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Practice Test 1
Multiple ChoiceIdentify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.____ 1. The conducting passageways of the respiratory system include all of the following structures EXCEPT:
a. noseb. pharynxc. larynxd. tracheae. alveoli
____ 2. The respiratory conducting passageways perform all of the following functions EXCEPT: A)allow air to reach the lungsa. purify airb. humidify airc. exchange gasesd. warm incoming air
____ 3. Which one of the following terms does not apply to the nose:a. external naresb. nasopharynxc. nostrilsd. nasal cavitye. nasal septum
____ 4. What is the role of mucus in the nasal cavity:a. increase the air turbulence in the nasal cavityb. separate the oral from the nasal cavityc. lighten the skulld. act as a resonance chamber for speeche. trap incoming bacteria and other foreign debris
____ 5. The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by:a. the hard palateb. the nasal conchaec. the soft palated. both the hard and soft palatee. both the nasal conchae and hard palate
____ 6. Which one of the following bones does NOT contain paranasal sinuses:a. frontalb. sphenoidc. mandibled. ethmoide. maxilla
____ 7. Which one of the following is NOT a function of the paranasal sinuses:a. they lighten the skullb. they act as resonance chambers for speechc. they produce mucusd. they are olfactory receptors for smell
e. they help to moisten air
____ 8. Air from the nasal cavity enters the superior portion of the pharynx called the:a. nasopharynxb. oropharynxc. palatopharynxd. laryngopharynxe. tracheopharynx
____ 9. The pharynogotympanic tubes, which drain the middle ear, open into the:a. nasopharynxb. oropharynxc. palatopharynxd. laryngopharynxe. tracheopharynx
____ 10. Tonsils that lie at the base of the tongue are called:a. adenoidsb. pharyngeal tonsilsc. palatine tonsilsd. lingual tonsilse. pharyngotympanic tonsils
____ 11. Following the removal of the larynx, a person would be unable to:a. speakb. sneezec. eatd. heare. breathe
____ 12. The opening between the vocal cords is called the:a. epiglottisb. glottisc. larynxd. thyroid cartilagee. esophagus
____ 13. The flap of elastic cartilage that protects food from entering the larynx when swallowing is the:a. glottisb. thyroid cartilagec. Adam's appled. epiglottise. trachea
____ 14. Vibration due to exhaled air that results in speech is a function of the:a. complete voice boxb. true vocal cordsc. false vocal cordsd. glottise. epiglottis
____ 15. Cilia of the trachea that beat continually propel contaminated mucus:
a. toward the throat to be swallowed or spat outb. toward the nose to be sneezed outc. toward the epiglottis to be coughed outd. toward the lungs to be encapsulatede. toward the glottis to be hiccupped out
____ 16. The serous membrane covering the surface of the lungs is called the:a. mediastinumb. visceral pleurac. parietal pleurad. main (primary) bronchie. pleurisy
____ 17. Which one of the following is NOT true of the lungs:a. the narrower portion of each lung is called the apexb. the bases rest on the diaphragmc. the left lung has two lobesd. the right lung has three lobese. both lungs have two lobes
____ 18. When oxygen enters the respiratory system, what is the next structure to which it travels immediately upon leaving the trachea:a. bronchiolesb. alveolic. pleurad. main (primary) bronchie. tertiary bronchi
____ 19. Which one of the following structures is NOT part of the respiratory zone:a. respiratory bronchiolesb. alveolar ductsc. alveolar sacsd. alveolie. primary bronchi
____ 20. The walls of the alveoli are composed largely of:a. simple squamous epitheliumb. stratified squamous epitheliumc. simple cuboidal epitheliumd. stratified cuboidal epitheliume. pseudostratified epithelium
____ 21. Exchange of both oxygen and carbon dioxide through the respiratory membrane occurs by:a. osmosisb. simple diffusionc. facilitated diffusiond. active transporte. passive transport
____ 22. The lipid molecule critical to lung function that coats the gas-exposed alveolar surfaces is called:a. surfactantb. interferon
c. kinind. renine. lecithin
____ 23. Air moving in and out of the lungs is called:a. internal respirationb. inspirationc. external respirationd. expiratione. pulmonary ventilation
____ 24. Which one of the following is NOT true of inspiration:a. contraction of the diaphragm muscle helps increase the size of the thoracic cavityb. relaxation of the external intercostal muscles helps increase the size of the thoracic cavityc. increased intrapulmonary volume causes inhaled gases to spread outd. the decreased gas pressure produces a partial vacuum that forcibly sucks air ine. air continues to move into the lungs until intrapulmonary pressure equals atmospheric
pressure
