Analyzing Human Motion. هدف از یادگیری تجزیه و تحلیل حرکتی 1- اموزش...

Analyzing Human Motion

حرکتی تحلیل و تجزیه یادگیری از هدف1- حرکات اموزشصحیح

حرکات -2 اصالحThe more the marble wastes

The more statue grows

Joint Movement Terminology

• In anatomical position, all body segments are considered to be positioned at zero degrees.– Sagittal Plane Movements– Frontal Plane Movements– Transverse Plane Movements

Looking at this diagram I'd disagree:

Standard Reference TerminologyDirectional Terms

• Superior• Inferior• Anterior• Posterior• Medial• Lateral

• Proximal• Distal• Superficial• Deep

2-5

frontal plane movements

2-6

Sagittal plane movements

2-8

Frontal Plane Movements

2-13

Transverse Plane Movements

2-16

Other Movements

Tools for Measuring Kinematic Quantities

• Cinematography & Videography– Standard video 30 pictures per second– Higher rates available– Clarity of images– Number of cameras to capture information– Computer-linked equipment – digitizing

Specific Movements

• Shoulder girdle & shoulder joint– Depression

• Inferior movement in frontal plane

– Elevation• Superior movement in

frontal plane

Specific Movements

• Shoulder girdle & shoulder joint– Horizontal abduction

• Mvmt. Of humerus in transverse plane away from midline

– Horizontal adduction• Mvmt. Of humerus in

transverse plane toward midline

Specific Movements• Shoulder girdle and shoulder joint

– Protraction• In horizontal plane

– Retraction• In horizontal plane

– Downward rotation (scapula)• In frontal plane

– Upward rotation (scapula)• In frontal plane

Muscle Terminology

• Origin– Usually refers to the proximal, more fixed

attachment point• Insertion

– Usually refers to the distal, more moveable attachment point

Types of Muscular Contraction• Isometric

– “Iso”=same, “metric”=length

– No change in length, but force developed is equal to resistance

• Example: arm wrasslin’, flexin’

Types of Muscular Contraction

• Isotonic– “Iso”=same, “tonic”=tension– Change in length and force developed may be < or

> resistance

Role of Muscles

• Agonist• Antagonist• Stabilizer• Synergist• Neutralizer

Specific Movements

• Shoulder girdle & shoulder joint– Depression

• Inferior movement in frontal plane

– Elevation• Superior movement in

frontal plane

Specific Movements

• Shoulder girdle & shoulder joint– Horizontal abduction

• Mvmt. Of humerus in transverse plane away from midline

– Horizontal adduction• Mvmt. Of humerus in

transverse plane toward midline

Specific Movements• Shoulder girdle and shoulder joint

– Protraction• In horizontal plane

– Retraction• In horizontal plane

– Downward rotation (scapula)• In frontal plane

– Upward rotation (scapula)• In frontal plane

Muscle Terminology

• Origin– Usually refers to the proximal, more fixed

attachment point• Insertion

– Usually refers to the distal, more moveable attachment point

Types of Muscular Contraction• Isometric

– “Iso”=same, “metric”=length

– No change in length, but force developed is equal to resistance

• Example: arm wrasslin’, flexin’

Types of Muscular Contraction

• Isotonic– “Iso”=same, “tonic”=tension– Change in length and force developed may be < or

> resistance

Types of Muscular Contraction• Eccentric

– Force developed < resistance, therefore movement occurs

– Also known as “negative” contraction

– Example: defensive lineman who gets pancaked

Role of Muscles

• Agonist• Antagonist• Stabilizer• Synergist• Neutralizer

Barbell Ab Rollout - On Knees Exercise Data

Main Muscle Worked: AbdominalsOther Muscles Worked: Lower Back, Shoulders

Equipment: BarbellMechanics Type: Compound

Ab Crunch Machine Exercise Data

Main Muscle Worked: AbdominalsOther Muscles Worked: None

Equipment: MachineMechanics Type: Isolation

Naming Skeletal Muscles

• Number of origins – e.g., biceps (two origins) and triceps (three origins)

• Location of attachments – named according to point of origin or insertion

• Action – e.g., flexor or extensor, as in the names of muscles that flex or extend, respectively

Types of Bones• Long

– Ex.- Femur• Short

– Ex.- calcaneus• Flat

– Ex.- Scapula

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Arrangement of Fascicles

Figure 10.1

Bone-Muscle Relationships: Lever Systems

• Lever – a rigid bar that moves on a fulcrum, or fixed point

• Effort – force applied to a lever• Load – resistance moved by the effort

Lever Systems: Classes

• First class – the fulcrum is between the load and the effort

• Second class – the load is between the fulcrum and the effort

• Third class – the effort is applied between the fulcrum and the load

Bone-Muscle Relationships: Lever Systems

Figure 10.2a

Lever Systems: First Class

Figure 10.3a

Lever Systems: Second Class

Figure 10.3b

Lever Systems: Third Class

Figure 10.3c

Bone-Muscle Relationships: Lever Systems

Figure 10.2b

Major Skeletal Muscles: Anterior View• The 40

superficial muscles here are divided into 10 regional areas of the body

Figure 10.4b

Major Skeletal Muscles: Posterior View• The 27

superficial muscles here are divided into seven regional areas of the body

Figure 10.5b

Major Skeletal Muscles: Posterior View• The 27

superficial muscles here are divided into seven regional areas of the body

Figure 10.5b

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