalopathy and Ascites
Overall mortality is 30 Overall mortality is 30 The principles of anaesthetic managementThe principles of anaesthetic management Protect the airway Protect the airway Establish good vascular access Establish good vascular access Volume replacement - colloid blood fresh Volume replacement - colloid blood fresh
frozen plasma and platelets Avoid saline frozen plasma and platelets Avoid saline Check correct clotting Give Vitamin K correct Check correct clotting Give Vitamin K correct
fibrinolysis and review blood chemistry fibrinolysis and review blood chemistry
Intoxicated Alcoholic Intoxicated Alcoholic PatientsPatients
Requires less anaesthetic ndashadditive depressant Requires less anaesthetic ndashadditive depressant effect of alcohol amp anaestheticseffect of alcohol amp anaesthetics
Ill - equipped to withstand stress amp Acute blood Ill - equipped to withstand stress amp Acute blood lossloss
Alcohol decrease the tolerance of brain to hypoxiaAlcohol decrease the tolerance of brain to hypoxia uarr uarr Risk of regurgitation amp aspiration - alcohol Risk of regurgitation amp aspiration - alcohol
darrtone of lower oesophageal sphincter amp slows darrtone of lower oesophageal sphincter amp slows gastric emptyinggastric emptying
Alcohol Interferes with platelet aggregationAlcohol Interferes with platelet aggregation Causes uarrconc of plasma catecholamines rarr Causes uarrconc of plasma catecholamines rarr
Intraoperative dysarrhytmiasIntraoperative dysarrhytmias
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE
Mild ndash 17 marked - 4Mild ndash 17 marked - 4 Patient factorsPatient factors Congenital Congenital
hemolytic disordershemolytic disorders Acquired hemolytic Acquired hemolytic
disordersdisorders Pre existing liver Pre existing liver
diseasedisease CoagulopathyCoagulopathy Gilberts syndromeGilberts syndrome SepsisSepsis
Perioperative Perioperative factorsfactors
Anaesthetic induced Anaesthetic induced darrHBFdarrHBF
BleedingBleeding HypotensionHypotension Blood transfusionBlood transfusion Biliary tree traumaBiliary tree trauma Viral hepatitisViral hepatitis DrugsDrugs Halothane antibioticsHalothane antibiotics Nonsteroidal agentsNonsteroidal agents
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -
5000mg Bilirubin5000mg Bilirubin 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg
bilirubinbilirubin Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in
G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cell disease multiple blood transfusionscell disease multiple blood transfusions
Delayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashDelayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashpostop jaundicepostop jaundice
Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgeryuarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgery
ContdhellipContdhellip Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow
non biliary surgery 3- 30 days post opnon biliary surgery 3- 30 days post op Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis
[benign] - associated with multiple blood [benign] - associated with multiple blood transfusions hypoxia hypotension - transfusions hypoxia hypotension - uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks
ManagementManagement Prevention is the best treatment Prevention is the best treatment Avoid precipitating factorsAvoid precipitating factors
Halothane HepatitisHalothane Hepatitis The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane
anaesthetics - higher in women the middle anaesthetics - higher in women the middle aged and the obeseaged and the obese
Rarer in paediatric patients and with the Rarer in paediatric patients and with the newer volatile agents newer volatile agents
Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
ldquoldquoUnexplained liver damage within 28 days of Unexplained liver damage within 28 days of halothane exposure in previously normal halothane exposure in previously normal patientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reactionpatientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reaction
Clinical featuresClinical features malaise anorexiafever malaise anorexiafever within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks
Halothane HepatitisHalothane HepatitisDIAGNOSISDIAGNOSIS Serum antibodies that react with specific liver Serum antibodies that react with specific liver
microsomal proteins that are altered by microsomal proteins that are altered by trifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothanetrifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothane
Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Risk factorsRisk factors High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ]High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ] previous adverse reactionprevious adverse reaction Uncertain - obesityUncertain - obesity Female [16 1 ]Female [16 1 ] Drug allergy [ 15 ]Drug allergy [ 15 ] Family historyFamily history Lymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoinLymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoin
ContdhellipContdhellip The cause not fully established - multifactorial - The cause not fully established - multifactorial -
possible immunological cause possible immunological cause Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated
proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically predisposed subjectspredisposed subjects
Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also to blameto blame
Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile agent so toxic metabolites may be involvedagent so toxic metabolites may be involved
The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with increasing numbers of exposures to halothane increasing numbers of exposures to halothane
Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO database holds 225 and 159 reports respectivelydatabase holds 225 and 159 reports respectively
Halothane exposure Halothane exposure guidelinesguidelines
Avoid Halothane ifAvoid Halothane if Within at least 3 months of a previous Within at least 3 months of a previous
exposure exposure Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or
pyrexia pyrexia Family history of hepatic reactions to Family history of hepatic reactions to
halothanehalothane Pre - existing liver diseasePre - existing liver disease Adverse reactions to Other volatile Adverse reactions to Other volatile
anaesthetic agentsanaesthetic agents
Liver and PregnancyLiver and Pregnancy Normal in sizeNormal in size A decrease in total protein as well albumin A decrease in total protein as well albumin An increase of the liver dependent clotting An increase of the liver dependent clotting
factors such as fibrinogen factors such as fibrinogen An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times
secondary to placental alkalinesecondary to placental alkaline Srcholinesterase Srcholinesterase darr 30darr 30 Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and
bilirubinbilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin
ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver disease disease
Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Intrahepatic Cholestasis of PregnancyPregnancy
Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Rare in black patients Rare in black patients
Strong family history Strong family history High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies
60-7060-70 Pruritus alone - 80 percent Pruritus alone - 80 percent Jaundice develop in 20 percentJaundice develop in 20 percent Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or
no elevation in transaminasesno elevation in transaminases
IChP ndashcontdhellipIChP ndashcontdhellip Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early
delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice ) pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice )
Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts Dexamethasone Dexamethasone
Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but bilurubin within 4-6 weeks bilurubin within 4-6 weeks
Implications on Anaesthesia Implications on Anaesthesia Check coagulation profile Check coagulation profile Ask for vit K IV Ask for vit K IV take care of high incidence of fetal distress take care of high incidence of fetal distress
meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist must attend with incubatormust attend with incubator
Preeclampsia amp EclampsiaPreeclampsia amp Eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia
and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl
If not associated with other criteria of HELLP If not associated with other criteria of HELLP syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 50mlday 50mlday
Implications on anaesthesiaImplications on anaesthesia Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress
response which could continue to anaesthesia response which could continue to anaesthesia provided INR lt15 provided INR lt15
Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed tube 6-7 mm tube 6-7 mm
Adequate analgesia Adequate analgesia Fluids restriction Fluids restriction Continue medications postoperative in ICU Continue medications postoperative in ICU
HELLP syndrome HELLP syndrome Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low
plateletsplatelets Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-
eclampsia result from very active platelets eclampsia result from very active platelets aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia and congestion with deposition of fibrous and congestion with deposition of fibrous network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage
Nausea vomiting headache and upper right Nausea vomiting headache and upper right abdominal pain hypotension shockabdominal pain hypotension shock
Best markers are the maternal lactate Best markers are the maternal lactate dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet count count
Congested liver of HELLP Congested liver of HELLP syndromesyndrome
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high
dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has been shown to markedly improve the laboratory been shown to markedly improve the laboratory abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome
Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is
greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of magnesium sulfate magnesium sulfate
Anesthesia like severe preclampsia Anesthesia like severe preclampsia avoid trauma to liveravoid trauma to liver Vit K if INR gt15Vit K if INR gt15 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60
ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF PREGNANCYPREGNANCY
Rare serious disorder unknown etiologyRare serious disorder unknown etiology Symptoms in third trimesterSymptoms in third trimester ndashabdominal
pain nausea vomiting anorexiafatique fever headache
Rapid progression ndashbleeding jaundice encephalopathy renal failure hepatic failure coagulopathy - PPH
uarrTransaminases hyperbilirubinemia uarrprothrombin time --- DIC
Prompt delivery is advisable
Hepatic Rupture and Hepatic Rupture and Infarction Infarction
Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 to 85 percent) are at higher risk to 85 percent) are at higher risk
Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in
shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy
Therapy for hepatic rupture has included Therapy for hepatic rupture has included transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted in hepatic rupture in hepatic rupture
Hepatic infarctionHepatic infarction was typically present with fever was typically present with fever and marked elevations in transaminase levels In and marked elevations in transaminase levels In surviving patients liver function and histopathology surviving patients liver function and histopathology are normal within six months of delivery are normal within six months of delivery
Anesthesia in pregnant women with Anesthesia in pregnant women with HELLP syndromeHELLP syndrome
Retrospective studyRetrospective study For the period of 1 July For the period of 1 July 1996 through 30 June 2000 1996 through 30 June 2000
RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had cesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal deliverycesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal delivery
Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 postcesarean delivery the range platelet count postcesarean delivery the range platelet count was 19000-143000microl was 19000-143000microl
Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia
There were no neurologic complications or There were no neurologic complications or bleeding in the epidural spacebleeding in the epidural space
CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any neurologic or hematologic complications of women neurologic or hematologic complications of women with HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesiawith HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesia
Subdural Hematoma following dural Subdural Hematoma following dural puncture in a parturient with HELLP puncture in a parturient with HELLP
syndromesyndrome This complication occurred following This complication occurred following accidental dural puncture in a parturient accidental dural puncture in a parturient with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who subsequently developed the syndrome of subsequently developed the syndrome of hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low plateletsplatelets
On the first postoperative day postdural On the first postoperative day postdural puncture headache (PDPH) developed puncture headache (PDPH) developed
An epidural blood patch (EBP) was An epidural blood patch (EBP) was deferred to the third postoperative day deferred to the third postoperative day because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1 because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1
Headache intensified from a typical PDPH Headache intensified from a typical PDPH to one which was not posturally related to one which was not posturally related
A second EBP was abandoned after the A second EBP was abandoned after the
injection of 5 mL of blood because of injection of 5 mL of blood because of increasing headache during the procedure increasing headache during the procedure
Magnetic resonance imaging revealed Magnetic resonance imaging revealed bilateral temporal subdural hematomas bilateral temporal subdural hematomas
The patient was managed conservatively and The patient was managed conservatively and discharged home without any sequelae discharged home without any sequelae
ConclusionConclusion It is conceivable that It is conceivable that thrombocytopenia together with possible thrombocytopenia together with possible abnormal platelet function increased the risk abnormal platelet function increased the risk of subdural hematoma of subdural hematoma
Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be considered whenever headache is not considered whenever headache is not posturally related posturally related
OCUPATIONAL HAZARDOCUPATIONAL HAZARD Risk of transmission of HBV following Risk of transmission of HBV following
inoculation is 5 -30inoculation is 5 -30 May occur through needle prickcuts May occur through needle prickcuts
sharp injuriesmucous membranes- sharp injuriesmucous membranes- waterproof dressingwaterproof dressing
Wear gloves while inserting a Wear gloves while inserting a cannula airways intubation amp extubation cannula airways intubation amp extubation
Sharps should not be handed directly to Sharps should not be handed directly to othersothers
See to the sterilisation of other See to the sterilisation of other contaminated thingscontaminated things
Child-Pugh Group BC patient Child-Pugh Group BC patient undergoing major surgeryundergoing major surgery
Previous upper abdominal surgery portal Previous upper abdominal surgery portal hypertension and coagulopathy dramatically hypertension and coagulopathy dramatically increase the potential for per-operative blood lossincrease the potential for per-operative blood loss
8-12 units of blood together fresh frozen plasma 8-12 units of blood together fresh frozen plasma and platelets should be available and platelets should be available
Pre-medicationPre-medication Sedative premedicants should be avoided in the Sedative premedicants should be avoided in the
encephalopathic patient encephalopathic patient Other drugs may be needed pre-operatively and Other drugs may be needed pre-operatively and
include antibiotics and H2 receptor antagonistsinclude antibiotics and H2 receptor antagonists The oral or intravenous route used - The oral or intravenous route used -
intramuscular injections should be avoidedintramuscular injections should be avoided Coagulopathy may require correction with fresh Coagulopathy may require correction with fresh
frozen plasma and platelets and renal frozen plasma and platelets and renal replacement therapy may need to be consideredreplacement therapy may need to be considered
Per-operative considerationsPer-operative considerations Regional techniques -- considered carefully - Regional techniques -- considered carefully -
coagulopathy epidural varices can pose an coagulopathy epidural varices can pose an additional risk additional risk
Vascular accessVascular access with a multi-lumen central with a multi-lumen central venous catheter together with at least one large venous catheter together with at least one large bore central line bore central line
Monitoring of arterial and central venous Monitoring of arterial and central venous pressures is mandatory pressures is mandatory
Pulmonary artery pulmonary capillary wedge Pulmonary artery pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and cardiac output measurements pressure and cardiac output measurements may be necessary in the sick patientmay be necessary in the sick patient
Trans-oesophageal echocardiography and Trans-oesophageal echocardiography and volumetric haemodynamic monitoring pulse volumetric haemodynamic monitoring pulse contour analysis can provide significant contour analysis can provide significant additional information for the strategic additional information for the strategic management of these patients management of these patients
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Coagulation and fibrinolysisCoagulation and fibrinolysis are major are major
concerns concerns The potential for large volume blood replacement The potential for large volume blood replacement
means that temperature should be measured and means that temperature should be measured and a fluid warmer and warming mattress useda fluid warmer and warming mattress used
Regular per-operative estimation of INRPTR may Regular per-operative estimation of INRPTR may be necessary - thromboelastography provides be necessary - thromboelastography provides useful intra-operative evaluation of coagulationuseful intra-operative evaluation of coagulation
Blood conservationBlood conservation - considered - considered Preservation of hepatic function -Preservation of hepatic function - N- N-
acetylcysteine (NAC) is a sulphur-containing acetylcysteine (NAC) is a sulphur-containing antioxidant - benefit patients with fulminant antioxidant - benefit patients with fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
NAC appears to improve oxygen delivery NAC appears to improve oxygen delivery and consumption and reduce base deficitand consumption and reduce base deficit
Renal FunctionRenal Function - - Dopamine may be usefulDopamine may be useful
Bleeding oesophageal Bleeding oesophageal varicesvarices
Bleeding oesophageal varices - life-threatening Bleeding oesophageal varices - life-threatening complication of - often occur against a complication of - often occur against a background of abnormal clotting background of abnormal clotting thrombocytopenia encephalopathy and Ascitesthrombocytopenia encephalopathy and Ascites
Overall mortality is 30 Overall mortality is 30 The principles of anaesthetic managementThe principles of anaesthetic management Protect the airway Protect the airway Establish good vascular access Establish good vascular access Volume replacement - colloid blood fresh Volume replacement - colloid blood fresh
frozen plasma and platelets Avoid saline frozen plasma and platelets Avoid saline Check correct clotting Give Vitamin K correct Check correct clotting Give Vitamin K correct
fibrinolysis and review blood chemistry fibrinolysis and review blood chemistry
Intoxicated Alcoholic Intoxicated Alcoholic PatientsPatients
Requires less anaesthetic ndashadditive depressant Requires less anaesthetic ndashadditive depressant effect of alcohol amp anaestheticseffect of alcohol amp anaesthetics
Ill - equipped to withstand stress amp Acute blood Ill - equipped to withstand stress amp Acute blood lossloss
Alcohol decrease the tolerance of brain to hypoxiaAlcohol decrease the tolerance of brain to hypoxia uarr uarr Risk of regurgitation amp aspiration - alcohol Risk of regurgitation amp aspiration - alcohol
darrtone of lower oesophageal sphincter amp slows darrtone of lower oesophageal sphincter amp slows gastric emptyinggastric emptying
Alcohol Interferes with platelet aggregationAlcohol Interferes with platelet aggregation Causes uarrconc of plasma catecholamines rarr Causes uarrconc of plasma catecholamines rarr
Intraoperative dysarrhytmiasIntraoperative dysarrhytmias
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE
Mild ndash 17 marked - 4Mild ndash 17 marked - 4 Patient factorsPatient factors Congenital Congenital
hemolytic disordershemolytic disorders Acquired hemolytic Acquired hemolytic
disordersdisorders Pre existing liver Pre existing liver
diseasedisease CoagulopathyCoagulopathy Gilberts syndromeGilberts syndrome SepsisSepsis
Perioperative Perioperative factorsfactors
Anaesthetic induced Anaesthetic induced darrHBFdarrHBF
BleedingBleeding HypotensionHypotension Blood transfusionBlood transfusion Biliary tree traumaBiliary tree trauma Viral hepatitisViral hepatitis DrugsDrugs Halothane antibioticsHalothane antibiotics Nonsteroidal agentsNonsteroidal agents
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -
5000mg Bilirubin5000mg Bilirubin 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg
bilirubinbilirubin Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in
G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cell disease multiple blood transfusionscell disease multiple blood transfusions
Delayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashDelayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashpostop jaundicepostop jaundice
Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgeryuarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgery
ContdhellipContdhellip Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow
non biliary surgery 3- 30 days post opnon biliary surgery 3- 30 days post op Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis
[benign] - associated with multiple blood [benign] - associated with multiple blood transfusions hypoxia hypotension - transfusions hypoxia hypotension - uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks
ManagementManagement Prevention is the best treatment Prevention is the best treatment Avoid precipitating factorsAvoid precipitating factors
Halothane HepatitisHalothane Hepatitis The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane
anaesthetics - higher in women the middle anaesthetics - higher in women the middle aged and the obeseaged and the obese
Rarer in paediatric patients and with the Rarer in paediatric patients and with the newer volatile agents newer volatile agents
Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
ldquoldquoUnexplained liver damage within 28 days of Unexplained liver damage within 28 days of halothane exposure in previously normal halothane exposure in previously normal patientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reactionpatientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reaction
Clinical featuresClinical features malaise anorexiafever malaise anorexiafever within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks
Halothane HepatitisHalothane HepatitisDIAGNOSISDIAGNOSIS Serum antibodies that react with specific liver Serum antibodies that react with specific liver
microsomal proteins that are altered by microsomal proteins that are altered by trifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothanetrifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothane
Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Risk factorsRisk factors High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ]High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ] previous adverse reactionprevious adverse reaction Uncertain - obesityUncertain - obesity Female [16 1 ]Female [16 1 ] Drug allergy [ 15 ]Drug allergy [ 15 ] Family historyFamily history Lymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoinLymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoin
ContdhellipContdhellip The cause not fully established - multifactorial - The cause not fully established - multifactorial -
possible immunological cause possible immunological cause Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated
proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically predisposed subjectspredisposed subjects
Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also to blameto blame
Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile agent so toxic metabolites may be involvedagent so toxic metabolites may be involved
The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with increasing numbers of exposures to halothane increasing numbers of exposures to halothane
Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO database holds 225 and 159 reports respectivelydatabase holds 225 and 159 reports respectively
Halothane exposure Halothane exposure guidelinesguidelines
Avoid Halothane ifAvoid Halothane if Within at least 3 months of a previous Within at least 3 months of a previous
exposure exposure Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or
pyrexia pyrexia Family history of hepatic reactions to Family history of hepatic reactions to
halothanehalothane Pre - existing liver diseasePre - existing liver disease Adverse reactions to Other volatile Adverse reactions to Other volatile
anaesthetic agentsanaesthetic agents
Liver and PregnancyLiver and Pregnancy Normal in sizeNormal in size A decrease in total protein as well albumin A decrease in total protein as well albumin An increase of the liver dependent clotting An increase of the liver dependent clotting
factors such as fibrinogen factors such as fibrinogen An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times
secondary to placental alkalinesecondary to placental alkaline Srcholinesterase Srcholinesterase darr 30darr 30 Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and
bilirubinbilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin
ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver disease disease
Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Intrahepatic Cholestasis of PregnancyPregnancy
Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Rare in black patients Rare in black patients
Strong family history Strong family history High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies
60-7060-70 Pruritus alone - 80 percent Pruritus alone - 80 percent Jaundice develop in 20 percentJaundice develop in 20 percent Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or
no elevation in transaminasesno elevation in transaminases
IChP ndashcontdhellipIChP ndashcontdhellip Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early
delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice ) pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice )
Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts Dexamethasone Dexamethasone
Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but bilurubin within 4-6 weeks bilurubin within 4-6 weeks
Implications on Anaesthesia Implications on Anaesthesia Check coagulation profile Check coagulation profile Ask for vit K IV Ask for vit K IV take care of high incidence of fetal distress take care of high incidence of fetal distress
meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist must attend with incubatormust attend with incubator
Preeclampsia amp EclampsiaPreeclampsia amp Eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia
and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl
If not associated with other criteria of HELLP If not associated with other criteria of HELLP syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 50mlday 50mlday
Implications on anaesthesiaImplications on anaesthesia Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress
response which could continue to anaesthesia response which could continue to anaesthesia provided INR lt15 provided INR lt15
Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed tube 6-7 mm tube 6-7 mm
Adequate analgesia Adequate analgesia Fluids restriction Fluids restriction Continue medications postoperative in ICU Continue medications postoperative in ICU
HELLP syndrome HELLP syndrome Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low
plateletsplatelets Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-
eclampsia result from very active platelets eclampsia result from very active platelets aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia and congestion with deposition of fibrous and congestion with deposition of fibrous network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage
Nausea vomiting headache and upper right Nausea vomiting headache and upper right abdominal pain hypotension shockabdominal pain hypotension shock
Best markers are the maternal lactate Best markers are the maternal lactate dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet count count
Congested liver of HELLP Congested liver of HELLP syndromesyndrome
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high
dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has been shown to markedly improve the laboratory been shown to markedly improve the laboratory abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome
Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is
greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of magnesium sulfate magnesium sulfate
Anesthesia like severe preclampsia Anesthesia like severe preclampsia avoid trauma to liveravoid trauma to liver Vit K if INR gt15Vit K if INR gt15 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60
ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF PREGNANCYPREGNANCY
Rare serious disorder unknown etiologyRare serious disorder unknown etiology Symptoms in third trimesterSymptoms in third trimester ndashabdominal
pain nausea vomiting anorexiafatique fever headache
Rapid progression ndashbleeding jaundice encephalopathy renal failure hepatic failure coagulopathy - PPH
uarrTransaminases hyperbilirubinemia uarrprothrombin time --- DIC
Prompt delivery is advisable
Hepatic Rupture and Hepatic Rupture and Infarction Infarction
Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 to 85 percent) are at higher risk to 85 percent) are at higher risk
Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in
shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy
Therapy for hepatic rupture has included Therapy for hepatic rupture has included transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted in hepatic rupture in hepatic rupture
Hepatic infarctionHepatic infarction was typically present with fever was typically present with fever and marked elevations in transaminase levels In and marked elevations in transaminase levels In surviving patients liver function and histopathology surviving patients liver function and histopathology are normal within six months of delivery are normal within six months of delivery
Anesthesia in pregnant women with Anesthesia in pregnant women with HELLP syndromeHELLP syndrome
Retrospective studyRetrospective study For the period of 1 July For the period of 1 July 1996 through 30 June 2000 1996 through 30 June 2000
RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had cesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal deliverycesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal delivery
Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 postcesarean delivery the range platelet count postcesarean delivery the range platelet count was 19000-143000microl was 19000-143000microl
Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia
There were no neurologic complications or There were no neurologic complications or bleeding in the epidural spacebleeding in the epidural space
CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any neurologic or hematologic complications of women neurologic or hematologic complications of women with HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesiawith HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesia
Subdural Hematoma following dural Subdural Hematoma following dural puncture in a parturient with HELLP puncture in a parturient with HELLP
syndromesyndrome This complication occurred following This complication occurred following accidental dural puncture in a parturient accidental dural puncture in a parturient with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who subsequently developed the syndrome of subsequently developed the syndrome of hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low plateletsplatelets
On the first postoperative day postdural On the first postoperative day postdural puncture headache (PDPH) developed puncture headache (PDPH) developed
An epidural blood patch (EBP) was An epidural blood patch (EBP) was deferred to the third postoperative day deferred to the third postoperative day because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1 because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1
Headache intensified from a typical PDPH Headache intensified from a typical PDPH to one which was not posturally related to one which was not posturally related
A second EBP was abandoned after the A second EBP was abandoned after the
injection of 5 mL of blood because of injection of 5 mL of blood because of increasing headache during the procedure increasing headache during the procedure
Magnetic resonance imaging revealed Magnetic resonance imaging revealed bilateral temporal subdural hematomas bilateral temporal subdural hematomas
The patient was managed conservatively and The patient was managed conservatively and discharged home without any sequelae discharged home without any sequelae
ConclusionConclusion It is conceivable that It is conceivable that thrombocytopenia together with possible thrombocytopenia together with possible abnormal platelet function increased the risk abnormal platelet function increased the risk of subdural hematoma of subdural hematoma
Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be considered whenever headache is not considered whenever headache is not posturally related posturally related
OCUPATIONAL HAZARDOCUPATIONAL HAZARD Risk of transmission of HBV following Risk of transmission of HBV following
inoculation is 5 -30inoculation is 5 -30 May occur through needle prickcuts May occur through needle prickcuts
sharp injuriesmucous membranes- sharp injuriesmucous membranes- waterproof dressingwaterproof dressing
Wear gloves while inserting a Wear gloves while inserting a cannula airways intubation amp extubation cannula airways intubation amp extubation
Sharps should not be handed directly to Sharps should not be handed directly to othersothers
See to the sterilisation of other See to the sterilisation of other contaminated thingscontaminated things
Per-operative considerationsPer-operative considerations Regional techniques -- considered carefully - Regional techniques -- considered carefully -
coagulopathy epidural varices can pose an coagulopathy epidural varices can pose an additional risk additional risk
Vascular accessVascular access with a multi-lumen central with a multi-lumen central venous catheter together with at least one large venous catheter together with at least one large bore central line bore central line
Monitoring of arterial and central venous Monitoring of arterial and central venous pressures is mandatory pressures is mandatory
Pulmonary artery pulmonary capillary wedge Pulmonary artery pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and cardiac output measurements pressure and cardiac output measurements may be necessary in the sick patientmay be necessary in the sick patient
Trans-oesophageal echocardiography and Trans-oesophageal echocardiography and volumetric haemodynamic monitoring pulse volumetric haemodynamic monitoring pulse contour analysis can provide significant contour analysis can provide significant additional information for the strategic additional information for the strategic management of these patients management of these patients
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Coagulation and fibrinolysisCoagulation and fibrinolysis are major are major
concerns concerns The potential for large volume blood replacement The potential for large volume blood replacement
means that temperature should be measured and means that temperature should be measured and a fluid warmer and warming mattress useda fluid warmer and warming mattress used
Regular per-operative estimation of INRPTR may Regular per-operative estimation of INRPTR may be necessary - thromboelastography provides be necessary - thromboelastography provides useful intra-operative evaluation of coagulationuseful intra-operative evaluation of coagulation
Blood conservationBlood conservation - considered - considered Preservation of hepatic function -Preservation of hepatic function - N- N-
acetylcysteine (NAC) is a sulphur-containing acetylcysteine (NAC) is a sulphur-containing antioxidant - benefit patients with fulminant antioxidant - benefit patients with fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
NAC appears to improve oxygen delivery NAC appears to improve oxygen delivery and consumption and reduce base deficitand consumption and reduce base deficit
Renal FunctionRenal Function - - Dopamine may be usefulDopamine may be useful
Bleeding oesophageal Bleeding oesophageal varicesvarices
Bleeding oesophageal varices - life-threatening Bleeding oesophageal varices - life-threatening complication of - often occur against a complication of - often occur against a background of abnormal clotting background of abnormal clotting thrombocytopenia encephalopathy and Ascitesthrombocytopenia encephalopathy and Ascites
Overall mortality is 30 Overall mortality is 30 The principles of anaesthetic managementThe principles of anaesthetic management Protect the airway Protect the airway Establish good vascular access Establish good vascular access Volume replacement - colloid blood fresh Volume replacement - colloid blood fresh
frozen plasma and platelets Avoid saline frozen plasma and platelets Avoid saline Check correct clotting Give Vitamin K correct Check correct clotting Give Vitamin K correct
fibrinolysis and review blood chemistry fibrinolysis and review blood chemistry
Intoxicated Alcoholic Intoxicated Alcoholic PatientsPatients
Requires less anaesthetic ndashadditive depressant Requires less anaesthetic ndashadditive depressant effect of alcohol amp anaestheticseffect of alcohol amp anaesthetics
Ill - equipped to withstand stress amp Acute blood Ill - equipped to withstand stress amp Acute blood lossloss
Alcohol decrease the tolerance of brain to hypoxiaAlcohol decrease the tolerance of brain to hypoxia uarr uarr Risk of regurgitation amp aspiration - alcohol Risk of regurgitation amp aspiration - alcohol
darrtone of lower oesophageal sphincter amp slows darrtone of lower oesophageal sphincter amp slows gastric emptyinggastric emptying
Alcohol Interferes with platelet aggregationAlcohol Interferes with platelet aggregation Causes uarrconc of plasma catecholamines rarr Causes uarrconc of plasma catecholamines rarr
Intraoperative dysarrhytmiasIntraoperative dysarrhytmias
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE
Mild ndash 17 marked - 4Mild ndash 17 marked - 4 Patient factorsPatient factors Congenital Congenital
hemolytic disordershemolytic disorders Acquired hemolytic Acquired hemolytic
disordersdisorders Pre existing liver Pre existing liver
diseasedisease CoagulopathyCoagulopathy Gilberts syndromeGilberts syndrome SepsisSepsis
Perioperative Perioperative factorsfactors
Anaesthetic induced Anaesthetic induced darrHBFdarrHBF
BleedingBleeding HypotensionHypotension Blood transfusionBlood transfusion Biliary tree traumaBiliary tree trauma Viral hepatitisViral hepatitis DrugsDrugs Halothane antibioticsHalothane antibiotics Nonsteroidal agentsNonsteroidal agents
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -
5000mg Bilirubin5000mg Bilirubin 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg
bilirubinbilirubin Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in
G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cell disease multiple blood transfusionscell disease multiple blood transfusions
Delayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashDelayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashpostop jaundicepostop jaundice
Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgeryuarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgery
ContdhellipContdhellip Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow
non biliary surgery 3- 30 days post opnon biliary surgery 3- 30 days post op Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis
[benign] - associated with multiple blood [benign] - associated with multiple blood transfusions hypoxia hypotension - transfusions hypoxia hypotension - uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks
ManagementManagement Prevention is the best treatment Prevention is the best treatment Avoid precipitating factorsAvoid precipitating factors
Halothane HepatitisHalothane Hepatitis The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane
anaesthetics - higher in women the middle anaesthetics - higher in women the middle aged and the obeseaged and the obese
Rarer in paediatric patients and with the Rarer in paediatric patients and with the newer volatile agents newer volatile agents
Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
ldquoldquoUnexplained liver damage within 28 days of Unexplained liver damage within 28 days of halothane exposure in previously normal halothane exposure in previously normal patientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reactionpatientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reaction
Clinical featuresClinical features malaise anorexiafever malaise anorexiafever within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks
Halothane HepatitisHalothane HepatitisDIAGNOSISDIAGNOSIS Serum antibodies that react with specific liver Serum antibodies that react with specific liver
microsomal proteins that are altered by microsomal proteins that are altered by trifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothanetrifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothane
Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Risk factorsRisk factors High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ]High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ] previous adverse reactionprevious adverse reaction Uncertain - obesityUncertain - obesity Female [16 1 ]Female [16 1 ] Drug allergy [ 15 ]Drug allergy [ 15 ] Family historyFamily history Lymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoinLymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoin
ContdhellipContdhellip The cause not fully established - multifactorial - The cause not fully established - multifactorial -
possible immunological cause possible immunological cause Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated
proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically predisposed subjectspredisposed subjects
Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also to blameto blame
Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile agent so toxic metabolites may be involvedagent so toxic metabolites may be involved
The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with increasing numbers of exposures to halothane increasing numbers of exposures to halothane
Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO database holds 225 and 159 reports respectivelydatabase holds 225 and 159 reports respectively
Halothane exposure Halothane exposure guidelinesguidelines
Avoid Halothane ifAvoid Halothane if Within at least 3 months of a previous Within at least 3 months of a previous
exposure exposure Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or
pyrexia pyrexia Family history of hepatic reactions to Family history of hepatic reactions to
halothanehalothane Pre - existing liver diseasePre - existing liver disease Adverse reactions to Other volatile Adverse reactions to Other volatile
anaesthetic agentsanaesthetic agents
Liver and PregnancyLiver and Pregnancy Normal in sizeNormal in size A decrease in total protein as well albumin A decrease in total protein as well albumin An increase of the liver dependent clotting An increase of the liver dependent clotting
factors such as fibrinogen factors such as fibrinogen An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times
secondary to placental alkalinesecondary to placental alkaline Srcholinesterase Srcholinesterase darr 30darr 30 Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and
bilirubinbilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin
ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver disease disease
Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Intrahepatic Cholestasis of PregnancyPregnancy
Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Rare in black patients Rare in black patients
Strong family history Strong family history High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies
60-7060-70 Pruritus alone - 80 percent Pruritus alone - 80 percent Jaundice develop in 20 percentJaundice develop in 20 percent Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or
no elevation in transaminasesno elevation in transaminases
IChP ndashcontdhellipIChP ndashcontdhellip Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early
delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice ) pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice )
Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts Dexamethasone Dexamethasone
Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but bilurubin within 4-6 weeks bilurubin within 4-6 weeks
Implications on Anaesthesia Implications on Anaesthesia Check coagulation profile Check coagulation profile Ask for vit K IV Ask for vit K IV take care of high incidence of fetal distress take care of high incidence of fetal distress
meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist must attend with incubatormust attend with incubator
Preeclampsia amp EclampsiaPreeclampsia amp Eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia
and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl
If not associated with other criteria of HELLP If not associated with other criteria of HELLP syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 50mlday 50mlday
Implications on anaesthesiaImplications on anaesthesia Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress
response which could continue to anaesthesia response which could continue to anaesthesia provided INR lt15 provided INR lt15
Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed tube 6-7 mm tube 6-7 mm
Adequate analgesia Adequate analgesia Fluids restriction Fluids restriction Continue medications postoperative in ICU Continue medications postoperative in ICU
HELLP syndrome HELLP syndrome Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low
plateletsplatelets Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-
eclampsia result from very active platelets eclampsia result from very active platelets aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia and congestion with deposition of fibrous and congestion with deposition of fibrous network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage
Nausea vomiting headache and upper right Nausea vomiting headache and upper right abdominal pain hypotension shockabdominal pain hypotension shock
Best markers are the maternal lactate Best markers are the maternal lactate dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet count count
Congested liver of HELLP Congested liver of HELLP syndromesyndrome
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high
dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has been shown to markedly improve the laboratory been shown to markedly improve the laboratory abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome
Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is
greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of magnesium sulfate magnesium sulfate
Anesthesia like severe preclampsia Anesthesia like severe preclampsia avoid trauma to liveravoid trauma to liver Vit K if INR gt15Vit K if INR gt15 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60
ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF PREGNANCYPREGNANCY
Rare serious disorder unknown etiologyRare serious disorder unknown etiology Symptoms in third trimesterSymptoms in third trimester ndashabdominal
pain nausea vomiting anorexiafatique fever headache
Rapid progression ndashbleeding jaundice encephalopathy renal failure hepatic failure coagulopathy - PPH
uarrTransaminases hyperbilirubinemia uarrprothrombin time --- DIC
Prompt delivery is advisable
Hepatic Rupture and Hepatic Rupture and Infarction Infarction
Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 to 85 percent) are at higher risk to 85 percent) are at higher risk
Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in
shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy
Therapy for hepatic rupture has included Therapy for hepatic rupture has included transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted in hepatic rupture in hepatic rupture
Hepatic infarctionHepatic infarction was typically present with fever was typically present with fever and marked elevations in transaminase levels In and marked elevations in transaminase levels In surviving patients liver function and histopathology surviving patients liver function and histopathology are normal within six months of delivery are normal within six months of delivery
Anesthesia in pregnant women with Anesthesia in pregnant women with HELLP syndromeHELLP syndrome
Retrospective studyRetrospective study For the period of 1 July For the period of 1 July 1996 through 30 June 2000 1996 through 30 June 2000
RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had cesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal deliverycesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal delivery
Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 postcesarean delivery the range platelet count postcesarean delivery the range platelet count was 19000-143000microl was 19000-143000microl
Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia
There were no neurologic complications or There were no neurologic complications or bleeding in the epidural spacebleeding in the epidural space
CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any neurologic or hematologic complications of women neurologic or hematologic complications of women with HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesiawith HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesia
Subdural Hematoma following dural Subdural Hematoma following dural puncture in a parturient with HELLP puncture in a parturient with HELLP
syndromesyndrome This complication occurred following This complication occurred following accidental dural puncture in a parturient accidental dural puncture in a parturient with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who subsequently developed the syndrome of subsequently developed the syndrome of hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low plateletsplatelets
On the first postoperative day postdural On the first postoperative day postdural puncture headache (PDPH) developed puncture headache (PDPH) developed
An epidural blood patch (EBP) was An epidural blood patch (EBP) was deferred to the third postoperative day deferred to the third postoperative day because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1 because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1
Headache intensified from a typical PDPH Headache intensified from a typical PDPH to one which was not posturally related to one which was not posturally related
A second EBP was abandoned after the A second EBP was abandoned after the
injection of 5 mL of blood because of injection of 5 mL of blood because of increasing headache during the procedure increasing headache during the procedure
Magnetic resonance imaging revealed Magnetic resonance imaging revealed bilateral temporal subdural hematomas bilateral temporal subdural hematomas
The patient was managed conservatively and The patient was managed conservatively and discharged home without any sequelae discharged home without any sequelae
ConclusionConclusion It is conceivable that It is conceivable that thrombocytopenia together with possible thrombocytopenia together with possible abnormal platelet function increased the risk abnormal platelet function increased the risk of subdural hematoma of subdural hematoma
Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be considered whenever headache is not considered whenever headache is not posturally related posturally related
OCUPATIONAL HAZARDOCUPATIONAL HAZARD Risk of transmission of HBV following Risk of transmission of HBV following
inoculation is 5 -30inoculation is 5 -30 May occur through needle prickcuts May occur through needle prickcuts
sharp injuriesmucous membranes- sharp injuriesmucous membranes- waterproof dressingwaterproof dressing
Wear gloves while inserting a Wear gloves while inserting a cannula airways intubation amp extubation cannula airways intubation amp extubation
Sharps should not be handed directly to Sharps should not be handed directly to othersothers
See to the sterilisation of other See to the sterilisation of other contaminated thingscontaminated things
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Coagulation and fibrinolysisCoagulation and fibrinolysis are major are major
concerns concerns The potential for large volume blood replacement The potential for large volume blood replacement
means that temperature should be measured and means that temperature should be measured and a fluid warmer and warming mattress useda fluid warmer and warming mattress used
Regular per-operative estimation of INRPTR may Regular per-operative estimation of INRPTR may be necessary - thromboelastography provides be necessary - thromboelastography provides useful intra-operative evaluation of coagulationuseful intra-operative evaluation of coagulation
Blood conservationBlood conservation - considered - considered Preservation of hepatic function -Preservation of hepatic function - N- N-
acetylcysteine (NAC) is a sulphur-containing acetylcysteine (NAC) is a sulphur-containing antioxidant - benefit patients with fulminant antioxidant - benefit patients with fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
NAC appears to improve oxygen delivery NAC appears to improve oxygen delivery and consumption and reduce base deficitand consumption and reduce base deficit
Renal FunctionRenal Function - - Dopamine may be usefulDopamine may be useful
Bleeding oesophageal Bleeding oesophageal varicesvarices
Bleeding oesophageal varices - life-threatening Bleeding oesophageal varices - life-threatening complication of - often occur against a complication of - often occur against a background of abnormal clotting background of abnormal clotting thrombocytopenia encephalopathy and Ascitesthrombocytopenia encephalopathy and Ascites
Overall mortality is 30 Overall mortality is 30 The principles of anaesthetic managementThe principles of anaesthetic management Protect the airway Protect the airway Establish good vascular access Establish good vascular access Volume replacement - colloid blood fresh Volume replacement - colloid blood fresh
frozen plasma and platelets Avoid saline frozen plasma and platelets Avoid saline Check correct clotting Give Vitamin K correct Check correct clotting Give Vitamin K correct
fibrinolysis and review blood chemistry fibrinolysis and review blood chemistry
Intoxicated Alcoholic Intoxicated Alcoholic PatientsPatients
Requires less anaesthetic ndashadditive depressant Requires less anaesthetic ndashadditive depressant effect of alcohol amp anaestheticseffect of alcohol amp anaesthetics
Ill - equipped to withstand stress amp Acute blood Ill - equipped to withstand stress amp Acute blood lossloss
Alcohol decrease the tolerance of brain to hypoxiaAlcohol decrease the tolerance of brain to hypoxia uarr uarr Risk of regurgitation amp aspiration - alcohol Risk of regurgitation amp aspiration - alcohol
darrtone of lower oesophageal sphincter amp slows darrtone of lower oesophageal sphincter amp slows gastric emptyinggastric emptying
Alcohol Interferes with platelet aggregationAlcohol Interferes with platelet aggregation Causes uarrconc of plasma catecholamines rarr Causes uarrconc of plasma catecholamines rarr
Intraoperative dysarrhytmiasIntraoperative dysarrhytmias
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE
Mild ndash 17 marked - 4Mild ndash 17 marked - 4 Patient factorsPatient factors Congenital Congenital
hemolytic disordershemolytic disorders Acquired hemolytic Acquired hemolytic
disordersdisorders Pre existing liver Pre existing liver
diseasedisease CoagulopathyCoagulopathy Gilberts syndromeGilberts syndrome SepsisSepsis
Perioperative Perioperative factorsfactors
Anaesthetic induced Anaesthetic induced darrHBFdarrHBF
BleedingBleeding HypotensionHypotension Blood transfusionBlood transfusion Biliary tree traumaBiliary tree trauma Viral hepatitisViral hepatitis DrugsDrugs Halothane antibioticsHalothane antibiotics Nonsteroidal agentsNonsteroidal agents
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -
5000mg Bilirubin5000mg Bilirubin 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg
bilirubinbilirubin Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in
G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cell disease multiple blood transfusionscell disease multiple blood transfusions
Delayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashDelayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashpostop jaundicepostop jaundice
Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgeryuarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgery
ContdhellipContdhellip Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow
non biliary surgery 3- 30 days post opnon biliary surgery 3- 30 days post op Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis
[benign] - associated with multiple blood [benign] - associated with multiple blood transfusions hypoxia hypotension - transfusions hypoxia hypotension - uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks
ManagementManagement Prevention is the best treatment Prevention is the best treatment Avoid precipitating factorsAvoid precipitating factors
Halothane HepatitisHalothane Hepatitis The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane
anaesthetics - higher in women the middle anaesthetics - higher in women the middle aged and the obeseaged and the obese
Rarer in paediatric patients and with the Rarer in paediatric patients and with the newer volatile agents newer volatile agents
Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
ldquoldquoUnexplained liver damage within 28 days of Unexplained liver damage within 28 days of halothane exposure in previously normal halothane exposure in previously normal patientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reactionpatientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reaction
Clinical featuresClinical features malaise anorexiafever malaise anorexiafever within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks
Halothane HepatitisHalothane HepatitisDIAGNOSISDIAGNOSIS Serum antibodies that react with specific liver Serum antibodies that react with specific liver
microsomal proteins that are altered by microsomal proteins that are altered by trifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothanetrifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothane
Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Risk factorsRisk factors High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ]High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ] previous adverse reactionprevious adverse reaction Uncertain - obesityUncertain - obesity Female [16 1 ]Female [16 1 ] Drug allergy [ 15 ]Drug allergy [ 15 ] Family historyFamily history Lymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoinLymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoin
ContdhellipContdhellip The cause not fully established - multifactorial - The cause not fully established - multifactorial -
possible immunological cause possible immunological cause Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated
proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically predisposed subjectspredisposed subjects
Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also to blameto blame
Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile agent so toxic metabolites may be involvedagent so toxic metabolites may be involved
The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with increasing numbers of exposures to halothane increasing numbers of exposures to halothane
Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO database holds 225 and 159 reports respectivelydatabase holds 225 and 159 reports respectively
Halothane exposure Halothane exposure guidelinesguidelines
Avoid Halothane ifAvoid Halothane if Within at least 3 months of a previous Within at least 3 months of a previous
exposure exposure Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or
pyrexia pyrexia Family history of hepatic reactions to Family history of hepatic reactions to
halothanehalothane Pre - existing liver diseasePre - existing liver disease Adverse reactions to Other volatile Adverse reactions to Other volatile
anaesthetic agentsanaesthetic agents
Liver and PregnancyLiver and Pregnancy Normal in sizeNormal in size A decrease in total protein as well albumin A decrease in total protein as well albumin An increase of the liver dependent clotting An increase of the liver dependent clotting
factors such as fibrinogen factors such as fibrinogen An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times
secondary to placental alkalinesecondary to placental alkaline Srcholinesterase Srcholinesterase darr 30darr 30 Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and
bilirubinbilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin
ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver disease disease
Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Intrahepatic Cholestasis of PregnancyPregnancy
Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Rare in black patients Rare in black patients
Strong family history Strong family history High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies
60-7060-70 Pruritus alone - 80 percent Pruritus alone - 80 percent Jaundice develop in 20 percentJaundice develop in 20 percent Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or
no elevation in transaminasesno elevation in transaminases
IChP ndashcontdhellipIChP ndashcontdhellip Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early
delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice ) pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice )
Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts Dexamethasone Dexamethasone
Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but bilurubin within 4-6 weeks bilurubin within 4-6 weeks
Implications on Anaesthesia Implications on Anaesthesia Check coagulation profile Check coagulation profile Ask for vit K IV Ask for vit K IV take care of high incidence of fetal distress take care of high incidence of fetal distress
meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist must attend with incubatormust attend with incubator
Preeclampsia amp EclampsiaPreeclampsia amp Eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia
and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl
If not associated with other criteria of HELLP If not associated with other criteria of HELLP syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 50mlday 50mlday
Implications on anaesthesiaImplications on anaesthesia Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress
response which could continue to anaesthesia response which could continue to anaesthesia provided INR lt15 provided INR lt15
Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed tube 6-7 mm tube 6-7 mm
Adequate analgesia Adequate analgesia Fluids restriction Fluids restriction Continue medications postoperative in ICU Continue medications postoperative in ICU
HELLP syndrome HELLP syndrome Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low
plateletsplatelets Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-
eclampsia result from very active platelets eclampsia result from very active platelets aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia and congestion with deposition of fibrous and congestion with deposition of fibrous network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage
Nausea vomiting headache and upper right Nausea vomiting headache and upper right abdominal pain hypotension shockabdominal pain hypotension shock
Best markers are the maternal lactate Best markers are the maternal lactate dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet count count
