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A S
E L E M E N T A R Y
G R A M M A R
O F T H E
G R E E K L N G U G E
B Y
D R . R A P H A E L
K U H N E R ,
C O - R E C T O R
O P
T H E L Y C E U M
A T H A N O V E R .
I W < 7 > ; « A
T R A N S L A T E D B Y
J O H N
H .
M I L L A R D ,
s t .
J o h n ' s c o l l e g e , C a m b r i d g e l a t e s e c o n d c l a s s i c a l m a s t e r a t
m i l l - h i l l
g r a m m a r
s c h o o l .
N E W E D I T I O N .
L O N D O N
L O N G M A N , B R O W N , G R E E N ,
L O N G M A N S ,
& R O B E R T S .
1 8 5 9
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L O N D O N
P U N T f i f ) B Y S P O r r i . V W O O T > E A N D C O
N E W - S S T K E I v T 8 Q U A R B .
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r R E P A C E
D r . K t j H N E E , t h e a u t h o r
o f
t h e p r e s e n t w o r k , b e l o n g s
t o
t h e
m o s t
m o d e r n
a n d
p h i l o s o p h i c a l
s c h o o l
o f
G e r
m a n G r a m m a r i a n s , H e
a d o p t s
t h e s y s t e m o f G r i m m ,
H u m b o l d t , B e c k e r ,
a n d
G r o t e f e n d . T h e f i r s t
p a r t
o f
h i s C o p i o u s G r a m m a r o f t h e G r e e k L a n g u a g e
a p p e a r e d
i n 1 8 3 4 ,
t h e r e m a i n d e r i n t h e c o u r s e o f t h e
f o l l o w i n g
y e a r , I t i s
c o n s i d e r e d , i n
G e r m a n y , f a r
s u p e r i o r t o
a n y
o t h e r w o r k
o f
t h e k i n d ; a n d a f f o r d s
a
s t r i k i n g
i l l u s t r a t i o n
o f t h e
a d v a n t a g e
o f
a p p l y i n g
t o
l a n g u a g e
t h e s a m e p r i n c i p l e s
o f
a n a l y s i s , g e n e r a l i
s a t i o n , a n d i n d u c t i o n , a s a r e e m p l o y e d i n s c i e n t i f i c
i n v e s t i g a t i o n s .
S e v e r a l
o f
i t s
v e r y e x c e l l e n c i e s , h o w e v e r , r e n d e r
i t
u n s u i t a b l e
f o r g e n e r a l u s e , a s t h e a u t h o r h i m
s e l f a p p e a r s
t o h a v e
f e l t ;
a n d , a c c o r d i n g l y ,
i n
1 8 3 6 ,
h e
p u b l i s h e d
a n a b r i d g e m e n t
o f
i t ,
e n t i t l e d
A
S c h o o l - G r a m m a r o f t h e G r e e k L a n g u a g e . T h i s i s
p r e c i s e l y s u c h a w o r k a s m i g h t h a v e b e e n e x p e c t e d
f r o m t h e p e n o f a n a u t h o r , n o t l e s s e x p e r i e n c e d a s
a t e a c h e r , t h a n e m i n e n t
a s
a s c h o l a r . I t
c o m b i n e s
t h e o r y
a n d p r a c t i c e i n t h e
m o s t h a p p y
p r o p o r t i o n s ,
a n d ,
w h i l e t h e a d v a n c e d
s t u d e n t
w i l l f i n d i t
q u i t e
s u f f i c i e n t f o r e v e r y p u r p o s e , t h e m e r e b e g i n n e r
w i l l
b e
a b l e t o u s e i t
w i t h
a d v a n t a g e .
I n
1 8 3 7
h e
p u b l i s h e d
a
s t i l l
f u r t h e r a b r i d g e m e n t ,
p r e p a r e d e x p r e s s l y f o r t h e u s e o f y o u n g b e g i n n e r s , a
A
2
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i y
T R E F A C E .
s e c o n d e d i t i o n o f w h i c h w a s c a l l e d f o r i n 1 8 4 1 , a n d i s
t h e o r i g i n a l o f t h e p r e s e n t t r a n s l a t i o n . H e c o m m e n c e s
h i s
p r e f a c e
t o
t h e
f i r s t
e d i t i o n
w i t h
t h e
f o l l o w i n g
r e
m a r k s
—
I n s t r u c t i o n i n t h e a n c i e n t
l a n g u a g e s h a s a
t w o - f o l d o b j e c t : — t h e l e a r n i n g o f t h e l a n g u a g e s
t h e m
s e l v e s ,
a n d
t h e c o m p r e h e n s i o n o f t h e w o r k s w r i t t e n i n
t h e m .
T h e m e r e l e a r n i n g o f
t h e a n c i e n t l a n g u a g e s h a s
b e e n f o r c e n t u r i e s r e c o g n i s e d a s
t h e b e s t
d i s c i p l i n e o f
t h e y o u t h f u l m i n d — a s t h e s i m p l e s t
a n d
s u r e s t m e t h o d
o f
a w a k e n i n g ,
e x e r c i s i n g ,
a n d
f o r m i n g
t h e
i n t e l l e c t u a l
p o w e r s
o f
t h e b o y f o r t h e m o s t v a r i e d p u r p o s e s ;
w h i l e a n a c q u a i n t a n c e w i t h t h e g r e a t
m a s t e r - w o r k s
w h i c h a r e
c o m p o s e d i n
t h e s e
l a n g u a g e s
— t h e c o n
t e m p l a t i o n a n d
f a m i l i a r
v i e w o f t h a t g r a n d
s t y l e
o f
a c t i o n w h i c h e v e r y w h e r e a p p e a r s m o s t
s t r i k i n g l y
i n G r e c i a n a n d R o m a n a n t i q u i t y — p o s s e s s e s t h e a d
d i t i o n a l
p r o p e r t y
o f
f a s t e n i n g
u p o n
t h e
m i n d
a n d
h e a r t o f
y o u t h m o r e s t r o n g l y
t h e n
t h e s t u d y
o f
a n y
o t h e r
b r a n c h o f
h u m a n
k n o w l e d g e ,
a n d o f i n s p i r i n g
t h e m w i t h i d e a s o f t h e n o b l e , t h e b e a u t i f u l , a n d t h e
g r a n d .
T h o s e w h o c o i n c i d e
i n t h e s e s e n t i m e n t s w i l l
b e
p l e a s e d t o f i n d , t h a t t h e t a s k
o f
g u i d i n g t h e f i r s t
s t e p s
o f
y o u t h
i n
s u c h a
c o u r s e
h a s
b e e n
u n d e r t a k e n
b y
o n e
s o w e l l q u a l i f i e d
i n
e v e r y r e s p e c t , a n d
t o
k n o w ,
t h a t h i s E l e m e n t a r y G r a m m a r , w h i c h i s
n o w r e n d e r e d a v a i l a b l e
t o
t h e E n g l i s h p u p i l , r e t a i n s
a l l t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c e x c e l l e n c i e s
o f h i s
l a r g e r w o r k s .
O f t h e s e e x c e l l e n c i e s t h e f o l l o w i n g , a m o n g o t h e r s ,
d e s e r v e
p a r t i c u l a r
n o t i c e .
1 .
I t
i s
d i s t i n g u i s h e d
b y
a
r e m a r k a b l e
a p t n e s s
a n d
a m p l i t u d e o f i l l u s t r a t i o n . T h i s r e m a r k a p p l i e s i n a
g r e a t m e a s u r e t o t h e E t y m o l o g y , b u t e s p e c i a l l y t o
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P R E F A C E .
V
t h e
S y n t a x .
T h e
p a r a d i g m s
c o n t a i n
m u c h
m o r e
n u m e r o u s
a n d c o m p l e t e
e x e m p l i f i c a t i o n s o f
d e c l e n
s i o n
a n d
c o n j u g a t i o n
t h a n
a n y
o f
o u r
c o m m o n
s c h o o l -
g r a m m a r s
; w h i l e
t h e S y n t a x a b o u n d s w i t h i n s t a n c e s
o f
e v e r y
v a r i e t y o f
c o n s t r u c t i o n . I n f a c t , n o t h i n g
i s s t a t e d w i t h o u t b e i n g e l u c i d a t e d b y o n e
o r
m o r e
a p p r o p r i a t e e x a m p l e s ; s o t h a t i t i s s c a r c e l y
p o s s i b l e
f o r
t h e r e a d e r n o t
t o
u n d e r s t a n d c l e a r l y ,
a n d r e t a i n
t e n a c i o u s l y , w h a t t h e a u t h o r a i m s t o
c o m m u n i c a t e .
T h e
i m p o r t a n c e
o f
t h i s
f e a t u r e
o f
t h e
w o r k
w i l l
b e
b e s t u n d e r s t o o d b y t h o s e w h o h a v e h a d m o s t
e x
p e r i e n c e i n
t e a c h i n g .
2 . T h e i n f l e x i o n a l
s y l l a b l e s
o f
n o u n s a n d
v e r b s a r e
d i s t i n g u i s h e d f r o m t h e s t e m , o r t h a t p a r t t o w h i c h
t h e s e s y l l a b l e s a r e a t t a c h e d , f o r t h e p u r p o s e o f m o d i
f y i n g
t h e g e n e r a l i d e a
e x p r e s s e d b y t h e w o r d .
T h i s
w i l l
b e
f o u n d
a s
u s e f u l
i n
p r a c t i c e
a s
i t i s
c o r r e c t
i n t h e o r y .
F o r
t h e p u p i l , b y b e i n g a c c u s t o m e d t o
o b s e r v e t h i s d i s t i n c t i o n a t t h e v e r y c o m m e n c e m e n t ,
w i l l
b e
a b l e ,
i n
a
m u c h
s h o r t e r
t i m e t h a n u s u a l ,
t o
g i v e
a
c o r r e c t
a n a l y s i s o f
a n y
f o r m
h e
m a y m e e t
w i t h
i n h i s G r e e k r e a d i n g , a n d t o
e x p r e s s w i t h
p r e
c i s i o n , b y t h e i n v e r s e
p r o c e s s
o f s y n t h e s i s , w h a t e v e r
m o d i f i c a t i o n
o f
n u m b e r ,
c a s e ,
m o o d ,
t e n s e ,
& c ,
m a y
b e r e q u i r e d
i n
c o m p o s i t i o n p r o v i d e d h e b e
w e l l
a c q u a i n t e d
w i t h
t h e l a w s w h i c h r e g u l a t e t h e v a r i o u s
c h a n g e s o f t h e l e t t e r s . A b o y t h u s t r a i n e d w i l l b e
p r e s e r v e d f r o m m o r e t h a n h a l f t h e e r r o r s
a n d
d i f f i
c u l t i e s
t o w h i c h
t h o s e
d i f f e r e n t l y
t a u g h t a r e
c o n
s t a n t l y l i a b l e w h e n
c a l l e d u p o n t o d e c l i n e
o r
c o n j u g a t e
o t h e r
w o r d s
t h a n
t h o s e
g i v e n
i n
t h e i r
G r a m m a r ,
t h o u g h , p e r h a p s , p e r f e c t l y f a m i l i a r w i t h t h e m o d e l s
p r e s c r i b e d . H e w i l l b e a t n o l o s s t o p e r c e i v e , e . g . ,
A 3
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P R E F A C E .
t h a t t h e
t r a n s i t i o n f r o m
r p i ^ - S a v t o
6 p i £ l , o r f r o m
K s w r - m v t o X s o u e n , i s
a s
s t r i c t l y
c o n f o r m a b l e t o r u l e ,
a s
t h a t
f r o m
Q y p - i b v
t o
O ^ p - a - i ;
a n d
w i l l
e a s i l y
u n d e r
s t a n d h o w T i - d p o f i - f i c t i
a n d
T e - 9 p u < £ - f l a i a r e o b t a i n e d
f r o m S p 6 7 T T - m ,
a c c o r d i n g
t o t h e v e r y s a m e
l a w
o f
i n f l e x i o n
a s / 3 e * / 3 o u X e u - j U . a «
a n d
0 s - $ o o X e u - a - 5 a « f r o m
0 o u X s u ' * a > . I n t h i s w a y h e w i l l g r a d u a l l y
g a i n
a
c l e a r
i n s i g h t i n t o
t h e n a t u r e
o f
i n f l e x i o n , a n d , a t t h e s a m e
t i m e ,
b e f o r m i n g
t h o s e h a b i t s o f o b s e r v a t i o n ,
r e f l e c
t i o n ,
c o m p a r i s o n ,
a n d
c l a s s i f i c a t i o n ,
w h i c h
o u g h t
e v e r
t o b e r e c k o n e d a m o n g t h e m o s t v a l u a b l e r e s u l t s o f a
g o o d e d u c a t i o n .
