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CAFF Strategy Series Report nr. 5December 2011
An International Arctic Vegetation DatabaseA foundation for panarctic biodiversity studies
ConCept paper
CAFF Designated Agencies:
• DirectorateforNatureManagement,Trondheim,Norway
• EnvironmentCanada,Ottawa,Canada
• FaroeseMuseumofNaturalHistory,Tórshavn,FaroeIslands(KingdomofDenmark)
• FinnishMinistryoftheEnvironment,Helsinki,Finland
• IcelandicInstituteofNaturalHistory,Reykjavik,Iceland
• TheMinistryofDomesticAffairs,NatureandEnvironment,GovernmentofGreenland
• RussianFederationMinistryofNaturalResources,Moscow,Russia
• SwedishEnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Stockholm,Sweden
• UnitedStatesDepartmentoftheInterior,FishandWildlifeService,Anchorage,Alaska
CAFF Permanent Participant Organizations:
• AleutInternationalAssociation(AIA)
• ArcticAthabaskanCouncil(AAC)
• Gwich’inCouncilInternational(GCI)
• InuitCircumpolarCouncil(ICC)–Greenland,AlaskaandCanada
• RussianIndigenousPeoplesoftheNorth(RAIPON)
• SaamiCouncil
Thispublicationshouldbecitedas:Walker,D.A.andM.K.Raynolds.2011.AnInternationalArcticVegetationDatabase:afoundationforpanarcticbiodiversitystudies.ConceptPaper.CAFFInternationalSecretariat,CAFFStrategySeriesReportNr.5.ISBN:978-9935-431-12-7.
Withcontributionsby:KenBaldwin,TomBarry,AmyBreen,HelgaBültmann,MilanChytrý,FredDaniëls,SteffiIckert-Bond, Stephan Hennekens, Catherine Kennedy, Patrick Kuss, Nadyezhda Matveyeva, Stephen Talbot, Robert Peet,ValodyaRazzhivin,LubomirTichý,MarilynWalker
Coverphoto:AtigunR.Canyon,Alaska/by:MarthaRaynolds
Back coverphoto: Blackbiological soil crust communities coveringmarine-alluvial sands,Hayes Island, Franz JosefLand/SkipWalker
Formoreinformationpleasecontact:CAFF International SecretariatBorgir, Nordurslod600 Akureyri, IcelandPhone: +354 462-3350Fax: +354 462-3390Email: caff@caff.isInternet: www.caff.is
Editing:D.A.WalkerandM.K.RaynoldsLayout:CourtneyPrice
Acknowledgements
___CAFFDesignatedArea
3
Summary
This paper proposes an International ArcticVegetation Database (IAVD), an essential first step indeveloping a panarctic ecological information system for use in research, nature conservation,educationandpolicymaking.Thiswouldbethefirstvegetationdatabasetoencompassanentireglobalbiome.ThisisachievablebecausetheArcticistheonlybiomethathasitsentirelistofknownplants, including about 2870 vascular plants, 900 mosses and 1600 lichens, documented in up-to-date flora checklists developed by taxonomistswithin the CAFF Flora Group.The IAVDwouldprovidea solid foundation forvegetationanalysisandawidevarietyofcircumpolarconservationandbiodiversitystudies.DrivingmotivationsfortheIAVDinclude1)developmentofaninternationalapproach toaddresspressingsciencequestions thathavebeenspurredby the rapidclimateandland-use changes occurring in theArctic, 2) harmonization of theNorthAmerican and EuropeanapproachesforarchivingandclassifyingArcticvegetation,and3)archivinglegacyvegetationdatasetsthatareindangerofbeinglost.Alargebodyofinternationalexperienceinotherbiomeswillhelptomakethetaskfeasible.Herewepresentthehistoryoftheproject,abriefbackgroundinvegetationclassification,howtheprojectfitswithintheCAFFconservationmandates,aconceptualframeworkforthedatabase,howitwillbemade,someofthepotentialproducts,abriefstatementofexpectedfunding requirements, and a preliminary inventory of the existing Arctic vegetation data sets.
Mosspolstercommunity,HayesIsland,FranzJosefLand/Photo:InaTimling
4
Contents
Summary.............................................................................................................................................................3
Introduction:Thenatureofvegetationdata..........................................................................................5
Somehistory......................................................................................................................................................6
IstheArcticanappropriateregionforsuchadatabase?..................................................................9
HowtheInternationalArcticVegetationDatabasefitswithintheCAFFmandate..................9
ConceptualframeworkoftheInternationalArcticVegetationDatabase................................10
HowwilltheInternationalArcticVegetationDatabasebecreated?..........................................12
Web-basedproducts..................................................................................................................................14
FundingfortheInternationalArcticVegetationDatabase............................................................14
Timeline...........................................................................................................................................................15
Internationalpartners.................................................................................................................................15
References........................................................................................................................................................16
AppendixA.PreliminarysurveyofArcticrelevés..............................................................................20
AppendixAReferences...............................................................................................................................23
AppendixB.Glossary...................................................................................................................................27
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Introduction: The nature of vegetation data
Anestimated260,000knownvascular-plantspecies,13,000lichens,and16,000bryophytesoccuronEarth(Ravenetal.2006).Thesearedistributedinamyriadofplantcommunities,whichdifferincompositionandspatialstructuredependingonpastandpresentenvironmentalconditions.Thevegetationofaregionreferstotheplantcommunities,whereastheregionalflorareferstotheplantspecies.Plantcommunitiesandtheirconstituentspecieshavetremendousvaluetohumanitybecausetheyprovidefood,medicine,clothingandsheltertotheworld’spopulation;theyhelptoregulatetheEarth’sclimateandcontrolessentialnutrientsandresources,includingwaterandthecompositionoftheairthatwebreathe.Becausevegetationprovidestheprimaryproductionandstructureofthefoodweb,italsocontrolsthedistributionofotherbiotasuchasmammals,birdsandfish.Furthermore,plantcommunitieshaveimportantculturalandspiritualvalues.Becauseofplantcommunities’extraordinarycomplexityandtheiressentialimportancetomankind,vegetationscientistshavedevotedagreatdealofenergytodescribing,classifyingandanalyzingthevegetationoftheEarth(e.g.,Walter1976,Whittaker1978,Ellenberg1988,DeCáceres2011).