Congested liver of HELLP Congested liver of HELLP syndromesyndrome
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high
dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has been shown to markedly improve the laboratory been shown to markedly improve the laboratory abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome
Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is
greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of magnesium sulfate magnesium sulfate
Anesthesia like severe preclampsia Anesthesia like severe preclampsia avoid trauma to liveravoid trauma to liver Vit K if INR gt15Vit K if INR gt15 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60
ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF PREGNANCYPREGNANCY
Rare serious disorder unknown etiologyRare serious disorder unknown etiology Symptoms in third trimesterSymptoms in third trimester ndashabdominal
pain nausea vomiting anorexiafatique fever headache
Rapid progression ndashbleeding jaundice encephalopathy renal failure hepatic failure coagulopathy - PPH
uarrTransaminases hyperbilirubinemia uarrprothrombin time --- DIC
Prompt delivery is advisable
Hepatic Rupture and Hepatic Rupture and Infarction Infarction
Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 to 85 percent) are at higher risk to 85 percent) are at higher risk
Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in
shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy
Therapy for hepatic rupture has included Therapy for hepatic rupture has included transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted in hepatic rupture in hepatic rupture
Hepatic infarctionHepatic infarction was typically present with fever was typically present with fever and marked elevations in transaminase levels In and marked elevations in transaminase levels In surviving patients liver function and histopathology surviving patients liver function and histopathology are normal within six months of delivery are normal within six months of delivery
Anesthesia in pregnant women with Anesthesia in pregnant women with HELLP syndromeHELLP syndrome
Retrospective studyRetrospective study For the period of 1 July For the period of 1 July 1996 through 30 June 2000 1996 through 30 June 2000
RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had cesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal deliverycesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal delivery
Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 postcesarean delivery the range platelet count postcesarean delivery the range platelet count was 19000-143000microl was 19000-143000microl
Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia
There were no neurologic complications or There were no neurologic complications or bleeding in the epidural spacebleeding in the epidural space
CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any neurologic or hematologic complications of women neurologic or hematologic complications of women with HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesiawith HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesia
Subdural Hematoma following dural Subdural Hematoma following dural puncture in a parturient with HELLP puncture in a parturient with HELLP
syndromesyndrome This complication occurred following This complication occurred following accidental dural puncture in a parturient accidental dural puncture in a parturient with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who subsequently developed the syndrome of subsequently developed the syndrome of hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low plateletsplatelets
On the first postoperative day postdural On the first postoperative day postdural puncture headache (PDPH) developed puncture headache (PDPH) developed
An epidural blood patch (EBP) was An epidural blood patch (EBP) was deferred to the third postoperative day deferred to the third postoperative day because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1 because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1
Headache intensified from a typical PDPH Headache intensified from a typical PDPH to one which was not posturally related to one which was not posturally related
A second EBP was abandoned after the A second EBP was abandoned after the
injection of 5 mL of blood because of injection of 5 mL of blood because of increasing headache during the procedure increasing headache during the procedure
Magnetic resonance imaging revealed Magnetic resonance imaging revealed bilateral temporal subdural hematomas bilateral temporal subdural hematomas
The patient was managed conservatively and The patient was managed conservatively and discharged home without any sequelae discharged home without any sequelae
ConclusionConclusion It is conceivable that It is conceivable that thrombocytopenia together with possible thrombocytopenia together with possible abnormal platelet function increased the risk abnormal platelet function increased the risk of subdural hematoma of subdural hematoma
Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be considered whenever headache is not considered whenever headache is not posturally related posturally related
OCUPATIONAL HAZARDOCUPATIONAL HAZARD Risk of transmission of HBV following Risk of transmission of HBV following
inoculation is 5 -30inoculation is 5 -30 May occur through needle prickcuts May occur through needle prickcuts
sharp injuriesmucous membranes- sharp injuriesmucous membranes- waterproof dressingwaterproof dressing
Wear gloves while inserting a Wear gloves while inserting a cannula airways intubation amp extubation cannula airways intubation amp extubation
Sharps should not be handed directly to Sharps should not be handed directly to othersothers
See to the sterilisation of other See to the sterilisation of other contaminated thingscontaminated things
Bleeding oesophageal Bleeding oesophageal varicesvarices
Bleeding oesophageal varices - life-threatening Bleeding oesophageal varices - life-threatening complication of - often occur against a complication of - often occur against a background of abnormal clotting background of abnormal clotting thrombocytopenia encephalopathy and Ascitesthrombocytopenia encephalopathy and Ascites
Overall mortality is 30 Overall mortality is 30 The principles of anaesthetic managementThe principles of anaesthetic management Protect the airway Protect the airway Establish good vascular access Establish good vascular access Volume replacement - colloid blood fresh Volume replacement - colloid blood fresh
frozen plasma and platelets Avoid saline frozen plasma and platelets Avoid saline Check correct clotting Give Vitamin K correct Check correct clotting Give Vitamin K correct
fibrinolysis and review blood chemistry fibrinolysis and review blood chemistry
Intoxicated Alcoholic Intoxicated Alcoholic PatientsPatients
Requires less anaesthetic ndashadditive depressant Requires less anaesthetic ndashadditive depressant effect of alcohol amp anaestheticseffect of alcohol amp anaesthetics
Ill - equipped to withstand stress amp Acute blood Ill - equipped to withstand stress amp Acute blood lossloss
Alcohol decrease the tolerance of brain to hypoxiaAlcohol decrease the tolerance of brain to hypoxia uarr uarr Risk of regurgitation amp aspiration - alcohol Risk of regurgitation amp aspiration - alcohol
darrtone of lower oesophageal sphincter amp slows darrtone of lower oesophageal sphincter amp slows gastric emptyinggastric emptying
Alcohol Interferes with platelet aggregationAlcohol Interferes with platelet aggregation Causes uarrconc of plasma catecholamines rarr Causes uarrconc of plasma catecholamines rarr
Intraoperative dysarrhytmiasIntraoperative dysarrhytmias
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE
Mild ndash 17 marked - 4Mild ndash 17 marked - 4 Patient factorsPatient factors Congenital Congenital
hemolytic disordershemolytic disorders Acquired hemolytic Acquired hemolytic
disordersdisorders Pre existing liver Pre existing liver
diseasedisease CoagulopathyCoagulopathy Gilberts syndromeGilberts syndrome SepsisSepsis
Perioperative Perioperative factorsfactors
Anaesthetic induced Anaesthetic induced darrHBFdarrHBF
BleedingBleeding HypotensionHypotension Blood transfusionBlood transfusion Biliary tree traumaBiliary tree trauma Viral hepatitisViral hepatitis DrugsDrugs Halothane antibioticsHalothane antibiotics Nonsteroidal agentsNonsteroidal agents
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -
5000mg Bilirubin5000mg Bilirubin 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg
bilirubinbilirubin Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in
G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cell disease multiple blood transfusionscell disease multiple blood transfusions
Delayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashDelayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashpostop jaundicepostop jaundice
Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgeryuarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgery
ContdhellipContdhellip Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow
non biliary surgery 3- 30 days post opnon biliary surgery 3- 30 days post op Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis
[benign] - associated with multiple blood [benign] - associated with multiple blood transfusions hypoxia hypotension - transfusions hypoxia hypotension - uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks
ManagementManagement Prevention is the best treatment Prevention is the best treatment Avoid precipitating factorsAvoid precipitating factors
Halothane HepatitisHalothane Hepatitis The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane
anaesthetics - higher in women the middle anaesthetics - higher in women the middle aged and the obeseaged and the obese
Rarer in paediatric patients and with the Rarer in paediatric patients and with the newer volatile agents newer volatile agents
Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
ldquoldquoUnexplained liver damage within 28 days of Unexplained liver damage within 28 days of halothane exposure in previously normal halothane exposure in previously normal patientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reactionpatientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reaction
Clinical featuresClinical features malaise anorexiafever malaise anorexiafever within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks
Halothane HepatitisHalothane HepatitisDIAGNOSISDIAGNOSIS Serum antibodies that react with specific liver Serum antibodies that react with specific liver
microsomal proteins that are altered by microsomal proteins that are altered by trifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothanetrifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothane
Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Risk factorsRisk factors High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ]High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ] previous adverse reactionprevious adverse reaction Uncertain - obesityUncertain - obesity Female [16 1 ]Female [16 1 ] Drug allergy [ 15 ]Drug allergy [ 15 ] Family historyFamily history Lymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoinLymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoin
ContdhellipContdhellip The cause not fully established - multifactorial - The cause not fully established - multifactorial -
possible immunological cause possible immunological cause Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated
proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically predisposed subjectspredisposed subjects
Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also to blameto blame
Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile agent so toxic metabolites may be involvedagent so toxic metabolites may be involved
The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with increasing numbers of exposures to halothane increasing numbers of exposures to halothane
Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO database holds 225 and 159 reports respectivelydatabase holds 225 and 159 reports respectively
Halothane exposure Halothane exposure guidelinesguidelines
Avoid Halothane ifAvoid Halothane if Within at least 3 months of a previous Within at least 3 months of a previous
exposure exposure Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or
pyrexia pyrexia Family history of hepatic reactions to Family history of hepatic reactions to
halothanehalothane Pre - existing liver diseasePre - existing liver disease Adverse reactions to Other volatile Adverse reactions to Other volatile
anaesthetic agentsanaesthetic agents
Liver and PregnancyLiver and Pregnancy Normal in sizeNormal in size A decrease in total protein as well albumin A decrease in total protein as well albumin An increase of the liver dependent clotting An increase of the liver dependent clotting
factors such as fibrinogen factors such as fibrinogen An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times
secondary to placental alkalinesecondary to placental alkaline Srcholinesterase Srcholinesterase darr 30darr 30 Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and
bilirubinbilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin
ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver disease disease
Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Intrahepatic Cholestasis of PregnancyPregnancy
Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Rare in black patients Rare in black patients
Strong family history Strong family history High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies
60-7060-70 Pruritus alone - 80 percent Pruritus alone - 80 percent Jaundice develop in 20 percentJaundice develop in 20 percent Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or
no elevation in transaminasesno elevation in transaminases
IChP ndashcontdhellipIChP ndashcontdhellip Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early
delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice ) pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice )
Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts Dexamethasone Dexamethasone
Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but bilurubin within 4-6 weeks bilurubin within 4-6 weeks
Implications on Anaesthesia Implications on Anaesthesia Check coagulation profile Check coagulation profile Ask for vit K IV Ask for vit K IV take care of high incidence of fetal distress take care of high incidence of fetal distress
meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist must attend with incubatormust attend with incubator
Preeclampsia amp EclampsiaPreeclampsia amp Eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia
and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl
If not associated with other criteria of HELLP If not associated with other criteria of HELLP syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 50mlday 50mlday
Implications on anaesthesiaImplications on anaesthesia Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress
response which could continue to anaesthesia response which could continue to anaesthesia provided INR lt15 provided INR lt15
Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed tube 6-7 mm tube 6-7 mm
Adequate analgesia Adequate analgesia Fluids restriction Fluids restriction Continue medications postoperative in ICU Continue medications postoperative in ICU
HELLP syndrome HELLP syndrome Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low
plateletsplatelets Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-
eclampsia result from very active platelets eclampsia result from very active platelets aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia and congestion with deposition of fibrous and congestion with deposition of fibrous network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage
Nausea vomiting headache and upper right Nausea vomiting headache and upper right abdominal pain hypotension shockabdominal pain hypotension shock
Best markers are the maternal lactate Best markers are the maternal lactate dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet count count
Congested liver of HELLP Congested liver of HELLP syndromesyndrome
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high
dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has been shown to markedly improve the laboratory been shown to markedly improve the laboratory abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome
Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is
greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of magnesium sulfate magnesium sulfate
Anesthesia like severe preclampsia Anesthesia like severe preclampsia avoid trauma to liveravoid trauma to liver Vit K if INR gt15Vit K if INR gt15 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60
ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF PREGNANCYPREGNANCY
Rare serious disorder unknown etiologyRare serious disorder unknown etiology Symptoms in third trimesterSymptoms in third trimester ndashabdominal
pain nausea vomiting anorexiafatique fever headache
Rapid progression ndashbleeding jaundice encephalopathy renal failure hepatic failure coagulopathy - PPH
uarrTransaminases hyperbilirubinemia uarrprothrombin time --- DIC
Prompt delivery is advisable
Hepatic Rupture and Hepatic Rupture and Infarction Infarction
Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 to 85 percent) are at higher risk to 85 percent) are at higher risk
Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in
shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy
Therapy for hepatic rupture has included Therapy for hepatic rupture has included transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted in hepatic rupture in hepatic rupture
Hepatic infarctionHepatic infarction was typically present with fever was typically present with fever and marked elevations in transaminase levels In and marked elevations in transaminase levels In surviving patients liver function and histopathology surviving patients liver function and histopathology are normal within six months of delivery are normal within six months of delivery
Anesthesia in pregnant women with Anesthesia in pregnant women with HELLP syndromeHELLP syndrome
Retrospective studyRetrospective study For the period of 1 July For the period of 1 July 1996 through 30 June 2000 1996 through 30 June 2000
RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had cesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal deliverycesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal delivery
Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 postcesarean delivery the range platelet count postcesarean delivery the range platelet count was 19000-143000microl was 19000-143000microl
Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia
There were no neurologic complications or There were no neurologic complications or bleeding in the epidural spacebleeding in the epidural space
CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any neurologic or hematologic complications of women neurologic or hematologic complications of women with HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesiawith HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesia
Subdural Hematoma following dural Subdural Hematoma following dural puncture in a parturient with HELLP puncture in a parturient with HELLP
syndromesyndrome This complication occurred following This complication occurred following accidental dural puncture in a parturient accidental dural puncture in a parturient with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who subsequently developed the syndrome of subsequently developed the syndrome of hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low plateletsplatelets
On the first postoperative day postdural On the first postoperative day postdural puncture headache (PDPH) developed puncture headache (PDPH) developed
An epidural blood patch (EBP) was An epidural blood patch (EBP) was deferred to the third postoperative day deferred to the third postoperative day because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1 because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1
Headache intensified from a typical PDPH Headache intensified from a typical PDPH to one which was not posturally related to one which was not posturally related
A second EBP was abandoned after the A second EBP was abandoned after the
injection of 5 mL of blood because of injection of 5 mL of blood because of increasing headache during the procedure increasing headache during the procedure
Magnetic resonance imaging revealed Magnetic resonance imaging revealed bilateral temporal subdural hematomas bilateral temporal subdural hematomas
The patient was managed conservatively and The patient was managed conservatively and discharged home without any sequelae discharged home without any sequelae
ConclusionConclusion It is conceivable that It is conceivable that thrombocytopenia together with possible thrombocytopenia together with possible abnormal platelet function increased the risk abnormal platelet function increased the risk of subdural hematoma of subdural hematoma
Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be considered whenever headache is not considered whenever headache is not posturally related posturally related
OCUPATIONAL HAZARDOCUPATIONAL HAZARD Risk of transmission of HBV following Risk of transmission of HBV following
inoculation is 5 -30inoculation is 5 -30 May occur through needle prickcuts May occur through needle prickcuts
sharp injuriesmucous membranes- sharp injuriesmucous membranes- waterproof dressingwaterproof dressing
Wear gloves while inserting a Wear gloves while inserting a cannula airways intubation amp extubation cannula airways intubation amp extubation
Sharps should not be handed directly to Sharps should not be handed directly to othersothers
See to the sterilisation of other See to the sterilisation of other contaminated thingscontaminated things
Intoxicated Alcoholic Intoxicated Alcoholic PatientsPatients
Requires less anaesthetic ndashadditive depressant Requires less anaesthetic ndashadditive depressant effect of alcohol amp anaestheticseffect of alcohol amp anaesthetics
Ill - equipped to withstand stress amp Acute blood Ill - equipped to withstand stress amp Acute blood lossloss
Alcohol decrease the tolerance of brain to hypoxiaAlcohol decrease the tolerance of brain to hypoxia uarr uarr Risk of regurgitation amp aspiration - alcohol Risk of regurgitation amp aspiration - alcohol
darrtone of lower oesophageal sphincter amp slows darrtone of lower oesophageal sphincter amp slows gastric emptyinggastric emptying
Alcohol Interferes with platelet aggregationAlcohol Interferes with platelet aggregation Causes uarrconc of plasma catecholamines rarr Causes uarrconc of plasma catecholamines rarr
Intraoperative dysarrhytmiasIntraoperative dysarrhytmias
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE
Mild ndash 17 marked - 4Mild ndash 17 marked - 4 Patient factorsPatient factors Congenital Congenital
hemolytic disordershemolytic disorders Acquired hemolytic Acquired hemolytic
disordersdisorders Pre existing liver Pre existing liver
diseasedisease CoagulopathyCoagulopathy Gilberts syndromeGilberts syndrome SepsisSepsis
Perioperative Perioperative factorsfactors
Anaesthetic induced Anaesthetic induced darrHBFdarrHBF
BleedingBleeding HypotensionHypotension Blood transfusionBlood transfusion Biliary tree traumaBiliary tree trauma Viral hepatitisViral hepatitis DrugsDrugs Halothane antibioticsHalothane antibiotics Nonsteroidal agentsNonsteroidal agents
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -
5000mg Bilirubin5000mg Bilirubin 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg
bilirubinbilirubin Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in
G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cell disease multiple blood transfusionscell disease multiple blood transfusions
Delayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashDelayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashpostop jaundicepostop jaundice
Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgeryuarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgery
ContdhellipContdhellip Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow
non biliary surgery 3- 30 days post opnon biliary surgery 3- 30 days post op Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis
[benign] - associated with multiple blood [benign] - associated with multiple blood transfusions hypoxia hypotension - transfusions hypoxia hypotension - uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks
ManagementManagement Prevention is the best treatment Prevention is the best treatment Avoid precipitating factorsAvoid precipitating factors
Halothane HepatitisHalothane Hepatitis The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane
anaesthetics - higher in women the middle anaesthetics - higher in women the middle aged and the obeseaged and the obese
Rarer in paediatric patients and with the Rarer in paediatric patients and with the newer volatile agents newer volatile agents
Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
ldquoldquoUnexplained liver damage within 28 days of Unexplained liver damage within 28 days of halothane exposure in previously normal halothane exposure in previously normal patientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reactionpatientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reaction
Clinical featuresClinical features malaise anorexiafever malaise anorexiafever within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks
Halothane HepatitisHalothane HepatitisDIAGNOSISDIAGNOSIS Serum antibodies that react with specific liver Serum antibodies that react with specific liver
microsomal proteins that are altered by microsomal proteins that are altered by trifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothanetrifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothane
Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Risk factorsRisk factors High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ]High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ] previous adverse reactionprevious adverse reaction Uncertain - obesityUncertain - obesity Female [16 1 ]Female [16 1 ] Drug allergy [ 15 ]Drug allergy [ 15 ] Family historyFamily history Lymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoinLymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoin
ContdhellipContdhellip The cause not fully established - multifactorial - The cause not fully established - multifactorial -
possible immunological cause possible immunological cause Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated
proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically predisposed subjectspredisposed subjects
Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also to blameto blame
Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile agent so toxic metabolites may be involvedagent so toxic metabolites may be involved
The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with increasing numbers of exposures to halothane increasing numbers of exposures to halothane
Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO database holds 225 and 159 reports respectivelydatabase holds 225 and 159 reports respectively
Halothane exposure Halothane exposure guidelinesguidelines
Avoid Halothane ifAvoid Halothane if Within at least 3 months of a previous Within at least 3 months of a previous
exposure exposure Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or
pyrexia pyrexia Family history of hepatic reactions to Family history of hepatic reactions to
halothanehalothane Pre - existing liver diseasePre - existing liver disease Adverse reactions to Other volatile Adverse reactions to Other volatile
anaesthetic agentsanaesthetic agents
Liver and PregnancyLiver and Pregnancy Normal in sizeNormal in size A decrease in total protein as well albumin A decrease in total protein as well albumin An increase of the liver dependent clotting An increase of the liver dependent clotting
factors such as fibrinogen factors such as fibrinogen An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times
secondary to placental alkalinesecondary to placental alkaline Srcholinesterase Srcholinesterase darr 30darr 30 Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and
bilirubinbilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin
ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver disease disease
Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Intrahepatic Cholestasis of PregnancyPregnancy
Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Rare in black patients Rare in black patients
Strong family history Strong family history High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies
60-7060-70 Pruritus alone - 80 percent Pruritus alone - 80 percent Jaundice develop in 20 percentJaundice develop in 20 percent Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or
no elevation in transaminasesno elevation in transaminases
IChP ndashcontdhellipIChP ndashcontdhellip Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early
delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice ) pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice )
Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts Dexamethasone Dexamethasone
Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but bilurubin within 4-6 weeks bilurubin within 4-6 weeks
Implications on Anaesthesia Implications on Anaesthesia Check coagulation profile Check coagulation profile Ask for vit K IV Ask for vit K IV take care of high incidence of fetal distress take care of high incidence of fetal distress
meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist must attend with incubatormust attend with incubator
Preeclampsia amp EclampsiaPreeclampsia amp Eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia
and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl
If not associated with other criteria of HELLP If not associated with other criteria of HELLP syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 50mlday 50mlday
Implications on anaesthesiaImplications on anaesthesia Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress
response which could continue to anaesthesia response which could continue to anaesthesia provided INR lt15 provided INR lt15
Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed tube 6-7 mm tube 6-7 mm
Adequate analgesia Adequate analgesia Fluids restriction Fluids restriction Continue medications postoperative in ICU Continue medications postoperative in ICU
HELLP syndrome HELLP syndrome Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low
plateletsplatelets Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-
eclampsia result from very active platelets eclampsia result from very active platelets aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia and congestion with deposition of fibrous and congestion with deposition of fibrous network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage
Nausea vomiting headache and upper right Nausea vomiting headache and upper right abdominal pain hypotension shockabdominal pain hypotension shock
Best markers are the maternal lactate Best markers are the maternal lactate dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet count count
Congested liver of HELLP Congested liver of HELLP syndromesyndrome
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high
dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has been shown to markedly improve the laboratory been shown to markedly improve the laboratory abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome
Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is
greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of magnesium sulfate magnesium sulfate
Anesthesia like severe preclampsia Anesthesia like severe preclampsia avoid trauma to liveravoid trauma to liver Vit K if INR gt15Vit K if INR gt15 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60
ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF PREGNANCYPREGNANCY
Rare serious disorder unknown etiologyRare serious disorder unknown etiology Symptoms in third trimesterSymptoms in third trimester ndashabdominal
pain nausea vomiting anorexiafatique fever headache
Rapid progression ndashbleeding jaundice encephalopathy renal failure hepatic failure coagulopathy - PPH
uarrTransaminases hyperbilirubinemia uarrprothrombin time --- DIC
Prompt delivery is advisable
Hepatic Rupture and Hepatic Rupture and Infarction Infarction
Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 to 85 percent) are at higher risk to 85 percent) are at higher risk
Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in
shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy
Therapy for hepatic rupture has included Therapy for hepatic rupture has included transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted in hepatic rupture in hepatic rupture