____ 25. The gas exchange that occurs between blood and tissue cells at systemic capillaries is called:a. pulmonary ventilationb. expirationc. internal respirationd. external respiratione. respiratory gas transport
____ 26. In order to inspire:a. gas pressure in the lungs must increaseb. the intrapulmonary volume must increasec. the diaphragm relaxesd. the intrapulmonary volume must decreasee. the external intercostal muscles relax
____ 27. An emotionally-induced response during which air movement is similar to crying is:a. coughingb. sneezingc. laughingd. hiccuppinge. yawning
____ 28. A very deep inspiration that ventilates all alveoli is:a. coughingb. sneezingc. cryingd. hiccuppinge. yawning
____ 29. The respiratory movement representing the total amount of exchangeable air is the:a. tidal volumeb. inspiratory reserve volumec. expiratory reserve volumed. vital capacity
e. dead space volume
____ 30. The amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a tidal expiration is about:a. 500 mLb. 1200 mLc. 2100 mLd. 4800 mLe. 6000 mL
____ 31. The amount of air exchanged during normal quiet breathing is about:a. 500 mLb. 1200 mLc. 2100 mLd. 4800 mLe. 6000 mL
____ 32. Most carbon dioxide is transported within blood plasma as:a. carbohemoglobinb. bicarbonate ionc. oxyhemoglobind. hydrogen ione. carbonic acid
____ 33. Oxygen binds with hemoglobin in the blood to form:a. bicarbonate ionb. oxyhemoglobinc. carbonic acidd. carbon dioxidee. plasma
____ 34. The bluish cast that results from inadequate oxygenation of the skin and mucosa is called:a. cyanosisb. xanthosisc. melanosisd. albinisme. erythema
____ 35. Which one of the following is NOT a factor influencing respiratory rate and depth:a. physical exerciseb. volitionc. emotional factorsd. enzymatic factorse. levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide
____ 36. Cessation of breathing is called:a. apneab. dyspneac. eupnead. hyperpneae. tachypnea
____ 37. Hypoventilation dramatically increases carbonic acid concentration and involves:
a. extremely deep breathingb. extremely fast breathingc. extremely slow breathingd. intermittent breathinge. irregular breathing
____ 38. Hyperventilation leads to all of the following EXCEPT:a. brief periods of apneab. cyanosisc. dizzinessd. faintinge. buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood
____ 39. The most important chemical stimuli leading to increased rate and depth of breathing is:a. decreased oxygen level in the bloodb. increased blood pHc. increased carbon dioxide in the bloodd. increased hydrogen ion in the bloode. decreased carbon dioxide in the blood
____ 40. Which one of the following is NOT a feature of COPD:a. most patients have a genetic predisposition to COPDb. dyspnea becomes progressively more severec. frequent pulmonary infections are commond. most COPD victims are hypoxice. most patients have a history of smoking
____ 41. Emphysema results in all of the following EXCEPT:a. enlarged alveolib. lung fibrosisc. expanded barrel chestd. decreased lung elasticitye. moon face
____ 42. The molecule that prevents lung collapse by lowering the surface tension of the water film lining each alveolar sac is called:a. resorbinb. reninc. lecithind. surfactante. fibrosin
____ 43. Surfactant is usually present in fetal lungs in adequate quantities by:a. 20-22 weeks of pregnancyb. 22-24 weeks of pregnancyc. 24-26 weeks of pregnancyd. 26-28 weeks of pregnancye. 28-30 weeks of pregnancy
____ 44. The abbreviation IRDS stands for:a. infant respiratory disease stateb. intermittent respiratory distress state
c. infant respiratory distress syndromed. intermittent respiratory disease syndromee. infant respiratory disease syndrome
____ 45. Which one of the following is NOT true of cystic fibrosis:a. it is the most common lethal genetic disease in the U.S.b. it causes oversecretion of thick mucus that clogs the respiratory passagesc. it impairs food digestiond. it causes sweat glands to produce an extremely salty perspiratione. it is rarely fatal
____ 46. The respiratory rate in adults is:a. 5-10 respirations per minuteb. 12-18 respirations per minutec. 20-25 respirations per minuted. 