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Anatomy & Physiology
• Anatomy – studies the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another
• Physiology – function of the body’s structural machinery or how all the body parts work and carry out their life-sustaining activities
Topics in Anatomy• Gross anatomy - study of large body structures
visible to the naked eye– EX: heart, kidneys, etc
• Regional anatomy – all the structures in one particular region of body
• Systemic – the gross anatomy is studied system by system
• Surface anatomy – the study of internal body structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface
Topics in Anatomy – cont’d
• Microscopic anatomy – structures too small to be seen with the naked eye– Cytology – study of the cells of the body– Histology – study of the body tissue
• Developmental anatomy – traces structural changes that occur in the body throughout the life span
Levels of structural organization
• 1. Chemical level – atoms combine to form molecules like water, sugar, and proteins
• 2. Cells – All cells have some common functions, but only certain cell types form certain tissue
Levels of structural organization
• 3. Tissue level – groups of cells that have a common function– 4 basic types
• Epithelium• Muscle• Connective• Nervous
Levels of structural organization
• 4. Organ – composed of at least 2 tissue types
– Extremely complex functions become possible
Levels of structural organization
• 5. Organ system – organs that work closely with one another to accomplish a common purpose
– 11 organ systems
Levels of structural organization
• 6. Organism level – sum of all structural levels working together to promote life
Necessary Life Functions
• Maintaining boundaries – every living organism must have a boundary different from the inside and the outside of the body– The external boundaries protect the internal
body
• Movement or contractibility – occurs when substances such as blood, foodstuffs, and urine are propelled through internal organs
Necessary Life Functions
• Responsiveness – aka irritability – ability to sense changes to the environment and then respond to them
• Digestion – process of breaking down ingested foodstuffs to simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood
Necessary Life Functions
• Metabolism – includes all chemical reactions that occur within body cells– Catabolism – breaking substances down– Anabolism – synthesizing more complex
cellular structures from simpler substances
• Excretion – process of removing waste from the body
Necessary Life Functions
• Reproduction – responsible for producing offspring
• Growth – increase in the size of a body part or the organism– Usually by increasing the number of cell
Survival needs• 1. Nutrients – contain the chemical substances
used for energy and cell building
• 2. Oxygen – needed for the respiratory and cardiovascular systems
• 3. Water – accounts for 60% to 80% of body weight– Provides the environment necessary for chemical
reactions and fluid base for body secretions and excretions
Survival needs
• 4. Normal body temperature – Too low – metabolic reactions become slower
and slower until they stop– Too high – chemical reactions occur at such a
fast rate that body proteins lose their shape and stop functioning
• 5. Atmospheric pressure – force that air exerts on the surface of the body
Homeostasis
• The ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes continuously
• Our body is dynamic - Very complex
• The state of equilibrium varies, but always within relatively narrow limits
Homeostasis – 3 components
• 1. Receptor – some type of sensor that monitors the environment and responds to changes by sending information to the control center
• 2. Control center – determines the set point at which a variable is to be maintained, analyzes the input and determines the response
Homeostasis – 3 components
• 3. Effector – response of the feedback to influence the stimulus, either causing it to be depressed or stimulate it so it goes faster
Negative Feedback mechanism
• The output of the system shuts off the original stimulus or reduces its intensity
• Similar to the heating system in a house
• Withdrawal reflex – cut or burning
• Glucose levels
Positive Feedback Mechanism
• Results or response enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus so that the activity is accelerated
• Likely to race out of control so they are rarely used to promote the moment to moment well-being of the body– EX: blood-clotting and labor contraction– P. 13
Homeostatic Imbalance
• As we age, our body’s control systems become less efficient and our internal environment becomes less and less stable
• This increases our risk of for illness
Anatomical positions and Directional Terms
• Anatomical position – body is erect with feet only slightly apart and palms facing forward with the thumbs pointing away from the body
Anatomical positions and Directional Terms
• Directional terms – explain exactly where one body structure is in relation to another
– The terms are found on page 16
Regional Terms
• 2 divisions of the body
• Axial part – makes up the main axis of our body and includes the head, neck, and trunk
• Appendicular part – consists of the appendages that are attached to the body’s axis
Body cavities and membranes• Dorsal cavity – protects the nervous
system organs– Cranial cavity – skull– Vertebral or spinal cavity which protects the
spinal cord
• Ventral cavity –– Thoracic cavity – surrounded by the ribs and
muscles of the chest– Abdominopelvic cavity – includes the
diaphragm and the abdominal and pelvic cavities
Homeostatic Imbalance
• P. 19
• What organs are most damaged in a vehicle accident?
Membranes in the Ventral cavity
• Serous membrane – thin, double-layered membrane that covers the walls of the ventral cavity and the outer surfaces of the organs– Serous fluid – fluid found in between the 2
layers of the serous membrane
• Parietal membrane – part of the membrane lining the cavity walls
Other body cavities
• 1. Oral and digestive cavities – organs??
• 2. Nasal cavity – part of the respiratory system
• 3. Orbital cavities – house the eyes
• 4. Middle ear cavity
• 5. Synovial cavity – joint cavities that surround freely movable joints like the knee and shoulder
Abdominopelvic Regions and Quadrants
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