Vegetation sampling
DevelopingacomprehensiveandconsistentArcticVegetationClassificationandachecklistofplant-communitytypeswillfirstrequireorganizingthelargeamountofindependentlycollectedplant-communitydatafromaroundtheArcticintoadatabase.ThemostusefulinformationforthisarevegetationdatacollectedaccordingtostandardprotocolsthathavebeenusedinmanypartsoftheArcticfordevelopingvegetationclassifications,suchasthoseusedintheBraun-Blanquetclassificationapproach(WesthoffandvanderMaarel1978)andtheU.S.NationalVegetationClassification(Jenningsetal.2009).Vegetationdataarecollectedfromplantcommunitiesintypicalhabitatsthatrepeatedlyoccuracrossbroadlandscapes.IntheArctic,theseincludesuchexamplesaszonalhabitats,drygravellyhabitats,wetfensandbogs,snowbeds,salinecoastalhabitats,sandydunehabitats,riparianandfloodplainhabitats,springs,talusslopes,calcareousloesshabitats,andmoistrichmeadows.Manyvegetationscientistsaroundtheworlduseanapproachwherebydataarerecordedfromsmallplots(e.g.,5mx5m).Theseplotsarefloristicallyandstructurallyhomogeneousareasthatarerepresentativeofplantcommunitiesthatrepeatedlyrecurinsimilarhabitatswithinaregion.Withineachsampleplot,afulllistofalltheplantspeciesismade,includinganestimateofthepercentagecoverofeachspecies.Oftencharacteristicsofthesitearealsorecorded,suchaselevation,slopeandaspect,landform,bedrock,parentmaterial,soilpH,snowregime,animaluseofthesite,disturbances,andactive-layerdepth.Othervegetationinformationmightincludehorizontalandverticalstructureoftheplantcommunityandplantbiomass.Thisinformationisusuallyorganizedintotwo data matrices: one containing the plant-species-cover data, and one containing the other environmental and vegetation information.Thesedatamatricescanthenbeusedtodescribe,classify,andanalyzeplantspeciesandplantcommunitiesinrelationshiptoenvironmentalcharacteristics.Theinformationinthesedatamatricesistheprincipaldatathatareusedinclassifyingplantcommunitiesandcharacterizinglandsurfacesforvegetationmapping.
Otherapproachestosamplingvegetation,suchaspoint-interceptmethods,belttransects,orrepeatedmeasuresofbiomass,leaf-areaandspectralreflectance,areusefulformonitoringvegetationchanges,butthedatacollectedbythesemethodsrequireseparatedatabaseapproaches.Thesedatawillbearchivedintheproposedprojectbutwouldnotbeincludedinthestandardizedvegetationdatabase.
Sedge,prostrateshrub,moss,lichenplantcommunity,Nuuk,Greenland/Photo:SkipWalker
6
Vegetationgenerallyintegratestheecologicalprocessesactingonasiteorlandscapemoremeasurablythananyotherfactororsetoffactorsandisoftenchosenasthebasisfortheclassificationandmappingofterrestrialecosystems.Patternsofco-occurringplantspecieshavereceivedmoreattentionthanthoseofothercomponents,suchasfauna,becausetheyareattachedtothesoilandimmobile,thusrelativelyeasytomeasureandmap.Anadditionalbenefitisthatvegetationisoftenusedtoinfersoilandclimatepatterns.VegetationdataareimportantfortheanalysisanddescriptionofecologicalpatternsandprocessesandhavebeencollectedusingstandardizedmethodsfrommuchoftheArctic(seeinsertpanel).
The need for a panarctic vegetation database
ManyArcticenvironmentalproblemsarenolongernationalorregionalincharacterandmustbeaddressedinaglobalcontext.Politicalboundariesseldomcoincidewithbiogeographicboundaries.Thus,managementstrategiesforlong-termmaintenanceofbiodiversitymaybebetterfocusedonthecharacteristicbiotaofmuchlargerregions(Noss1983).Vegetationcharacteristicsareoftenusedinenvironmentalinventories,land-useplanning,environmentalmanagement,andconservationevaluationsbecausethevegetationactsasanintegratorofmanyofthephysicalandbiologicalattributesofecosystems(Specht1975,Austin1991).Severalcountrieshavedevelopedoraredevelopingvegetationdatabasesandclassificationsasinstrumentsforecologicalresearch,natureconservationandpolicymaking(Schaminéeetal.2011).AnArctic-wideapproachtovegetationdatamanagement,classificationandanalysisisparticularlyimportantatthismomentinhistorybecauseglobalclimatechangehasintensifiedeffortstoinventory,classifyandmapthevegetationoftheArcticinmuchmoredetailthanhasbeendonepreviously(Callaghanetal2005).Aninternationalapproachofdescribing,namingandanalyzingplantcommunitiesisneededforawidevarietyofpurposesrelatedtoanticipatedglobalchanges,resourcedevelopment,land-useplanning,studiesofbiotaandbiodiversity,education,andhumansocial-ecologicalinteractions.Vegetationscientistshavemadethefirststepsfromlocalvegetationanalysestopan-Arcticanalyses.
Some history
TheconceptofanInternationalArcticVegetationDatabaseandclassificationwasproposedattheFirstInternationalArcticVegetationClassificationWorkshopin1992atBoulder,CO,USA(M.D.Walkeretal.1994).ThismeetingstronglystimulatedinternationalinterestinArcticplant-communityresearch.TheideawasrevivedattheSecondInternationalWorkshoponCircumpolarVegetationClassificationandMapping,Tromsø,Norway2004(Daniëlsetal.2005)andrecentlyreceivedafavorableresponsefromtheConservationofArcticFloraandFauna(CAFF)FloraGroupatthe4thInternationalCAFFWorkshopinTórshavn,FaroeIslands(Talbot2008,KussandWalker2008).TheproposeddatabasewillbethenextsteptowardtheultimategoalofcreatingaclassificationandProdromus(comprehensivelistofplantcommunities)ofArcticvegetationthatisaccessiblethroughtheworldwideweb.