Hepatic infarctionHepatic infarction was typically present with fever was typically present with fever and marked elevations in transaminase levels In and marked elevations in transaminase levels In surviving patients liver function and histopathology surviving patients liver function and histopathology are normal within six months of delivery are normal within six months of delivery
Anesthesia in pregnant women with Anesthesia in pregnant women with HELLP syndromeHELLP syndrome
Retrospective studyRetrospective study For the period of 1 July For the period of 1 July 1996 through 30 June 2000 1996 through 30 June 2000
RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had cesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal deliverycesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal delivery
Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 postcesarean delivery the range platelet count postcesarean delivery the range platelet count was 19000-143000microl was 19000-143000microl
Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia
There were no neurologic complications or There were no neurologic complications or bleeding in the epidural spacebleeding in the epidural space
CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any neurologic or hematologic complications of women neurologic or hematologic complications of women with HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesiawith HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesia
Subdural Hematoma following dural Subdural Hematoma following dural puncture in a parturient with HELLP puncture in a parturient with HELLP
syndromesyndrome This complication occurred following This complication occurred following accidental dural puncture in a parturient accidental dural puncture in a parturient with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who subsequently developed the syndrome of subsequently developed the syndrome of hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low plateletsplatelets
On the first postoperative day postdural On the first postoperative day postdural puncture headache (PDPH) developed puncture headache (PDPH) developed
An epidural blood patch (EBP) was An epidural blood patch (EBP) was deferred to the third postoperative day deferred to the third postoperative day because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1 because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1
Headache intensified from a typical PDPH Headache intensified from a typical PDPH to one which was not posturally related to one which was not posturally related
A second EBP was abandoned after the A second EBP was abandoned after the
injection of 5 mL of blood because of injection of 5 mL of blood because of increasing headache during the procedure increasing headache during the procedure
Magnetic resonance imaging revealed Magnetic resonance imaging revealed bilateral temporal subdural hematomas bilateral temporal subdural hematomas
The patient was managed conservatively and The patient was managed conservatively and discharged home without any sequelae discharged home without any sequelae
ConclusionConclusion It is conceivable that It is conceivable that thrombocytopenia together with possible thrombocytopenia together with possible abnormal platelet function increased the risk abnormal platelet function increased the risk of subdural hematoma of subdural hematoma
Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be considered whenever headache is not considered whenever headache is not posturally related posturally related
OCUPATIONAL HAZARDOCUPATIONAL HAZARD Risk of transmission of HBV following Risk of transmission of HBV following
inoculation is 5 -30inoculation is 5 -30 May occur through needle prickcuts May occur through needle prickcuts
sharp injuriesmucous membranes- sharp injuriesmucous membranes- waterproof dressingwaterproof dressing
Wear gloves while inserting a Wear gloves while inserting a cannula airways intubation amp extubation cannula airways intubation amp extubation
Sharps should not be handed directly to Sharps should not be handed directly to othersothers
See to the sterilisation of other See to the sterilisation of other contaminated thingscontaminated things
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE
Mild ndash 17 marked - 4Mild ndash 17 marked - 4 Patient factorsPatient factors Congenital Congenital
hemolytic disordershemolytic disorders Acquired hemolytic Acquired hemolytic
disordersdisorders Pre existing liver Pre existing liver
diseasedisease CoagulopathyCoagulopathy Gilberts syndromeGilberts syndrome SepsisSepsis
Perioperative Perioperative factorsfactors
Anaesthetic induced Anaesthetic induced darrHBFdarrHBF
BleedingBleeding HypotensionHypotension Blood transfusionBlood transfusion Biliary tree traumaBiliary tree trauma Viral hepatitisViral hepatitis DrugsDrugs Halothane antibioticsHalothane antibiotics Nonsteroidal agentsNonsteroidal agents
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -
5000mg Bilirubin5000mg Bilirubin 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg
bilirubinbilirubin Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in
G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cell disease multiple blood transfusionscell disease multiple blood transfusions
Delayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashDelayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashpostop jaundicepostop jaundice
Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgeryuarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgery
ContdhellipContdhellip Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow
non biliary surgery 3- 30 days post opnon biliary surgery 3- 30 days post op Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis
[benign] - associated with multiple blood [benign] - associated with multiple blood transfusions hypoxia hypotension - transfusions hypoxia hypotension - uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks
ManagementManagement Prevention is the best treatment Prevention is the best treatment Avoid precipitating factorsAvoid precipitating factors
Halothane HepatitisHalothane Hepatitis The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane
anaesthetics - higher in women the middle anaesthetics - higher in women the middle aged and the obeseaged and the obese
Rarer in paediatric patients and with the Rarer in paediatric patients and with the newer volatile agents newer volatile agents
Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
ldquoldquoUnexplained liver damage within 28 days of Unexplained liver damage within 28 days of halothane exposure in previously normal halothane exposure in previously normal patientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reactionpatientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reaction
Clinical featuresClinical features malaise anorexiafever malaise anorexiafever within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks
Halothane HepatitisHalothane HepatitisDIAGNOSISDIAGNOSIS Serum antibodies that react with specific liver Serum antibodies that react with specific liver
microsomal proteins that are altered by microsomal proteins that are altered by trifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothanetrifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothane
Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Risk factorsRisk factors High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ]High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ] previous adverse reactionprevious adverse reaction Uncertain - obesityUncertain - obesity Female [16 1 ]Female [16 1 ] Drug allergy [ 15 ]Drug allergy [ 15 ] Family historyFamily history Lymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoinLymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoin
ContdhellipContdhellip The cause not fully established - multifactorial - The cause not fully established - multifactorial -
possible immunological cause possible immunological cause Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated
proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically predisposed subjectspredisposed subjects
Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also to blameto blame
Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile agent so toxic metabolites may be involvedagent so toxic metabolites may be involved
The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with increasing numbers of exposures to halothane increasing numbers of exposures to halothane
Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO database holds 225 and 159 reports respectivelydatabase holds 225 and 159 reports respectively
Halothane exposure Halothane exposure guidelinesguidelines
Avoid Halothane ifAvoid Halothane if Within at least 3 months of a previous Within at least 3 months of a previous
exposure exposure Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or
pyrexia pyrexia Family history of hepatic reactions to Family history of hepatic reactions to
halothanehalothane Pre - existing liver diseasePre - existing liver disease Adverse reactions to Other volatile Adverse reactions to Other volatile
anaesthetic agentsanaesthetic agents
Liver and PregnancyLiver and Pregnancy Normal in sizeNormal in size A decrease in total protein as well albumin A decrease in total protein as well albumin An increase of the liver dependent clotting An increase of the liver dependent clotting
factors such as fibrinogen factors such as fibrinogen An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times
secondary to placental alkalinesecondary to placental alkaline Srcholinesterase Srcholinesterase darr 30darr 30 Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and
bilirubinbilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin
ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver disease disease
Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Intrahepatic Cholestasis of PregnancyPregnancy
Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Rare in black patients Rare in black patients
Strong family history Strong family history High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies
60-7060-70 Pruritus alone - 80 percent Pruritus alone - 80 percent Jaundice develop in 20 percentJaundice develop in 20 percent Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or
no elevation in transaminasesno elevation in transaminases
IChP ndashcontdhellipIChP ndashcontdhellip Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early
delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice ) pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice )
Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts Dexamethasone Dexamethasone
Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but bilurubin within 4-6 weeks bilurubin within 4-6 weeks
Implications on Anaesthesia Implications on Anaesthesia Check coagulation profile Check coagulation profile Ask for vit K IV Ask for vit K IV take care of high incidence of fetal distress take care of high incidence of fetal distress
meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist must attend with incubatormust attend with incubator
Preeclampsia amp EclampsiaPreeclampsia amp Eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia
and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl
If not associated with other criteria of HELLP If not associated with other criteria of HELLP syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 50mlday 50mlday
Implications on anaesthesiaImplications on anaesthesia Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress
response which could continue to anaesthesia response which could continue to anaesthesia provided INR lt15 provided INR lt15
Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed tube 6-7 mm tube 6-7 mm
Adequate analgesia Adequate analgesia Fluids restriction Fluids restriction Continue medications postoperative in ICU Continue medications postoperative in ICU
HELLP syndrome HELLP syndrome Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low
plateletsplatelets Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-
eclampsia result from very active platelets eclampsia result from very active platelets aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia and congestion with deposition of fibrous and congestion with deposition of fibrous network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage
Nausea vomiting headache and upper right Nausea vomiting headache and upper right abdominal pain hypotension shockabdominal pain hypotension shock
Best markers are the maternal lactate Best markers are the maternal lactate dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet count count
Congested liver of HELLP Congested liver of HELLP syndromesyndrome
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high
dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has been shown to markedly improve the laboratory been shown to markedly improve the laboratory abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome
Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is
greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of magnesium sulfate magnesium sulfate
Anesthesia like severe preclampsia Anesthesia like severe preclampsia avoid trauma to liveravoid trauma to liver Vit K if INR gt15Vit K if INR gt15 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60
ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF PREGNANCYPREGNANCY
Rare serious disorder unknown etiologyRare serious disorder unknown etiology Symptoms in third trimesterSymptoms in third trimester ndashabdominal
pain nausea vomiting anorexiafatique fever headache
Rapid progression ndashbleeding jaundice encephalopathy renal failure hepatic failure coagulopathy - PPH
uarrTransaminases hyperbilirubinemia uarrprothrombin time --- DIC
Prompt delivery is advisable
Hepatic Rupture and Hepatic Rupture and Infarction Infarction
Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 to 85 percent) are at higher risk to 85 percent) are at higher risk
Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in
shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy
Therapy for hepatic rupture has included Therapy for hepatic rupture has included transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted in hepatic rupture in hepatic rupture
Hepatic infarctionHepatic infarction was typically present with fever was typically present with fever and marked elevations in transaminase levels In and marked elevations in transaminase levels In surviving patients liver function and histopathology surviving patients liver function and histopathology are normal within six months of delivery are normal within six months of delivery
Anesthesia in pregnant women with Anesthesia in pregnant women with HELLP syndromeHELLP syndrome
Retrospective studyRetrospective study For the period of 1 July For the period of 1 July 1996 through 30 June 2000 1996 through 30 June 2000
RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had cesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal deliverycesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal delivery
Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 postcesarean delivery the range platelet count postcesarean delivery the range platelet count was 19000-143000microl was 19000-143000microl
Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia
There were no neurologic complications or There were no neurologic complications or bleeding in the epidural spacebleeding in the epidural space
CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any neurologic or hematologic complications of women neurologic or hematologic complications of women with HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesiawith HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesia
Subdural Hematoma following dural Subdural Hematoma following dural puncture in a parturient with HELLP puncture in a parturient with HELLP
syndromesyndrome This complication occurred following This complication occurred following accidental dural puncture in a parturient accidental dural puncture in a parturient with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who subsequently developed the syndrome of subsequently developed the syndrome of hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low plateletsplatelets
On the first postoperative day postdural On the first postoperative day postdural puncture headache (PDPH) developed puncture headache (PDPH) developed
An epidural blood patch (EBP) was An epidural blood patch (EBP) was deferred to the third postoperative day deferred to the third postoperative day because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1 because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1
Headache intensified from a typical PDPH Headache intensified from a typical PDPH to one which was not posturally related to one which was not posturally related
A second EBP was abandoned after the A second EBP was abandoned after the
injection of 5 mL of blood because of injection of 5 mL of blood because of increasing headache during the procedure increasing headache during the procedure
Magnetic resonance imaging revealed Magnetic resonance imaging revealed bilateral temporal subdural hematomas bilateral temporal subdural hematomas
The patient was managed conservatively and The patient was managed conservatively and discharged home without any sequelae discharged home without any sequelae
ConclusionConclusion It is conceivable that It is conceivable that thrombocytopenia together with possible thrombocytopenia together with possible abnormal platelet function increased the risk abnormal platelet function increased the risk of subdural hematoma of subdural hematoma
Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be considered whenever headache is not considered whenever headache is not posturally related posturally related
OCUPATIONAL HAZARDOCUPATIONAL HAZARD Risk of transmission of HBV following Risk of transmission of HBV following
inoculation is 5 -30inoculation is 5 -30 May occur through needle prickcuts May occur through needle prickcuts
sharp injuriesmucous membranes- sharp injuriesmucous membranes- waterproof dressingwaterproof dressing
Wear gloves while inserting a Wear gloves while inserting a cannula airways intubation amp extubation cannula airways intubation amp extubation
Sharps should not be handed directly to Sharps should not be handed directly to othersothers
See to the sterilisation of other See to the sterilisation of other contaminated thingscontaminated things
POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICEPOSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -Extravascular break down of haematoma [1 ltr] -
5000mg Bilirubin5000mg Bilirubin 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg 500ml of blood transfusion ndash contains 250 mg
bilirubinbilirubin Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in Intravascular destruction of RBC can occur in
G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency G6P-dehydrogenase defeciency cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cardiopulmonary bypass Artificial valves sickle cell disease multiple blood transfusionscell disease multiple blood transfusions
Delayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashDelayed transfusion reactions ndash hemolysis ndashpostop jaundicepostop jaundice
Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp Biliary obstruction due to surgery -uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgeryuarralkaline phosphatase within 3 days of surgery
ContdhellipContdhellip Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow
non biliary surgery 3- 30 days post opnon biliary surgery 3- 30 days post op Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis
[benign] - associated with multiple blood [benign] - associated with multiple blood transfusions hypoxia hypotension - transfusions hypoxia hypotension - uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks
ManagementManagement Prevention is the best treatment Prevention is the best treatment Avoid precipitating factorsAvoid precipitating factors
Halothane HepatitisHalothane Hepatitis The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane
anaesthetics - higher in women the middle anaesthetics - higher in women the middle aged and the obeseaged and the obese
Rarer in paediatric patients and with the Rarer in paediatric patients and with the newer volatile agents newer volatile agents
Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
ldquoldquoUnexplained liver damage within 28 days of Unexplained liver damage within 28 days of halothane exposure in previously normal halothane exposure in previously normal patientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reactionpatientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reaction
Clinical featuresClinical features malaise anorexiafever malaise anorexiafever within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks
Halothane HepatitisHalothane HepatitisDIAGNOSISDIAGNOSIS Serum antibodies that react with specific liver Serum antibodies that react with specific liver
microsomal proteins that are altered by microsomal proteins that are altered by trifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothanetrifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothane
Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Risk factorsRisk factors High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ]High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ] previous adverse reactionprevious adverse reaction Uncertain - obesityUncertain - obesity Female [16 1 ]Female [16 1 ] Drug allergy [ 15 ]Drug allergy [ 15 ] Family historyFamily history Lymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoinLymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoin
ContdhellipContdhellip The cause not fully established - multifactorial - The cause not fully established - multifactorial -
possible immunological cause possible immunological cause Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated
proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically predisposed subjectspredisposed subjects
Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also to blameto blame
Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile agent so toxic metabolites may be involvedagent so toxic metabolites may be involved
The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with increasing numbers of exposures to halothane increasing numbers of exposures to halothane
Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO database holds 225 and 159 reports respectivelydatabase holds 225 and 159 reports respectively
Halothane exposure Halothane exposure guidelinesguidelines
Avoid Halothane ifAvoid Halothane if Within at least 3 months of a previous Within at least 3 months of a previous
exposure exposure Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or
pyrexia pyrexia Family history of hepatic reactions to Family history of hepatic reactions to
halothanehalothane Pre - existing liver diseasePre - existing liver disease Adverse reactions to Other volatile Adverse reactions to Other volatile
anaesthetic agentsanaesthetic agents
Liver and PregnancyLiver and Pregnancy Normal in sizeNormal in size A decrease in total protein as well albumin A decrease in total protein as well albumin An increase of the liver dependent clotting An increase of the liver dependent clotting
factors such as fibrinogen factors such as fibrinogen An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times
secondary to placental alkalinesecondary to placental alkaline Srcholinesterase Srcholinesterase darr 30darr 30 Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and
bilirubinbilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin
ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver disease disease
Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Intrahepatic Cholestasis of PregnancyPregnancy
Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Rare in black patients Rare in black patients
Strong family history Strong family history High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies
60-7060-70 Pruritus alone - 80 percent Pruritus alone - 80 percent Jaundice develop in 20 percentJaundice develop in 20 percent Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or
no elevation in transaminasesno elevation in transaminases
IChP ndashcontdhellipIChP ndashcontdhellip Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early
delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice ) pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice )
Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts Dexamethasone Dexamethasone
Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but bilurubin within 4-6 weeks bilurubin within 4-6 weeks
Implications on Anaesthesia Implications on Anaesthesia Check coagulation profile Check coagulation profile Ask for vit K IV Ask for vit K IV take care of high incidence of fetal distress take care of high incidence of fetal distress
meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist must attend with incubatormust attend with incubator
Preeclampsia amp EclampsiaPreeclampsia amp Eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia
and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl
If not associated with other criteria of HELLP If not associated with other criteria of HELLP syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 50mlday 50mlday
Implications on anaesthesiaImplications on anaesthesia Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress
response which could continue to anaesthesia response which could continue to anaesthesia provided INR lt15 provided INR lt15
Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed tube 6-7 mm tube 6-7 mm
Adequate analgesia Adequate analgesia Fluids restriction Fluids restriction Continue medications postoperative in ICU Continue medications postoperative in ICU
HELLP syndrome HELLP syndrome Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low
plateletsplatelets Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-
eclampsia result from very active platelets eclampsia result from very active platelets aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia and congestion with deposition of fibrous and congestion with deposition of fibrous network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage
Nausea vomiting headache and upper right Nausea vomiting headache and upper right abdominal pain hypotension shockabdominal pain hypotension shock
Best markers are the maternal lactate Best markers are the maternal lactate dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet count count
Congested liver of HELLP Congested liver of HELLP syndromesyndrome
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high
dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has been shown to markedly improve the laboratory been shown to markedly improve the laboratory abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome
Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is
greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of magnesium sulfate magnesium sulfate
Anesthesia like severe preclampsia Anesthesia like severe preclampsia avoid trauma to liveravoid trauma to liver Vit K if INR gt15Vit K if INR gt15 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60
ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF PREGNANCYPREGNANCY
Rare serious disorder unknown etiologyRare serious disorder unknown etiology Symptoms in third trimesterSymptoms in third trimester ndashabdominal
pain nausea vomiting anorexiafatique fever headache
Rapid progression ndashbleeding jaundice encephalopathy renal failure hepatic failure coagulopathy - PPH
uarrTransaminases hyperbilirubinemia uarrprothrombin time --- DIC
Prompt delivery is advisable
Hepatic Rupture and Hepatic Rupture and Infarction Infarction
Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 to 85 percent) are at higher risk to 85 percent) are at higher risk
Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in
shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy
Therapy for hepatic rupture has included Therapy for hepatic rupture has included transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted in hepatic rupture in hepatic rupture
Hepatic infarctionHepatic infarction was typically present with fever was typically present with fever and marked elevations in transaminase levels In and marked elevations in transaminase levels In surviving patients liver function and histopathology surviving patients liver function and histopathology are normal within six months of delivery are normal within six months of delivery
Anesthesia in pregnant women with Anesthesia in pregnant women with HELLP syndromeHELLP syndrome
Retrospective studyRetrospective study For the period of 1 July For the period of 1 July 1996 through 30 June 2000 1996 through 30 June 2000
RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had cesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal deliverycesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal delivery
Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 postcesarean delivery the range platelet count postcesarean delivery the range platelet count was 19000-143000microl was 19000-143000microl
Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia
There were no neurologic complications or There were no neurologic complications or bleeding in the epidural spacebleeding in the epidural space
CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any neurologic or hematologic complications of women neurologic or hematologic complications of women with HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesiawith HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesia
Subdural Hematoma following dural Subdural Hematoma following dural puncture in a parturient with HELLP puncture in a parturient with HELLP
syndromesyndrome This complication occurred following This complication occurred following accidental dural puncture in a parturient accidental dural puncture in a parturient with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who subsequently developed the syndrome of subsequently developed the syndrome of hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low plateletsplatelets
On the first postoperative day postdural On the first postoperative day postdural puncture headache (PDPH) developed puncture headache (PDPH) developed
An epidural blood patch (EBP) was An epidural blood patch (EBP) was deferred to the third postoperative day deferred to the third postoperative day because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1 because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1
Headache intensified from a typical PDPH Headache intensified from a typical PDPH to one which was not posturally related to one which was not posturally related
A second EBP was abandoned after the A second EBP was abandoned after the
injection of 5 mL of blood because of injection of 5 mL of blood because of increasing headache during the procedure increasing headache during the procedure
Magnetic resonance imaging revealed Magnetic resonance imaging revealed bilateral temporal subdural hematomas bilateral temporal subdural hematomas
The patient was managed conservatively and The patient was managed conservatively and discharged home without any sequelae discharged home without any sequelae
ConclusionConclusion It is conceivable that It is conceivable that thrombocytopenia together with possible thrombocytopenia together with possible abnormal platelet function increased the risk abnormal platelet function increased the risk of subdural hematoma of subdural hematoma
Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be considered whenever headache is not considered whenever headache is not posturally related posturally related
OCUPATIONAL HAZARDOCUPATIONAL HAZARD Risk of transmission of HBV following Risk of transmission of HBV following
inoculation is 5 -30inoculation is 5 -30 May occur through needle prickcuts May occur through needle prickcuts
sharp injuriesmucous membranes- sharp injuriesmucous membranes- waterproof dressingwaterproof dressing
Wear gloves while inserting a Wear gloves while inserting a cannula airways intubation amp extubation cannula airways intubation amp extubation
Sharps should not be handed directly to Sharps should not be handed directly to othersothers
See to the sterilisation of other See to the sterilisation of other contaminated thingscontaminated things
ContdhellipContdhellip Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow Postop cholecystitispancreatitis may follow
non biliary surgery 3- 30 days post opnon biliary surgery 3- 30 days post op Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis Post operative intrahepatic cholestasis