3 . I n o r d e r t o s e c u r e t h e s e i m p o r t a n t a d v a n t a g e s ,
D r . K i i h n e r h a s w i s e l y d e v i a t e d f r o m t h e p l a n p u r
s u e d b y p r e c e d i n g G r a m m a r i a n s , w h e n e x h i b i t i n g
t h e c o n j u g a t i o n o f t h e v e r b , a n d
h a s c h o s e n
a
p u r e
v e r b
a s
t h e
m o d e l
o f
r e g u l a r
i n f l e x i o n .
H e
i s
t h u s
e n a b l e d t o d i s p l a y t h e s t e m t h r o u g h o u t t h e w h o l e
p a r a d i g m , u n a f f e c t e d b y t h o s e c h a n g e s t o
w h i c h
i t
i s o f t e n s u b j e c t w h e n
t h e
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c l e t t e r
i s
a
c o n s o n a n t .
4 . T h e S y n t a x i s a d m i r a b l e f o r i t s p e r s p i c u i t y a n d
c o m p l e t e n e s s . I t c o n t a i n s a f u l l
a c c o u n t
o f t h e d i f
f e r e n t
k i n d s
o f
s e n t e n c e s ,
t h e
c o n s t i t u e n t
e l e m e n t s
o f
e a c h , a n d t h e
w a y i n
w h i c h
t h e y a r e
a f f e c t e d b y t h e
u s a g e s
o f
t h e l a n g u a g e . T h i s
p a r t o f
t h e w o r k w i l l
b e o f
e s s e n t i a l s e r v i c e t o
t h o s e w h o a r e
r e a d i n g a n
a u t h o r .
5 .
T h e a r r a n g e m e n t i s l o g i c a l , n a t u r a l ,
a n d
c l e a r .
T h e
a u t h o r ' s
l i s t
o f
i r r e g u l a r
v e r b s i s a r e m a r k a b l e
i n s t a n c e o f
s c i e n t i f i c
c l a s s i f i c a t i o n
;
a n d ,
i f
n o t
a b s o
l u t e l y
p e r f e c t , i s ,
i n
t h e
o p i n i o n
o f s e v e r a l
d i s t i n
g u i s h e d
s c h o l a r s , h i t h e r t o
u n r i v a l l e d .
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P R E F A C E .
v i i
S u c h a r e
s o m e o f
t h e m o s t
p r o m i n e n t
f e a t u r e s
o f
t h i s
v a l u a b l e
w o r k , w h i c h w i l l b e f o u n d o n e o f t h e
b e s t i n t r o d u c t i o n s
t o
t h e G r e e k l a n g u a g e , i f u s e d i n
t h e
w a y
t h e a u t h o r
i n t e n d e d .
H i s p l a n i s
a s
f o l l o w s —
A s s o o n a s
t h e
p u p i l
h a s a c q u i r e d a
k n o w l e d g e o f
t h e
l e t t e r s ,
t h e s i g n s
o f
t h e b r e a t h i n g s , a n d t h e m o s t
c o m m o n r u l e s o f
a c c e n t u a t i o n
( o m i t t i n g , f o r t h e p r e
s e n t , § 6 , 7 , 8 . 1 1 . a n d 1 3 . t o 1 7 . , w h i c h a r e d i s t i n
g u i s h e d b y t h e m a r k ( f ) ) , l e t h i m l e a r n t h e p r e s e n t
t e n s e ,
i n d i c a t i v e , i m p e r a t i v e ,
a n d
i n f i n i t i v e ,
a c t i v e a n d
m i d d l e , o f
f i o v X e i i w t o g e t h e r
w i t h
t h e
t h i r d
p e r s o n
s i n g u l a r
a n d p l u r a l
o f
t h e
p r e s e n t a n d
i m p e r f e c t i n
d i c a t i v e , t h e s e c o n d p e r s o n s i n g u l a r a n d p l u r a l o f t h e
i m p e r a t i v e ,
a n d t h e p r e s e n t i n f i n i t i v e o f t h e v e r b e i j u Y .
H e w i l l t h u s b e
a b l e
a t o n c e
t o
t r a n s l a t e s h o r t
s e n
t e n c e s
f r o m
G r e e k i n t o
E n g l i s h , a n d
v i c e
v e r s a . T h e s e
s h o u l d
b e g i v e n
h i m
a t
e v e r y s t e p
o f h i s
p r o g r e s s
t h r o u g h t h e E t y m o l o g y , i n i l l u s t r a t i o n
o f
w h a t
h e
l e a r n s .
D r .
K i i h n e r t h i n k s
t h a t t h e p u p i l ,
b y t h u s
c o n t i n u a l l y a p p l y i n g
t o p r a c t i c e
w h a t
h e a c q u i r e s ,
w i l l h a v e
i t m o r e d e e p l y
r o o t e d i n h i s
m i n d ,
a n d b e
p l e a s e d t o
f i n d
t h a t h e i s
p e r c e p t i b l y
g a i n i n g g r o u n d .
I f
t h i s
m e t h o d
b e
a d o p t e d , a n d m o s t o f
t h a t w h i c h i s
p r i n t e d
i n s m a l l
t y p e
b e
o m i t t e d
a t
f i r s t ,
t h e
w o r k
w i l l
b e
f o u n d
t o a n s w e r a d o u b l e p u r p o s e ; s e r v i n g
b o t h a s a m a n u a l f o r b e g i n n e r s ,
a n d
a s a b o o k o f
r e f e r e n c e
f o r
s u c h
a s a r e i n h i g h e r c l a s s e s .
I t n o w o n l y r e m a i n s t o b e o b s e r v e d , i n r e f e r e n c e t o
t h e
t r a n s l a t i o n ,
t h a t i t h a s
b e e n
t h e o b j e c t
o f
t h e t r a n s
l a t o r , t o m a k e i t
e x p r e s s
t h e m e a n i n g
o f
t h e a u t h o r ,
w i t h o u t
m u t i l a t i o n
o r a d d i t i o n ,
a s l i t e r a l l y a s t h e i d i o m s
o f t h e t w o
l a n g u a g e s
w o u l d p e r m i t
;
a n d r e s e m b l e ,
a s
f a r
a s
p o s s i b l e ,
n o t m e r e l y t h e s u b s t a n c e , b u t a l s o
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V l l l
P R E F A C E .
t h e f o r m
o f t h e o r i g i n a l .
T h i s
h a s
b e e n
d o n e
f r o m
t h e c o n v i c t i o n , t h a t s u c h a m o d e
o f
p r o c e d u r e w o u l d
b e b o t h
m o r e
e q u i t a b l e t o t h e
a u t h o r ,
a n d
m o r e
s a t i s f a c t o r y t o t h e p u b l i c . F o r t h i s r e a s o n , t h o s e
n o u n s w h i c h a r e d e c l i n e d a t f u l l l e n g t h i n t h e p a r a
d i g m s
o f
t h e o r i g i n a l
( t h o u g h s o m e
o f
t h e m a r e
n e v e r
f o u n d
i n t h e d u a l o r p l u r a l ) a r e g i v e n s i m i
l a r l y i n t h e t r a n s l a t i o n , w i t h o u t
a n y
a t t e m p t t o s u b
s t i t u t e o t h e r a n a l o g o u s
w o r d s a n d
t h e L a t i n w o r d s
a n d
p h r a s e s ,
w h i c h
o c c u r
m o r e
p a r t i c u l a r l y
i n
t h e
S y n t a x , h a v e b e e n l e f t u n t r a n s l a t e d , w h e r e v e r t h e
a u t h o r h a s n o t
t h o u g h t
p r o p e r t o t r a n s l a t e
t h e m
i n t o
G e r m a n .
N o v . 1 8 1 3 .
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T A B L E O F
C O N T E N T S .
E T Y M O L O G Y .
C H A P . I . —
O n
t h e
L e t t e r s a n d
A r t i c u l a t e S o u n d s .
§ 1 .
C l a s s i f i c a t i o n
o f t h e L e t t e r s
P a g e
2 .
C l a s s i f i c a t i o n
o f
t h e V o w e l s —
D i p h t h o n g s
-
- - 1
3 . C l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f t h e C o n s o n a n t s 2
4 .
S p i r i t u s
l e n i s
a n d S p i r i t u s a s p e r 3
§ 5 . A l p h a b e t . . . P a g e 4
f 6 . S i g n o f C r a s i s a n d E l i s i o n 5
7 .
M o v e a b l e C o n s o n a n t s a t t h e e n d
o f a W o r d - - - 5
t 8 . C h a n g e o f C o n s o n a n t s i n
I n f l e x i o n
a n d D e r i v a t i o n -
-
6
C H A P I I . —
O n S y l l a b l e s .
9 . O n t h e
Q u a n t i t y
o f
S y l l a b l e s 1 0
1 0 . Q u a n t i t y
o f
o , a n d v
i n
t h e P e
n u l t i m a t e - -
-
1 1
1 1 .
O n
t h e A c c e n t u a t i o n o f
S y l l a
b l e s - - - - 1 3
f
1
2 . A l t e r a t i o n
a n d
R e m o v a l o f t h e
A c c e n t i n I n f l e x i o n a n d
C o n
t r a c t i o n -
- -
1 4
\ 1 3 . A l t e r a t i o n a n d
R e m o v a l
o f t h e
A c
c e n t i n c o n n e c t e d D i s c o u r s e 1 6
f 1 4 . A t o n e s , o r P r o c l i t i c s - - 1 7
f 1 5 . E n c l i t i c s - - - - 1 7
f
1 6 .
R u l e s
f o r
t h e I n c l i n a t i o n o f t h e
A c c e n t
- -
-
- 1 8
1 7 .
E n c l i t i c s
a c c e n t e d - - 9
1 8 . D i v i s i o n o f S y l l a b l e s - - 2 0
1 9 . T h e
S t o p s -
- -
-
2 0
C H A P
I I I . — O n
t h e S u b s t a n t i v e
a n d A d j e c t i v e .
2 0 .