TheCircumpolarArcticVegetationMapwasamajorsteptowardfulfillingtheideasfromtheBoulder
Salix glauca riparianshrubland,Nuuk,Greenland/Photo:SkipWalker
7
Workshop(CAVMTeam2003,Walkeretal.2005)(Figure1).Duringtheprocessofmakingthemap,muchofthecircumpolararcticplant-communityinformationwasreviewedandupdated(Daniëlsetal.2005;Walkeretal.2005).AlthoughtheArcticisarelativelyunder-sampledregionoftheEarth,agreatdealofhigh-qualityplot-levelvegetationinformationhasbeencollected,andaunifiedclassificationframeworkforthevegetationofthebiomeisanachievablegoal.
Figure 1.CircumpolarArcticVegetationMapshowstheextentoftheArctic,definebythenortherntreeline,andthedominantphysiognomicvegetationtypes.
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Two main approaches to vegetation classification in the Arctic
OneoftheprincipalproductsthatwouldeventuallybederivedfromtheInternationalArcticVegetationDatabasewouldbeapanarcticvegetationclassification.InArcticregions,twoapproachestovegetationclassificationareprevalent:theEuropeanorBraun-Blanquet(Br-Bl.)approachandtheAmericanapproach.
The European approach:ThetraditiondevelopedbyJosiasBraun-Blanquet(1928,1964;Westhoff&vanderMaarel1978)isthebasisfornumerouscomprehensivetextbooksandtreatmentsofthevegetationofEuropeandotherpartsoftheworld(e.g.,Ellenberg1988,Dierschke1994,Dierssen1996,Klötzlietal.2010).Theapproachisconsideredafloristic-basedapproach:Thatis,alllevelsoftheclassificationhierarchyarebasedprimarilyonspeciescomposition.AreviewofvegetationstudiesfortheCircumpolarArcticVegetationMapshowedthattheBr.-Bl.approachisthemostwidelyusedmethodofvegetationstudyintheArctic,withmanystudiesinEurope,Svalbard,Greenland,Russia,CanadaandAlaska(e.g.Barrett1972,Böcher1963,Bültmann2005,Thannheiser1988,Daniëls1994,Daniëlsetal.2004,Drees&Daniëls2009,Dierssen1992,Dierssen&Dierssen2005,Elvebakk1994,2005,Fredskild1998,Kholod2007,Kadeetal.2005,Kucherov&Daniëls2005,Matveyeva1998,2002,2006,Möller2000,Razzhivin1994,Schickhoffetal.2002,Sieg&Daniëls2005,Siegetal.2005,2006,2009,Sekretareva2003,Talbotetal.2005,Vonlanthenetal.2008,Walkeretal.1994,Zanokha2001,2003).TheBr.-Bl.method,however,hasnotgainedwideacceptanceinNorthAmerica,althoughtherehavebeenscatteredattemptstoapplyitin,forexample,intheColoradoalpine(Komárková1979),theNorthAmericanborealforests(Rivas-Martínezetal.1999),theeasterndeciduousforests(Miyawakietal.1994),andprincipallyintheArctic(referencescitedabove).ThebestsourcesforlearningthemethodareinGerman(e.g.,Braun-Blanquet1964,Dierschke1994,Dierssen1996,Wilmanns1998),andseveraltextsinEnglishhaveprovidedoverviews(e.g.Shimwell1971,Mueller-Dombois&Ellenberg1974;WesthoffandvanderMaarel1978,Kent&Coker1992).
The American approach:TheNatureConservancystartedtheapproachabout35yearsago,whicheventuallyevolvedintotheU.S.NationalVegetationClassification(USNVC)(Grossmanetal.1998,Jenningsetal.2009)andtheCanadaNationalVegetationClassification(CNVC)(Ponomarenko&Alvo2001).TheAmericanapproachusesfloristiccriteriasimilartotheBr.-Bl.approachatthelowestlevel(associationlevel)ofclassificationandavarietyofothercriteriaforhigher-levelunitsincludingvegetationphysiognomy(generaloutwardappearance)andbiogeographiccriteria(Faber-Langendoenetal.2009).In2001,TheNatureConservancytransferredthedevelopmentoftheapproachtoNatureServehttp://www.natureserve.org/aboutUs/index.jsp,whichisundersubcontracttotheU.S.ForestServicetomanagetheclassificationdatabaseandoverseechangesincontent.TheEcologicalSocietyofAmerica(ESA)andtheNationalBiologicalInformationInfrastructure(NBII)ProgramintheU.S.GeologicalSurveyarealsoplayingsupervisoryandpeerreviewrolesfortheUSNVC.TheapproachhasgainedwiderecognitionandacceptanceamonggovernmentagenciesintheU.S.,andseveralcountriesinthewesternhemisphereareusingittoguidetheirnationalvegetationclassifications,includingBolivia,Canada,MexicoandVenezuela(Faber-Langendoenetal.2009).TheCNVCapproachisbeingusedtoincludetheU.S.andCanadianArcticintheCanadianvegetationclassification.
The need for a harmonized approach:TheAmericanandBr.-Bl.approachesaresimilaratthelowestlevel(plant-associationlevel)ofthehierarchies,butthedetailsofthehierarchicapproachesmakeitdifficulttomakethesystemstotallycompatible.PlantassociationsdescribedaccordingtotheBr.-Bl.approachcanbeincludedintheU.S.andCanadianvegetationclassificationsystems;whereas,thereverseisnoteasilyaccomplishedwithoutconsiderableadditionalattentiontothenamingandpublicationoftheplantcommunitiesaccordingtointernationalprotocols(Weberetal.2000).Thereisneed,especiallyintheArctic,forharmonizingtheBr.-Bl.andAmericanapproachesbecausesomuchoftheworldisheavilyinvestedinoneortheothermethod(DeCaceras&Wiser2011).TheArcticvegetationdatabasewouldbeconstructedsothatthedatacouldbeincorporatedintoeitherapproach.
Oxyria digyna,HayesIsland,FranzJosefLand/InaTimling
9
Is the Arctic an appropriate region for such a database?