[benign] - associated with multiple blood [benign] - associated with multiple blood transfusions hypoxia hypotension - transfusions hypoxia hypotension - uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within uarrbilirubin amp uarralkaline phosphatase within 2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks2-7 days of surgery ndashresolution in 3 weeks
ManagementManagement Prevention is the best treatment Prevention is the best treatment Avoid precipitating factorsAvoid precipitating factors
Halothane HepatitisHalothane Hepatitis The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane
anaesthetics - higher in women the middle anaesthetics - higher in women the middle aged and the obeseaged and the obese
Rarer in paediatric patients and with the Rarer in paediatric patients and with the newer volatile agents newer volatile agents
Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
ldquoldquoUnexplained liver damage within 28 days of Unexplained liver damage within 28 days of halothane exposure in previously normal halothane exposure in previously normal patientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reactionpatientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reaction
Clinical featuresClinical features malaise anorexiafever malaise anorexiafever within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks
Halothane HepatitisHalothane HepatitisDIAGNOSISDIAGNOSIS Serum antibodies that react with specific liver Serum antibodies that react with specific liver
microsomal proteins that are altered by microsomal proteins that are altered by trifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothanetrifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothane
Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Risk factorsRisk factors High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ]High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ] previous adverse reactionprevious adverse reaction Uncertain - obesityUncertain - obesity Female [16 1 ]Female [16 1 ] Drug allergy [ 15 ]Drug allergy [ 15 ] Family historyFamily history Lymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoinLymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoin
ContdhellipContdhellip The cause not fully established - multifactorial - The cause not fully established - multifactorial -
possible immunological cause possible immunological cause Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated
proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically predisposed subjectspredisposed subjects
Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also to blameto blame
Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile agent so toxic metabolites may be involvedagent so toxic metabolites may be involved
The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with increasing numbers of exposures to halothane increasing numbers of exposures to halothane
Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO database holds 225 and 159 reports respectivelydatabase holds 225 and 159 reports respectively
Halothane exposure Halothane exposure guidelinesguidelines
Avoid Halothane ifAvoid Halothane if Within at least 3 months of a previous Within at least 3 months of a previous
exposure exposure Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or
pyrexia pyrexia Family history of hepatic reactions to Family history of hepatic reactions to
halothanehalothane Pre - existing liver diseasePre - existing liver disease Adverse reactions to Other volatile Adverse reactions to Other volatile
anaesthetic agentsanaesthetic agents
Liver and PregnancyLiver and Pregnancy Normal in sizeNormal in size A decrease in total protein as well albumin A decrease in total protein as well albumin An increase of the liver dependent clotting An increase of the liver dependent clotting
factors such as fibrinogen factors such as fibrinogen An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times
secondary to placental alkalinesecondary to placental alkaline Srcholinesterase Srcholinesterase darr 30darr 30 Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and
bilirubinbilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin
ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver disease disease
Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Intrahepatic Cholestasis of PregnancyPregnancy
Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Rare in black patients Rare in black patients
Strong family history Strong family history High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies
60-7060-70 Pruritus alone - 80 percent Pruritus alone - 80 percent Jaundice develop in 20 percentJaundice develop in 20 percent Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or
no elevation in transaminasesno elevation in transaminases
IChP ndashcontdhellipIChP ndashcontdhellip Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early
delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice ) pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice )
Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts Dexamethasone Dexamethasone
Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but bilurubin within 4-6 weeks bilurubin within 4-6 weeks
Implications on Anaesthesia Implications on Anaesthesia Check coagulation profile Check coagulation profile Ask for vit K IV Ask for vit K IV take care of high incidence of fetal distress take care of high incidence of fetal distress
meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist must attend with incubatormust attend with incubator
Preeclampsia amp EclampsiaPreeclampsia amp Eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia
and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl
If not associated with other criteria of HELLP If not associated with other criteria of HELLP syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 50mlday 50mlday
Implications on anaesthesiaImplications on anaesthesia Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress
response which could continue to anaesthesia response which could continue to anaesthesia provided INR lt15 provided INR lt15
Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed tube 6-7 mm tube 6-7 mm
Adequate analgesia Adequate analgesia Fluids restriction Fluids restriction Continue medications postoperative in ICU Continue medications postoperative in ICU
HELLP syndrome HELLP syndrome Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low
plateletsplatelets Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-
eclampsia result from very active platelets eclampsia result from very active platelets aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia and congestion with deposition of fibrous and congestion with deposition of fibrous network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage
Nausea vomiting headache and upper right Nausea vomiting headache and upper right abdominal pain hypotension shockabdominal pain hypotension shock
Best markers are the maternal lactate Best markers are the maternal lactate dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet count count
Congested liver of HELLP Congested liver of HELLP syndromesyndrome
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high
dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has been shown to markedly improve the laboratory been shown to markedly improve the laboratory abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome
Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is
greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of magnesium sulfate magnesium sulfate
Anesthesia like severe preclampsia Anesthesia like severe preclampsia avoid trauma to liveravoid trauma to liver Vit K if INR gt15Vit K if INR gt15 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60
ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF PREGNANCYPREGNANCY
Rare serious disorder unknown etiologyRare serious disorder unknown etiology Symptoms in third trimesterSymptoms in third trimester ndashabdominal
pain nausea vomiting anorexiafatique fever headache
Rapid progression ndashbleeding jaundice encephalopathy renal failure hepatic failure coagulopathy - PPH
uarrTransaminases hyperbilirubinemia uarrprothrombin time --- DIC
Prompt delivery is advisable
Hepatic Rupture and Hepatic Rupture and Infarction Infarction
Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 to 85 percent) are at higher risk to 85 percent) are at higher risk
Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in
shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy
Therapy for hepatic rupture has included Therapy for hepatic rupture has included transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted in hepatic rupture in hepatic rupture
Hepatic infarctionHepatic infarction was typically present with fever was typically present with fever and marked elevations in transaminase levels In and marked elevations in transaminase levels In surviving patients liver function and histopathology surviving patients liver function and histopathology are normal within six months of delivery are normal within six months of delivery
Anesthesia in pregnant women with Anesthesia in pregnant women with HELLP syndromeHELLP syndrome
Retrospective studyRetrospective study For the period of 1 July For the period of 1 July 1996 through 30 June 2000 1996 through 30 June 2000
RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had cesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal deliverycesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal delivery
Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 postcesarean delivery the range platelet count postcesarean delivery the range platelet count was 19000-143000microl was 19000-143000microl
Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia
There were no neurologic complications or There were no neurologic complications or bleeding in the epidural spacebleeding in the epidural space
CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any neurologic or hematologic complications of women neurologic or hematologic complications of women with HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesiawith HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesia
Subdural Hematoma following dural Subdural Hematoma following dural puncture in a parturient with HELLP puncture in a parturient with HELLP
syndromesyndrome This complication occurred following This complication occurred following accidental dural puncture in a parturient accidental dural puncture in a parturient with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who subsequently developed the syndrome of subsequently developed the syndrome of hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low plateletsplatelets
On the first postoperative day postdural On the first postoperative day postdural puncture headache (PDPH) developed puncture headache (PDPH) developed
An epidural blood patch (EBP) was An epidural blood patch (EBP) was deferred to the third postoperative day deferred to the third postoperative day because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1 because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1
Headache intensified from a typical PDPH Headache intensified from a typical PDPH to one which was not posturally related to one which was not posturally related
A second EBP was abandoned after the A second EBP was abandoned after the
injection of 5 mL of blood because of injection of 5 mL of blood because of increasing headache during the procedure increasing headache during the procedure
Magnetic resonance imaging revealed Magnetic resonance imaging revealed bilateral temporal subdural hematomas bilateral temporal subdural hematomas
The patient was managed conservatively and The patient was managed conservatively and discharged home without any sequelae discharged home without any sequelae
ConclusionConclusion It is conceivable that It is conceivable that thrombocytopenia together with possible thrombocytopenia together with possible abnormal platelet function increased the risk abnormal platelet function increased the risk of subdural hematoma of subdural hematoma
Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be considered whenever headache is not considered whenever headache is not posturally related posturally related
OCUPATIONAL HAZARDOCUPATIONAL HAZARD Risk of transmission of HBV following Risk of transmission of HBV following
inoculation is 5 -30inoculation is 5 -30 May occur through needle prickcuts May occur through needle prickcuts
sharp injuriesmucous membranes- sharp injuriesmucous membranes- waterproof dressingwaterproof dressing
Wear gloves while inserting a Wear gloves while inserting a cannula airways intubation amp extubation cannula airways intubation amp extubation
Sharps should not be handed directly to Sharps should not be handed directly to othersothers
See to the sterilisation of other See to the sterilisation of other contaminated thingscontaminated things
Halothane HepatitisHalothane Hepatitis The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane The incidence is 17000-30000 halothane
anaesthetics - higher in women the middle anaesthetics - higher in women the middle aged and the obeseaged and the obese
Rarer in paediatric patients and with the Rarer in paediatric patients and with the newer volatile agents newer volatile agents
Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant Commonest iatrogenic cause of fulminant hepatic failurehepatic failure
ldquoldquoUnexplained liver damage within 28 days of Unexplained liver damage within 28 days of halothane exposure in previously normal halothane exposure in previously normal patientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reactionpatientrdquo ndash idiosyncratic reaction
Clinical featuresClinical features malaise anorexiafever malaise anorexiafever within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks within 7 days jaundice within days to 4 weeks
Halothane HepatitisHalothane HepatitisDIAGNOSISDIAGNOSIS Serum antibodies that react with specific liver Serum antibodies that react with specific liver
microsomal proteins that are altered by microsomal proteins that are altered by trifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothanetrifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothane
Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Risk factorsRisk factors High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ]High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ] previous adverse reactionprevious adverse reaction Uncertain - obesityUncertain - obesity Female [16 1 ]Female [16 1 ] Drug allergy [ 15 ]Drug allergy [ 15 ] Family historyFamily history Lymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoinLymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoin
ContdhellipContdhellip The cause not fully established - multifactorial - The cause not fully established - multifactorial -
possible immunological cause possible immunological cause Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated
proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically predisposed subjectspredisposed subjects
Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also to blameto blame
Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile agent so toxic metabolites may be involvedagent so toxic metabolites may be involved
The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with increasing numbers of exposures to halothane increasing numbers of exposures to halothane
Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO database holds 225 and 159 reports respectivelydatabase holds 225 and 159 reports respectively
Halothane exposure Halothane exposure guidelinesguidelines
Avoid Halothane ifAvoid Halothane if Within at least 3 months of a previous Within at least 3 months of a previous
exposure exposure Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or
pyrexia pyrexia Family history of hepatic reactions to Family history of hepatic reactions to
halothanehalothane Pre - existing liver diseasePre - existing liver disease Adverse reactions to Other volatile Adverse reactions to Other volatile
anaesthetic agentsanaesthetic agents
Liver and PregnancyLiver and Pregnancy Normal in sizeNormal in size A decrease in total protein as well albumin A decrease in total protein as well albumin An increase of the liver dependent clotting An increase of the liver dependent clotting
factors such as fibrinogen factors such as fibrinogen An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times
secondary to placental alkalinesecondary to placental alkaline Srcholinesterase Srcholinesterase darr 30darr 30 Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and
bilirubinbilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin
ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver disease disease
Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Intrahepatic Cholestasis of PregnancyPregnancy
Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Rare in black patients Rare in black patients
Strong family history Strong family history High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies
60-7060-70 Pruritus alone - 80 percent Pruritus alone - 80 percent Jaundice develop in 20 percentJaundice develop in 20 percent Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or
no elevation in transaminasesno elevation in transaminases
IChP ndashcontdhellipIChP ndashcontdhellip Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early
delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice ) pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice )
Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts Dexamethasone Dexamethasone
Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but bilurubin within 4-6 weeks bilurubin within 4-6 weeks
Implications on Anaesthesia Implications on Anaesthesia Check coagulation profile Check coagulation profile Ask for vit K IV Ask for vit K IV take care of high incidence of fetal distress take care of high incidence of fetal distress
meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist must attend with incubatormust attend with incubator
Preeclampsia amp EclampsiaPreeclampsia amp Eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia
and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl
If not associated with other criteria of HELLP If not associated with other criteria of HELLP syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 50mlday 50mlday
Implications on anaesthesiaImplications on anaesthesia Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress
response which could continue to anaesthesia response which could continue to anaesthesia provided INR lt15 provided INR lt15
Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed tube 6-7 mm tube 6-7 mm
Adequate analgesia Adequate analgesia Fluids restriction Fluids restriction Continue medications postoperative in ICU Continue medications postoperative in ICU
HELLP syndrome HELLP syndrome Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low
plateletsplatelets Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-
eclampsia result from very active platelets eclampsia result from very active platelets aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia and congestion with deposition of fibrous and congestion with deposition of fibrous network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage
Nausea vomiting headache and upper right Nausea vomiting headache and upper right abdominal pain hypotension shockabdominal pain hypotension shock
Best markers are the maternal lactate Best markers are the maternal lactate dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet count count
Congested liver of HELLP Congested liver of HELLP syndromesyndrome
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high
dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has been shown to markedly improve the laboratory been shown to markedly improve the laboratory abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome
Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is
greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of magnesium sulfate magnesium sulfate
Anesthesia like severe preclampsia Anesthesia like severe preclampsia avoid trauma to liveravoid trauma to liver Vit K if INR gt15Vit K if INR gt15 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60
ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF PREGNANCYPREGNANCY
Rare serious disorder unknown etiologyRare serious disorder unknown etiology Symptoms in third trimesterSymptoms in third trimester ndashabdominal
pain nausea vomiting anorexiafatique fever headache
Rapid progression ndashbleeding jaundice encephalopathy renal failure hepatic failure coagulopathy - PPH
uarrTransaminases hyperbilirubinemia uarrprothrombin time --- DIC
Prompt delivery is advisable
Hepatic Rupture and Hepatic Rupture and Infarction Infarction
Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 to 85 percent) are at higher risk to 85 percent) are at higher risk
Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in
shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy
Therapy for hepatic rupture has included Therapy for hepatic rupture has included transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted in hepatic rupture in hepatic rupture
Hepatic infarctionHepatic infarction was typically present with fever was typically present with fever and marked elevations in transaminase levels In and marked elevations in transaminase levels In surviving patients liver function and histopathology surviving patients liver function and histopathology are normal within six months of delivery are normal within six months of delivery
Anesthesia in pregnant women with Anesthesia in pregnant women with HELLP syndromeHELLP syndrome
Retrospective studyRetrospective study For the period of 1 July For the period of 1 July 1996 through 30 June 2000 1996 through 30 June 2000
RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had cesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal deliverycesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal delivery
Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 postcesarean delivery the range platelet count postcesarean delivery the range platelet count was 19000-143000microl was 19000-143000microl
Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia
There were no neurologic complications or There were no neurologic complications or bleeding in the epidural spacebleeding in the epidural space
CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any neurologic or hematologic complications of women neurologic or hematologic complications of women with HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesiawith HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesia
Subdural Hematoma following dural Subdural Hematoma following dural puncture in a parturient with HELLP puncture in a parturient with HELLP
syndromesyndrome This complication occurred following This complication occurred following accidental dural puncture in a parturient accidental dural puncture in a parturient with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who subsequently developed the syndrome of subsequently developed the syndrome of hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low plateletsplatelets
On the first postoperative day postdural On the first postoperative day postdural puncture headache (PDPH) developed puncture headache (PDPH) developed
An epidural blood patch (EBP) was An epidural blood patch (EBP) was deferred to the third postoperative day deferred to the third postoperative day because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1 because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1
Headache intensified from a typical PDPH Headache intensified from a typical PDPH to one which was not posturally related to one which was not posturally related
A second EBP was abandoned after the A second EBP was abandoned after the
injection of 5 mL of blood because of injection of 5 mL of blood because of increasing headache during the procedure increasing headache during the procedure
Magnetic resonance imaging revealed Magnetic resonance imaging revealed bilateral temporal subdural hematomas bilateral temporal subdural hematomas
The patient was managed conservatively and The patient was managed conservatively and discharged home without any sequelae discharged home without any sequelae
ConclusionConclusion It is conceivable that It is conceivable that thrombocytopenia together with possible thrombocytopenia together with possible abnormal platelet function increased the risk abnormal platelet function increased the risk of subdural hematoma of subdural hematoma
Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be considered whenever headache is not considered whenever headache is not posturally related posturally related
OCUPATIONAL HAZARDOCUPATIONAL HAZARD Risk of transmission of HBV following Risk of transmission of HBV following
inoculation is 5 -30inoculation is 5 -30 May occur through needle prickcuts May occur through needle prickcuts
sharp injuriesmucous membranes- sharp injuriesmucous membranes- waterproof dressingwaterproof dressing
Wear gloves while inserting a Wear gloves while inserting a cannula airways intubation amp extubation cannula airways intubation amp extubation
Sharps should not be handed directly to Sharps should not be handed directly to othersothers
See to the sterilisation of other See to the sterilisation of other contaminated thingscontaminated things
Halothane HepatitisHalothane HepatitisDIAGNOSISDIAGNOSIS Serum antibodies that react with specific liver Serum antibodies that react with specific liver
microsomal proteins that are altered by microsomal proteins that are altered by trifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothanetrifluroacetyl chloride metabolite of halothane
Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Gross rise of Transaminases [500 -2000 ul]Risk factorsRisk factors High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ]High - recent previous exposure [ 78 ] previous adverse reactionprevious adverse reaction Uncertain - obesityUncertain - obesity Female [16 1 ]Female [16 1 ] Drug allergy [ 15 ]Drug allergy [ 15 ] Family historyFamily history Lymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoinLymphocyte sensitivity to phenytoin
ContdhellipContdhellip The cause not fully established - multifactorial - The cause not fully established - multifactorial -
possible immunological cause possible immunological cause Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated
proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically predisposed subjectspredisposed subjects
Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also to blameto blame
Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile agent so toxic metabolites may be involvedagent so toxic metabolites may be involved
The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with increasing numbers of exposures to halothane increasing numbers of exposures to halothane
Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO database holds 225 and 159 reports respectivelydatabase holds 225 and 159 reports respectively
Halothane exposure Halothane exposure guidelinesguidelines
Avoid Halothane ifAvoid Halothane if Within at least 3 months of a previous Within at least 3 months of a previous
exposure exposure Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or
pyrexia pyrexia Family history of hepatic reactions to Family history of hepatic reactions to
halothanehalothane Pre - existing liver diseasePre - existing liver disease Adverse reactions to Other volatile Adverse reactions to Other volatile
anaesthetic agentsanaesthetic agents
Liver and PregnancyLiver and Pregnancy Normal in sizeNormal in size A decrease in total protein as well albumin A decrease in total protein as well albumin An increase of the liver dependent clotting An increase of the liver dependent clotting
factors such as fibrinogen factors such as fibrinogen An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times
secondary to placental alkalinesecondary to placental alkaline Srcholinesterase Srcholinesterase darr 30darr 30 Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and
bilirubinbilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin
ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver disease disease
Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Intrahepatic Cholestasis of PregnancyPregnancy
Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Rare in black patients Rare in black patients
Strong family history Strong family history High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies
60-7060-70 Pruritus alone - 80 percent Pruritus alone - 80 percent Jaundice develop in 20 percentJaundice develop in 20 percent Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or
no elevation in transaminasesno elevation in transaminases
IChP ndashcontdhellipIChP ndashcontdhellip Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early
delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice ) pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice )
Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts Dexamethasone Dexamethasone
Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but bilurubin within 4-6 weeks bilurubin within 4-6 weeks
Implications on Anaesthesia Implications on Anaesthesia Check coagulation profile Check coagulation profile Ask for vit K IV Ask for vit K IV take care of high incidence of fetal distress take care of high incidence of fetal distress
meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist must attend with incubatormust attend with incubator
Preeclampsia amp EclampsiaPreeclampsia amp Eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia
and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl
If not associated with other criteria of HELLP If not associated with other criteria of HELLP syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 50mlday 50mlday
Implications on anaesthesiaImplications on anaesthesia Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress
response which could continue to anaesthesia response which could continue to anaesthesia provided INR lt15 provided INR lt15
Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed tube 6-7 mm tube 6-7 mm
Adequate analgesia Adequate analgesia Fluids restriction Fluids restriction Continue medications postoperative in ICU Continue medications postoperative in ICU
HELLP syndrome HELLP syndrome Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low
plateletsplatelets Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-
eclampsia result from very active platelets eclampsia result from very active platelets aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia and congestion with deposition of fibrous and congestion with deposition of fibrous network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage
Nausea vomiting headache and upper right Nausea vomiting headache and upper right abdominal pain hypotension shockabdominal pain hypotension shock
Best markers are the maternal lactate Best markers are the maternal lactate dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet count count
Congested liver of HELLP Congested liver of HELLP syndromesyndrome
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high
dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has been shown to markedly improve the laboratory been shown to markedly improve the laboratory abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome
Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is
greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of magnesium sulfate magnesium sulfate
Anesthesia like severe preclampsia Anesthesia like severe preclampsia avoid trauma to liveravoid trauma to liver Vit K if INR gt15Vit K if INR gt15 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60
ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF PREGNANCYPREGNANCY
Rare serious disorder unknown etiologyRare serious disorder unknown etiology Symptoms in third trimesterSymptoms in third trimester ndashabdominal
pain nausea vomiting anorexiafatique fever headache
Rapid progression ndashbleeding jaundice encephalopathy renal failure hepatic failure coagulopathy - PPH
uarrTransaminases hyperbilirubinemia uarrprothrombin time --- DIC
Prompt delivery is advisable
Hepatic Rupture and Hepatic Rupture and Infarction Infarction
Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 to 85 percent) are at higher risk to 85 percent) are at higher risk
Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in
shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy
Therapy for hepatic rupture has included Therapy for hepatic rupture has included transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted in hepatic rupture in hepatic rupture
Hepatic infarctionHepatic infarction was typically present with fever was typically present with fever and marked elevations in transaminase levels In and marked elevations in transaminase levels In surviving patients liver function and histopathology surviving patients liver function and histopathology are normal within six months of delivery are normal within six months of delivery