30 respirations per minutee. over 40 respirations per minute
____ 47. The homeostatic imbalance associated with the death of many full-term newborn infants is called:a. CFb. SIDSc. CTRLd. COPDe. IRDS
____ 48. Obstruction of the trachea by a piece of food can lead to:a. hemothoraxb. pleurisyc. aspiration pneumoniad. pneumothoraxe. pulmonary tamponade
____ 49. Which of the following are currently the most damaging and disabling respiratory diseases in the U.S.:a. tuberculosis and COPDb. COPD and lung cancerc. lung cancer and asthmad. asthma and tuberculosise. tuberculosis and pneumonia
____ 50. Which one of the following is NOT true of lung cancer:a. it accounts for one-third of all cancer deaths in the U.S.b. its incidence is currently increasingc. it is generally more prevalent in males than femalesd. most types of lung cancer are very aggressivee. lung cancers often metastasize rapidly and widely
____ 51. Which one of the following is NOT an organ of the alimentary canal:a. mouthb. teethc. pharynxd. esophaguse. stomach
____ 52. Which one of the following represents the correct order through which food passes in the alimentary canal:a. mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, large intestine, small intestineb. mouth, esophagus, pharynx, stomach, small intestine, large intestinec. pharynx, mouth, esophagus, stomach, large intestine, small intestined. mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestinee. mouth, pharynx, esophagus, small intestine, stomach, large intestine
____ 53. The structure that forms the anterior roof of the mouth is the:a. uvulab. soft palatec. cheekd. teethe. hard palate
____ 54. The fold of mucous membrane that secures the tongue to the floor of the mouth and limits its posterior movements is called the:a. lingual frenulumb. hyoid bonec. palatal frenulumd. styloid bonee. mandibular frenulum
____ 55. Which one of the following is continuous with the esophagus:a. nasopharynxb. oropharynxc. linguopharynxd. laryngopharynxe. esophagopharynx
____ 56. Which one of the following is NOT a layer of the alimentary canal:a. mucosab. submucosac. muscularis internad. muscularis externae. serosa
____ 57. The submucosal and myenteric nerve plexuses that help regulate the mobility and secretory activity of the GI tract organs are both part of the:a. somatic nervous systemb. autonomic nervous systemc. sympathetic nervous systemd. fight-or-flight mechanisme. central nervous system
____ 58. When full, the average adult stomach can hold approximately:a. 1 liter of foodb. 2 liters of foodc. 3 liters of foodd. 4 liters of foode. 2 gallons of food
____ 59. The release of food from the stomach into the small intestine is regulated by the:a. cardioesophageal sphincterb. pyloric sphincter (valve)c. ileocecal valved. internal anal sphinctere. hepatopancreatic ampulla
____ 60. Protein digestion begins in the:a. mouthb. esophagusc. stomachd. small intestinee. large intestine
____ 61. Intrinsic factor in digestion is a stomach secretion needed for absorption of _____ from the small intestine.a. vitamin Ab. vitamin B12c. vitamin Cd. vitamin De. vitamin K
____ 62. The small intestine extends from the:a. cardioesophageal sphincter to the pyloric sphincterb. pyloric sphincter to the ileocecal valvec. ileocecal valve to the appendixd. appendix to the sigmoid colone. cardioesophageal sphincter to ileocecal valve
____ 63. Which one of the following is the middle section of the small intestine:a. duodenumb. ascending colonc. jejunumd. descending colone. ileum
____ 64. Enzymes and bile are carried by the pancreatic duct and bile duct into the:a. duodenumb. jejunumc. ileocecal valved. ileume. large intestine
____ 65. The primary function of the small intestine is:a. absorption of nutrientsb. absorption of waterc. waste secretiond. vitamin conversione. mineral secretion
____ 66. Which one of the following is NOT a modification (which is designed to increase surface area for absorption) within the small intestine:a. microvilli
b. villic. Peyer's patchesd. circular foldse. plicae circulares
____ 67. Which one of the following is NOT a subdivision of the large intestine:a. cecumb. appendixc. duodenumd. colone. rectum
____ 68. The organ responsible for drying out indigestible food residue through water absorption and the elimination of feces is the:a. stomachb. large intestinec. small intestined. pancrease. lever
____ 69. The opening of the large intestine is called the:a. cecumb. sigmoid colonc. rectumd. anuse. ileum
____ 70. Amylase is an enzyme that is only able to digest:a. proteinb. starchc. fatd. vitaminse. minerals
____ 71. The number of permanent teeth within a full set of adult teeth is:a. 20b. 24c. 28d. 32e. 36
____ 72. The anterior chisel-shaped teeth that are adapted for cutting are called:a. incisorsb. caninesc. premolarsd. molarse. wisdom teeth
____ 73. The accesory digestive organ that produces enzymes that break down all food groups is the:a. liverb. gallbladderc. salivary glands
d. pancrease. liver and gallbladder