Ofalltheglobalbiomes,theArcticTundraBiomebestlendsitselftoaunifiedinternationalapproachformanagingitsvegetationinformation.BecauseofitsproximitytotheArcticOceanwithitsrelativelyhomogeneousmaritimeclimate,arelativelysmallfloraandmainlyyounglandscapes,theArcticisfloristicallyandvegetativelythemosthomogeneousofalltheglobalbiomes.Itisalsotheonlybiomethathasitsentirelistofknownplants,includingabout2200vascularplants,900bryophytesand1700lichens,documentedinup-to-dateflorachecklists(Meltofte2011inprep.,Afonina&Czernyadjeva1995,Elvebakk&Prestrud1996,Sekretareva1999,Afonina2004,Kristinssonetal.2011,Elvenetal.2011).TheArcticTundraBiomeisalreadymappedattheglobalscaleaccordingtophysiognomiccategories(CAVMTeam2003),anditisthebestdescribedofallbiomes.Ifsuccessfullyappliedhere,itwouldbeagoodmodelforapplicationtootherglobalbiomessuchastheborealforestbiome(Spribille&Chytrý2002)andtheCAFFCircum-BorealForestMappingeffort(http://caff.arcticportal.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=frontpage&Itemid=191).
How the International Arctic Vegetation Database fits within the CAFF mandate
TheConservationofArcticFloraandFauna(CAFF)istheBiodiversityworkinggroupoftheArcticCouncil.ItsmandateistoaddresstheconservationofArcticandborealbiodiversity,andcommunicatefindingstothegovernmentsandresidentsoftheNorth,helpingtopromotepracticesthatensurethesustainabilityofnorthernresources.Themandatealsoincludesworkingtowardsregulationsandpracticesforfloraandvegetation,fauna,habitatmanagement,utilization,andconservation.Tohelpfulfillthisrole,CAFFproducesarangeofstrategiesandplansfordirectlyconservingspeciesandplantcommunitiesandalsoprovidesaframeworkthatfacilitatesmoreeffectiveconservationmeasures.Thesestrategiesprovidescientificandconservationrecommendationsonhowtoimplementandensurethemosteffective
RedBryum rutilans community,HayesIsland,FranzJosefLand/SkipWalker
10
managementresponse.TheyaredevelopedviaintensiveinternationalcooperationbetweencountriesandscientistsacrosstheArcticregion.
WithinCAFFarethreeexpertgroups(Flora(CFG);Seabirds(CBird);andProtectedAreas(CPAN))thatarerelatedtokeyactivitiesofCAFFandservetosynthesize,coordinateandpublishresearchwithintheseareasofactivities.TheArcticVegetationDatabaseisaprojectoftheCFG.TheCFGwascreatedin2004toensurethatscientists,conservationists,andmanagersinterestedinarcticandborealfloraandvegetationwouldhaveaforumtopromote,facilitate,andcoordinateconservation,management,andresearchactivitiesofmutualconcern.TheCFGpromotesthefollowingactivities:
• Internationalopportunitiestosupporttheconservationneedsofthebiodiversityofarcticfloraandvegetation;
• ConservationpartnershipswithintheArcticandneighboringareas;
• Researchandeducationforconservationpartnerships;• Exchangeofpublishedinformationandunpublisheddata
concerningarcticfloraandvegetation;and• DevelopmentofcooperativebotanicalactivitiesfortheCAFF
annualworkplan.
Conceptual framework of the International Arctic Vegetation Database
TheInternationalArcticVegetationDatabaseisaprojectundertakenbymembersoftheCAFFFloraGroup.Theplant-communitydataoftheIAVDwillbeintimatelylinkedtotheplantspecieslistscontainedinthePanarcticFloradatabase(Figure2)theoutputofbothdatabaseswillbemadeavailabletoresearchersandthegeneralpublicthroughtheCircumpolarBiodiversityMonitoringProgramme’s(CBMP)DataPortal.Plant Species Lists
AstandardlistofacceptedplantspeciesnamesisanessentialfirststeptowardmakingtheIAVD.TaxonomistswithintheCAFFFloraGroupoftheArcticaredevelopingPanarcticlistsofvascularplants,bryophytesandlichens.Astandardvascularlisthasalreadybeencreated(The PanArctic Flora,PAF),andwasmadeavailableonthewebin2011(Elvenetal.2011).ThelistofarcticlichenshasalsobeenpublishedandisavailableontheCAFFwebsite(Kristinssonetal.2011).Thelistswillbecompiledinadatabaseformatthatcanincludeplantdescriptions,photographs,andinformationongenetics,ecology,habitat,andgeographicdistribution.Sourcesofinformationwillbelistedinareferencebibliography.RedListplantswillbehighlighted,sothatinventoriesanddescriptionsofrareandendangeredplantscanbeeasilygenerated.SpecialistsfromtheCAFFFloraWorking
Aconitum delphiniifolium ssp. delphiniifolium /MarthaRaynolds
If I knew all there is to know about a golden Arctic poppy growing on a rocky ledge in the Far North, I would know the whole story of evolution and creation.
–Sigurd F. Olson. Reflections from the North Country, 1976
Photo:SkipWalker
11
Groupwillkeepthedatabasecurrentusingpasswordaccessviatheinternet.Theselistswillbecombinedintoasinglelistforthevegetationdatabase.ManyArcticvegetationsurveyshaveusednomenclatureinotherlistsofspecies(e.g.Hultén1968,Böcheretal.1968,Porsild&Cody1980,Rebristayaetal.1995,Afonina&Czernyadjeva1995,Elvebakk&Prestrud1996,Sekretareva1999,Afonina2004,Elvenetal.2011,Cody2000,Kristinsson2001,Petrovskiyetal.1996,Aikenetal.1999onwards,Talbotetal.1999,Brodo2001,Alsosetal.2005-2010,Lid&Lid2005,UniversityofAlaskaMuseumoftheNorth2001-2010).Synonymousnamesfromtheseandotherlistswillbeincluded,followingprotocolsdevelopedfortheSynBioSysvegetationinformationsystemoftheEuropeanVegetationSurvey,http://www.synbiosys.alterra.nl/synbiosyseu/.