Anesthesia in pregnant women with Anesthesia in pregnant women with HELLP syndromeHELLP syndrome
Retrospective studyRetrospective study For the period of 1 July For the period of 1 July 1996 through 30 June 2000 1996 through 30 June 2000
RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had cesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal deliverycesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal delivery
Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 postcesarean delivery the range platelet count postcesarean delivery the range platelet count was 19000-143000microl was 19000-143000microl
Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia
There were no neurologic complications or There were no neurologic complications or bleeding in the epidural spacebleeding in the epidural space
CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any neurologic or hematologic complications of women neurologic or hematologic complications of women with HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesiawith HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesia
Subdural Hematoma following dural Subdural Hematoma following dural puncture in a parturient with HELLP puncture in a parturient with HELLP
syndromesyndrome This complication occurred following This complication occurred following accidental dural puncture in a parturient accidental dural puncture in a parturient with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who subsequently developed the syndrome of subsequently developed the syndrome of hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low plateletsplatelets
On the first postoperative day postdural On the first postoperative day postdural puncture headache (PDPH) developed puncture headache (PDPH) developed
An epidural blood patch (EBP) was An epidural blood patch (EBP) was deferred to the third postoperative day deferred to the third postoperative day because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1 because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1
Headache intensified from a typical PDPH Headache intensified from a typical PDPH to one which was not posturally related to one which was not posturally related
A second EBP was abandoned after the A second EBP was abandoned after the
injection of 5 mL of blood because of injection of 5 mL of blood because of increasing headache during the procedure increasing headache during the procedure
Magnetic resonance imaging revealed Magnetic resonance imaging revealed bilateral temporal subdural hematomas bilateral temporal subdural hematomas
The patient was managed conservatively and The patient was managed conservatively and discharged home without any sequelae discharged home without any sequelae
ConclusionConclusion It is conceivable that It is conceivable that thrombocytopenia together with possible thrombocytopenia together with possible abnormal platelet function increased the risk abnormal platelet function increased the risk of subdural hematoma of subdural hematoma
Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be considered whenever headache is not considered whenever headache is not posturally related posturally related
OCUPATIONAL HAZARDOCUPATIONAL HAZARD Risk of transmission of HBV following Risk of transmission of HBV following
inoculation is 5 -30inoculation is 5 -30 May occur through needle prickcuts May occur through needle prickcuts
sharp injuriesmucous membranes- sharp injuriesmucous membranes- waterproof dressingwaterproof dressing
Wear gloves while inserting a Wear gloves while inserting a cannula airways intubation amp extubation cannula airways intubation amp extubation
Sharps should not be handed directly to Sharps should not be handed directly to othersothers
See to the sterilisation of other See to the sterilisation of other contaminated thingscontaminated things
ContdhellipContdhellip The cause not fully established - multifactorial - The cause not fully established - multifactorial -
possible immunological cause possible immunological cause Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated Immune sensitization to trifluoracetylated
proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically proteins produced by Cyt P450 2E1 in genetically predisposed subjectspredisposed subjects
Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also Reduced hepatic blood flow and hypoxia are also to blameto blame
Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile Related to the degree of metabolism of the volatile agent so toxic metabolites may be involvedagent so toxic metabolites may be involved
The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with The onset time of the jaundice is shorter with increasing numbers of exposures to halothane increasing numbers of exposures to halothane
Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are Nevertheless enflurane and isoflurane are associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit associated with hepatic dysfunction albeit apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO apparently at lower rates than halothane WHO database holds 225 and 159 reports respectivelydatabase holds 225 and 159 reports respectively
Halothane exposure Halothane exposure guidelinesguidelines
Avoid Halothane ifAvoid Halothane if Within at least 3 months of a previous Within at least 3 months of a previous
exposure exposure Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or
pyrexia pyrexia Family history of hepatic reactions to Family history of hepatic reactions to
halothanehalothane Pre - existing liver diseasePre - existing liver disease Adverse reactions to Other volatile Adverse reactions to Other volatile
anaesthetic agentsanaesthetic agents
Liver and PregnancyLiver and Pregnancy Normal in sizeNormal in size A decrease in total protein as well albumin A decrease in total protein as well albumin An increase of the liver dependent clotting An increase of the liver dependent clotting
factors such as fibrinogen factors such as fibrinogen An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times
secondary to placental alkalinesecondary to placental alkaline Srcholinesterase Srcholinesterase darr 30darr 30 Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and
bilirubinbilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin
ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver disease disease
Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Intrahepatic Cholestasis of PregnancyPregnancy
Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Rare in black patients Rare in black patients
Strong family history Strong family history High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies
60-7060-70 Pruritus alone - 80 percent Pruritus alone - 80 percent Jaundice develop in 20 percentJaundice develop in 20 percent Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or
no elevation in transaminasesno elevation in transaminases
IChP ndashcontdhellipIChP ndashcontdhellip Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early
delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice ) pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice )
Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts Dexamethasone Dexamethasone
Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but bilurubin within 4-6 weeks bilurubin within 4-6 weeks
Implications on Anaesthesia Implications on Anaesthesia Check coagulation profile Check coagulation profile Ask for vit K IV Ask for vit K IV take care of high incidence of fetal distress take care of high incidence of fetal distress
meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist must attend with incubatormust attend with incubator
Preeclampsia amp EclampsiaPreeclampsia amp Eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia
and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl
If not associated with other criteria of HELLP If not associated with other criteria of HELLP syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 50mlday 50mlday
Implications on anaesthesiaImplications on anaesthesia Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress
response which could continue to anaesthesia response which could continue to anaesthesia provided INR lt15 provided INR lt15
Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed tube 6-7 mm tube 6-7 mm
Adequate analgesia Adequate analgesia Fluids restriction Fluids restriction Continue medications postoperative in ICU Continue medications postoperative in ICU
HELLP syndrome HELLP syndrome Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low
plateletsplatelets Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-
eclampsia result from very active platelets eclampsia result from very active platelets aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia and congestion with deposition of fibrous and congestion with deposition of fibrous network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage
Nausea vomiting headache and upper right Nausea vomiting headache and upper right abdominal pain hypotension shockabdominal pain hypotension shock
Best markers are the maternal lactate Best markers are the maternal lactate dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet count count
Congested liver of HELLP Congested liver of HELLP syndromesyndrome
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high
dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has been shown to markedly improve the laboratory been shown to markedly improve the laboratory abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome
Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is
greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of magnesium sulfate magnesium sulfate
Anesthesia like severe preclampsia Anesthesia like severe preclampsia avoid trauma to liveravoid trauma to liver Vit K if INR gt15Vit K if INR gt15 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60
ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF PREGNANCYPREGNANCY
Rare serious disorder unknown etiologyRare serious disorder unknown etiology Symptoms in third trimesterSymptoms in third trimester ndashabdominal
pain nausea vomiting anorexiafatique fever headache
Rapid progression ndashbleeding jaundice encephalopathy renal failure hepatic failure coagulopathy - PPH
uarrTransaminases hyperbilirubinemia uarrprothrombin time --- DIC
Prompt delivery is advisable
Hepatic Rupture and Hepatic Rupture and Infarction Infarction
Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 to 85 percent) are at higher risk to 85 percent) are at higher risk
Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in
shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy
Therapy for hepatic rupture has included Therapy for hepatic rupture has included transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted in hepatic rupture in hepatic rupture
Hepatic infarctionHepatic infarction was typically present with fever was typically present with fever and marked elevations in transaminase levels In and marked elevations in transaminase levels In surviving patients liver function and histopathology surviving patients liver function and histopathology are normal within six months of delivery are normal within six months of delivery
Anesthesia in pregnant women with Anesthesia in pregnant women with HELLP syndromeHELLP syndrome
Retrospective studyRetrospective study For the period of 1 July For the period of 1 July 1996 through 30 June 2000 1996 through 30 June 2000
RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had cesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal deliverycesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal delivery
Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 postcesarean delivery the range platelet count postcesarean delivery the range platelet count was 19000-143000microl was 19000-143000microl
Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia
There were no neurologic complications or There were no neurologic complications or bleeding in the epidural spacebleeding in the epidural space
CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any neurologic or hematologic complications of women neurologic or hematologic complications of women with HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesiawith HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesia
Subdural Hematoma following dural Subdural Hematoma following dural puncture in a parturient with HELLP puncture in a parturient with HELLP
syndromesyndrome This complication occurred following This complication occurred following accidental dural puncture in a parturient accidental dural puncture in a parturient with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who subsequently developed the syndrome of subsequently developed the syndrome of hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low plateletsplatelets
On the first postoperative day postdural On the first postoperative day postdural puncture headache (PDPH) developed puncture headache (PDPH) developed
An epidural blood patch (EBP) was An epidural blood patch (EBP) was deferred to the third postoperative day deferred to the third postoperative day because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1 because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1
Headache intensified from a typical PDPH Headache intensified from a typical PDPH to one which was not posturally related to one which was not posturally related
A second EBP was abandoned after the A second EBP was abandoned after the
injection of 5 mL of blood because of injection of 5 mL of blood because of increasing headache during the procedure increasing headache during the procedure
Magnetic resonance imaging revealed Magnetic resonance imaging revealed bilateral temporal subdural hematomas bilateral temporal subdural hematomas
The patient was managed conservatively and The patient was managed conservatively and discharged home without any sequelae discharged home without any sequelae
ConclusionConclusion It is conceivable that It is conceivable that thrombocytopenia together with possible thrombocytopenia together with possible abnormal platelet function increased the risk abnormal platelet function increased the risk of subdural hematoma of subdural hematoma
Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be considered whenever headache is not considered whenever headache is not posturally related posturally related
OCUPATIONAL HAZARDOCUPATIONAL HAZARD Risk of transmission of HBV following Risk of transmission of HBV following
inoculation is 5 -30inoculation is 5 -30 May occur through needle prickcuts May occur through needle prickcuts
sharp injuriesmucous membranes- sharp injuriesmucous membranes- waterproof dressingwaterproof dressing
Wear gloves while inserting a Wear gloves while inserting a cannula airways intubation amp extubation cannula airways intubation amp extubation
Sharps should not be handed directly to Sharps should not be handed directly to othersothers
See to the sterilisation of other See to the sterilisation of other contaminated thingscontaminated things
Halothane exposure Halothane exposure guidelinesguidelines
Avoid Halothane ifAvoid Halothane if Within at least 3 months of a previous Within at least 3 months of a previous
exposure exposure Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or Previous adverse reactions -jaundice or
pyrexia pyrexia Family history of hepatic reactions to Family history of hepatic reactions to
halothanehalothane Pre - existing liver diseasePre - existing liver disease Adverse reactions to Other volatile Adverse reactions to Other volatile
anaesthetic agentsanaesthetic agents
Liver and PregnancyLiver and Pregnancy Normal in sizeNormal in size A decrease in total protein as well albumin A decrease in total protein as well albumin An increase of the liver dependent clotting An increase of the liver dependent clotting
factors such as fibrinogen factors such as fibrinogen An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times
secondary to placental alkalinesecondary to placental alkaline Srcholinesterase Srcholinesterase darr 30darr 30 Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and
bilirubinbilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin
ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver disease disease
Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Intrahepatic Cholestasis of PregnancyPregnancy
Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Rare in black patients Rare in black patients
Strong family history Strong family history High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies
60-7060-70 Pruritus alone - 80 percent Pruritus alone - 80 percent Jaundice develop in 20 percentJaundice develop in 20 percent Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or
no elevation in transaminasesno elevation in transaminases
IChP ndashcontdhellipIChP ndashcontdhellip Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early
delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice ) pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice )
Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts Dexamethasone Dexamethasone
Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but bilurubin within 4-6 weeks bilurubin within 4-6 weeks
Implications on Anaesthesia Implications on Anaesthesia Check coagulation profile Check coagulation profile Ask for vit K IV Ask for vit K IV take care of high incidence of fetal distress take care of high incidence of fetal distress
meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist must attend with incubatormust attend with incubator
Preeclampsia amp EclampsiaPreeclampsia amp Eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia
and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl
If not associated with other criteria of HELLP If not associated with other criteria of HELLP syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 50mlday 50mlday
Implications on anaesthesiaImplications on anaesthesia Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress
response which could continue to anaesthesia response which could continue to anaesthesia provided INR lt15 provided INR lt15
Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed tube 6-7 mm tube 6-7 mm
Adequate analgesia Adequate analgesia Fluids restriction Fluids restriction Continue medications postoperative in ICU Continue medications postoperative in ICU
HELLP syndrome HELLP syndrome Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low
plateletsplatelets Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-
eclampsia result from very active platelets eclampsia result from very active platelets aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia and congestion with deposition of fibrous and congestion with deposition of fibrous network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage
Nausea vomiting headache and upper right Nausea vomiting headache and upper right abdominal pain hypotension shockabdominal pain hypotension shock
Best markers are the maternal lactate Best markers are the maternal lactate dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet count count
Congested liver of HELLP Congested liver of HELLP syndromesyndrome
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high
dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has been shown to markedly improve the laboratory been shown to markedly improve the laboratory abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome
Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is
greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of magnesium sulfate magnesium sulfate
Anesthesia like severe preclampsia Anesthesia like severe preclampsia avoid trauma to liveravoid trauma to liver Vit K if INR gt15Vit K if INR gt15 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60
ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF PREGNANCYPREGNANCY
Rare serious disorder unknown etiologyRare serious disorder unknown etiology Symptoms in third trimesterSymptoms in third trimester ndashabdominal
pain nausea vomiting anorexiafatique fever headache
Rapid progression ndashbleeding jaundice encephalopathy renal failure hepatic failure coagulopathy - PPH
uarrTransaminases hyperbilirubinemia uarrprothrombin time --- DIC
Prompt delivery is advisable
Hepatic Rupture and Hepatic Rupture and Infarction Infarction
Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 to 85 percent) are at higher risk to 85 percent) are at higher risk
Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in
shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy
Therapy for hepatic rupture has included Therapy for hepatic rupture has included transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted in hepatic rupture in hepatic rupture
Hepatic infarctionHepatic infarction was typically present with fever was typically present with fever and marked elevations in transaminase levels In and marked elevations in transaminase levels In surviving patients liver function and histopathology surviving patients liver function and histopathology are normal within six months of delivery are normal within six months of delivery
Anesthesia in pregnant women with Anesthesia in pregnant women with HELLP syndromeHELLP syndrome
Retrospective studyRetrospective study For the period of 1 July For the period of 1 July 1996 through 30 June 2000 1996 through 30 June 2000
RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had cesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal deliverycesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal delivery
Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 postcesarean delivery the range platelet count postcesarean delivery the range platelet count was 19000-143000microl was 19000-143000microl
Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia
There were no neurologic complications or There were no neurologic complications or bleeding in the epidural spacebleeding in the epidural space
CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any neurologic or hematologic complications of women neurologic or hematologic complications of women with HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesiawith HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesia
Subdural Hematoma following dural Subdural Hematoma following dural puncture in a parturient with HELLP puncture in a parturient with HELLP
syndromesyndrome This complication occurred following This complication occurred following accidental dural puncture in a parturient accidental dural puncture in a parturient with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who subsequently developed the syndrome of subsequently developed the syndrome of hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low plateletsplatelets
On the first postoperative day postdural On the first postoperative day postdural puncture headache (PDPH) developed puncture headache (PDPH) developed
An epidural blood patch (EBP) was An epidural blood patch (EBP) was deferred to the third postoperative day deferred to the third postoperative day because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1 because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1
Headache intensified from a typical PDPH Headache intensified from a typical PDPH to one which was not posturally related to one which was not posturally related
A second EBP was abandoned after the A second EBP was abandoned after the
injection of 5 mL of blood because of injection of 5 mL of blood because of increasing headache during the procedure increasing headache during the procedure
Magnetic resonance imaging revealed Magnetic resonance imaging revealed bilateral temporal subdural hematomas bilateral temporal subdural hematomas
The patient was managed conservatively and The patient was managed conservatively and discharged home without any sequelae discharged home without any sequelae
ConclusionConclusion It is conceivable that It is conceivable that thrombocytopenia together with possible thrombocytopenia together with possible abnormal platelet function increased the risk abnormal platelet function increased the risk of subdural hematoma of subdural hematoma
Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be considered whenever headache is not considered whenever headache is not posturally related posturally related
OCUPATIONAL HAZARDOCUPATIONAL HAZARD Risk of transmission of HBV following Risk of transmission of HBV following
inoculation is 5 -30inoculation is 5 -30 May occur through needle prickcuts May occur through needle prickcuts
sharp injuriesmucous membranes- sharp injuriesmucous membranes- waterproof dressingwaterproof dressing
Wear gloves while inserting a Wear gloves while inserting a cannula airways intubation amp extubation cannula airways intubation amp extubation
Sharps should not be handed directly to Sharps should not be handed directly to othersothers
See to the sterilisation of other See to the sterilisation of other contaminated thingscontaminated things
Liver and PregnancyLiver and Pregnancy Normal in sizeNormal in size A decrease in total protein as well albumin A decrease in total protein as well albumin An increase of the liver dependent clotting An increase of the liver dependent clotting
factors such as fibrinogen factors such as fibrinogen An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times An increase of alkaline phosphates 3-4 times
secondary to placental alkalinesecondary to placental alkaline Srcholinesterase Srcholinesterase darr 30darr 30 Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and Normal transaminase [ASTALT] levels and
bilirubinbilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin Any increase in transaminase levels and bilirubin
ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver ndash good indicator of pregnancy ndashinduced liver disease disease
Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Intrahepatic Cholestasis of PregnancyPregnancy
Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Rare in black patients Rare in black patients
Strong family history Strong family history High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies
60-7060-70 Pruritus alone - 80 percent Pruritus alone - 80 percent Jaundice develop in 20 percentJaundice develop in 20 percent Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or
no elevation in transaminasesno elevation in transaminases
IChP ndashcontdhellipIChP ndashcontdhellip Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early
delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice ) pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice )
Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts Dexamethasone Dexamethasone
Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but bilurubin within 4-6 weeks bilurubin within 4-6 weeks
Implications on Anaesthesia Implications on Anaesthesia Check coagulation profile Check coagulation profile Ask for vit K IV Ask for vit K IV take care of high incidence of fetal distress take care of high incidence of fetal distress
meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist must attend with incubatormust attend with incubator
Preeclampsia amp EclampsiaPreeclampsia amp Eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia
and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl
If not associated with other criteria of HELLP If not associated with other criteria of HELLP syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 50mlday 50mlday
Implications on anaesthesiaImplications on anaesthesia Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress
response which could continue to anaesthesia response which could continue to anaesthesia provided INR lt15 provided INR lt15
Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed tube 6-7 mm tube 6-7 mm
Adequate analgesia Adequate analgesia Fluids restriction Fluids restriction Continue medications postoperative in ICU Continue medications postoperative in ICU
HELLP syndrome HELLP syndrome Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low
plateletsplatelets Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-
eclampsia result from very active platelets eclampsia result from very active platelets aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia and congestion with deposition of fibrous and congestion with deposition of fibrous network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage
Nausea vomiting headache and upper right Nausea vomiting headache and upper right abdominal pain hypotension shockabdominal pain hypotension shock
Best markers are the maternal lactate Best markers are the maternal lactate dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet count count
Congested liver of HELLP Congested liver of HELLP syndromesyndrome
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high
dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has been shown to markedly improve the laboratory been shown to markedly improve the laboratory abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome
Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is
greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of magnesium sulfate magnesium sulfate
Anesthesia like severe preclampsia Anesthesia like severe preclampsia avoid trauma to liveravoid trauma to liver Vit K if INR gt15Vit K if INR gt15 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60
ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF PREGNANCYPREGNANCY
Rare serious disorder unknown etiologyRare serious disorder unknown etiology Symptoms in third trimesterSymptoms in third trimester ndashabdominal
pain nausea vomiting anorexiafatique fever headache
Rapid progression ndashbleeding jaundice encephalopathy renal failure hepatic failure coagulopathy - PPH
uarrTransaminases hyperbilirubinemia uarrprothrombin time --- DIC
Prompt delivery is advisable
Hepatic Rupture and Hepatic Rupture and Infarction Infarction
Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 to 85 percent) are at higher risk to 85 percent) are at higher risk
Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in
shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy
Therapy for hepatic rupture has included Therapy for hepatic rupture has included transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted in hepatic rupture in hepatic rupture
Hepatic infarctionHepatic infarction was typically present with fever was typically present with fever and marked elevations in transaminase levels In and marked elevations in transaminase levels In surviving patients liver function and histopathology surviving patients liver function and histopathology are normal within six months of delivery are normal within six months of delivery
Anesthesia in pregnant women with Anesthesia in pregnant women with HELLP syndromeHELLP syndrome
Retrospective studyRetrospective study For the period of 1 July For the period of 1 July 1996 through 30 June 2000 1996 through 30 June 2000
RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had cesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal deliverycesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal delivery
Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 postcesarean delivery the range platelet count postcesarean delivery the range platelet count was 19000-143000microl was 19000-143000microl
Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia
There were no neurologic complications or There were no neurologic complications or bleeding in the epidural spacebleeding in the epidural space
CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any neurologic or hematologic complications of women neurologic or hematologic complications of women with HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesiawith HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesia
Subdural Hematoma following dural Subdural Hematoma following dural puncture in a parturient with HELLP puncture in a parturient with HELLP
syndromesyndrome This complication occurred following This complication occurred following accidental dural puncture in a parturient accidental dural puncture in a parturient with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who subsequently developed the syndrome of subsequently developed the syndrome of hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low plateletsplatelets
On the first postoperative day postdural On the first postoperative day postdural puncture headache (PDPH) developed puncture headache (PDPH) developed
An epidural blood patch (EBP) was An epidural blood patch (EBP) was deferred to the third postoperative day deferred to the third postoperative day because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1 because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1
Headache intensified from a typical PDPH Headache intensified from a typical PDPH to one which was not posturally related to one which was not posturally related
A second EBP was abandoned after the A second EBP was abandoned after the
