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Ancient Rome
Unit 2 Part 2
753 BCE: Legendary Beginnings
Origin Story from Virgil’s “Aeneid” Trojan Hero Aeneas
– Romulus and Remus: Decedents– Romulus founded Rome
Etruscans: Early Romans– Evolved from village to city
509-27BCE: Roman Republic Overthrew the Etruscan kings to form the
republic Two groups fight for political power
1. Patricians: Noble landowners2. Plebeians: Right to vote, but little power
Empire expansion– 60sBCE: Greece, Macedonia, Asia Minor,
Syria, and Judea Conquests = civil war in Rome 46BCE: Julius Caesar seized control of
government
27BC-AD200: Pax Romana
“Roman Peace” Battle of Actium
– Augustus defeats Mark Antony and Cleopatra
Augustus: First Emperor of Rome A time of prosperity and growth Christianity grew until 64AD
– Nero began the prosecution of Christians
AD200-476: Fall of Rome
Series of cruel, incompetent rulers Germanic invasions Economic difficulties Hordes of invaders overthrew the
empire 2 Most feared Barbarians
– Alaric: Leader of the Visigoths– Attila: Leader of the Huns
People and Society
Patricians
Upper Class Oldest and wealthiest families Patrician = Noble blood, not wealth Ran the early republic Model for Roman society
PaterFamilias
Father and Head of the house Absolute power over the family Newborn child
– Killed, sold, or welcomed Arranged marriages Resolved family disputes Banishment of family members
Plebeians
Roman Citizens: Both rich and poor 4th century BCE: won equal political
rights Government positions Importers, exporters, merchants,
shipbuilders, etc. Largest, most comfortable middle
class of all ancient societies
Urban Poor
Farmer a soldier– Sold land
Return from war to no land and slave farmers
Migrate to Rome and live on welfare in public housing
Army
Standing Army: 300,000 men 2 classes of Army
– Legionaries: citizens– Auxiliaries: non-citizens, but given
citizenship after 20 years of service Generally enlisted for 25 years Low pay, but great medical Discharge: land or cash as pension.
Slaves
Captured people from war Some specialized jobs: tutors, book-
keepers, and clerks Harsh conditions in the country-side
– 73-71BCE: Spartacus leads a rebellion– Brutally lost
Women
Ran the household Managed the money Organized the slaves Took care of the children Divorce was always an option Owned Property and controlled own
money
Arts and Culture
Architecture and Engineering
Adaptation of Greek Architecture Size more important than beauty Invented Concrete Perfected the Arch Aqueducts, public baths,
amphitheatres, domed rotundas, and paved roads
Public Entertainment
Pacify the poor Chariot races: Circus Maximus Violent events: Colosseum
– Wild animals– Gladiator battles– Naval battles– Unarmed criminals and Christians
Law and Government
System of law All people have the right to equal
treatment A person is considered innocent
until proved guilty The burden of proof rests with the
accuser rather than the accused
Art and Sculpture
Imitation of Greek models Difference: Sternly realistic Frescoes, bas-relief, mosaic
Religion
300BCE: Adaptation of Greek Gods Continued with household gods Would include conquered territories
gods
Literature
Borrowed from Greek models– Epic, lyric, comedies, and tragedies
About being Roman Virtues of Roman Character
– Dignity, duty, integrity, discipline
Gladiator
Criminals, prisoners of war, slaves whose masters want to dispose of them, free men wanting out of debt or want glory
Could win freedom through money or praise
Wooden sword: freedom Women began fighting under the
emperor Domitian
PantheonIt is an imposing monument considered a masterpiece of the Roman architecture. It is one of the ancient and best conserved monuments in the world. Consul Agrippa had it built in 27 A.D.
The Roman architecture did not fully develop until they established the empire. The Romans conquered many civilizations. They became students. The Romans used ideas from other places in their own architecture. After the Romans conquered the Etruscans, they assimilated the arch to fit into their architectural scheme.The Romans used the arch when building: Bridges Aqueducts Gates Entrances A symbol of military victory
The Arch
Roman, in the Forum of Rome, Arch of Septimius Severus, 203 CE
ROMAN AQUEDUCT
The Romans used aqueducts to bring water into a city, they consisted of a cement-lined rectangular pipe supported on arches. The Romans built their first aqueduct in 312 BC. During the time of Augustus aqueducts brought nearly 300 million gallons of water per day to the city of Rome.
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