Plant Community Data
TheArcticVegetationDatabasewillcontainthedetailedspecies-coverinformationcollectedfromsitesintheArcticandassociatedenvironmentalinformationifavailable.Thesedatawillcomefrompublishedstudiesofplantcommunities.ThePlantCommunityDatabasewilllaythefoundationforananalysisofarcticplantcommunitiesandanannotatedlist(Prodromus)ofalldescribedplantcommunitiesintheArctic.ThePlantCommunityDatawillbecompiledusingthePlantSpeciesListtoensureconsistentspeciesnomenclature.
Figure 2.ConceptualdiagramoftheInternationalArcticVegetationDatabase.
SortingvouchercollectionsandbiomassaboardtheM.Somov,2010/
SkipWalker
Interna'onalArc'c
Vegeta'onDatabase
Environmental
data
Panarc'cSpeciesDatabase
UnifiedArc'cplantspecieschecklist
withacceptedPAFnamesandsynonyms
Otherspecieslistsassociated
withrawspeciesplotdata
Published and unpublished plot data
Images,morphology,biology,
gene2cs,distribu2on,ecology
Species cover
data
Preliminary
prodromus
Plotdata:Original&standardizeddatasets,grouped
byvegeta2ontypes,habitattypes,loca2onsorother
variable
Species pages
Plant community
pages
PDFsof
original
papers
Biodiversity
assessment,
gapanalysis
Interac2ve
database
Checklist
download
Bibliography Plot Pages
Plotdata
download
maps
Vegetation classification
& Prodromus
Metadata
download
CBMPDataPortal:Web‐basedProducts
Vascularplants
Elvenetal.
2011
Mosses
Bellandetal.
2011inprep.
Lichens
Kris'nssenetal.
2010
12
How will the International Arctic Vegetation Database be created?Thisprojectwillassembletheavailablerawplant-communityinformationintoacommondatabase(Fig.3).Thevegetationdatabasewillcontainthedetailedspecies-coverandsupportingenvironmentalinformationfromthestudiesofplantcommunitiesintheArctic.ThedatabasewillbecreatedusingthesoftwareapplicationTurboveg(http://www.synbiosys.alterra.nl/turboveg;Hennekens&Schaminée2001).ThejustificationforusingTurbovegisthatitisthemostwidelyusedvegetationdatabasetoolandlendsitselfwelltoothersoftwarepackagesdevelopedinEuropeforvegetationclassificationandanalysis,suchasJUICE(Tichy2002)andMULVA-5(WildiandOrlóci1996).Turbovegisanapplicationforfront-endmanagementofvegetationdata.Eventuallythedatawillbestoredinaclientserverdatabasesuchastheopensourcedatabaseobject-relationalsystemPostgreSQLhttp://www.postgresql.org/.AnimportantfirststepindevelopingthedatabasewillbeincorporatingthestandardizedArcticspecieslistintoTurboveg.Wewillusethepan-Arcticchecklists(Elvenetal.2011,Kristinsson2011,Afonina2004,Belland2012inprogress)andcross-referenceallothersnamesassynonyms.TheinformationfromTurbovegcanbereadilyimportedintoVegBank,thedatabaseusedfortheUSNationalVegetationClassificationandIBIS,thedatabaseusedbymanyRussianvegetationscientists(Solomeshch&Mirkin1999).
Figure 3.DataflowfortheInternationalArcticVegetationDatabase.TheCircumpolarBiodiversityMonitoringProgramme’sDataPortalwillbethehostserverforthedatabase.
Datasets
spreadsheetordatabase
formats(Excel,IBIS,
Turboveg,dbsetc.)
Standardized
exchange
format(e.g.
Turboveg,
standardXML
files)
Server
site
soEware
IAVD
PanarcJc
species
list
Russia
datasets
North
America
datasets
Greenland,
Scandinavia
datasets
CentralIAVD
(LocaJontobe
determined)
Analyses
CBMPWeb
DataPortal
Products
Includingspeciesmatrices,
environmentaldata
matrices,specieslists,pdf
ofpublicaJons,metadata,
etc.
DescripJon,classificaJon,
analysisofArcJc
vegetaJon,habitatsand
environment
13
Developmentofastandardizedsetofenvironmentalvariableswillalsobeneeded.Thelistofenvironmentalvariablesformostplotswillbeshortandincludesuchthingsasgeographiccoordinates,elevation,andsitemoisturestatus.Forsomeplotsextensivesoilandenvironmentalinformationisavailableandwillbeincluded.Partofthegoalsoftheprojectwillbetodeveloprecommendationsforfuturecollectionofplot-levelenvironmentaldatatocomplementvegetationinformation.
Duringthefirstyear,aworkshopthatistentativelyplannedtobeheldinWageningen,theNetherlands,willlaythefoundationforthedatabaseandassemblealistofthekeydatasetsthatwillbeincluded.AtrainingsessioninthelatestversionofTurbovegisalsoplanned.WewillinvitescientistswithaninterestorfocusonArcticvegetationsciencetoparticipateandcommentonthiscollaborativecircumarcticproject.WewilldrawontheexperienceofcolleaguesatWageningenUniversity,theNetherlands,andMasarykUniversity,CzechRepublic,whohavelongexperienceinbuildinglargevegetationdatabases(Schaminéeetal.2009).WewillalsosolicitthecooperationandhelpofCanadianswhoarebuildinganArcticvegetationdatabaseinCanada(deGrootetal.2010)andthedevelopersofVegBankfortheUSNationalVegetationClassification.Ourlong-termgoalisaclassificationiscompatiblewiththeAmericanandEuropeansystems.Theprojectwilllikelyrequirethefull-timeattentionofthreepost-doctoralstudentsandanassistanttoenterdatafromsetsofknownvegetationinformationfortheArctic.WewillprioritizethedataentrytofirstincludethebestpublisheddigitaldatasetswithcompletevascularandnonvascularplantspecieslistscollectedaccordingtoBr.-Bl.protocols(seeAppendix1forpreliminarylistofdatasets).Astimepermitswewillenterdatafromunpublishedandnon-digitalsources.Aspecialeffortwillbemadetoretrievecriticallegacydatasetsthatareindangerofbeinglostorwhoseauthorshavedied.Datacollectedwithincompletespecieslistsorbynon-expertswillhavelowpriority.Keyinvestigatorswillworkattheirhomeinstitutionstopreparetheirdataforinclusioninthedatabase.Twoadditionalworkshopsareplannedtohelpcoordinatetheeffort.AbibliographyofvegetationsurveysintheArcticwillaccompanythedatabase.TheInternationalArcticVegetationDatabasewillbeaccessiblethroughtheweb.Wewillcreatedownloadoptionssuchthatchecklistsandplantcommunityinformationcanbecustomizedandretrieved,forexampleforspecifiedgeographicareas.