____ 74. Bile is produced by the _____ but stored in the _____.a. liver; pancreasb. gallbladder; liverc. liver; gallbladderd. small intestine; pancrease. gallbladder; pancreas
____ 75. Buildup of bile within the liver leading to bile pigments circulating through the body could cause tissues to turn yellow and a condition called:a. cyanosisb. erythematosisc. jaundiced. hepatitise. cirrhosis
____ 76. The sequence of steps by which large food molecules are broken down into their respective building blocks by catalytic enzymes within hydrolysis reactions is called:a. ingestionb. propulsionc. mechanical digestiond. chemical digestione. absorption
____ 77. The propulsive process that moves food from one organ to the next is called:a. ingestionb. peristalsisc. chemical digestiond. masticatione. absorption
____ 78. The process by which food within the small intestine is mixed with digestive juices by backward and forward movement across the internal wall of the organ is called:a. peristalsisb. segmentationc. defecationd. chemical digestione. absorption
____ 79. Which one of the following is NOT one of the carbohydrates that the human digestive system is able to break down to simple sugars:a. celluloseb. sucrosec. lactosed. maltosee. starch
____ 80. Proteins are digested to their building blocks which are called:a. peptidesb. amino acids
c. polypeptidesd. fatty acidse. glycerol
____ 81. Transport of digested end products from the lumen GI tract into the bloodstream or lymphatic fluid is called:a. ingestionb. propulsionc. digestiond. absorptione. defecation
____ 82. Digestion is primarily controlled by the:a. sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous systemb. medulla oblongatac. somatic nervous systemd. enterogastric reflexe. parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
____ 83. Which one of the following is NOT true of the sensors involved in digestive reflexes:a. they activate or inhibit lacteal absorptionb. they respond to stretch of the organ by the volume of food within its lumenc. they start reflexes that either activate or inhibit digestive glandsd. they respond to the relative pH content within that particular digestive organe. they respond to the presence of breakdown products of digestion
____ 84. The first nutrient to be chemically digested is:a. starchb. proteinc. fatd. mineralse. vitamins
____ 85. The process of swallowing is also known as:a. masticationb. segmentationc. deglutitiond. defecatione. absorption
____ 86. Which one of the following alimentary segments has no digestive function:a. stomachb. ascending colonc. ileumd. esophaguse. duodenum
____ 87. Which one of the following is NOT involved in the swallowing reflex:a. tongueb. soft palatec. larynxd. pharynxe. esophagus
____ 88. The amount of gastric juice produced every day by an average-sized adult is:a. 1-2 litersb. 2-3 litersc. 3-4 litersd. 1-2 gallonse. 2-3 gallons
____ 89. The hormone responsible for causing the stomach to release pepsinogens, mucus, and hydrochloric acid is:a. renninb. bilec. gastrind. pepsine. amylase
____ 90. The enzyme responsible for converting milk protein in the stomach to a substance that looks like sour milk in infants is:a. pepsinb. salivary amylasec. pancreatic amylased. bilee. rennin
____ 91. The journey of chyme through the small intestine takes:a. 2-4 hoursb. 3-6 hoursc. 6-8 hoursd. 8-10 hourse. 10-12 hours
____ 92. Enzyme-rich pancreatic juice contains all the following EXCEPT:a. amylaseb. trypsinc. nucleased. pancreatasee. lipase
____ 93. Which of the following influence the release of pancreatic juice and bile:a. rennin and cholecystokininb. gastrin and renninc. cholecystokinin and gastrind. secretin and gastrine. cholecystokinin and secretin
____ 94. Which one of the following is NOT absorbed by the human large intestine:a. waterb. vitamin Kc. some of the B vitaminsd. ionse. protein
____ 95. The energy value of foods commonly counted by dieters is measured in units called:
a. ATPb. caloriesc. kilocaloriesd. coenzymese. carb units