injection of 5 mL of blood because of injection of 5 mL of blood because of increasing headache during the procedure increasing headache during the procedure
Magnetic resonance imaging revealed Magnetic resonance imaging revealed bilateral temporal subdural hematomas bilateral temporal subdural hematomas
The patient was managed conservatively and The patient was managed conservatively and discharged home without any sequelae discharged home without any sequelae
ConclusionConclusion It is conceivable that It is conceivable that thrombocytopenia together with possible thrombocytopenia together with possible abnormal platelet function increased the risk abnormal platelet function increased the risk of subdural hematoma of subdural hematoma
Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be considered whenever headache is not considered whenever headache is not posturally related posturally related
OCUPATIONAL HAZARDOCUPATIONAL HAZARD Risk of transmission of HBV following Risk of transmission of HBV following
inoculation is 5 -30inoculation is 5 -30 May occur through needle prickcuts May occur through needle prickcuts
sharp injuriesmucous membranes- sharp injuriesmucous membranes- waterproof dressingwaterproof dressing
Wear gloves while inserting a Wear gloves while inserting a cannula airways intubation amp extubation cannula airways intubation amp extubation
Sharps should not be handed directly to Sharps should not be handed directly to othersothers
See to the sterilisation of other See to the sterilisation of other contaminated thingscontaminated things
Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Intrahepatic Cholestasis of PregnancyPregnancy
Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Incidence 001 Mainly in the third trimester Rare in black patients Rare in black patients
Strong family history Strong family history High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies High recurrence in subsequent pregnanacies
60-7060-70 Pruritus alone - 80 percent Pruritus alone - 80 percent Jaundice develop in 20 percentJaundice develop in 20 percent Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Infrequent mild to moderate steatorrhea Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or Bilirubin level less than 5 mg dl minimal or
no elevation in transaminasesno elevation in transaminases
IChP ndashcontdhellipIChP ndashcontdhellip Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early
delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice ) pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice )
Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts Dexamethasone Dexamethasone
Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but bilurubin within 4-6 weeks bilurubin within 4-6 weeks
Implications on Anaesthesia Implications on Anaesthesia Check coagulation profile Check coagulation profile Ask for vit K IV Ask for vit K IV take care of high incidence of fetal distress take care of high incidence of fetal distress
meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist must attend with incubatormust attend with incubator
Preeclampsia amp EclampsiaPreeclampsia amp Eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia
and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl
If not associated with other criteria of HELLP If not associated with other criteria of HELLP syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 50mlday 50mlday
Implications on anaesthesiaImplications on anaesthesia Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress
response which could continue to anaesthesia response which could continue to anaesthesia provided INR lt15 provided INR lt15
Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed tube 6-7 mm tube 6-7 mm
Adequate analgesia Adequate analgesia Fluids restriction Fluids restriction Continue medications postoperative in ICU Continue medications postoperative in ICU
HELLP syndrome HELLP syndrome Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low
plateletsplatelets Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-
eclampsia result from very active platelets eclampsia result from very active platelets aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia and congestion with deposition of fibrous and congestion with deposition of fibrous network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage
Nausea vomiting headache and upper right Nausea vomiting headache and upper right abdominal pain hypotension shockabdominal pain hypotension shock
Best markers are the maternal lactate Best markers are the maternal lactate dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet count count
Congested liver of HELLP Congested liver of HELLP syndromesyndrome
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high
dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has been shown to markedly improve the laboratory been shown to markedly improve the laboratory abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome
Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is
greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of magnesium sulfate magnesium sulfate
Anesthesia like severe preclampsia Anesthesia like severe preclampsia avoid trauma to liveravoid trauma to liver Vit K if INR gt15Vit K if INR gt15 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60
ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF PREGNANCYPREGNANCY
Rare serious disorder unknown etiologyRare serious disorder unknown etiology Symptoms in third trimesterSymptoms in third trimester ndashabdominal
pain nausea vomiting anorexiafatique fever headache
Rapid progression ndashbleeding jaundice encephalopathy renal failure hepatic failure coagulopathy - PPH
uarrTransaminases hyperbilirubinemia uarrprothrombin time --- DIC
Prompt delivery is advisable
Hepatic Rupture and Hepatic Rupture and Infarction Infarction
Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 to 85 percent) are at higher risk to 85 percent) are at higher risk
Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in
shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy
Therapy for hepatic rupture has included Therapy for hepatic rupture has included transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted in hepatic rupture in hepatic rupture
Hepatic infarctionHepatic infarction was typically present with fever was typically present with fever and marked elevations in transaminase levels In and marked elevations in transaminase levels In surviving patients liver function and histopathology surviving patients liver function and histopathology are normal within six months of delivery are normal within six months of delivery
Anesthesia in pregnant women with Anesthesia in pregnant women with HELLP syndromeHELLP syndrome
Retrospective studyRetrospective study For the period of 1 July For the period of 1 July 1996 through 30 June 2000 1996 through 30 June 2000
RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had cesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal deliverycesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal delivery
Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 postcesarean delivery the range platelet count postcesarean delivery the range platelet count was 19000-143000microl was 19000-143000microl
Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia
There were no neurologic complications or There were no neurologic complications or bleeding in the epidural spacebleeding in the epidural space
CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any neurologic or hematologic complications of women neurologic or hematologic complications of women with HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesiawith HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesia
Subdural Hematoma following dural Subdural Hematoma following dural puncture in a parturient with HELLP puncture in a parturient with HELLP
syndromesyndrome This complication occurred following This complication occurred following accidental dural puncture in a parturient accidental dural puncture in a parturient with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who subsequently developed the syndrome of subsequently developed the syndrome of hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low plateletsplatelets
On the first postoperative day postdural On the first postoperative day postdural puncture headache (PDPH) developed puncture headache (PDPH) developed
An epidural blood patch (EBP) was An epidural blood patch (EBP) was deferred to the third postoperative day deferred to the third postoperative day because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1 because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1
Headache intensified from a typical PDPH Headache intensified from a typical PDPH to one which was not posturally related to one which was not posturally related
A second EBP was abandoned after the A second EBP was abandoned after the
injection of 5 mL of blood because of injection of 5 mL of blood because of increasing headache during the procedure increasing headache during the procedure
Magnetic resonance imaging revealed Magnetic resonance imaging revealed bilateral temporal subdural hematomas bilateral temporal subdural hematomas
The patient was managed conservatively and The patient was managed conservatively and discharged home without any sequelae discharged home without any sequelae
ConclusionConclusion It is conceivable that It is conceivable that thrombocytopenia together with possible thrombocytopenia together with possible abnormal platelet function increased the risk abnormal platelet function increased the risk of subdural hematoma of subdural hematoma
Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be considered whenever headache is not considered whenever headache is not posturally related posturally related
OCUPATIONAL HAZARDOCUPATIONAL HAZARD Risk of transmission of HBV following Risk of transmission of HBV following
inoculation is 5 -30inoculation is 5 -30 May occur through needle prickcuts May occur through needle prickcuts
sharp injuriesmucous membranes- sharp injuriesmucous membranes- waterproof dressingwaterproof dressing
Wear gloves while inserting a Wear gloves while inserting a cannula airways intubation amp extubation cannula airways intubation amp extubation
Sharps should not be handed directly to Sharps should not be handed directly to othersothers
See to the sterilisation of other See to the sterilisation of other contaminated thingscontaminated things
IChP ndashcontdhellipIChP ndashcontdhellip Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early Incidence of fetal distress and death high if early
delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if delivery is not induced (deliver at week 38 if pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice ) pruritus at week 36 in case of jaundice )
Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 Parenteral vitamin K Ursodeoxycholic acid 15 mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts mg kg Cholestyramine binds bile acid salts Dexamethasone Dexamethasone
Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but Pruritus resolve within two days of delivery but bilurubin within 4-6 weeks bilurubin within 4-6 weeks
Implications on Anaesthesia Implications on Anaesthesia Check coagulation profile Check coagulation profile Ask for vit K IV Ask for vit K IV take care of high incidence of fetal distress take care of high incidence of fetal distress
meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist meconium-stained prematurity ( neonatologist must attend with incubatormust attend with incubator
Preeclampsia amp EclampsiaPreeclampsia amp Eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia
and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl
If not associated with other criteria of HELLP If not associated with other criteria of HELLP syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 50mlday 50mlday
Implications on anaesthesiaImplications on anaesthesia Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress
response which could continue to anaesthesia response which could continue to anaesthesia provided INR lt15 provided INR lt15
Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed tube 6-7 mm tube 6-7 mm
Adequate analgesia Adequate analgesia Fluids restriction Fluids restriction Continue medications postoperative in ICU Continue medications postoperative in ICU
HELLP syndrome HELLP syndrome Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low
plateletsplatelets Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-
eclampsia result from very active platelets eclampsia result from very active platelets aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia and congestion with deposition of fibrous and congestion with deposition of fibrous network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage
Nausea vomiting headache and upper right Nausea vomiting headache and upper right abdominal pain hypotension shockabdominal pain hypotension shock
Best markers are the maternal lactate Best markers are the maternal lactate dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet count count
Congested liver of HELLP Congested liver of HELLP syndromesyndrome
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high
dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has been shown to markedly improve the laboratory been shown to markedly improve the laboratory abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome
Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is
greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of magnesium sulfate magnesium sulfate
Anesthesia like severe preclampsia Anesthesia like severe preclampsia avoid trauma to liveravoid trauma to liver Vit K if INR gt15Vit K if INR gt15 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60
ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF PREGNANCYPREGNANCY
Rare serious disorder unknown etiologyRare serious disorder unknown etiology Symptoms in third trimesterSymptoms in third trimester ndashabdominal
pain nausea vomiting anorexiafatique fever headache
Rapid progression ndashbleeding jaundice encephalopathy renal failure hepatic failure coagulopathy - PPH
uarrTransaminases hyperbilirubinemia uarrprothrombin time --- DIC
Prompt delivery is advisable
Hepatic Rupture and Hepatic Rupture and Infarction Infarction
Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 to 85 percent) are at higher risk to 85 percent) are at higher risk
Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in
shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy
Therapy for hepatic rupture has included Therapy for hepatic rupture has included transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted in hepatic rupture in hepatic rupture
Hepatic infarctionHepatic infarction was typically present with fever was typically present with fever and marked elevations in transaminase levels In and marked elevations in transaminase levels In surviving patients liver function and histopathology surviving patients liver function and histopathology are normal within six months of delivery are normal within six months of delivery
Anesthesia in pregnant women with Anesthesia in pregnant women with HELLP syndromeHELLP syndrome
Retrospective studyRetrospective study For the period of 1 July For the period of 1 July 1996 through 30 June 2000 1996 through 30 June 2000
RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had cesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal deliverycesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal delivery
Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 postcesarean delivery the range platelet count postcesarean delivery the range platelet count was 19000-143000microl was 19000-143000microl
Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia
There were no neurologic complications or There were no neurologic complications or bleeding in the epidural spacebleeding in the epidural space
CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any neurologic or hematologic complications of women neurologic or hematologic complications of women with HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesiawith HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesia
Subdural Hematoma following dural Subdural Hematoma following dural puncture in a parturient with HELLP puncture in a parturient with HELLP
syndromesyndrome This complication occurred following This complication occurred following accidental dural puncture in a parturient accidental dural puncture in a parturient with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who subsequently developed the syndrome of subsequently developed the syndrome of hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low plateletsplatelets
On the first postoperative day postdural On the first postoperative day postdural puncture headache (PDPH) developed puncture headache (PDPH) developed
An epidural blood patch (EBP) was An epidural blood patch (EBP) was deferred to the third postoperative day deferred to the third postoperative day because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1 because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1
Headache intensified from a typical PDPH Headache intensified from a typical PDPH to one which was not posturally related to one which was not posturally related
A second EBP was abandoned after the A second EBP was abandoned after the
injection of 5 mL of blood because of injection of 5 mL of blood because of increasing headache during the procedure increasing headache during the procedure
Magnetic resonance imaging revealed Magnetic resonance imaging revealed bilateral temporal subdural hematomas bilateral temporal subdural hematomas
The patient was managed conservatively and The patient was managed conservatively and discharged home without any sequelae discharged home without any sequelae
ConclusionConclusion It is conceivable that It is conceivable that thrombocytopenia together with possible thrombocytopenia together with possible abnormal platelet function increased the risk abnormal platelet function increased the risk of subdural hematoma of subdural hematoma
Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be considered whenever headache is not considered whenever headache is not posturally related posturally related
OCUPATIONAL HAZARDOCUPATIONAL HAZARD Risk of transmission of HBV following Risk of transmission of HBV following
inoculation is 5 -30inoculation is 5 -30 May occur through needle prickcuts May occur through needle prickcuts
sharp injuriesmucous membranes- sharp injuriesmucous membranes- waterproof dressingwaterproof dressing
Wear gloves while inserting a Wear gloves while inserting a cannula airways intubation amp extubation cannula airways intubation amp extubation
Sharps should not be handed directly to Sharps should not be handed directly to othersothers
See to the sterilisation of other See to the sterilisation of other contaminated thingscontaminated things
Preeclampsia amp EclampsiaPreeclampsia amp Eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia About 25 of patients with Severe pre-eclampsia
and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated and 90 of those with eclampsia will have elevated AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl AST and ALT gt 5 times and bilirubin lt 5 mgdl
If not associated with other criteria of HELLP If not associated with other criteria of HELLP syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give syndrome eg low platelets haemolysis we give prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside prophylactic dexamethasone 8mg12hrs beside mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 mgsulphate antihypertensive albumin 20 50mlday 50mlday
Implications on anaesthesiaImplications on anaesthesia Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress Painless labour with epidural to reduce stress
response which could continue to anaesthesia response which could continue to anaesthesia provided INR lt15 provided INR lt15
Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed Difficult intubation because of edema - small cuffed tube 6-7 mm tube 6-7 mm
Adequate analgesia Adequate analgesia Fluids restriction Fluids restriction Continue medications postoperative in ICU Continue medications postoperative in ICU
HELLP syndrome HELLP syndrome Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low
plateletsplatelets Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-
eclampsia result from very active platelets eclampsia result from very active platelets aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia and congestion with deposition of fibrous and congestion with deposition of fibrous network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage
Nausea vomiting headache and upper right Nausea vomiting headache and upper right abdominal pain hypotension shockabdominal pain hypotension shock
Best markers are the maternal lactate Best markers are the maternal lactate dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet count count
Congested liver of HELLP Congested liver of HELLP syndromesyndrome
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high
dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has been shown to markedly improve the laboratory been shown to markedly improve the laboratory abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome
Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is
greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of magnesium sulfate magnesium sulfate
Anesthesia like severe preclampsia Anesthesia like severe preclampsia avoid trauma to liveravoid trauma to liver Vit K if INR gt15Vit K if INR gt15 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60
ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF PREGNANCYPREGNANCY
Rare serious disorder unknown etiologyRare serious disorder unknown etiology Symptoms in third trimesterSymptoms in third trimester ndashabdominal
pain nausea vomiting anorexiafatique fever headache
Rapid progression ndashbleeding jaundice encephalopathy renal failure hepatic failure coagulopathy - PPH
uarrTransaminases hyperbilirubinemia uarrprothrombin time --- DIC
Prompt delivery is advisable
Hepatic Rupture and Hepatic Rupture and Infarction Infarction
Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 to 85 percent) are at higher risk to 85 percent) are at higher risk
Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in
shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy
Therapy for hepatic rupture has included Therapy for hepatic rupture has included transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted in hepatic rupture in hepatic rupture
Hepatic infarctionHepatic infarction was typically present with fever was typically present with fever and marked elevations in transaminase levels In and marked elevations in transaminase levels In surviving patients liver function and histopathology surviving patients liver function and histopathology are normal within six months of delivery are normal within six months of delivery
Anesthesia in pregnant women with Anesthesia in pregnant women with HELLP syndromeHELLP syndrome
Retrospective studyRetrospective study For the period of 1 July For the period of 1 July 1996 through 30 June 2000 1996 through 30 June 2000
RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had cesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal deliverycesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal delivery
Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 postcesarean delivery the range platelet count postcesarean delivery the range platelet count was 19000-143000microl was 19000-143000microl
Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia
There were no neurologic complications or There were no neurologic complications or bleeding in the epidural spacebleeding in the epidural space
CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any neurologic or hematologic complications of women neurologic or hematologic complications of women with HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesiawith HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesia
Subdural Hematoma following dural Subdural Hematoma following dural puncture in a parturient with HELLP puncture in a parturient with HELLP
syndromesyndrome This complication occurred following This complication occurred following accidental dural puncture in a parturient accidental dural puncture in a parturient with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who subsequently developed the syndrome of subsequently developed the syndrome of hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low plateletsplatelets
On the first postoperative day postdural On the first postoperative day postdural puncture headache (PDPH) developed puncture headache (PDPH) developed
An epidural blood patch (EBP) was An epidural blood patch (EBP) was deferred to the third postoperative day deferred to the third postoperative day because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1 because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1
Headache intensified from a typical PDPH Headache intensified from a typical PDPH to one which was not posturally related to one which was not posturally related
A second EBP was abandoned after the A second EBP was abandoned after the
injection of 5 mL of blood because of injection of 5 mL of blood because of increasing headache during the procedure increasing headache during the procedure
Magnetic resonance imaging revealed Magnetic resonance imaging revealed bilateral temporal subdural hematomas bilateral temporal subdural hematomas
The patient was managed conservatively and The patient was managed conservatively and discharged home without any sequelae discharged home without any sequelae
ConclusionConclusion It is conceivable that It is conceivable that thrombocytopenia together with possible thrombocytopenia together with possible abnormal platelet function increased the risk abnormal platelet function increased the risk of subdural hematoma of subdural hematoma
Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be considered whenever headache is not considered whenever headache is not posturally related posturally related
OCUPATIONAL HAZARDOCUPATIONAL HAZARD Risk of transmission of HBV following Risk of transmission of HBV following
inoculation is 5 -30inoculation is 5 -30 May occur through needle prickcuts May occur through needle prickcuts
sharp injuriesmucous membranes- sharp injuriesmucous membranes- waterproof dressingwaterproof dressing
Wear gloves while inserting a Wear gloves while inserting a cannula airways intubation amp extubation cannula airways intubation amp extubation
Sharps should not be handed directly to Sharps should not be handed directly to othersothers
See to the sterilisation of other See to the sterilisation of other contaminated thingscontaminated things
HELLP syndrome HELLP syndrome Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low Hemolysis Elevated liver enzymes Low
plateletsplatelets Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-Peripartum multiorgan damage with pre-
eclampsia result from very active platelets eclampsia result from very active platelets aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia aggregation everywhere with end organ ischemia and congestion with deposition of fibrous and congestion with deposition of fibrous network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp network and entraped haemolysed RBCs amp platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage platelets ndashnecrosis amp periportal haemorrhage
Nausea vomiting headache and upper right Nausea vomiting headache and upper right abdominal pain hypotension shockabdominal pain hypotension shock
Best markers are the maternal lactate Best markers are the maternal lactate dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet dehydrogenase level and the maternal platelet count count
Congested liver of HELLP Congested liver of HELLP syndromesyndrome
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high
dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has been shown to markedly improve the laboratory been shown to markedly improve the laboratory abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome
Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is
greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of magnesium sulfate magnesium sulfate
Anesthesia like severe preclampsia Anesthesia like severe preclampsia avoid trauma to liveravoid trauma to liver Vit K if INR gt15Vit K if INR gt15 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60
ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF PREGNANCYPREGNANCY
Rare serious disorder unknown etiologyRare serious disorder unknown etiology Symptoms in third trimesterSymptoms in third trimester ndashabdominal
pain nausea vomiting anorexiafatique fever headache
Rapid progression ndashbleeding jaundice encephalopathy renal failure hepatic failure coagulopathy - PPH
uarrTransaminases hyperbilirubinemia uarrprothrombin time --- DIC
Prompt delivery is advisable
Hepatic Rupture and Hepatic Rupture and Infarction Infarction
Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 to 85 percent) are at higher risk to 85 percent) are at higher risk
Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in
shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy
Therapy for hepatic rupture has included Therapy for hepatic rupture has included transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted in hepatic rupture in hepatic rupture
Hepatic infarctionHepatic infarction was typically present with fever was typically present with fever and marked elevations in transaminase levels In and marked elevations in transaminase levels In surviving patients liver function and histopathology surviving patients liver function and histopathology are normal within six months of delivery are normal within six months of delivery
Anesthesia in pregnant women with Anesthesia in pregnant women with HELLP syndromeHELLP syndrome
Retrospective studyRetrospective study For the period of 1 July For the period of 1 July 1996 through 30 June 2000 1996 through 30 June 2000
RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had cesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal deliverycesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal delivery
Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 postcesarean delivery the range platelet count postcesarean delivery the range platelet count was 19000-143000microl was 19000-143000microl
Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia
There were no neurologic complications or There were no neurologic complications or bleeding in the epidural spacebleeding in the epidural space
CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any neurologic or hematologic complications of women neurologic or hematologic complications of women with HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesiawith HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesia
Subdural Hematoma following dural Subdural Hematoma following dural puncture in a parturient with HELLP puncture in a parturient with HELLP
syndromesyndrome This complication occurred following This complication occurred following accidental dural puncture in a parturient accidental dural puncture in a parturient with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who subsequently developed the syndrome of subsequently developed the syndrome of hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low plateletsplatelets
On the first postoperative day postdural On the first postoperative day postdural puncture headache (PDPH) developed puncture headache (PDPH) developed
An epidural blood patch (EBP) was An epidural blood patch (EBP) was deferred to the third postoperative day deferred to the third postoperative day because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1 because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1
Headache intensified from a typical PDPH Headache intensified from a typical PDPH to one which was not posturally related to one which was not posturally related
A second EBP was abandoned after the A second EBP was abandoned after the
injection of 5 mL of blood because of injection of 5 mL of blood because of increasing headache during the procedure increasing headache during the procedure
Magnetic resonance imaging revealed Magnetic resonance imaging revealed bilateral temporal subdural hematomas bilateral temporal subdural hematomas
The patient was managed conservatively and The patient was managed conservatively and discharged home without any sequelae discharged home without any sequelae
ConclusionConclusion It is conceivable that It is conceivable that thrombocytopenia together with possible thrombocytopenia together with possible abnormal platelet function increased the risk abnormal platelet function increased the risk of subdural hematoma of subdural hematoma
Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be considered whenever headache is not considered whenever headache is not posturally related posturally related
OCUPATIONAL HAZARDOCUPATIONAL HAZARD Risk of transmission of HBV following Risk of transmission of HBV following
inoculation is 5 -30inoculation is 5 -30 May occur through needle prickcuts May occur through needle prickcuts
sharp injuriesmucous membranes- sharp injuriesmucous membranes- waterproof dressingwaterproof dressing
Wear gloves while inserting a Wear gloves while inserting a cannula airways intubation amp extubation cannula airways intubation amp extubation
Sharps should not be handed directly to Sharps should not be handed directly to othersothers
See to the sterilisation of other See to the sterilisation of other contaminated thingscontaminated things
Congested liver of HELLP Congested liver of HELLP syndromesyndrome
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high
dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has been shown to markedly improve the laboratory been shown to markedly improve the laboratory abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome
Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is
greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of magnesium sulfate magnesium sulfate
Anesthesia like severe preclampsia Anesthesia like severe preclampsia avoid trauma to liveravoid trauma to liver Vit K if INR gt15Vit K if INR gt15 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60
ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF PREGNANCYPREGNANCY
Rare serious disorder unknown etiologyRare serious disorder unknown etiology Symptoms in third trimesterSymptoms in third trimester ndashabdominal
pain nausea vomiting anorexiafatique fever headache
Rapid progression ndashbleeding jaundice encephalopathy renal failure hepatic failure coagulopathy - PPH
uarrTransaminases hyperbilirubinemia uarrprothrombin time --- DIC
Prompt delivery is advisable
Hepatic Rupture and Hepatic Rupture and Infarction Infarction
Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 to 85 percent) are at higher risk to 85 percent) are at higher risk
Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in
shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy
Therapy for hepatic rupture has included Therapy for hepatic rupture has included transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted in hepatic rupture in hepatic rupture
Hepatic infarctionHepatic infarction was typically present with fever was typically present with fever and marked elevations in transaminase levels In and marked elevations in transaminase levels In surviving patients liver function and histopathology surviving patients liver function and histopathology are normal within six months of delivery are normal within six months of delivery
Anesthesia in pregnant women with Anesthesia in pregnant women with HELLP syndromeHELLP syndrome
Retrospective studyRetrospective study For the period of 1 July For the period of 1 July 1996 through 30 June 2000 1996 through 30 June 2000
RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had cesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal deliverycesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal delivery
Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 postcesarean delivery the range platelet count postcesarean delivery the range platelet count was 19000-143000microl was 19000-143000microl
Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia
There were no neurologic complications or There were no neurologic complications or bleeding in the epidural spacebleeding in the epidural space
CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any neurologic or hematologic complications of women neurologic or hematologic complications of women with HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesiawith HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesia
Subdural Hematoma following dural Subdural Hematoma following dural puncture in a parturient with HELLP puncture in a parturient with HELLP
syndromesyndrome This complication occurred following This complication occurred following accidental dural puncture in a parturient accidental dural puncture in a parturient with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who subsequently developed the syndrome of subsequently developed the syndrome of hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low plateletsplatelets
On the first postoperative day postdural On the first postoperative day postdural puncture headache (PDPH) developed puncture headache (PDPH) developed
An epidural blood patch (EBP) was An epidural blood patch (EBP) was deferred to the third postoperative day deferred to the third postoperative day because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1 because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1
Headache intensified from a typical PDPH Headache intensified from a typical PDPH to one which was not posturally related to one which was not posturally related
A second EBP was abandoned after the A second EBP was abandoned after the
injection of 5 mL of blood because of injection of 5 mL of blood because of increasing headache during the procedure increasing headache during the procedure
Magnetic resonance imaging revealed Magnetic resonance imaging revealed bilateral temporal subdural hematomas bilateral temporal subdural hematomas
The patient was managed conservatively and The patient was managed conservatively and discharged home without any sequelae discharged home without any sequelae
ConclusionConclusion It is conceivable that It is conceivable that thrombocytopenia together with possible thrombocytopenia together with possible abnormal platelet function increased the risk abnormal platelet function increased the risk of subdural hematoma of subdural hematoma
Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be considered whenever headache is not considered whenever headache is not posturally related posturally related
OCUPATIONAL HAZARDOCUPATIONAL HAZARD Risk of transmission of HBV following Risk of transmission of HBV following
inoculation is 5 -30inoculation is 5 -30 May occur through needle prickcuts May occur through needle prickcuts
sharp injuriesmucous membranes- sharp injuriesmucous membranes- waterproof dressingwaterproof dressing
Wear gloves while inserting a Wear gloves while inserting a cannula airways intubation amp extubation cannula airways intubation amp extubation
Sharps should not be handed directly to Sharps should not be handed directly to othersothers
See to the sterilisation of other See to the sterilisation of other contaminated thingscontaminated things
CONTDhellipCONTDhellip Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high Perinatal administration of dexamethasone in a high
dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has dosage of 10 mg intravenously every 12 hours has been shown to markedly improve the laboratory been shown to markedly improve the laboratory abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome abnormalities associated with HELLP syndrome
Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is Antihypertensive therapy if blood pressure is
greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of greater than 160110 mmHg despite the use of magnesium sulfate magnesium sulfate
Anesthesia like severe preclampsia Anesthesia like severe preclampsia avoid trauma to liveravoid trauma to liver Vit K if INR gt15Vit K if INR gt15 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 FFP 4-6 if INR gt2 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Platelets 6-8 units if platelets lt50000 Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60Mortality ndash maternal 50 - 60foetal -60
ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF PREGNANCYPREGNANCY
Rare serious disorder unknown etiologyRare serious disorder unknown etiology Symptoms in third trimesterSymptoms in third trimester ndashabdominal
pain nausea vomiting anorexiafatique fever headache
Rapid progression ndashbleeding jaundice encephalopathy renal failure hepatic failure coagulopathy - PPH
uarrTransaminases hyperbilirubinemia uarrprothrombin time --- DIC
Prompt delivery is advisable
Hepatic Rupture and Hepatic Rupture and Infarction Infarction
Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 to 85 percent) are at higher risk to 85 percent) are at higher risk
Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in
shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy
Therapy for hepatic rupture has included Therapy for hepatic rupture has included transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted in hepatic rupture in hepatic rupture
Hepatic infarctionHepatic infarction was typically present with fever was typically present with fever and marked elevations in transaminase levels In and marked elevations in transaminase levels In surviving patients liver function and histopathology surviving patients liver function and histopathology are normal within six months of delivery are normal within six months of delivery
Anesthesia in pregnant women with Anesthesia in pregnant women with HELLP syndromeHELLP syndrome
Retrospective studyRetrospective study For the period of 1 July For the period of 1 July 1996 through 30 June 2000 1996 through 30 June 2000
RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had cesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal deliverycesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal delivery
Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 postcesarean delivery the range platelet count postcesarean delivery the range platelet count was 19000-143000microl was 19000-143000microl
Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia
There were no neurologic complications or There were no neurologic complications or bleeding in the epidural spacebleeding in the epidural space
CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any neurologic or hematologic complications of women neurologic or hematologic complications of women with HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesiawith HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesia
Subdural Hematoma following dural Subdural Hematoma following dural puncture in a parturient with HELLP puncture in a parturient with HELLP
syndromesyndrome This complication occurred following This complication occurred following accidental dural puncture in a parturient accidental dural puncture in a parturient with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who subsequently developed the syndrome of subsequently developed the syndrome of hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low plateletsplatelets
On the first postoperative day postdural On the first postoperative day postdural puncture headache (PDPH) developed puncture headache (PDPH) developed
An epidural blood patch (EBP) was An epidural blood patch (EBP) was deferred to the third postoperative day deferred to the third postoperative day because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1 because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1
Headache intensified from a typical PDPH Headache intensified from a typical PDPH to one which was not posturally related to one which was not posturally related
A second EBP was abandoned after the A second EBP was abandoned after the
injection of 5 mL of blood because of injection of 5 mL of blood because of increasing headache during the procedure increasing headache during the procedure
Magnetic resonance imaging revealed Magnetic resonance imaging revealed bilateral temporal subdural hematomas bilateral temporal subdural hematomas
The patient was managed conservatively and The patient was managed conservatively and discharged home without any sequelae discharged home without any sequelae
ConclusionConclusion It is conceivable that It is conceivable that thrombocytopenia together with possible thrombocytopenia together with possible abnormal platelet function increased the risk abnormal platelet function increased the risk of subdural hematoma of subdural hematoma
Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be considered whenever headache is not considered whenever headache is not posturally related posturally related
OCUPATIONAL HAZARDOCUPATIONAL HAZARD Risk of transmission of HBV following Risk of transmission of HBV following
inoculation is 5 -30inoculation is 5 -30 May occur through needle prickcuts May occur through needle prickcuts
sharp injuriesmucous membranes- sharp injuriesmucous membranes- waterproof dressingwaterproof dressing
Wear gloves while inserting a Wear gloves while inserting a cannula airways intubation amp extubation cannula airways intubation amp extubation
Sharps should not be handed directly to Sharps should not be handed directly to othersothers
See to the sterilisation of other See to the sterilisation of other contaminated thingscontaminated things
ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF PREGNANCYPREGNANCY
Rare serious disorder unknown etiologyRare serious disorder unknown etiology Symptoms in third trimesterSymptoms in third trimester ndashabdominal
pain nausea vomiting anorexiafatique fever headache
Rapid progression ndashbleeding jaundice encephalopathy renal failure hepatic failure coagulopathy - PPH
uarrTransaminases hyperbilirubinemia uarrprothrombin time --- DIC
Prompt delivery is advisable
Hepatic Rupture and Hepatic Rupture and Infarction Infarction
Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 to 85 percent) are at higher risk to 85 percent) are at higher risk
Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in
shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy
Therapy for hepatic rupture has included Therapy for hepatic rupture has included transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted in hepatic rupture in hepatic rupture
Hepatic infarctionHepatic infarction was typically present with fever was typically present with fever and marked elevations in transaminase levels In and marked elevations in transaminase levels In surviving patients liver function and histopathology surviving patients liver function and histopathology are normal within six months of delivery are normal within six months of delivery
Anesthesia in pregnant women with Anesthesia in pregnant women with HELLP syndromeHELLP syndrome
Retrospective studyRetrospective study For the period of 1 July For the period of 1 July 1996 through 30 June 2000 1996 through 30 June 2000
RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had cesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal deliverycesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal delivery
Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 postcesarean delivery the range platelet count postcesarean delivery the range platelet count was 19000-143000microl was 19000-143000microl
Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia
There were no neurologic complications or There were no neurologic complications or bleeding in the epidural spacebleeding in the epidural space
CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any neurologic or hematologic complications of women neurologic or hematologic complications of women with HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesiawith HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesia
Subdural Hematoma following dural Subdural Hematoma following dural puncture in a parturient with HELLP puncture in a parturient with HELLP
syndromesyndrome This complication occurred following This complication occurred following accidental dural puncture in a parturient accidental dural puncture in a parturient with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who subsequently developed the syndrome of subsequently developed the syndrome of hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low plateletsplatelets
On the first postoperative day postdural On the first postoperative day postdural puncture headache (PDPH) developed puncture headache (PDPH) developed
An epidural blood patch (EBP) was An epidural blood patch (EBP) was deferred to the third postoperative day deferred to the third postoperative day because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1 because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1
Headache intensified from a typical PDPH Headache intensified from a typical PDPH to one which was not posturally related to one which was not posturally related
A second EBP was abandoned after the A second EBP was abandoned after the
injection of 5 mL of blood because of injection of 5 mL of blood because of increasing headache during the procedure increasing headache during the procedure
Magnetic resonance imaging revealed Magnetic resonance imaging revealed bilateral temporal subdural hematomas bilateral temporal subdural hematomas
The patient was managed conservatively and The patient was managed conservatively and discharged home without any sequelae discharged home without any sequelae
ConclusionConclusion It is conceivable that It is conceivable that thrombocytopenia together with possible thrombocytopenia together with possible abnormal platelet function increased the risk abnormal platelet function increased the risk of subdural hematoma of subdural hematoma
Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be considered whenever headache is not considered whenever headache is not posturally related posturally related
OCUPATIONAL HAZARDOCUPATIONAL HAZARD Risk of transmission of HBV following Risk of transmission of HBV following
inoculation is 5 -30inoculation is 5 -30 May occur through needle prickcuts May occur through needle prickcuts
sharp injuriesmucous membranes- sharp injuriesmucous membranes- waterproof dressingwaterproof dressing
Wear gloves while inserting a Wear gloves while inserting a cannula airways intubation amp extubation cannula airways intubation amp extubation
Sharps should not be handed directly to Sharps should not be handed directly to othersothers
See to the sterilisation of other See to the sterilisation of other contaminated thingscontaminated things
Hepatic Rupture and Hepatic Rupture and Infarction Infarction
Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 Older multigravida mothers with preeclampsia (75 to 85 percent) are at higher risk to 85 percent) are at higher risk
Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Extremely rare 140000 to 1 250000 Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in Patients with hepatic rupture typically present in
shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain shock with preceding right upper quadrant pain hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater hypertension elevated transaminase levels (greater than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy than 1000 IU per L) and coagulopathy
Therapy for hepatic rupture has included Therapy for hepatic rupture has included transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids transfusion of blood products and intravenous fluids surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with surgical evacuation and arterial embolization with 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted 75 percent perinatal mortality rate have been noted in hepatic rupture in hepatic rupture
Hepatic infarctionHepatic infarction was typically present with fever was typically present with fever and marked elevations in transaminase levels In and marked elevations in transaminase levels In surviving patients liver function and histopathology surviving patients liver function and histopathology are normal within six months of delivery are normal within six months of delivery
Anesthesia in pregnant women with Anesthesia in pregnant women with HELLP syndromeHELLP syndrome
Retrospective studyRetrospective study For the period of 1 July For the period of 1 July 1996 through 30 June 2000 1996 through 30 June 2000
RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had cesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal deliverycesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal delivery
Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 postcesarean delivery the range platelet count postcesarean delivery the range platelet count was 19000-143000microl was 19000-143000microl
Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia
There were no neurologic complications or There were no neurologic complications or bleeding in the epidural spacebleeding in the epidural space
CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any neurologic or hematologic complications of women neurologic or hematologic complications of women with HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesiawith HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesia
Subdural Hematoma following dural Subdural Hematoma following dural puncture in a parturient with HELLP puncture in a parturient with HELLP
syndromesyndrome This complication occurred following This complication occurred following accidental dural puncture in a parturient accidental dural puncture in a parturient with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who subsequently developed the syndrome of subsequently developed the syndrome of hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low plateletsplatelets
On the first postoperative day postdural On the first postoperative day postdural puncture headache (PDPH) developed puncture headache (PDPH) developed
An epidural blood patch (EBP) was An epidural blood patch (EBP) was deferred to the third postoperative day deferred to the third postoperative day because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1 because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1
Headache intensified from a typical PDPH Headache intensified from a typical PDPH to one which was not posturally related to one which was not posturally related
A second EBP was abandoned after the A second EBP was abandoned after the
injection of 5 mL of blood because of injection of 5 mL of blood because of increasing headache during the procedure increasing headache during the procedure
Magnetic resonance imaging revealed Magnetic resonance imaging revealed bilateral temporal subdural hematomas bilateral temporal subdural hematomas
The patient was managed conservatively and The patient was managed conservatively and discharged home without any sequelae discharged home without any sequelae
ConclusionConclusion It is conceivable that It is conceivable that thrombocytopenia together with possible thrombocytopenia together with possible abnormal platelet function increased the risk abnormal platelet function increased the risk of subdural hematoma of subdural hematoma
Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be considered whenever headache is not considered whenever headache is not posturally related posturally related
OCUPATIONAL HAZARDOCUPATIONAL HAZARD Risk of transmission of HBV following Risk of transmission of HBV following
inoculation is 5 -30inoculation is 5 -30 May occur through needle prickcuts May occur through needle prickcuts
sharp injuriesmucous membranes- sharp injuriesmucous membranes- waterproof dressingwaterproof dressing
Wear gloves while inserting a Wear gloves while inserting a cannula airways intubation amp extubation cannula airways intubation amp extubation
Sharps should not be handed directly to Sharps should not be handed directly to othersothers
See to the sterilisation of other See to the sterilisation of other contaminated thingscontaminated things
Anesthesia in pregnant women with Anesthesia in pregnant women with HELLP syndromeHELLP syndrome
Retrospective studyRetrospective study For the period of 1 July For the period of 1 July 1996 through 30 June 2000 1996 through 30 June 2000
RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients RESULTS During the period of study 119 patients had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had had HELLP syndrome Eighty-five patients had cesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal deliverycesarean delivery and 34 had vaginal delivery
Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP Seventy-one patients had diagnosed HELLP syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 syndrome previous to the anesthesia and 14 postcesarean delivery the range platelet count postcesarean delivery the range platelet count was 19000-143000microl was 19000-143000microl
Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had Of these 71 58 had an epidural anesthesia 9 had general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia general anesthesia and 4 had spinal anesthesia
There were no neurologic complications or There were no neurologic complications or bleeding in the epidural spacebleeding in the epidural space
CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any CONCLUSION We found no documentation of any neurologic or hematologic complications of women neurologic or hematologic complications of women with HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesiawith HELLP syndrome and neuraxial anesthesia
Subdural Hematoma following dural Subdural Hematoma following dural puncture in a parturient with HELLP puncture in a parturient with HELLP
syndromesyndrome This complication occurred following This complication occurred following accidental dural puncture in a parturient accidental dural puncture in a parturient with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who subsequently developed the syndrome of subsequently developed the syndrome of hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low plateletsplatelets
On the first postoperative day postdural On the first postoperative day postdural puncture headache (PDPH) developed puncture headache (PDPH) developed
An epidural blood patch (EBP) was An epidural blood patch (EBP) was deferred to the third postoperative day deferred to the third postoperative day because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1 because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1
Headache intensified from a typical PDPH Headache intensified from a typical PDPH to one which was not posturally related to one which was not posturally related
A second EBP was abandoned after the A second EBP was abandoned after the
injection of 5 mL of blood because of injection of 5 mL of blood because of increasing headache during the procedure increasing headache during the procedure
Magnetic resonance imaging revealed Magnetic resonance imaging revealed bilateral temporal subdural hematomas bilateral temporal subdural hematomas
The patient was managed conservatively and The patient was managed conservatively and discharged home without any sequelae discharged home without any sequelae
ConclusionConclusion It is conceivable that It is conceivable that thrombocytopenia together with possible thrombocytopenia together with possible abnormal platelet function increased the risk abnormal platelet function increased the risk of subdural hematoma of subdural hematoma
Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be considered whenever headache is not considered whenever headache is not posturally related posturally related
OCUPATIONAL HAZARDOCUPATIONAL HAZARD Risk of transmission of HBV following Risk of transmission of HBV following
inoculation is 5 -30inoculation is 5 -30 May occur through needle prickcuts May occur through needle prickcuts
sharp injuriesmucous membranes- sharp injuriesmucous membranes- waterproof dressingwaterproof dressing
Wear gloves while inserting a Wear gloves while inserting a cannula airways intubation amp extubation cannula airways intubation amp extubation
Sharps should not be handed directly to Sharps should not be handed directly to othersothers
See to the sterilisation of other See to the sterilisation of other contaminated thingscontaminated things
Subdural Hematoma following dural Subdural Hematoma following dural puncture in a parturient with HELLP puncture in a parturient with HELLP
syndromesyndrome This complication occurred following This complication occurred following accidental dural puncture in a parturient accidental dural puncture in a parturient with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who with thrombocytopenia (99000bullmicroL-1) who subsequently developed the syndrome of subsequently developed the syndrome of hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low plateletsplatelets
On the first postoperative day postdural On the first postoperative day postdural puncture headache (PDPH) developed puncture headache (PDPH) developed
An epidural blood patch (EBP) was An epidural blood patch (EBP) was deferred to the third postoperative day deferred to the third postoperative day because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1 because of a platelet count of 21000bullmicroL-1
Headache intensified from a typical PDPH Headache intensified from a typical PDPH to one which was not posturally related to one which was not posturally related
A second EBP was abandoned after the A second EBP was abandoned after the
injection of 5 mL of blood because of injection of 5 mL of blood because of increasing headache during the procedure increasing headache during the procedure
Magnetic resonance imaging revealed Magnetic resonance imaging revealed bilateral temporal subdural hematomas bilateral temporal subdural hematomas
The patient was managed conservatively and The patient was managed conservatively and discharged home without any sequelae discharged home without any sequelae
ConclusionConclusion It is conceivable that It is conceivable that thrombocytopenia together with possible thrombocytopenia together with possible abnormal platelet function increased the risk abnormal platelet function increased the risk of subdural hematoma of subdural hematoma
Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be considered whenever headache is not considered whenever headache is not posturally related posturally related
OCUPATIONAL HAZARDOCUPATIONAL HAZARD Risk of transmission of HBV following Risk of transmission of HBV following
inoculation is 5 -30inoculation is 5 -30 May occur through needle prickcuts May occur through needle prickcuts
sharp injuriesmucous membranes- sharp injuriesmucous membranes- waterproof dressingwaterproof dressing
Wear gloves while inserting a Wear gloves while inserting a cannula airways intubation amp extubation cannula airways intubation amp extubation
Sharps should not be handed directly to Sharps should not be handed directly to othersothers
See to the sterilisation of other See to the sterilisation of other contaminated thingscontaminated things
A second EBP was abandoned after the A second EBP was abandoned after the
injection of 5 mL of blood because of injection of 5 mL of blood because of increasing headache during the procedure increasing headache during the procedure
Magnetic resonance imaging revealed Magnetic resonance imaging revealed bilateral temporal subdural hematomas bilateral temporal subdural hematomas
The patient was managed conservatively and The patient was managed conservatively and discharged home without any sequelae discharged home without any sequelae
ConclusionConclusion It is conceivable that It is conceivable that thrombocytopenia together with possible thrombocytopenia together with possible abnormal platelet function increased the risk abnormal platelet function increased the risk of subdural hematoma of subdural hematoma
Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be Alternative diagnoses to PDPH should be considered whenever headache is not considered whenever headache is not posturally related posturally related
OCUPATIONAL HAZARDOCUPATIONAL HAZARD Risk of transmission of HBV following Risk of transmission of HBV following
inoculation is 5 -30inoculation is 5 -30 May occur through needle prickcuts May occur through needle prickcuts
sharp injuriesmucous membranes- sharp injuriesmucous membranes- waterproof dressingwaterproof dressing
Wear gloves while inserting a Wear gloves while inserting a cannula airways intubation amp extubation cannula airways intubation amp extubation
Sharps should not be handed directly to Sharps should not be handed directly to othersothers
See to the sterilisation of other See to the sterilisation of other contaminated thingscontaminated things
OCUPATIONAL HAZARDOCUPATIONAL HAZARD Risk of transmission of HBV following Risk of transmission of HBV following
inoculation is 5 -30inoculation is 5 -30 May occur through needle prickcuts May occur through needle prickcuts
sharp injuriesmucous membranes- sharp injuriesmucous membranes- waterproof dressingwaterproof dressing
Wear gloves while inserting a Wear gloves while inserting a cannula airways intubation amp extubation cannula airways intubation amp extubation
Sharps should not be handed directly to Sharps should not be handed directly to othersothers
See to the sterilisation of other See to the sterilisation of other contaminated thingscontaminated things
Recommended