N a t u r e
a n d
C l a s s i f i c a t i o n
o f
S u b
s t a n t i v e s - - - 2 0
2 1 . G e n d e r o f S u b s t a n t i v e s - 2 1
2 2 . N u m b e r , C a s e , a n d
D e c l e n s i o n
2 1
2 3 . N a t u r e
a n d
G e n d e r
o f
t h e A d j e c
t i v e - - - - 2 2
2 4 . F i r s t D e c l e n s i o n
-
-
- 2 3
2 5 . T e r m i n a t i o n s o f t h e F i r s t D e c l e n
s i o n -
- -
2 3
2 6 . F e m i n i n e s o f F i r s t D e c l e n s i o n 2 3
2 7 . M a s c u l i n e s o f F i r s t D e c l e n s i o n 2 6
2 8 . S e c o n d D e c l e n s i o n
-
-
2 7
2 9 .
C o n t r a c t i o n o f
t h e
S e c o n d
D e c l e n
s i o n
-
- -
- 2 8
3 0 .
T h e A t t i c S e c o n d
D e c l e n s i o n 3 0
3 1 .
T h i r d D e c l e n s i o n - - 3 1
3 2 .
R e m a r k s
u p o n t h e C a s e - e n d i n g s
o f t h e T h i r d D e c l e n s i o n - 3 1
S 3 . G e n d e r , Q u a n t i t y ,
a n d A c c e n t u a
t i o n o f t h e T h i r d D e c l e n s i o n
3 2
A .
N o u n s
w h i c h
h a v e a
C o n s o n a n t
B E F O R E T H E
E n D I N O
O F T H E G E N I
T I V E S i n g u l a r .
3 4 .
N o u n s
w h o s e
N o m i n a t i v e
S i n g u l a r
s h o w s t h e p u r e S t e m
-
3 3
3 5 . N o u n s w h o s e N o m i n a t i v e S i n g u l a r
l e n g t h e n s t h e
s h o r t f i n a l V o w e l
o f
t h e S t e m
-
-
-
3 4
3 6 .
S y n c o p a t e d
N o u n s
-
-
3 6
3 7 .
N o u n s
w h o s e N o m i n a t i v e S i n g u l a r
a f f i x e s s t o t h e S t e m
- 3 7
3 8 . N o u n s w h o s e S t e m e n d s i n a
T - s o u n d - - - - 3 8
3 9 . N e u t e r N o u n s w h o s e S t e m e n d s
i n t o r
k t
-
-
- 3 9
4 0 . N o u n s
w h o s e
S t e m e n d s i n v
o r v r
4 0
B .
N o u n s w h i c h
h a v e a
V o w e l b e
f o r e t h e
C a s e - E n d i n g o f
t h e
G e n i t i v e S i n g u l a r .
4 1 . S u b s t a n t i v e s i n
t v s , o u s ,
o v s -
4 1
4 2 . N o u n s i n i j s , « i - - - 4 2
4 3 . N o u n s i n m
(
G .
< o o s )
a s
a n d
a
( G . o o j ) - -
-
4 4
4 4 . N o u n s
i n
a s
( G . o o s ) a n d
o s
( G .
c o s )
- - - - 4 5
4 5 .
N o u n s
i n t j ,
v s ,
v - - 4 6
4 6 . N o u n s i n
t y ,
u y , v
- -
4 6
4 7 . I r r e g u l a r S u b s t a n t i v e s o f t h e
T h i r d D e c l e n s i o n -
-
4 8
4 8 . I r r e g u l a r A d j e c t i v e s
-
- 4 9
4 9 .
C o m p a r i s o n o f
A d j e c t i v e s
-
5 0
5 0 .
A .
F i r s t
F o r m
o f
C o m p a r i s o n
5 0
5 1 . B . S e c o n d F o r m o f C o m p a r i s o n 5 3
5 2 A n o m a l o u s
F o r m s o f
C o m p a r i
s o n - - -
-
5 3
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X
T A B L E O F
C O N T E N T S .
C H A P . I V . — O n t h e A d v e r b .
§ S 3 . N a t u r e , C l a s s i f i c a t i o n , a n d F o r m - § 5 4 . C o m p a r i s o n o f
A d v e r b s P a g e
5 5
a t i o n
o f
A d v e r b s
-
P a g e
5 4
C H A P . V .
—
O n
t h e
P r o n o u n .
5 5 . N a t u r e o f t h e P r o n o u n
-
5 6
5 6 . P e r s o n a l
P r o n o u n s - - 5 6
5 7 . R e f l e c t i v e P r o n o u n s
- -
5 7
5 8 . R e c i p r o c a l
P r o n o u n s -
-
5 8
5 9 . A d j e c t i v ^ r p e r s p n a l o r p o s s e s s i v e
P r o n o u n s
- - -
5 8
6 0 .
D e m o n s t r a t i v e P r o n o u n s
- 5 9
6 1 . R e l a t i v e P r o n o u n s -
-
6 0
6 2 . I n d e f i n i t e
a n d
I n t e r r o g a t i v e
P r o
n o u n s - -
-
- 6 0
6 3 . C o r r e l a t i v e
P r o n o u n s
- - 6 1
6 4 .
L e n g t h e n i n g
o f P r o n o u n s - 6 2
C H A P .
V I .
—
O n
t h e N u m e r a l s .
6 5 . N a t u r e a n d C l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f t h e 6 8 .
D e c l e n s i o n
o f t h e
F i r s t
F o u r
N u m e r a l s - -
-
6 3 N u m e r a l s - -
-
6 6
6 6 .
N u m e r a l
S i g n s -
-
r
6 4
6 9 . N u m e r a l A d v e r b s . -
6 6
6 7 .
S u r v e y
o f
C a r d i n a l s
a n d
O r d .
6 4
C H A P .
V I I . — O n
t h e V e r b .
— N a t u r e a n d C l a s s i f i c a t i o n o p V e r b s .
7 0 . K i n d s o f
V e r b s
a c c o r d i n g t o
t h e i r
S i g n i f i c a t i o n -
- -
6 7
7 1 .
K i n d s
o f
V e r b s
a c c o r d i n g
t o
t h e i r
F o r m - -
-
- 6 8
7 2 . T e n s e s o f t h e V e r b
- -
6 8
7 3 . M o o d s o f t h e V e r b - - 6 9
7 4 . O n t h e P a r t i c i p i a l s . — I n f i n i t i v e
a n d
P a r t i c i p l e
- - 6 9
7 5 . N u m b e r s
a n d P e r s o n s
o f t h e
V e r b - . . - 6 9
7 6 . C o n j u g a t i o n
o f
t h e V e r b
-
7 0
7 7 . S t e m , A u g m e n t , a n d
R e d u p l i c a
t i o n . — C h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f t h e
V e r b
- -
-
- 7 0
7 8 .
I n f l e x i o n a l
E n d i n g s
o f
t h e
V e r b .
— T e n s e - C h a r a c t e r i s t i c , a n d
E n d i n g -
- - -
7 1
7 9 .
P e r s o n a l
E n d i n g s
a n d
M o d a l
V o w e l
-
- - - 7 2
8 0 . R e m a r k s u p o n t h e P e r s o n a l
E n d
i n g s a n d
M o d a l V o w e l
- 7 3
8 1 . C o n j u g a t i o n o f t h e r e g u l a r
V e r b
i n
w
- - - - 7 4
8 2 .
R e m a r k s
u p o n t h e
T a b l e o f
C o n
j u g a t i o n - - - 8 0
8 3 . R e m a r k s u p o n t h e ( s o - c a l l e d )
A t t i c
F u t u r e
-
-
8 1
8 4 . A c c e n t u a t i o n
o f t h e V e r b - 8 2
8 5 . M o r e p a r t i c u l a r D e f i n i t i o n o f t h e
A u g m e n t
a n d R e d u p l i c a t i o n .
—
S y l l a b i c
A u g m e n t
«
8 3
8 6 .
T e m p o r a l A u g m e n t - - 8 4
8 7 .
R e m a r k s
o n
P e c u l i a r i t i e s
o f
A u g
m e n t
- -
- -
8 5
8 8 .
R e d u p l i c a t i o n - - -
8 5
8 9 . A t t i c R e d u p l i c a t i o n - - 8 7
9 0 .
A u g m e n t i n C o m p o s i t i o n - 8 8
9 1 .
R e m a r k s
o n P e c u l i a r i t i e s
o f
A u g
m e n t i n C o m p o u n d V e r b s 8 9
9 2 .
C l a s s i f i c a t i o n
o f V e r b s i n a t a c
c o r d i n g
t o
t h e i r
C h a r a c t e r i s t i c
L e t t e r
-
> -
-
9 0
I .
P u r e
V e r b s .
9 3 .
F o r m a t i o n
o f
t h e
T e n s e s
o f
P u r e
V e r b s - -
-
-
9 1
9 4 . P u r e V e r b s w h i c h r e t a i n t h e s h o r t
C h a r a c t e r i s t i c
V o w e l
i n t h e
F o r m a t i o n
o f
t h e i r T e n s e s 9 2
9 5 . F o r m a t i o n o f t h e
A o r .
a n d F u t .
P a s s i v e , a n d
P e r f .
a n d
P l u p e r f .
M i d d l e
o r
P a s s i v e w i t h
a
9 3
9 6 . C o n t r a c t e d P u r e V e r b s - 9 4
9 7 . R e m a r k s
u p o n
t h e C o n j u g a t i o n
o f C o n t r a c t e d V e r b s
-
9 8
9 8 . C o n t r a c t e d V e r b s w h i c h r e t a i n t h e
s h o r t
C h a r a c t e r i s t i c
V o w e l
i n
t h e F o r m a t i o n o f t h e i r T e n s e s
1 0 0
9 9 . P a r a d i g m s o f t h e l a s t m e n t i o n e d
V e r b s
-
.
-
1 0 2
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T A B L E O F
C O N T E N T S . x i
I I . I m p u r e V e r b s .
§ 1 0 0 .
G e n e r a l R e m a r k s . —
P u r e a n d
I m p u r e
S t e m .
—
T h e m e
1 0 2
1 0 1 .
S t r e n g t h e n i n g o f
t h e S t e m 1 0 4
1 0 2 .
C h a n g e
o f t h e S t e m - V o w e l
1 0 4
1 0 3 . R e m a r k s
u p o n
t h e F o r m a t i o n
o f t h e S e c o n d
T e n s e s
- 1 0 5
A . M o t e V e r b s .
1 0 4 . C l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f M u t e V e r b s 1 0 6
1 0 5 .
O b s e r v a t i o n s
o n
M u t e
V e r b s 1 0 7
1 0 6 . T e n s e - F o r m a t i o n o f
M u l e
V e r b s
1 0 8
P a r a d i g m s
o f
M u t e V e r b s .
1 0 7 .
V e r b s
w h o s e
S t e m
i s
a
P - s o u n d .
—
P u r e
C h a r a c t e r i s t i c $
1 0 9
1 0 8 .
I m p u r e C h a r a c t e r i s t i c ; m r i n
t h e P r e s e n t a n d I m p e r f e c t 1 1 0
1 0 9 . V e r b s
w h o s e
C h a r a c t e r i s t i c
i s
a
K - s o u n d
-
- 1 1 1
1
1 0 .
V e r b s w h o s e C h a r a c t e r i s t i c i s a
T - s o u n d
. - - 1 1 2
B . L i q u i d V e r b s .