Inthefirstyearoftheproject,aprototypedatabasewillbecreatedusingthemostreadilyavailableArcticvegetationdatasets.Thisprototypewillbedrawontheprotocols,methods,andexperienceusedfortheSynBioSysinformationsystemoftheEuropeanVegetationSurvey,headquarteredinWageningen,theNetherlands,andVegetationDatabaseoftheCzechRepublic(Chytrý2010).
Cushion-forb,lichencommunity,HayesIsland,FranzJosefLand/SkipWalker
14
Web-based products
OncetheInternationalArcticVegetationDatabasehasbeencreated,itcanbeusedforawidevarietyofapplications.Theoriginalplotdatathatwereusedtopopulatethedatabasecanbeexportedintheiroriginalconditionorwithconsistentspeciesnomenclature.Thespeciesdataorenvironmentaldatacanbeexportedforsubsetsofthedatabase,selectedforexampleonthebasisongeographicallocation,orcommunitytype,orresearcher.Listsofspeciesoccurrencecanbecreatedforspecificareasorcommunities,forcomparativeanalysisorbiodiversityassessment.Geographicaldistributionofplotdatacanbeusedforgapanalysis,todetermineareasthatarepoorlysampled.Listsofknownspeciescanbecreatedforgeographicareas,avaluableresourceforbothexpertslookingforrareoroverlookedplants,andresearchersnotfamiliarwiththefloraofanarea.
TheIAVDandtheplantspecieslistswillbeaccessibleviatheCAFFCircumpolarBiodiversityMonitoringProgram’sDataManagementPortal.Webpagesforindividualplantspeciesandplantcommunitieswillbeautomaticallygeneratedfromthedatabase,showingphotographsanddescriptionsoftheplantcommunitiesandtheirhabitat(Figure4).Thewebportalwillhaveageographiccomponent,sothatdistributionmapscanbecreated.Plantspecieschecklistscanbegeneratedforspecificareas.Summarystatisticsderivedfromthedatabasewillbeakeyresourceforprovidingup-to-datebiodiversityassessmentsandidentifyingknowledgegaps.OneofthefirstusesofthecompletedDatabasewillbetoconductacommunityanalysis.Theanalysiswillusetheplotdatatoidentifyconsistentrecurringgroupsofspeciesthatformidentifiablecommunities.Thesecommunitiesformthebasisforvegetationmappingandhabitatdescriptions.Alistofthesecommunities,theArcticProdomus,willbeavaluableresourceforresearchersandmanagers.
Funding for the International Arctic Vegetation Database
Wewillrequestfunds,likelyfromavarietyofinternationalagencies,forananticipated5-yearprojectthatmayincludethefollowingscopeofitemsthatwillbemodifiedafterconsultationamongtheparticipantsandreviewersoftheproposal:
1.Threeworkshopsforkeyinvestigators(approximately10-15people)tomeetanddiscusstherequirementsandprogressoftheproject.
2.3full-time3-yrpost-docexpertsinArcticvegetationanddatabasemanagementtoassembletheInternationalArcticVegetationDatabase.ThiscouldbesplitbetweenexpertsinRussia,NorthAmerica,andGreenland/Scandinavia.
3.1half-timestudentassistanttohelpwithdataentry.4.ConsultingtohelptodesigntheTurbovegandPostgreSQL
databases.5.6-monthsalaryforaweb-sitedevelopertomakeawebsitewhere
alltheinformationwillbeavailable.6.6-monthsalaryforstudentassistantsatthe6institutionsthathavethekeyArcticvegetationdata
sets(UniversityofMünster,KomarovBotanicalInstitute,UniversityofAlaska,USFWSAnchorage,Tromso,YukonGovernmentinWhitehorse)tohelpthekeyinvestigatorspreparetheirdataforinclusioninthedatabaseandwritethenecessarymetadata.
Figure 4.Examplespecieswebpage.
Cassiope tetragona,NorthSlope,Alaska/MarthaRaynolds
15
Timeline
Year1:Organizingworkshop,Wageningen,theNetherlands.CompleteIAVDprototype.Obtainfunding.
Year2-4:AssembledatafromliteraturesourcesatthreemaincentersUAF(NorthAmerica),Münster(GreenlandandScandinavia),andSt.Petersburg(Russia).Buildserversitesoftware.BuildpagesforCBMPdataportal.
Year5:Testandreleasethedatabase.
