Analyze how European countries became involved in the American Revolution Examine how the American...

• Analyze how European countries became involved in the American Revolution

• Examine how the American Revolution impacted various minority groups by the end of the war

• Evaluate the reasons for the USA’s victory in the last phase of the Rev War

“That intriguing nation would like very well to meddle on occasion and blow up the coals between England and her colonies. But I hope we shall not give them the opportunity.” (1767)

a. How does France feel since 1763? –F&I War–France prepares

• Keep$ building army and navy

• Spy Network in America and GB

• Colonists mad…–Over salutary

neglect• Population

Growth…USA’s potential someday!!

• Pierre Beaumarchais– Writer…loved the

Enlightenment and USA’s Revolution…

– Bothered Louis XVI…

• USA sent an agent to France to get “help”– Louis XVI made a

secret company Hortalez and Co. that shipped weapons to USA (risky trips)

– Who do you think asked to run it?

• For France…– Island$$$– Gulf of Mexico

control– Long-term

alliance• For USA to be..

– Independent??• YES!!!

– Powerful???• NO!!!

c. WhatFrancewants…

• BF arrives in France in late 1776– Hero to them…

• France wants a big win (“We are backing a winner”)

• What news comes to France in Dec 1777?– Saratoga win

• Everyone acts on Saratoga…

• USA talks to both sides after Saratoga– GB and France

• USA has been talking to both sides for years and told France it was

• French spies give bad news to French gov– GB wants peace w/ USA…

and war w/France!!!

• BF confirms the spy info… he is talking w/GB– What does BF hope to

achieve??

• USA and France form 2 treaties in early 1778– Econ + Mil Alliance

• GB’s Carlisle Commission fails

• France’s Contribution?– Stuff!!! (Guns + $$)– Soldiers– Advisors– NAVY!!!– Recognition of

USA as a country

• 1780 to 1782• Great tactic to “inspire”

the Dutch to help the USA

Adams brings up 1588

• 1780 to 1782• Great tactic to “inspire”

the Dutch to help the USA

• What JA gets for USA– Recognition and $$$– Neutralizer to France

• JA inspires the Dutch!

a. 1778-1781b. Winner?

• Parliament, Lord North, & the English want to give up• George III refuses to surrender

– “I’d rather lose the crown than do what I think is disgraceful”

• France and Spain support• 1/3 1/3 1/3 changing much more now

• Get __________ & _______ to fight with GB– GB thinks there

are more loyalists in the South than Patriots!

• Try to create a ______ war in the colonies

• Win the South and then move North

• GW’s most trusted subordinate

• Good military mind

• Frontiersman “man of mystery” (500 lashes)

• Saratoga

• Get into Pitched Battles?– Greene splits his

army and uses Guerilla Warfare

• Cat & Mouse… be on the run– Greene brilliant

@ Dan River (LOTR)

• Utilize home-field advantage

• How’s he done so far?• July 1778, GW gives him

Philly (bad choice)• 1779, Arnold marries

Peggy Shippen (38 to 18)– Loyalist family w/GB ties– Major John Andre…

• Spring 1779, PA Gov Joseph Reed w/BA ($$)– BA indicted by Cont

Congress but sways them– Reed forces GW to court

martial BA or get no supplies– BA pleads to GW

• What does GW do?– BA snaps! Turns to who?– Deal = Brig Gen in GB

army and 20K pounds for a major fort…(?)

• One year later (August, 1780), GW wants to make it up to BA– ½ command of army & #3– BA asks for West Point…

• Sept, 1780!!!– BA weakens West Point– Sept 24 = Big Day…but

Andre is captured!!– BA escapes alone…

• How does it end for BA?– fights for GB during the

rest of the Rev War– GW wants BA captured

and hanged for treason…– response from English

when he arrives in England

– Becomes a businessman and dies in 1801 (60 y/o)

• How does it end for John Andre?– Not given an officer’s

death by GW (firing squad)

– Hero in England

• Winter of 1779-1780 in M-town– 26 snow storms– 6 blizzards– All but 2 days in

January were below freezing

– Men ate birch bark and cooked old shoes

– Only ~100 died that winter vs ~2500 @ VF

a. Battles…no major defeats

– USA Generals • Greene > Cornwallis• Morgan does well too

– Many battles Camden, SC 1780 Charleston, SC 1780

– Massacre at Waxhaws follows (Tarleton)

– GW stuck...snowed in May

Kings Mtn, SC 1780 Cowpens, SC 1781

– Morgan’s Masterpiece… Guilford Courthouse,

NC 1781– Cornwallis sloppy!!

• Not enough Loyalists fought for GB– Those who did lost to Patriot forces– Battle of Kings Mountain (Death of Capt. Ferguson)

• Patriots knew the terrain better– Blended into back country and society well– British can’t tell who is the enemy…hmmmm

• British = sluggish (Cornwallis chasing Greene)

• Greene frustrates Cornwallis @ Guilford Courthouse March 1781

• Cornwallis gives up on Carolina Campaign

• Cornwallis retreats to & writes to Clinton for orders

• Clinton tells Cornwallis to go to peninsula in VA– Wait for help– Clinton will sail down

to help him• Why is this a dumb idea?

• Cornwallis trapped three ways– 1-month siege

• Cornwallis writes to Clinton for help– Clinton = IDIOT!!

• Surrender Oct. 17, 1781– 4 years after…

• Saratoga…– 7K British surrender

• GW loses last adopted son, Jackie in the battle

• Cornwallis didn’t surrender (faked illness)

• Nov 1781, GB gets news of the defeat– PM North reads the

news and yells, “My God…It’s all over!”• Then resigns!!

– Even King George III now wants a speedy end to the war

• France delays treaty talks– 2nd Cont

Congress agrees to let France approve talks & “advise”

– JA handcuffed by orders & “aids”?

• JA & Jay cut out France – BF makes nice ♥

“I have lived long enough, and had experience enough of the conduct of governments and people, nations and courts, to be convinced that gratitude, friendship, unsuspecting confidence, and all the most amiable passions in human nature, are the most dangerous guides in politics” between nations.

• Independence recognized by GB

• Fishing rights in Canada…• Mississippi River access

• Spain gets Florida• France gets...• USA & GB don’t follow a bunch of agreements

(slaves, debts, Loyalist property)

• Last British soldiers (?) leave NYC Harbor• Last shots fired

• Economically– Gov in serious debt!– Economy…

• Got over early trade problems (blockade)

– Learned to trade with other Europeans and Central & South America

– Developed own goods• GB blockade means

free trade…– Will trade with everyone

(GB too) again• Then a recession!!!

• Politically– Have to learn to run

ourselves…

• GB…– will pay off debt

and be “okay”• France?

– Debt will linger and they will have French Revolution

– Louis XVI, who helped USA become independent, will be executed

– More on this later!