1 1 1 . T e n s e -
F o r m a t i o n
o f
L i q u i d
V e r b s
- - -
-
1 1 8
1 1 2 . P a r a d i g m s
o f
L i q u i d
V e r b s
1 1 5
1 1 3 . S h o r t e r P a r a d i g m s o f L i q u i d
V e r b s
a c c o r d i n g t o
t h e
S t e m -
V o w e l
o f t h e F u t u r e ; V e r b s
w i t h
a i n t h e
F u t u r e
- 1 1 7
1 1 4 . L i q u i d V e r b s w i t h c i n t h e F u
t u r e - -
- -
1 1 8
1 1 5 . L i q u i d
V e r b s
w i t h o r
5 i n
t h e
F u t u r e - -
-
1 1 8
1 6 . S p e c i a l P e c u l i a r i t i e s o f s o m e
V e r b s , P u r e
a n d I m p u r e 1 1 9
1 1 7 . S y n c o p e a n d M e t a t h e s i s - 1 2 0
1 1 8 .
A n o m a l o u s
V e r b s
-
-
1 2 1
A , A n o m a l o u s V e r b s i n
H .
9 .
V e r b s
w h o s e p u r e
S t e m i s
s t r e n g t h e n e d , i n t h e P r e s e n t
a n d
I m p e r f e c t ,
b y
t h e I n s e r t i o n
o f
v
b e f o r e t h e E n d i n g
-
1 2 2
1 2 0 . V e r b s w h o s e p u r e S t e m i s
s t r e n g t h e n e d , i n t h e P r e s e n t
a n d I m p e r f e c t ,
b y
t h e
I n s e r
t i o n
o f
t h e S y l l a b l e v t
b e f o r e
t h e E n d i n g . . . 1 2 3
1 2 1 .
V e r b s
w h o s e
p u r e
S t e m
i s
s t r e n g t h e n e d , i n
t h e P r e s e n t
a n d I m p e r f e c t , b y t h e I n s e r t i o n
o f o r o r
a w b e f o r e t h e
E n d i n g
1 2 3
§ 1 2 2 , V e r b s
w h o s e
p u r e S t e m i s
s t r e n g t h e n e d ,
i n t h e P r e s e n t
a n d
I m p e r f e c t ,
b y
t h e
A d d i t i o n
o f
b k
o r
u r n
-
-
P a g e
1 2 5
1 2 3 .
V e r b s w h o s e p u r e
S t e m
i s
s t r e n g t h e n e d ,
a t
t h e B e g i n
n i n g , b y R e d u p l i c a t i o n - 1 2 7
1 2 4 . V e r b s
w h i c h
h a v e t h e p u r e S t e m
i n t h e P r e s e n t a n d
I m p e r f e c t ,
b u t i n t h e r e m a i n i n g T e n s e s
s u p p o s e a S t e m
w i t h f
a s t h e
C h a r a c t e r i s t i c -
-
1 2 8
1 2 5 .
V e r b s
t o w h o s e
p u r e S t e m
t i s
a d d e d i n
t h e P r e s e n t a n d I m
p e r f e c t
•
- .
1 3 0
2 6 .
V e r b s w h o s e
T e n s e s
a r e
d e r i v e d
f r o m d i f f e r e n t
R o o t s
c o n n e c t e d
i n
S i g n i f i c a t i o n
o n l y - 1 3 1
B . V e r b s i n M I .
1 2 7 . C o n j u g a t i o n o f V e r b s i n 1 3 2
1 2 8 . C l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f V e r b s i n f u 1 3 3
1 2 9 .
M o d a l V o w e l o f
V e r b s i n
f u 1 3 4
3 0 . P e r s o n a l E n d i n g s o f V e r b s i n f i t
1 3 5
T e n s e -
F o r m a t i o n
o f V e r b s
i n M I .
1 3 1 . F i r s t
C l a s s
o f
V e r b s
i n
a u
•
1 3 8
1 3 2 .
S e c o n d
C l a s s
o f V e r b s i n f i t 1 3 9
3 3 . P a r a d i g m s o f
V e r b s
i n f i t - 1 4 0
1 3 4 .
R e m a r k s
o n t h e
P a r a d i g m s
o f
V e r b s
i n f i t -
-
- 1 4 6
S u r v e y o f V e r b s i n M I .
1 3 5 . V e r b s i n f u
w h i c h
j o i n t h e P e r
s o n a l E n d i n g s
i m m e d i a t e l y
o n
t o
t h e S t e m - V o w e l . — V e r b s
i n a
- - -
1 4 6
1 3 6 .
V e r b s i n f i t w h o s e S t e m e n d s
i l l
f
- - -
1 4 9
1 8 7 .
E i / i l ,
I a m ,
a n d
e t f i t ,
I
g o -
1 5 0
1 3 8 . V e r b s
i n f u w h i c h
a f f i x
t h e P e r
s o n a l E n d i n g s ,
a f t e r t h e A d
d i t i o n o f t h e S y l l a b l e w i o r v i i
t o
t h e S t e m - V o w e l -
1 5 1
1 3 9 . V e r b s w h o s e S t e m e n d s i n a
V o w e l a n d t a k e s - v v v - 1 5 2
1 4 0
V e r b s
w h o s e
S t e m e n d s
i n a
C o n s o n a n t a n d t a k e s - v i i 1 5 4
1 4 1 .
I n f l e x i o n o f K s l f i a t a n d f i f i a i 1 5 5
1 4 2 .
V e r b s i n u w h i c h
f o l l o w
t h e
A n a l o g y
o f
V e r b s
i n
f u
i n
t h e
A o r i s t l l .
A c t . a n d
M i d . 1 5 6
1 4 3 . O T S o ,
/ k n o w - - - 1 5 9
1 4 4 . D e p o n e n t s a n d A c t i v e V e r b s
w i t h
M i d d l e F u t u r e F o r m 1 5 9
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x i i
T A B L E
O F
C O N T E N T S .
S Y N T A X .
C H A P .
I .
—
O h
t h e
P r i n c i p a l
E l e m e n t s
o f
t h e
S i m p l e
S e n t e n c e .
§ 1 4 5 . N a t u r e o f a
S e n t e n c e .
—
S u b
j e c t — P r e d i c a t e
-
P a g e 1 6 2
1 4 6 . O n C o n c o r d
- -
- 1 6 4
1 4 7 . E x c e p t i o n s t o t h e g e n e r a l R u l e s
o f C o n c o r d - - - 1 6 5
1 4 7 . C o n c o r d i n t h e C a s e o f s e v e r a l
S u b j e c t s
- -
1 6 7
1 4 8 . O n t h e
A r t i c l e
- - 1 6 8
i 1 4 9 .
O n
t h e K i n d s
o f V e r b s - 1 7 5
1 5 0 .
R e m a r k s
o n
t h e
K i n d s o f
V e r b s
1 7 6
1 5 1 . T e n s e s
a n d M o o d s
o f V e r b s 1 8 1
1 5 2 .
A .
O n t h e T e n s e s
o f V e r b s ,
i n
D e t a i l - - - 1 8 1
1 5 3 .
B .
O n
t h e
M o o d s
o f V e r b s , i n
D e t a i l
-
-
- -
1 8 6
C H A P .
I I . —
1 5 4 . O n t h e A t t r i b u t i v e
C o m b i n a t i o n , p a g e
1 9 0 .
C H A P .
I I I .
—
1 5 5 . O n t h e O b j e c t i v e C o m b i n a t i o n .
O n t h e C a s e .
1 5 6 .
I . G e n i t i v e -
-
-
1 9 2
1 5 7 .
A .
L o c a l
S e n s e . —
S e p a r a t i v e
G e n i t i v e -
- - 1 9 3
1 5 8 .
B . C a u s a l S e n s e -
-
1 9 3
1 5 9 .
I I .
A c c u s a t i v e -
-
1 9 9
1 6 0 . D o u b l e A c c u s a t i v e - - 2 0 2
1 6 1 . I I I . D a t i v e
-
- 2 0 4
1 6 2 .
O n
t h e P r e p o s i t i o n s - 2 0 6
A .
P r e p o s i t i o n s
w i t h
O n e
C a s e .
1 6 3 .
I .
P r e p o s i t i o n s w i t h t h e G e n i
t i v e o n l y . . . 2 0 7
1 6 4 . 2 . W i t h t h e D a t i v e o n l y - 2 0 8
1 6 5 .
3 . W i t h
t h e A c c u s a t i v e o n l y 2 0 9
B . P r e p o s i t i o n s
w i t h
T w o
C a s e s .
1 6 6 . P r e p o s i t i o n s w i t h t h e G e n i t i v e
a n d
t h e A c c u s a t i v e
5 h £ ,
H a r d ,
x n r i p - - -
-
2 1 1
C . P r e p o s i t i o n s w i t h
T h r e e
C a s e s .
1 6 7 .
P r e p o s i t i o n s w i t h t h e G e n i t i v e ,
D a t i v e , a n d A c c u s a t i v e i f J b p t ,
i r e p i ,
& r ( ,
y u e T c l , i r a p d , i r p < J s ,
v r r 6
2 1 2
R e m a r k s u p o n t h e
C o n s t r u c t i o n
o f V e r b a l A d j e c t i v e s
i n
t 4 o s ,
T e ' a ,
T e ' o v , a n d o f t h e C o m p a r a
t i v e
a n d
S u p e r l a t i v e -
2 1 7
R e m a r k s u p o n t h e U s e o f t h e
P r o n o u n s - - - 2 1 8
O n t h e I n f i n i t i v e -
• 2 2 2
A .
I n f i n i t i v e
w i t h o u t
A r t i c l e
2 2 2
1 7 2 .
N o m i n a t i v e ,
G e n i t i v e ,
D a t i v e ,
a n d
A c c u s a t i v e , w i t h t h e
I n
f i n i t i v e
- -
- 2 2 3
1 7 3 .
B .
I n f i n i t i v e w i t h A r t i c l e 2 2 5
7 4 . O n t h e P a r t i c i p l e
-
- 2 2 6
1 7 5 . A .
P a r t i c i p l e a s t h e C o m p l e
m e n t o f a V e r b a l
I d e a
- 2 2 7
B . T h e P a r t i c i p l e a s t h e E x
p r e s s i o n o f A d v e r b i a l R e l a t i o n s
a n d
A c c e s s o r y
I d e a s
-
2 3 0
O n t h e
A d v e r b - -
2 3 2
1 6 8 .
1 6 9 .
1 7 0 .
1 7 1 .
1 7 6 .
1 7 7 .
S y n t a x
o f
t h e C o m p o u n d
S e n t e n c e ,
o r
A c c o u n t o f
t h e
C o n n e x i o n o f
S e n t e n c e s .
C H A P . I V .
—
1 7 8 .
A .
C o - o r d i n a t i o n ,
p a g e
2 3 5 .
C H A P . V .
—
B . S u b o r d i n a t i o n .
1 7 9 . P r i n c i p a l a n d A c c e s s o r y S e n
t e n c e 2 3 8
1 8 0 . I .
S u b s t a n t i v e -
S e n t e n c e s
-
2 3 9
1 8 1 . F i n a l
S u b s t a n t i v e - S e n t e n c e s
i n
t r o d u c e d
b y
i t t ,
h a ,
& c .
-
2 4 1
1 8 2 .
I I .
A d j e c t i v e -
S e n t e n c e s -
2 4 2
1 8 3 . I I I . A d v e r b i a l S e n t e n c e s - 2 4 7
1 8 4 . a . A d v e r b i a l S e n t e n c e s e x p r e s s
i n g t h e C a u s e
-
-
2 5 0
1 8 5 . b .