International partners
AlargenumberofpeoplehavebeeninvolvedwithmakingthisconceptpaperandalargegroupofotherArcticvegetationscientistswillbeinvolvedoncetheprojectbegins.Thosemostactivelyinvolvedtothispointinclude:
KenBaldwin,CanadianForestService,NaturalResourcesCanadaTomBarry,CAFF,Akureyri,IcelandSteffiIckert-Bond,UniversityofAlaskaFairbanksAmyBreen,UniversityofAlaskaFairbanksHelgaBultmann,UniversityofMünster,GermanyMilanChytrý,MasayrkUniversity,Brno,CzechRepublicFredDaniëls,UniversityofMünster,GermanyStephanHennekens,WageningenUniversity,theNetherlandsCatherineKennedy,YukonGovernment,CanadaPatrickKuss,UniversityofBern,SwitzerlandNadyezhdaMatveyeva,KomarovBotanicalInstitute,St.Petersburg,RussiaRobertPeet,UniversityofNorthCarolina,USAMarthaRaynolds,UniversityofAlaskaFairbanks,USAValodyaRazzhivin,KomarovBotanicalInstitute,St.Petersburg,RussiaStephenTalbot,USFishandWildlifeService,Anchorage,AK,USALubomirTichý,MasayrkUniversity,Brno,CzechRepublicD.A.(Skip)Walker,UniversityofAlaskaFairbanks,USAMarilynWalker,UniversityofColorado,USA
Researchteamduring2010ExpeditiontoHayesIsland/SkipWalker
16
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20
Appendix A. Preliminary survey of Arctic relevés
Country Source (author, date, location, journal) Published Relevés
Other
Canada Babb&Bliss1974,QEIslands,J.AppliedEcology 8Barrett1972,DevonI.,UBCPhD 72Bergeron1988,SverdrupPass,EllesmereI.,UTorontoMSc 65Bliss1977,TrueloveLowlands,DevonI,UAlbertaPress 2Bliss&Svoboda1984,QEIslands,HolarcticEcology 41Blissetal.1994,Devon&EllesmereI.,Arctic&AlpineResearch 19Breen&Levesque2006,SverdrupPass,EllesmereI.,CanJBotany
20
Brigland1986,CapeHerschell,EllesmereI.,UNStJMSc 70Cordesetal.1984,MackenzieDelta,reportforBCHydro 48Duclosetal.2006,BylotandBaffinI.,ParksCanada 541Forbes1993,mostlydisturbedsites 246Forbes1994,mostlydisturbedsites 180Gill1971,MackenzieDelta,UBCPhD 64Gonzalezetal.2000,CAVMCanadaexpeditionAGCdatareport 108Gould,A.J.,1985,LakeHazen,EllesmereI.,UTorontoMSc 50Hastings1983,MackenzieDelta,U.AlbertaMSc 34Hernandez1972,TuktoyuktukPeninsual,U.AlbertaMSc 38Levesque1997,EllesmereI,U.TorontoPhD 41MacHutchon2000,VuntutPark,ParksCanada 89Nams&Freedman1987,AlexandraFiord,Ellesmere,HolarcticEcology
8
Roweetal.1977,RankinInlet,Muskox 13Smithetal.1989,HerschelI.,Ag.Canada 538Vonlanthenetal.2008,Isachsen,MouldB.,GreenCab.,Phytocoenologia
75
Canada approx. total 612 1758Alaska Alaska Geobotany Center
Breen2012?,NorthSlopepoplars,Phytocoenologia 25Edwardsetal.2002,NorthSlope 15Jorgenson2009,NPS,ArcticNetworkrelevés 763Kadeetal.2005,NorthSlopeFrostboils,Phytocoenologia 117Schikhoffetal.2001,N.AK,Willowcomm.,Phytocoenologia 85Walker1981,1985,PrudhoeBay,Ph.D.thesisandCRRELreport 93Walkeretal.1984,ImnavaitCrk.datareport,M.D.Walkeretal.1994(JVS),
81
WalkerandBarry1991,ToolikLakedatareport,M.D.Walkeretal.1994(JVS),
72
21
Alaskacont´d WalkerM.D.,1990,PingosofN.Alaska,publishedthesis 293Edwardsetal.,2000,,ATLASdatareport 12Eliasetal.1996,Barrow,BarterI.Legacydatareport 61Walkeretal.1997,HappyValleyDatareport 55AGC Subtotal 756 181
Churchill1955,Umiat,Ecology 51Cooper1986,ArrigetchMtns,Phytocoenologia 372Ebersole1985,Oumalik,unpublishedthesis 85S. Talbot:Talbotetal.2005,aldersofSWAK,Phytocoenologia 128Talbot&Talbot2008,ChisikI.,(DaniëlsFestschriftvol.) 38Talbotetal.2010,Unalaska(Botany) 65Talbot&Talbot1994,AttuIsland 79Webber,IBPstudiesatBarrow,summarytableinTieszen1978 33Alaska approx. total 2274 299
Greenland DeMolenaar1974,MoG 61DeMolenaar1976,MoG 305Daniels1982,MoGBiosci 269Siegetal2006,Phytocoenologia 394Sieg&Daniels2005,Phytocoenologia 49Lünterbusch&Daniels2004,Phytocoenologia 49Siegetal2009,Phytocoenologia 55Drees&Daniels2009,Phytocoenologia 149Lepping&Daniels2007,Polarforschung 57Lünterbuschetal1997,Polarforschung 50Böcher1963,MoG 450DivMoGDanishresearchers,MoG 200Dierssendiv. 50Stumbock1993,Diss.Bot 214LünterbuschDissertationMünster 236Ferwerda,MScThesisUtrecht 150GBU-BerichteCopenhagen 150HerkandKnaapen,MScThesis,Utrecht 70Daniels1992Disko,stilltobepublished 105DanielsNWGreenland1993,stilltobepublished 100Daniels1998NWGreenland,stilltobepublished 100DanielsNorthGreenland1995,stilltobepublished 75DanielsWestGreenland2001-2003,stilltobepublished 72DanielsSEGreenland1995,stilltobepublished 13Daniels2009SGreenland,stilltobepublished 15Lepping1998NWGreenland,stilltobepublished 60Dierssen&DierssenWGreenland1981,stilltobepublished 500Greenland approx. total 2352 1646
22
Svalbard(ArveElvebakk)
SyntaxaarereviewedinElvebakk(1994,JVS)withoutassociationtables.19habitattypesin17alliances,Severalhundredrelevésareinunpublishedtheses.eg.I.Möller2000,NWSvalbard(479),CurrenttotalforSvalbard479
Russia V.D.Alexandrova,1983,FranzJozefLand 61Forbes(1995,1996,1997,Forbes&Sumina1999)Yamalmostlydisturbed
419
O. and I. Lavrinenko:2010,marshesinMalozemelskayatundra 1002010inprep,Dryascomm.inEuropeanRussiaArctic 602010inprep,BarentsSeacoastalcommunities 50OthersalreadyinExcel 380subtotal 100 490S.Kholod2007,WrangelIsland 691 400N.Koroleva1994,KolaPeninsula,JVS 250N.Koroleva,unpublishedfromBarentsSeacoast 400E.E.Kylygina,2008,PechoraR.sandyoutcrops 121N. Matveyeva:1979,Taimyr,CapeCheluskin 51979,MariaPronchitschevaBay 41994,TaimyrPeninsula,5Ass. 1801998,TaimyrPen.,4Ass. 902003,PlatoPutoranaalpinebelt 312006,BolshevikI. 250Unpublishedinfieldbooks 500Matveyeva subtotal 560 500Raynolds2004,KolymaR.,ATLASstudy 25Razzhivin1994,Chukotkasnowbeds,summaryTableinJVS 261Sekretareva(1991,1992,1995,1999,2001,2003),WillowsofE.Russ.Arctic,
235 164
O.Sumina1994,Disturbedsites,Chukotka 181Walkeretal.2009,Yamaldatareport 66L.L.Zanokha(1993,1995,2001,2003,5ass.FromTaimyr(?)region
182
LLZanokha,unpublishedfromTaimyr,Labytnangi,PlateauPutorana
600
Russia approx. total 2381 2906
ARCTIC APROX. TOTAL 11622 5626
23
Appendix A References
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27
Arctic:Thehigh-latituderegionthathasnotreesonmostsurfaces(althoughsmallinclusionsmayoccuraroundextrazonalareas,suchashotsprings,orsmallareasonwarmsouth-facingslopes).Inabioclimaticsense,theArcticregionhastundravegetation,anArcticfloraandanArcticclimatewithcoolsummersandverycoldwinters.