____ 96. Inorganic substances necessary to body functioning that must be ingested through the diet are:a. vitaminsb. coenzymesc. carbond. mineralse. complete proteins
____ 97. The process by which larger molecules or structures are built up from smaller ones is called:a. anabolismb. catabolismc. metabolismd. carbolysise. glycolysis
____ 98. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is produced in greatest quantity during:a. glycolysisb. the Krebs cyclec. protein metabolismd. the electron transport chaine. fat metabolism
____ 99. The liver metabolizes fats for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:a. ATP productionb. synthesis of lipoproteinsc. synthesis of thromboplastind. synthesis of vitamin Ke. synthesis of cholesterol
____ 100. Acidosis (ketoacidosis) occurs when _____ is digested.a. fatb. glycogenc. glucosed. proteine. glycogen or glucose
____ 101. Which one of the following is NOT a main role of the liver:a. to detoxify drugs and alcoholb. to degrade hormonesc. to make cholesterold. to process nutrients during digestione. to add ammonia to the blood
____ 102. Nutrients detour through the liver via the:a. circle of Willisb. hepatic portal circulationc. Bowman's capsule
d. electron transport chaine. glycogenesis
____ 103. Which one of the following is NOT true of cholesterol:a. it provides energy fuel for muscle contractionb. it serves as the structural basis of steroid hormonesc. it serves as the structural basis of vitamin Dd. it is a major building block of plasma membranese. only about 15 percent comes from the diet
____ 104. The hereditary inability of tissue cells to metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine, which can result in brain damage and retardation unless a special diet low in phenylalanine is followed, is called:a. cystic fibrosisb. cleft lipc. cleft palated. phenylketonuriae. tracheoesophageal fistula
____ 105. The reflex that helps an infant hold on to the nipple and swallow is called the:a. rooting reflexb. nursing reflexc. sucking reflexd. peristaltic reflexe. fetal reflex
MatchingMatch the following structure with its description:a. alveolib. larynxc. trachead. glottise. esophagusf. bronchiolesg. main (primary) bronchih. pharynx
____ 106. Throat
____ 107. Windpipe
____ 108. Voice box
____ 109. Opening to the larynx
____ 110. The trachea branches into these tubes
____ 111. Tube posterior to the trachea
____ 112. Smallest conducting passageways in the lungs
____ 113. Air sacs within the lungs
Match the following mechanism with its associated nonrespiratory movement:
a. yawningb. laughingc. coughingd. throat-clearinge. hiccuppingf. sneezingg. crying
____ 114. Involves using the uvula to close the oral cavity off from the pharynx in order to clear the upper respiratory passages
____ 115. An emotionally induced response that produces air movements similar to crying
____ 116. A very deep inspiration formerly believed to be triggered by low oxygen
____ 117. Primarily an emotionally induced mechanism that involves release of air in a number of short breaths, similar to laughing
____ 118. Blast of upward rushing air that clears the lower respiratory passageways
____ 119. Sudden inspirations resulting from spasms of the diaphragm
Match the following definitions with their associated respiratory volume or capacity:a. conducting zone volumeb. total lung capacityc. dead space volumed. tidal volumee. expiratory reserve volumef. vital capacityg. residual volumeh. inspiratory reserve volume
____ 120. Amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal tidal expiration
____ 121. Normal, quiet breathing which moves approximately 500 mL of air per breath
____ 122. Air that enters the respiratory tract and remains within the conducting zone passageways
____ 123. Amount of air that can be inhaled forcibly over the tidal volume
____ 124. Total amount of exchangeable air
____ 125. Air that remains in the lungs even after the most strenuous expiration
____ 126. Sum total of tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume
Match the following nutrients with their associated digestive enzymes:a. bileb. pepsinogenc. pepsinogensd. nucleasee. hydrochloric acidf. lipaseg. lactaseh. amylase
____ 127. Proteins
____ 128. Lactose
____ 129. Starch
____ 130. Fat
____ 131. Nucleic acids
Identify the digestive organ that is primarily associated with the following digestive function:a. anusb. ileumc. small intestined. large intestinee. mouthf. esophagusg. stomachh. rectumi. duodenum
____ 132. Primary site of water absorption
____ 133. Site where starch digestion begins
____ 134. Tube through which food is propelled but no digestion takes place
____ 135. Site where the beginning of protein digestion occurs
____ 136. Site where pancreatic enzymes and bile enter the alimentary canal
____ 137. Site of vitamin K synthesis by bacteria
____ 138. Site of initiation of the defecation reflex
Match the following terms or phrases with the appropriate nutrient:a. carbohydratesb. proteinsc. mineralsd. vitaminse. lipids
____ 139. Glucose and glycogen
____ 140. Amino acids
____ 141. Coenzymes
____ 142. Calcium, phosphorus, potassium
____ 143. Triglycerides
____ 144. Fiber
Essay145. Explain the roles of mucus and cilia in the respiratory system.