C o n d i t i o n a l - -
2 5 0
1 8 6 . c . C o n s e q u e n c e o r E f f e c t
-
2 5 8
1 8 7 .
O n
I n t e r r o g a t i v e
S e n t e n c e s
2 5 4
1 8 8 .
O n
t h e F o r m o f O b l i q u e o r I n
d i r e c t
S p e e c h - -
2 5 7
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E L E M E N T A R Y
G R E E K G R A M M A R .
E T Y M O L O G Y
C H A P .
I .
O N
T H E
L E T T E R S
A N D
A R T I C U L A T E
S O U N D S .
§
1 .
C l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f t h e
L e t t e r s .
T h e G r e e k l a n g u a g e h a s f o u r a n d
t w e n t y
l e t t e r s
f o r
t h e
i n d i c a t i o n o f i t s s o u n d s ,
v i z .
s e v e n v o w e l s a n d s e v e n t e e n
c o n s o n a n t s .
§ 2 . C l a s s i f i c a t i o n
o f
t h e V o w e l s . — D i p h t h o n g s .
e
( s h o r t
e ,
E p s i l o n )
a n d
o ( s h o r t o , O m i c r o n ) a r e
a l w a y s
s h o r t , r j ( l o n g
e , E t a )
a n d
a ( l o n g o ,
O m e g a )
a r e a l w a y s
l o n g , a ( a , A l p h a ) , i ( i , I o t a ) , a n d v ( m , U p s i l o n ) , a r e e i t h e r
l o n g o r
s h o r t .
T h e
s h o r t
a r e
i n d i c a t e d
b y
(
) ,
t h e
l o n g
b y
(
)
a s
a ,
a .
T h e
m a r k (
-
) s h o w s t h a t t h e v o w e l m a y b e u s e d l o n g o r
s h o r t , a s :
a .
B
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2 L E T T E R S
A N D
A R T I C U L A T E S O U N D S .
| c h a p . l
T h e
G r e e k l a n g u a g e h a s t h e f o l l o w i n g d i p h t h o n g s
—
a t , « , 0 1 , v i ,
a v , e v , i / l / , o v
b e s i d e s
a , g , a n d
< p ,
i . c .
a ,
t ] ,
a n d a > , w i t h t h e I o t a s u b s c r i b e d ( I o t a s u b s c r i p t u m ) .
T h e s e t h r e e d i p h t h o n g s , w h i c h a r e c a l l e d i m p r o p e r , a r e p r o
n o u n c e d l i k e s i m p l e v o w e l s ;
t h u s :
a
■ =
a , & c .
R e m a r k
1 . I n
c a p i t a l l e t t e r s t h e I o t a
s u b s c r i p t u m
i n
a ,
y , i f
i s s o m e t i m e s
p l a c e d
b y
t h e s i d e o f t h e v o w e l s a s
A t
q . H i y , Q i n > .
R e m a r k 2 .
W h e n
t w o v o w e l s ,
w h i c h
r e g u l a r l y
f o r m
a d i p h t h o n g , a r e
t o
b e
p r o n o u n c e d
s e p a r a t e l y ;
t h i s
i s
i n d i c a t e d
b y
t w o
p o i n t s
( p u n c t a
d i t e r e s i s ) o v e r t h e s e c o n d v o w e l ( « , v ) ,
a s
« ' / , o Y , a v .
§ 3 . C l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f t h e C o n s o n a n t s .
1 . T h e c o n s o n a n t s a r e d i v i d e d , f i r s t l y ,
a c c o r d i n g
t o t h e o r
g a n s o f s p e e c h b y w h i c h t h e y
a r e p r o n o u n c e d ,
i n t o G u t t u r a l s
7
( g , G a m m a ) ,
k
( h , K a p p a ) ,
^ ( c h , C h i ) L i n g u a l s 8
( d ,
D e l t a ) , t ( t ,
T a u ) ,
0 ( t h , T h e t a ) , X ( I ,
L a m b d a ) ,
v
( n ,
N u ) ,
p ( r , 8 h o ) ,
a
( s , S i g m a ) L a b i a l s
/ 9
( b , B e t a ) ,
t t ( p ,
P i ) , < p
( p h , P h i ) , f i ( m ,
M u ) .
2 .
S e c o n d l y ,
t h e
c o n s o n a n t s
a r e d i v i d e d ,
a c c o r d i n g
t o
t h e
g r e a t e r
o r l e s s i n f l u e n c e
o f t h e o r g a n s o f
s p e e c h
i n t h e i r f o r m
a t i o n i n t o
—
a . S e m i v o w e l s , v i z . X , f i , v , p , w h i c h a r e
c a l l e d
l i q u i d s ,
a n d t h e s i b i l a n t < r .
b . M u t e s ,
v i z . / 3 , 7 ,
B ,
i t ,
k , t , < f > ,
0 . T h e s e n i n e m u t e s
a r e d i v i d e d a )
a c c o r d i n g
t o t h e o r g a n s o f s p e e c h , i n t o t h r e e
g u t t u r a l s , t h r e e l i n g u a l s , a n d t h r e e
l a b i a l s
/ S ) a c c o r d i n g t o
t h e i r
n a m e s ,
i n t o
t h r e e K - , t h r e e
T - ,
a n d t h r e e P - s o u n d s
l a s t l y ,
a c c o r d i n g
t o
t h e
m o d e
o f
p r o n u n c i a t i o n ,
i n t o
t h r e e
s m o o t h ( t e n u e s ) , t h r e e m i d d l e
( m e d i o ? ) ,
a n d t h r e e a s p i r a t e s
( a s p i r a t c e ) , t h u s : —
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§ 4 . ]
3
R E A T H I N G S .
S m o o t h ,
U n i t e s .
M i d d l e .
A s p i r a t e s ,
a s p i r a t e .
e d i a .
G u t t u r a l s
K
7
X
K - s o u n d s .
•
L i n g u a l s
T
a
e
T - s o u n d s .
L a b i a l s
7 T
< 8
4 >
P - s o u n d s .
F r o m t h e
b l e n d i n g o f
t h e
m u t e
c o n s o n a n t s
w i t h
< r ,
a r i s e
t h r e e
d o u b l e c o n s o n a n t s
—
y f r
( p s ,
P s i )
f r o m
i r a ,
f t c r ,
( f j c r .
£ ( x , X i )
f r o m
k < t ,
y t r , ^ < r .
f ( z , Z e t a ) f r o m e r B .
§ 4 . S p i r i t u s l e n i s a n d
S p i r i t u s
a s p e r .
1 .
E v e r y
v o w e l
i s
u t t e r e d
w i t h
a
b r e a t h i n g
t h i s
b r e a t h
i n g
i s e i t h e r s m o o t h
o r r o u g h .
T h e s m o o t h i s r e p r e s e n t e d
b y
t h e s i g n
( ' ) ;
t h e r o u g h , b y t h e
s i g n
( ' ) . B o t h s i g n s a r e p l a c e d
o v e r
t h e
f i r s t v o w e l
o f t h e
w o r d ; a s :
c b o v , o v u m ,
U r r o p i a ,
h i s -
t o r i a .
T h e
r o u g h
b r e a t h i n g
c o r r e s p o n d s t o t h e E n g l i s h a n d
L a t i n
h ;
t h e s m o o t h
i s j o i n e d
t o
e v e r y v o w e l w h i c h i s n o t
p r o n o u n c e d w i t h
t h e r o u g h .
2 . I n
d i p h t h o n g s ,
t h e
s i g n
o f t h e
b r e a t h i n g
t a k e s
i t s p l a c e
a b o v e t h e s e c o n d
v o w e l a s o l o s , s v O v s , a v r i K a . B u t i n
t h e
i m p r o p e r
d i p h t h o n g s ,
q ,
r j ,
p , w h e n i n c a p i t a l l e t t e r s , t h e s i g n
o f t h e
b r e a t h i n g
i s p l a c e d o v e r t h e f i r s t v o w e l
a s
v V t S ^ s
f o r
q B r j s ,
H a d e s .
T h e l i q u i d
p
w a s p r o n o u n c e d w i t h
t h e
r o u g h b r e a t h i n g ,
a n d h e n c e h a d t h e
s i g n
o f t h e b r e a t h i n g
a t
t h e b e g i n n i n g o f
t h e w o r d a s p a f i B o s . W h e n t w o p ' s c a m e t o g e t h e r
i n
t h e
m i d d l e
o f
a
w o r d ,
t h e
f o r m e r
w a s
p r o n o u n c e d
w i t h
t h e
s m o o t h ,
t h e
l a t t e r w i t h
t h e r o u g h ,
b r e a t h i n g
t h e
f o r m e r
r e c e i v e d t h e
l e n i s ,
t h e l a t t e r t h e
a s p e r
; a s
H v p p o s , P y r r h u s .
B 2
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4 L E T T E R S
A N D
A R T I C U L A T E
S O U N D S .
[ c h a p . i .
§
5 .
A l p h a b e t .
F O R M . P R O N U N C I A T I O N .
N A M E S .
A
a a
A l p h a A X t p a
B
b
B e t a
B f j r a
r
7
g
G a m m a
T d / M f J t a
A
8 d
D e l t a
A £ \ r a
£
8
e s h o r t E p s l l o n
* E
■ \ f r l \ 6 u
z
r
z
Z e t a
Z i r y r a
H
V
e
l o n g
E t a * H r a
e
e
t h
T h e t a
© T j T a
i
i
i
I o t a
' l & r a
K
K
k
K a p p a
K a 7 T 7 r a
A
X
i
L a m b d a
A d p f i S a
M
( *
m
M u
M v
N
V
n
N u
N f J
a
X
X i
B l
o
0
o s h o r t
O m i c r o n
* O f U K p O V
n
I t
P
P i
m
p
p
r
R h o
r P w
s
a , s B
S i g m a
T T
t
T a u
T a O
T
V
u
U p s i l o n
*
4 >
p h P h i
< P l
X
X
c h
C h i
X I
■ 9
*
p s
P s i
a a
o l o n g
O m e g a
R e m a r k 1 . T h e S i g m a ( V ) , a t t h e e n d
o f a
w o r d , t a k e s t h e f o r m g ;
a s
o u a p o g . T h i s
l a t t e r
£ i s a l s o s o m e t i m e s u s e d i n t h e m i d d l e o f c o m p o u n d
w o r d s , w h e n t h e
f i r s t p a r t o f
t h e c o m p o u n d c o n s i s t s
o f
a w o r d e n d i n g i n
a
S i g m a
a s
j r p o g f
i p u .
R e m a r k 2 . y , b e f o r e y k
%
? > s o u n d s l i k e
n
a s d y y c X o g , a n g e h i s ;
' A y x ' f f l f )
A n c h i s e s ;
c i r y K o n i i ,
s y n c o p e ; \ d p v y £ ,
l a r y n x .
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M O V E A B L E
C O N S O N A N T S .
5
t § 6 . S i g n o f C r a s i s a n d E l i s i o n . ( C o r o n i s . — A p o s t r o p / i e . )
1
T h e
s i g n o f C r a s i s a n d E l i s i o n
i s
l i k e t h a t o f t h e s o f t
b r e a t h i n g .
2 .
W h e n t w o w o r d s ,
o n e
o f w h i c h
e n d s a n d t h e o t h e r b e g i n s
w i t h
a
v o w e l ,
c o m e
t o g e t h e r ,
i t
o f t e n h a p p e n s
t h a t
b o t h
t h e s e
v o w e l s a r e c h a n g e d
i n t o
o n e l o n g v o w e l - s o u n d .