Belt-transect method:Amethodofsamplingvegetationwherebyalongnarrowstripofvegetation,usuallyonlyafewcentimetersormeterswide,isdefinedandtheconstituentplantsarerecorded,measured,etc.
Biomass:Themassofbioticmaterialperunitarea(e.g.,gm-2).Plantbiomass(phytomass)isoftendividedintolivinganddeadmaterial,abovegroundandbelowgroundcomponents,andfurthersubdividedaccordingtospecies,plantgrowthformsorplantfunctionalgroups.
Bryophyte:Acollectivetermthatincludeslandplantsthatdonothavetruevasculartissues(i.e.,non-vascularplants),includingthemosses(Bryophyta),liverworts(Marchantiophyta),andhornworts(Anthocerotophyta).
Canopy cover:Theproportionofgroundareacoveredbytheverticalprojectionofthecanopy—oftenexpressedasapercentofthearea.
Flora:(1)Alistofalltheplantspecieslivinginadefinedareaataparticulartime.(2)Abookdescribingalltheplantspeciesinaspecificarea.(3)Acollectivetermforalltheplantspeciesinanarea,inthesamewaythat“vegetation”isacollectivetermforalltheplantcommunities.
Lichen:Asymbioticorganismcomposedofafungus(themycobiont)withaphotosyntheticpartner(thephycobiont),usuallyagreenalga(e.g.,Trebouxia)and/orcyanobacterium(e.g.,Nostoc).
Moss:Anon-vascularplantinthedivisionBryophyta.Mostlysmallsoftplantswithadistinctstemandsimpleribbedleaves.Thereproductivepart(sporophyte)usuallyconsistsofaspore-bearingcapsulesituatedonastalk(seta).
Ordination:Amultivariatemethodofvegetationanalysisthatordersspeciesand/orsampleunitsalongknownenvironmentalgradients(directordination),suchasasoilmoistureorsnowgradientoraccordingtotheirfloristicand/orenvironmentalsimilarity(indirectordination).
Phytosociology:Thebranchofvegetationsciencethatdealswithplantcommunities,theirdescriptionandclassification,theircompositionandstructure,environmentalrelationships,successionandgeographicaldistribution.
Plant community:Anassemblageofplantslivingtogetherandinteractingamongthemselvesinaspecificlocationinnature.
Plant community type:Anabstractplantcommunitythatisdefinedbyspeciescomposition,structureandhabitat.
Point-intercept method:Agroupoftechniquesformeasuringplantcover.Atypicaltechniqueconsistsofloweringmanyregularlyplacedpinsintotheplantcanopyandrecordingthe“hits”onvariousspecies.Anothermethodconsistsofsightingintotheplantcanopywithatelescopedevicewithcrosshairstodeterminethepointsandthespeciesinterceptingthepoint.Thecoverofeachspeciesisthepercentageofhitsofthatspeciesdividedbythetotalnumberofsamplepoints.
Prodromus:Achecklistofsyntaxa(seesyntaxon).
Relevé:(DerivedfromFr.meaningastatementorsummaryoralist).AsampleofvegetationcollectedfromaplotofdefinedsizeaccordingtheEuropeanBraun-Blanquetapproach.Itusuallyincludesacompletelistofplantspecies,estimatesofthecover-abundanceofeachspecies,andinformationonthesitecharacteristics(environmentalinformation),soil,andlayersintheplantcommunity.
Syntaxon(pl.syntaxa):SyntaxaareclassifiedvegetationunitsofthehierarchicalclassificationsystemoftheBraun-Blanquetapproach.Theyarecharacterizedbyspeciesandcanreferto
Appendix B. Glossary
28
vegetationunitsatanylevelinthehierarchy(e.g.sub-association,association,alliance,order,class).
Tundra:Thevegetationbeyondthenorthernandaltitudinallimitoftrees,wherelowshrubsanddwarfshrubs,herbaceousplants(grasses,sedges,forbs),mossesandlichenspredominate.
Vascular plant:Atermthatreferstoplantswithaninternalsystemoflignifiedvasculartissueforthetransportofwaterandnutrients(viaxylem)andphotosyntheticproducts(viaphloem).Includesclubmosses,horsetails(Equisetum),ferns,gymnosperms(includingconifers),andfloweringplants(Angiosperms).
Vegetation:(1)Acollectivetermforthemosaicofplantcommunitiesinthelandscapeofaspecificarea.(2)Asystemoflargelyspontaneousgrowingplantsincoherencewiththeirsites.
Vegetation classification:Theprocessofdefiningvegetationtypesconsistingofsimilarassemblagesofplantsoftenformappingoranalyses.Variousapproachesforvegetationclassificationareusedatdifferentscalesandbydifferentnationaltraditions.Atthelowestlevelofclassificationmostapproachesdefinevegetationtypesbasedonrepeatingassemblagesofco-occurringplantspecies.
Vegetation composition:Theplantspecies,plantfunctionaltypes,lifeformsand/orgrowthformswithinplantcommunities,oftenrecordedasalistofspecies.
Vegetation structure:Thehorizontalandverticaldistributionofplantswithinplantcommunities.Itreferstothecoverandheightofspecies,layersandplantfunctionaltypes.
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