146. List the three regions of the pharynx and identify their relative superior and inferior endpoints in the respiratory passageway.
147. Explain the role of the epiglottis in the respiratory system.
148. Identify the two pleural membranes and describe them under normal and disease conditions.
149. Explain the structure and function of the respiratory membrane.
150. Identify and describe the four distinct events that are collectively called respiration.
151. Describe how oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported in the blood.
152. Describe some of the major and minor effects of smoking on the human body.
153. Describe the four layers of the GI tract.
154. Identify and describe the six major processes involved in gastrointestinal activity.
155. Explain the various processes of food propulsion.
156. Explain the role of the hormones cholecystokinin and secretin in regulating the release of bile and pancreatic juices.
157. Explain what vitamins and minerals are and identify their importance to the body.
158. Discuss the anaerobic and aerobic mechanisms by which body cells generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
159. Explain why there is really no such thing as "good" or "bad" lipoprotein cholesterol.
Practice Test 1Answer Section
MULTIPLE CHOICE1. ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 4412. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 4413. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 441-4424. ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 4425. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 4426. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 4427. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 4438. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 4439. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 444
10. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 44411. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: 3 REF: 44412. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 44413. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 44414. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 44415. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 444-44516. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 44717. ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 445| 44718. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: 3 REF: 44519. ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 44720. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 44721. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 44722. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 44723. ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 44824. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: 3 REF: 45125. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 44926. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 45127. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 45228. ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 45229. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 45230. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 45231. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 45232. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: 3 REF: 45433. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 45434. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 45535. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 456-45736. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 46037. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 46038. ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 46039. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 457| 46040. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 460-46141. ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 461
42. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 46143. ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 46144. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 46145. ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 461| 46446. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 46447. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 46448. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 46449. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 46450. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 458-45951. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 470-47152. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 470-47153. ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 47154. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 47155. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 47256. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 47257. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: 3 REF: 47258. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 47359. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 47660. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 47361. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: 3 REF: 47562. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 475-47663. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 47664. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: 3 REF: 47665. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 47666. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 475-47767. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 47768. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 47769. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 47870. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 485| 49071. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 47972. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 47973. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: 3 REF: 48074. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 3 REF: 48175. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 48176. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 48377. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 481-48278. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 48279. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 48380. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 48381. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 48382. ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 48383. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: 3 REF: 48384. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 48585. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 48586. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 48587. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 48588. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 485
89. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 3 REF: 48590. ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 48691. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 48792. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 49093. ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: 3 REF: 49194. ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 49295. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 49396. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 49597. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 49598. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 49699. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: 3 REF: 500-502
100. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: 3 REF: 498101. ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 500-502102. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 500103. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: 3 REF: 501-502104. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 506-507105. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 507
MATCHING106. ANS: H PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 443107. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 444108. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 444109. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 444110. ANS: G PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 445111. ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 444112. ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 447113. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 447114. ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 452115. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 452116. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 452117. ANS: G PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 452118. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 452119. ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 452120. ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 452121. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 452122. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 453123. ANS: H PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 452124. ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 452125. ANS: G PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 452126. ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 452127. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 485128. ANS: G PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 484129. ANS: H PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 485130. ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 490131. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 490132. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 492
133. ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 485134. ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 485135. ANS: G PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 475| 485136. ANS: I PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 476137. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 492138. ANS: H PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 492139. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 496| 500140. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 494-495141. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 495142. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 495143. ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 494144. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 494
ESSAY145. ANS:
Respiratory mucosa lines the nasal cavity which produces sticky mucus. This mucus moistens the air and traps incoming bacteria and other foreign debris entering the nasal cavity. The ciliated cells of the nasal mucosa move this contaminated mucus posteriorly toward the pharynx where it can be swallowed. The trachea is also lined with ciliated mucosa. These cilia move contaminated mucus toward the throat where it either can be swallowed or spat out.PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 442| 444-445
146. ANS:The three portions of the pharynx are the nasopharynx, the oropharynx, and the laryngopharynx. The nasopharynx is the superior portion that extends from the nasal cavity to the soft palate. The oropharynx is the central portion that lies between the soft palate and the upper epiglottis. The laryngopharynx is the most inferior portion and is the connecting point to the larynx below.PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 443-444
147. ANS:The epiglottis is a part of the larynx. This structure is made of elastic cartilage. The epiglottis protects the superior opening (glottis) of the trachea. When we swallow foods or fluids, the larynx is pulled upward and the epiglottis tips to form a lid over the opening of the larynx. Food and fluids are then forced into the posterior tube called the esophagus.PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 444
148. ANS:The pleural membranes, the visceral pleura and the parietal pleura, produce a slippery serous secretion that allows the lungs to glide easily over the thorax wall during breathing. This serous fluid causes the two pleural layers to cling together. They can slide easily from side to side across one another, but they cannot easily be pulled apart. As surface tension of water holds them tightly to each other, the lungs are held tightly to the thorax wall. The pleural space is more of a potential space than an actual space, and it is only during illness or injury that this space becomes apparent, such as with a pneumothorax that can lead to atelectasis.PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 447
149. ANS:The respiratory membrane, also known as the air-blood barrier, is comprised of the fused basement membranes of the alveolar and capillary walls. It has gas flowing past on one side and blood flowing past on the other. Gas exchanges occur by simple diffusion through the respiratory membrane. Oxygen passes from the alveolar air into the capillary blood and carbon dioxide leaves the blood to enter the gas-filled alveoli.PTS: 1 DIF: 3 REF: 447
150. ANS:
Pulmonary ventilation is commonly called breathing and involves the movement of air into and out of the lungs. External respiration is the exchange of gases between the pulmonary blood and the alveoli. Respiratory gas transport is the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the lungs and tissue cells of the body via the bloodstream. Internal respiration is the exchange of gases between the blood and tissue cells.PTS: 1 DIF: 3 REF: 448-449
151. ANS:Oxygen is transported in two ways:
1. Most oxygen attaches to hemoglobin molecules on the RBCs to form oxyhemoglobin.2. A small amount of oxygen dissolves in the plasma for transport.
Carbon dioxide is also transported in two ways:1. Most carbon dioxide dissolves in the plasma as the bicarbonate ion.2. A small amount of carbon dioxide is carried inside the RBCs bound to hemoglobin (bound to a different site from oxygen).