T h i s
u n i o n i s
c a l l e d
C r a s i s ,
a n d
t h e
s i g n o f i t C o r o n i s . T h e
C o r o n i s
t a k e s i t s
p l a c e
a b o v e t h e v o w e l - s o u n d
f o r m e d
b y
c r a s i s ,
a n d ,
w h e n
t h i s
i s
a
d i p h t h o n g , a b o v e
t h e
s e c o n d v o w e l b u t i t i s o m i t t e d
w h e n
t h e w o r d b e g i n s
w i t h
t h e
v o w e l - s o u n d
a s
t o
o v o f i a
—
T o v v o f i a , t o h r o s = t o v t t o s , t o
d y a d d
— r a r / a d d .
R e m a r k . T h e I o t a s u b s c r i p t u m i s u s e d
i n c r a s i s ,
o n l y w h e n
t h e
b e l o n g s t o t h e
l a t t e r
o f t h e t w o
v o w e l - s o u n d s
t h u s m e r g e d i n t o
o n e
a s K a i i l r a = K f r a
b u t
l e a l
l i r u r a
—
K & i r t i T a .
3 . E l i s i o n
m u s t b e
c a r e f u l l y d i s t i n g u i s h e d f r o m C r a s i s . I t
c o n s i s t s i n t h r o w i n g a w a y a s h o r t v o w e l a t t h e e n d o f a w o r d
b e f o r e a n o t h e r b e g i n n i n g
w i t h
a v o w e l ,
w i t h o u t
f u r t h e r c h a n g e .
T h e s i g n o f t h i s i s c a l l e d A p o s t r o p h e
e .
g .
t o v t o
1 < t t w
— t o u t
e a r i v .
A p o s t r o p h e
i s
o m i t t e d
i n
t h e
c o m p o s i t i o n o f
w o r d s
a s
a T r e < p e p o v f r o m d v o i c f y s p o v .
| §
7 .
M o v e a b l e
C o n s o n a n t s
a t t h e e n d o f a W o r d .
A n o t h e r
m e a n s o f
a v o i d i n g t h e c o n c u r r e n c e
o f t w o v o w e l s
i n t w o
s u c c e s s i v e
w o r d s , c o n s i s t s i n
a f f i x i n g a
c o n s o n a n t
t o t h e
f i n a l v o w e l o f
t h e f i r s t
w o r d .
T h e
f o l l o w i n g c o n s o n a n t s a r e u s e d
f o r
t h i s p u r p o s e .
a .
T h e
v
( i < j > s K i c v a T i i c 6 v ) ,
w h i c h
i s
a f f i x e d
—
a )
t o
t h e
D a t .
p l u r .
i n
< r i
;
t h e
t w o
a d v e r b s ,
i r i p v a i ,
l a s t
g e a r ,
i r a v r d i r a v i ,
a l t o g e t h e r
; a n d a l l a d v e r b s o f
p l a c e
i n a i
a s
i r d a L v s K s ^ a ,
i j T l X a r a t u a i v r f / £ j i o v ( a
B 3
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6
L E T T E R S
A N D A R T I C U L A T E
S O U N D S .
[ c h a p .
i .
/ 3 )
t o
t h e i l l p e r s . s i n g , a n d p l u r . i n < n ; a s r v i n o v a i v
i f j J ,
r U S t ^ r a ) i v
t { ) T p a n r i ^ Q
7 ) t o
t h e i n .
p e r s . s i n g ,
i n
e ; a s : e n n r r s v i j i i ;
8 ) t o t h e n u m e r a l u k o c t i , b u t n o t a l w a y s ; a s e X k o c t l v f i v h p s s
a n d s ' I k o c t o
a v S p e s .
R e m a r k . I n A t t i c
p r o s e t h e v I ^ i K k v u t i k o v
s t a n d s
r e g u l a r l y a t t h e
e n d
o f a n e n t i r e s e c t i o n , a n d o f t e n b e f o r e l o n g
s t o p s .
b . T h e s i b i l a n t s , w h i c h
i s
a f f i x e d t o t h e w o r d o v t c o , t h u s ,
a s o v r m s h r o i r j c r s v ; o f t e n a l s o t o t h e w o r d s f i ^ X P 1 , a n 0 - ^ X P l >
u n t i l ;
a n d
t o t h e p r e p o s i t i o n I k , e x ,
w h i c h
t h e n
b e c o m e s
i £ , a s
e l p r j v r ) ; , b u t
s k T r j s
e l p r j v r j s s o a l s o i n c o m p o s i t i o n , a s i £ -
e K a v v s i v , b u t i m s K e i v .
c . L a s t l y , k ,
w h i c h
i s
a f f i x e d
t o
t h e
n e g a t i v e o v , a s
o w e
a l a - x p o s , b u t o v
k o X o s
s o a l s o , a f t e r
t h e
a n a l o g y
o f
o i i k s t i ,
f i 7 ) K S T i
( = f i f j
e n ) . B u t k i s n o t a f f i x e d w h e n
o v
i s
f o u n d
a t
t h e
e n d o f
a
s e n t e n c e o r
s i g n i f i e s N o ;
a s o v -
a \ \ d , & c .
( N o ;
b u t ,
& c . )
f § 8 .
C h a n g e
o f C o n s o n a n t s i n I n f l e x i o n a n d D e r i v a t i o n .
1 .
A
T - s o u n d
( t , 8 , 0 ) b e f o r e a
T - s o u n d
b e c o m e s t r .
l v t ' S - 9 t i v
( f r . T T i l B i a ) b e c o m e s
i i r t f o 9 t ] v
n u B - r i o Q
( f r .
T r t i ' f l w )
—
■ j r e i a r i o g
i i p u $ - 9 r ) V
( f r .
i p e i d u i )
—
r i p u o Q r i v .
2 . A P - s o u n d
( i r ,
< f > ) b e f o r e
f i
b e c o m e s
f i .
A K - s o u n d
( / c , 7 , % )
b e f o r e f i b e c o m e s 7 .
A
T - s o u n d ( t , S ,
8 )
b e f o r e f i
b e c o m e s
< r .
a )
P - s o u n d s T i r p i j i - p a i ( f r . r p i / 3 w ) b e c o m e s r h p i / i / t a t
\ e \ e n r - p , a i ( f r . X u t t o i ) —
X e X e i / i / x a i
y e y p a f - f i a i ( f r . y p a Q u ) — y e y p a f i f i a i .
f f ) K - S O U n d s
i r t i r \ e i c - f t a i
( f r . 7 r X e i c a > ) b e c o m e s m i r X i y f i a i
\ i \ i y - p . a i ( f r . X s y w ) r e m a i n s X i X t y / i a i
f 3 s j 3 p ( x m l l a t
( f r - P p ^ X 1 0 )
b e c o m e s
( U f i p i y i x a i ,
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§ 8 . ]
C H A N G E
O F C O N S O N A N T S . 7
y ) T - s o u n d s r j v v r - p a t ( f r .
a v v T t a )
b e c o m e s y v v a f i a i
■ q p u S - f U u ( f r . i p t i d i o ) — i j p e u r p a i
i r t i r a Q - j i a i
( f r .
t t M i S )
—
■ n i i r t w u c u
K t K o f i i l - f i m ( f r . K O f i i l m ) — K u c u p i o p a i .
3 . A P - e o u n d
( t t ,
/ S , < j > ) w i t h < r
f o r m s ^ .
A K - s o u n d
( / c ,
7 ,
w i t h
c r f o r m s f .
A T - s o u n d ( t , 8 , 5 ) b e f o r e c r i s d r o p p e d .
a ) P - s o u n d s X e i V - f f u ( f r . X e i V w ) b e c o m e s X t t y w
r p i ( 3 - f f i o ( f r . r p / / } w ) — r p i y p t o
y p a $ - a < o
( f r .
y p a ^ w )
—
y p d - J / c j .
/ ? ) K - s o u n d s 7 r X e i c - < r w ( f r . 7 r X t / c w ) b e c o m e s 7 r X e £ w
X « y - f f w ( f r . X f y < u ) — X e 4 * u
@ p k X - G t i > ( f r . j S p E ^ w ) j S j O t ^ W .
y ) T - s o u n d s
a v v T - o u
( f r .
a v v r w )
b e c o m e s
d i / i i < r w
i p e i S - f f u t
( f r .
t p t i d t o )
— i p t t a i a
w t i O - a u ) ( f r .
i r t i O w )
—
w i i a u >
i w i d - o w ( f r .
t X 7 r ( ? w )
—
i X f l - i V w .
R e m a r k
1 .
T h e
p r e p o s i t i o n
t e
b e f o r e
f o r m s
a n
e x c e p t i o n
a s
i i c -
4 .
N
b e f o r e a P - s o u n d ( i r , y 3 , c £ , i j r ) b e c o m e s f i .
N — K - s o u n d ( « , y ,
f t
£ ) — 7 .
N
—
T - s o u n d ( t , 8 , 0 ) r e m a i n s u n a l t e r e d .
i v - i r t i p i a
b e c o m e s h p n r t i p i a . t w v - K a \ e u ) b e c o m e s a v y x a X i u i .
i v - f i a X K u — i / i / 3 d X X < u . < r v v - y t y v i l > ( r K i a — o v y y i y v w a K t o ,
i v - t j > p u > v
—
t p < p p u v .
c v v - x p o v o q
—
a v y x p o v o g .
t v - t y v x p Q
—
t f i i p v x o g . f f i / v - C e w
—
a v y ^ t b ) .
B u t ( T V V T t l v t o , ( T V v H ( O t O V v Q ' t b ) ,
E x c e p t i o n s .
T h e e n c l i t i c s a s o v i r t p ,
r o v y t .
5 . N b e f o r e a l i q u i d i s c h a n g e d i n t o t h a t l i q u i d , t h u s a v v -
X c y i ' f a ) b e c o m e s
a v K K x r / L ^ w , o w - f i e r p i a b e c o m e s
o - u / A f i e r p i a ,
c r v v - p h r t r w b e c o m e s c r v p p h r r a .
E x c e p t i o n ,
i v
b e f o r e p
a s
I v p i i r r u .
6 . N
i s a l w a y s d r o p p e d b e f o r e
£ ,
a n d
b e f o r e
< r
i n
i n f l e x i o n ,
a n d
i n t h o s e
c o m p o u n d w o r d s
i n
w h i c h
a n o t h e r c o n s o n a n t
B 4
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8
L E T T E R S
A N D A R T I C U L A T E
S O U N D S . [ c h a p .
L
f o l l o w s
a . T h e
p r e c e d i n g n a t u r a l l y s h o r t
v o w e l r e m a i n s
s h o r t , a f t e r
t h e
o m i s s i o n o f v
b e f o r e
a .
< r v v - £ v y t a
=
a v ^ v y ' i a ^
d a i p . o v - f f i
=
S a i f i o t r i j a v v - < r r r ) f i a
—
a u a r r j f i a .
E x c e p t i o n s .
' E v ,
a s
I v o i r i i p w , i v Z , t v y v v p . i
i r a X i v , a s i r a X i v a K i o Q s o m e
f o r m s o f
i n f l e x i o n
a n d d e r i v a t i o n
i n
a m a n d t r i e ,
a s
i r i f a v a a i , f r . < p a t v u >
a n d
s o m e f e w s u b s t a n t i v e s i n i v q
a n d w c .
T h e v i n o v v b e c o m e s a i n
c o m p o s i t i o n b e f o r e o
a n d
a
v o w e l
a s a v a a i i X , t a i n s t e a d
o f o v v o u Z w .
7 . I f , i n t h e
i n f l e x i o n
o f a v e r b , a t e r m i n a t i o n b e g i n n i n g
w i t h a d b e a f f i x e d t o a s t e m e n d i n g i n a c o n s o n a n t , a
i s d r o p p e d ;
t h u s
X s K s L i r - a Q m v
( f r .
X s w r w )
b e c o m e s
\ s \ e i < } ) 0 c o v ,
r j y y i X - c r O a i
b e c o m e s
f j < r y £ \ 0 a i .
8 . W h e n t h e l i q u i d v c o m e s b e f o r e a T - s o u n d a n d a , t h e v
a n d
t h e
T - s o u n d f a l l
a w a y , t h e
p r e c e d i n g s h o r t v o w e l ( a , t , o r
v ) i s m a d e l o n g , e
i s
c h a n g e d i n t o s i , a n d
o
i n t o
o v ;
t h u s :
i r a v T - a i
b e c o m e s
i r a o i . r v i p Q i v r - o i
b e c o m e s r v Q O t i & i .
e X f i i v Q - c r i —
e X p i m . a i r k v S - a t a
— o i r t i a u ) .
S t i K v v v r - a i
—
S t i K v v f f i , X k o v T - f f i — \ k o v a t .
9 .
M u t e
c o n s o n a n t s o f
o n e
s p e c i e s
a r e
j o i n e d
t o
o t h e r s
o f
t h e s a m e s p e c i e s . T h e r e a r e t h r e e s p e c i e s o f m u t e c o n s o n a n t s
( § 3 , 2 . ) : t h e s m o o t h ( f a m e s ) , i t , k , t ; t h e m i d d l e ( m e d i a e ) , { } ,
7 , 8
a n d
t h e
a s p i r a t e s ( a s p i r a t e s ) ,
< f > ,
^ 0 .
W h e n ,
t h e r e f o r e ,
i n i n f l e x i o n
o r d e r i v a t i o n ,
m u t e s
o f
d i f f e r e n t s p e c i e s c o m e
t o
g e t h e r , t h e f i r s t
i s
c h a n g e d i n t o o n e o f t h e s a m e s p e c i e s a s
t h e
s e c o n d ,
a n d h e n c e w e h a v e t h e f o l l o w i n g
r u l e s .
a )
A
P - s o u n d
( n r ,
/ 3 ,
< £ )
o r
a
K - s o u n d
( k ,
7 ,
% ) ,
b e f o r e
a
T - s o u n d , m u s t b e
o f
t h e s a m e
s p e c i e s
a s t h e T - s o u n d ; s o t h a t
7 T o r k
i s
j o i n e d t o r , @ o r 7 t o S , a n d o r ^ t o
0 .
b e f o r e r b e c o m e s
a s :
( f r . r p i / 3 o ) ) T e r p i f i - T a i
= T S T p l T T T a t .
*
—
r
—
—
( f r . y p a t p o i )
y t y p a t p - r a t
= y i y p a T T T a i .
r
—
r
—
K
—
( f r .
X i y u i )
\ t X i y - r a i — X i X t K T C U .
X
—
T
—
K
—
( f r . j 3 p i X o > )
f & f i p t X - T a i =
f i i ( 3 p t K T a i .
*
—
i
—
f i
—
( f r .
P A I I )
p a i r - d o c = p a f i l o e .
—
I
—
( 3
—
( f r .
y p a t y t a )
y p a f - d i j v
=
y p a ( 3 S n v .
K .
—
i
—
y
—
( f r . 5 t X c k w )
i r X t K - S n v
=
T r X k y S n v ,
X
—
i
—
—
( f r . / 3 p ^ x « 0
P p k x - S n v
=
P p e y d r i v .
w
—
0
—
*
—
( f r . ; r £ / j 7 r < d )
i i r i f i w - B t i v
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C H A N G E
O P C O N S O N A N T S .
9
/ 3 b e f o r e 9 b e c o m e s a s ( f r . r p i f S b ) ) l r p i j 3 - 9 r i v =
h p t y G r i v .
K — 9 — x — ( f r - w X t K i u )
i i r \ i K - 9 r i v
=
s j r X i x & J v .
Y
—
9
—
x
—
( f r -
X f y w )
t \ i y - 9 j ) V
=
I X i x O r i v .
R e m a r k 2 . T h e p r e p o s i t i o n
I k r e m a i n s u n a l t e r e d
a s U S o v v a i ,
U B u v m ,
& e . , n o t i y l o v v a i , t y O i h n u .
f t ) T h e
s m o o t h
m u t e s
( y r ,
k , t ) , b e f o r e
a n a s p i r a t e b r e a t h
i n g ,
a r e
c h a n g e d
i n t o t h e i r
k i n d r e d a s p i r a t e s
( < f > ,
6 ) ,
n o t
o n l y i n
i n f l e x i o n
a n d d e r i v a t i o n , b u t a l s o i n
s e p a r a t e
w o r d s
t h e
m i d d l e
m u t e s ,
h o w e v e r ,
u n d e r g o
c h a n g e
o n l y i n t h e i n
f l e x i o n
o f
v e r b s ;
t h u s
a n ' o i b e c o m e s a < $ > o v ;
i i r r i p t p o Q
( f r . l i r i ,
r i p i p a )
= l f r ) f i f p o £ ; l i r v f a i m ( f r .
« 7 r t = i t p v Q a i v h j j r i r v r r - a = T s r v t p a ^
o i / K v a i c j c
=
o i / % 6 ( T i ' w c ;
S a n j / i t p o s
( f r . l i x a ,
r ' l p f p a ) =
i t x ' i p t p o g a v r '
w v = a v f f
u v
( f r .
a v r l i )
;
a v r i X K u i
=
a v 9 t \ K O t
a \ o y - a —
u X o x a b u t X k y ' i r i p a v ( n o t ,
\ i \ i r i p a v ) =
T i T p u j i a b u t
r p i / 3 ' o v t w s
( n o t ,
r p ' t t t f
o D r w f ) .
R e m a r k 3 . T h i s c h a n g e a l s o t a k e s p l a c e i n
C r a s i s
a s 9 a r i p a
f r o m
t A
i r e p a ( § 6 , 2 . ) . I f t w o s m o o t h m u t e s
p r e c e d e
a n a s p i r a t e , t h e y
m u s t
b o t h b e c h a n g e d i n t o a s p i r a t e s ,
a s
i t p 9 i ) p i p o c i n s t e a d o f i n H i p t p o g ( f r .
i i r r a , r i j i k p a ) , v > x 9 ' o X i j v
i n s t e a d
o f
v v k t
o \ i j v .
1 0 . T h e r e
a r e c e r t a i n d e v i a t i o n s f r o m t h e r u l e
t h a t
m u t e s
o f t h e s a m e s p e c i e s
a r e
j o i n e d t o g e t h e r , w i t h r e g a r d t o w h i c h
t h e
f o l l o w i n g r u l e s
p r e v a i l
—
a ) T w o a s p i r a t e s a r e n o t
f o u n d
i n i m m e d i a t e c o n n e x i o n
w i t h e a c h
o t h e r
; b u t t h e f i r s t i s c h a n g e d
i n t o
i t s k i n d r e d
s m o o t h :
2 a 7 r $ f t > , B a « ^ o s ,
' A t O i s ; b u t n o t ^ a c f x p a i , B a ^ o * ,
A . 6 6 i s .
f t ) I f ,
i n
t h e r e d u p l i c a t i o n o f
v e r b s
w h o s e s t e m b e g i n s
w i t h
a n
a s p i r a t e ,
t h e
a s p i r a t e
i s t o b e
r e p e a t e d ,
t h e f i r s t
a s p i r a t e
i s
c h a n g e d i n t o t h e k i n d r e d s m o o t h ; t h u s :
t p i - ( p i \ i } K a . ( f r . ^ t X s w )
b e c o m e s
f f t ^ i X i j i c o .
X t - x V K a ( f r -
X ' )
— K t x v i c a .
8 t - 9 v K a ( f r . 6 v w ) —
r i 9 v K a .
9 i - 9 r i p i ( s t e m 6 E ) — r i 0 i j / i i .
T h e
t w o v e r b s ,
9 v u v , t o s a c r i f i c e ,
a n d
n d e v a i ( s t e m 8 E ) , t o s e t ; f o l l o w
t h i s r u l e
i n t h e c a s e
o f
p a s s i v e
t e r m i n a t i o n s
b e g i n n i n g w i t h
9 , t h u s
i r i - 9 t ) v , r u - 0 q < r o / M « ,
M - 9 t ] v ,
T f 9 t ) a o p a i , i n s t e a d o f i 9 v - 9 i j v , W i - G y v .
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1 0
£ c h a p . n .
N S Y L L A B L E S .
7 ) W o r d s
w h o s e s t e m b e g i n s a n d e n d s w i t h a n a s p i r a t e
c h a n g e t h e f o r m e r a s p i r a t e
i n t o
t h e k i n d r e d s m o o t h ,
u n l e s s
t h e l a t t e r i s
c h a n g e d i n t o a n
u n a s p i r a t e d c o n s o n a n t ,
i n
c o n s e
q u e n c e o f c o m i n g
b e f o r e
a , t , a n d f i ,
a c c o r d i n g
t o
N o . 3 ,
8 ,
a ) ,
a n d 2 . , w h e n
i t
r e m a i n s u n c h a n g e d . H e n c e w e h a v e t h e
f o l l o w i n g v a r i a t i o n s
—
r p i ( p - u ) ( s t e m 0 P E 4 > ) ,
9 p l \ j m > ,
B p i w - r r i p , O p i p f i a .
r a f q ( s t e m 8 A * ) , 9 d \ p o j , 9 a i r - T w , T i d a p p a i .
r p v i j i o Q ( s t e m 0 P Y 4 > ) , 9 p v > j / u > , 9 p v T T T U > , r i 9 p v p p . a t .
r p e x - u
( s t e m
0 P E X ) ,
9 p k i , o f i a t
—
r p i x - o Q
( s t e m
6 P I X ) ,
9 p i t ,
9 p i £ t v .
r a x v s ( s t e m
9 A X T ) b e c o m e s
i n t h e
c o m p a r a t i v e
Q a a o m v .
R e m a r k 4 . T p t 0 w , 9 & v t u > , a n d 9 p v i r r t j i , d o n o t c h a n g e e i t h e r o f
t h e a s p i r a t e s i n
t h e i r s t e m
b e f o r e a
p a s s i v e t e r m i n a t i o n b e g i n n i n g
w i t h
9 ; a s :
i - 9 p i f - 9 ^ v , 9 p t ( p - 9 i j v a t , 9 p e ( p - 9 i j a i a 9 a t .
l - 9 a < p - 9 r i V y
O a f - O t i c ,
Q a Q - O r f a o p a i ,
T i - 9 d < p - 9 a u
R e m a r k
5 . I n
t h e
I m p e r a t i v e t e r m i n a t i o n o f
t h e
A o r .
1 .
P a s s .
( 9 i ) 9 C ) ,
w h e r e b o t h t h e f l e x i o n s s y l l a b l e s b e g i n w i t h 9 , t h e l a t t e r , a n d n o t t h e
f o r m e r ,
a s p i r a t e
i s
c h a n g e d
i n t o
i t s
k i n d r e d
s m o o t h
a s
T v < p 9 t j T i .