PTS: 1 DIF: 3 REF: 454-455152. ANS:
Answers will vary depending on what effects were discussed in class, since smoking has numerous effects on the body. Respiratory effects include airway obstruction, dyspnea, coughing, frequent infections, breakdown of elastin in the connective tissue in the lungs, continual bronchial irritation and inflammation, hypoxia, respiratory acidosis, and respiratory failure. Other effects include clubbing of the fingers due to hypoxia, impotence, and impairment of the immune system.PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 458-460
153. ANS:1. Mucosa is the moist innermost layer; it lines the cavity of the organ.2. The submucosa is found beneath the mucosa layer. It contains blood vessels, nerve endings, lymph nodules, and lymphatic vessels.3. The muscular externis is the next layer, which is typically made up of a circular and a longitudinal layer of smooth muscle.4. The outermost layer is the serosa, which consists of two single layers of cells. The innermost serosa is the visceral peritoneum while the outermost layer is the parietal peritoneum. Between these layers is serous fluid.PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 472
154. ANS:Ingestion is the active, voluntary process of placing food into the mouth. Propulsion involves all of the actions involved in moving food along the alimentary canal from the mouth to the anus, including swallowing, peristalsis, segmentation, and mass movements. Mechanical digestion involves all of the activities that break food down into smaller pieces to prepare them for further degradation by enzymes. Chemical digesting, the next step of food breakdown, involves the sequence of steps by which large food molecules are broken down to their building blocks by enzymes. Absorption is the mechanism by which digested end products are moved from the lumen of the GI tract into the blood or lymph. The final process is defecation, which is the elimination of indigestible substances from the body via the anus as feces.PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 481-484
155. ANS:
Deglutition (swallowing) includes two phases, one voluntary and one involuntary. The voluntary phase is called the buccal phase, and it involves movement of the food bolus by the tongue into the pharynx. The involuntary phase is called the pharyngeal-esophageal phase, and it involves blockage of all routes except the esophageal route while the bolus is moved through the pharynx and into the esophagus. This reflex is regulated by the parasympathetic nervous system. Peristalsis is the rhythmic, wavelike motion of the stomach and intestines. It involves waves of contraction that move chyme along, followed by waves of relaxation. Another mechanism of food propulsion is segmentation of the small intestine. Although its chief function is mixing chyme with digestive juices, it also assists in propulsion. Mass movements are another mechanism by which food is moved through the GI tract, which occur three to four times a day, typically just after eating. They are powerful contractions that move over the colon and force contents toward the rectum to be stored until defecation. The presence of feces in the rectum initiates the defecation reflex, which causes the walls of the sigmoid colon and rectum to contract while relaxing the anal sphincters.PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 481-482
156. ANS:When chyme enters the small intestine, it stimulates the mucosa cells to produce the hormones cholecystokinin and secretin. These hormones travel in the bloodstream to their target organs: the pancreas, liver, and gallbladder. The pancreas responds to cholecystokinin by releasing enzyme-rich pancreatic juice and secretin causes the secretion of bicarbonate-rich pancreatic juice. The liver responds to secretin by releasing bile while cholecystokinin stimulates the gallbladder to release stored bile.PTS: 1 DIF: 3 REF: 491
157. ANS:Vitamins are water-soluble, fat-soluble, or organic nutrients that the body requires in small amounts. Most function as coenzymes that enable an enzyme to accomplish a particular type of catalysis. Vitamins are found in all major food groups, and a balanced diet is the best way to ensure a full vitamin complement. Minerals are inorganic substances, such as calcium, potassium, and sodium, that the body also requires in adequate supply. The foods highest in mineral content are vegetables, legumes, milk, and some meats.PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 495
158. ANS:Cellular respiration includes all of the oxygen-dependent processes by which energy from the breakdown of glucose is captured within chemical bonds which unite adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate into the body's preferred metabolic fuel, adenosine triphosphate (ATP). One process, glycolysis, energizes each glucose molecule so that it can be split into two pyruvic acid molecules to yield ATP. The Krebs cycle, located within the mitochondria, produces all the carbon dioxide and water that results during cellular respiration, and it yields a small amount of ATP as well. The electron transport chain, also located within the mitochondria, is the primary producer of ATP. Hydrogen atoms removed during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle are delivered to the protein carriers of the electron transport chain, which form part of the mitochondrial cristae membranes. There the hydrogen atoms are split into their positive ions and negative electrons. The electrons then travel from carrier to carrier in a series of steps that enable phosphate to attach to ADP to form ATP.PTS: 1 DIF: 3 REF: 496
159. ANS:
Lipoproteins transport cholesterol and fatty acids. Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) transport cholesterol and other lipids to body cells for use in a variety of ways. If there are large amounts of circulating LDLs, some fatty substances may be deposited on arterial walls, which is the reason they are associated with heart disease risk and have sometimes been labeled "bad." However, they are a necessary transport substance, so the key is to have LDLs in the acceptable range. High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) transport cholesterol from the tissue cells or arteries to the liver for disposal in bile. Because they transport cholesterol away from the arteries, they have sometimes been labeled "good." Again, they are a necessary transport substance, and the key is to have HDLs in the proper ratio with LDLs, so that whatever excess cholesterol is moved in by the LDLs can be moved out again by the HDLs. It is their relative ratio that is important. Both are necessary, and neither should be considered "good" nor "bad."PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: 502
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