1 1 .
L a s t l y ,
i t s h o u l d
b e o b s e r v e d , i n r e f e r e n c e t o t h e l i
q u i d
p ,
t h a t i t
i s
d o u b l e d :
—
a ) o n p r e f i x i n g t h e a u g m e n t ,
a s :
s p p e o v —
b )
i n
c o m p o s i t i o n ,
w h e n a
s h o r t v o w e l g o e s
b e f o r e ,
a s :
d p p r j K T o s , f i a B v p p o o s ; b u t s v - p a a r o s ( f r . s v + p w v w f i t ) .
C H A P . H .
O N
S Y L L A B L E S .
§
9 . O n
t h e
Q u a n t i t y
o f S y l l a b l e s .
L
A
s y l l a b l e
i s
s h o r t
b y
n a t u r e
w h e n
t h e
v o w e l
i n
i t
i s
s h o r t , v i z .
e , 0 , a , t ,
v ,
a n d
f o l l o w e d b y a
v o w e l
o r
s i m p l e
c o n s o n a n t ,
a s : ' e v o f i c o - d , ' h r v d s T o .
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§ 1 0 . ]
1 1
U A N T I T Y I N
T H E P E N U L T I M A T E .
2 . A s y l l a b l e i s l o n g b y n a t u r e w h e n i t c o n t a i n s e i t h e r
a
s i m p l e
l o n g
v o w e l ,
r j ,
e o ,
a ,
I ,
v ,
o r
a
d i p h t h o n g ,
a s
' i j p w s ,
K p l v w ,
y s ( j ) v p a , l a x j u p o v s ,
i r a t S s v ^ s ; h e n c e t h o s e s y l l a b l e s a r e
a l w a y s l o n g ,
i n
w h i c h t w o v o w e l s
a r e c o n t r a c t e d i n t o o n e ,
a s :
' a / c o w ( f r .
a s t c m > ) ,
f t o r p v ? ( f r .
f i o r p v a s ) .
3 . A
s y l l a b l e
w i t h a
s h o r t
v o w e l
b e c o m e s
l o n g b y p o s i t i o n
( i . e . t h e p l a c i n g o f t h e v o w e l ) , i f t w o o r m o r e c o n s o n a n t s , o r
a
d o u b l e c o n s o n a n t ( £ f ,
y j r ) ,
f o l l o w
t h e
s h o r t v o w e l , a s
' i f c o T f W e i ) , T v y f r a v r e s , i c o p a l ;
( j c o p a i c o s ) ,
r p a T r i ^ a .
R e m a r k . T h e p o s i t i o n o f
a
m u t e
w i t h a
l i q u i d
g e n e r a l l y
d o e s
n o t
m a k e
a s h o r t v o w e l l o n g
a s o t i k v o q ,
d i r ? i r X o c , ' a « 7 * f j , ( S o r p u j ,
S i d p a x p o g .
B u t i n t w o
c a s e s
a s h o r t v o w e l i s t h u s m a d e l o n g — a )
i n
c o m p o u n d s
a s ' t K v t p t a — 6 ) w h e n o n e o f t h e m i d d l e m u t e s y , S ) c o m e s b e f o r e
o n e o f t h e t h r e e l i q u i d s , X , p , v a s
/ 3 I / 3 X o f M S p o c , i r i i r X l y p a i .
§
1 0 .
Q u a n t i t y
o f
a ,
i ,
a n d
v ,
i n
t h e
P e n u l t i m a t e .
I n o r d e r
t o
a
c o r r e c t
p r o n u n c i a t i o n , i t i s o f
i m p o r t a n c e
t o k n o w , w i t h
c e r t a i n t y , t h e q u a n t i t y o f t h e
d o u b t f u l
v o w e l s ( a , v )
i n
t h e p e n u l t i m a t e
o f w o r d s o f t h r e e o r m o r e s y l l a b l e s . T h e f o l l o w i n g s u r v e y w i l l c o m p r i s e ,
w i t h i n a
s m a l l
c o m p a s s ,
a l l
t h e p r i n c i p a l
c a s e s .
T h e p e n u l t i m a t e i s l o n g —
1 .
I n s u b s t a n t i v e s i n
a u v
( G . a o v o g o r a m v o g ) i n s u b s t a n t i v e s o f
t w o
o r
m o r e s y l l a b l e s i n i w ( G .
w v o q
b u t i w v , G . X u v o q )
a n d
i n
c o m p a r a t i v e s
i n
i ( o v , T o v ,
a s
d i r d t o v ( a ) , ~ ^ i a \ d t a v
( a )
—
K t u w
( Z ) ,
j S p a ^ t ' w r
( I ) ,
' A p t y i u t v
( I ) ,
—
K a W i u i v
( I ) ,
i c d W t o v .
E x c e p t i o n s .
T h e t w o o x y t o n e s
y t j l i l i v
( I ) , t h e s h o r e , a n d ( u s u a l l y )
% i i i v ,
s n o w .
H o m e r u s e s c o m p a r a t i v e s
i n
u a v , u > v , a l w a y s a s s h o r t .
2 . I n o x y t o n e p r o p e r
n a m e s
i n d v o g , i n
s u b s t a n t i v e s
i n
d a o g
( w i t h t h e
e x c e p t i o n
o f
B i a a o s ) ,
I v o g , v o o c i n
c o m p o u n d s
i n d y o g ( f r . a y w , I l e a d ,
a n d
a y v v j i i ,
I
b r e a k ) , d v i a p ,
a n d
K p d v o g a s : ' A a i d v o g , \ o x d y 6 g ,
a l e a d e r
o f
a t r o o p ,
v a v d y o g , n a u f r a g u s ,
B i d v t a p
( a ) ,
r p u c p d v i i g .
3 .
I n
a d j e c t i v e s
i n
a i j s
( F e r n ,
d i e ) ,
d e r i v e d
f r o m
v e r b s
i n
a m
i n
p r o p e r
n a m e s i n d r n g ( a ) i n s u b s t a n t i v e s i n i V i j s ( 7 ) ( F e m . T r i g ) , a n d v r t i g ( y ) o f
t h e
f i r s t
d e c l e n s i o n ( F e m . i n c )
a n d
i n
p r o p e r n a m e s
i n t r i j
( I ) ,
a s :
S v a d r i s ( a ) , E i i p p d r t i g ( a ) ,
M t 9 p i 8 a T t ) g
( a ) i r o X i r i j f ( I ) ( F e m . i r o \ i T i g )
w p e < 7 / 3 u V i ; s
( v ) ' A ^ p o i i r i j ( I ) , ' A p f i T p i r t ) ( • ) .
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1 2
[ c h a p . I I .N S Y L L A B L E S .
E x c e p t i o n s , a . T o p r o p e r n a m e s i n a r n g
r a X d r r / g
( « ) , A a X / t a r i ; ; ( « ) ,
Z a p n a r r i Q ( a ) a l l
i n
j i a r n e a n d ( p d r r j g , a n d c o m p o u n d s f r o m v e r b a l s t e m s
a s : S w e p d r i j c ( a ) .
—
b .
K p X r r j g , a j u d g e , f r o m
t h e
s h o r t s t e m i c p l , c r i n f c , a
f o u n d e r , a n d
0 u V » ; c
( S ) ,
a
s a c r i f t c e r .
4 . I n p r o p a r o x y t o n e s i n I X o c , I X o v ,
I v o c , I v o r
i n t h o s e i n I v n , I v a , v v n ,
v v a i n
t h o s e i n
v v o g ,
w h e n
a
g o e s b e f o r e
t h e e n d i n g
i n p r o p a r o x y t o n e s
i n
v p a ,
a n d
a d j e c t i v e s i n v p o g , w i t h a
p r e c e d i n g
l o n g s y l l a b l e a s
6 o f i t X o g ,
a
m u l t i t u d e . S w r i v t j ( I ) ,
a g i f t .
i c i v S v v o g , d a n g e r .
i r i S C X o v ,
a s h o e , s a n d a l . A X y l v a .
y t y v p a ,
a b r i d g e ,
y K a j i i v o Q , a s t o v e . a l o ~ x v v n ( y ) , s h a m e . i a x v p o g , s t r o n g .
o k X l v o v ,
p a r s l e y ,
d f i v v a ,
a
f e n c e .
( b u t
o x v p o g . )
R e m a r k 1 .
T o p r o p a r o x y t o n e s
i n I v o g
a n d
v p a m a y
b e
a d d e d o x a W o c ,
a
b r i d l e ,
i p i v i o g , a
w i l d J i g - t r e e , a n d K o X X v p a ( y ) , c o a r s e b r e a d .
E x c e p t i o n s .
t l X a v i v t
( I ) , a
f e a s t ,
a n d
c o m p o u n d s
i n y v v o g ( f r . y v v r ) ,
a w o m a n )
a s
d v d p o y v v o g , a n d K o p v v n ( y ) , a c l u b .
5 .
I n
s u b s t a n t i v e s i n v r o g , a n d i n
c o m p o u n d
a d j e c t i v e s i n d a i c p v r o g
a n d
T p v r o g ( f r . S a i c p v w ( i i ) ,
r p u ' w
( £ ) ) i n s u b s t a n t i v e s i n v p a , v y n , a n d 5 y < u j > ,
a n d
a d v e r b s
i n v B o v a s
K t u K v r o g , l a m e n t a t i o n . ' i S p v / i a ,
a
s e a t .
o X o X v y w v
( £ ) , u l u l a t u s .
d S d i c p v T o g ,
t e a r l e s s .
S X o X v y f i ,
u l u l a t u s .
( S o r p v l o v ,
i n
c l u s t e r s ,
a r p v r o g ,
i n d e s t r u c t i b l e .
E x c e p t i o n , i i a p i i a p v y r ) , s p l e n d o u r .
6 .
I n
d i s s y l l a b i c o x y t o n e s i n I X o g , I p o g , I v o g , X 6 g , v X 6 g , v p o g , v v o g , a n d
p a r o x y t o n e s
i n
i p n ( y ) , i v r / ( y ) a s - :
4 > i X i g , b a l d . l o g ,
a v i o l e t .
B v p o g ,
t h e
m i n d .
X v p n
( v ) , d i s g r a c e .
6 X Z f t o g , h u n g e r . 6 x ^ ° s , s a p . d B v / w g , & c . f i v v r , ( y ) , a p r e t e x t .
p i v o g ,
t h e
h i d e .
6 p v p o g ,
a
p o l e . % v v o g , c o m m o n .
E x c e p t i o n s . f S i o g , a b o w
;
i r X v v o g , a w a s h i n g - t r o u g h .
7 . I n d i s s y l l a b l e s i n d o g a n d d v o g ( o x y t o n e s ) , a n d d i s s y l l a b l e s i n l a ,
w h i c h b e g i n
w i t h
t w o
c o n s o n a n t s a s
v d o g ,
a
t e m p l e ; Q d v o c ,
b r i g h t
a r i a
( I ) , a
p e b b l e ; < j > X i d ,
a
d o o r - p o s t .
R e m a r k 2 . T o d i s s y l l a b l e s i n i a m u s t
b e
a d d e d x a X l d ,
a
n e s t , d v i a
( ? ) ,
s o r r o w , K o v i a ( 7 ) , d u s t ;
a n d
t o t h o s e i n d o g , t h e v a r i a b l e ' i X a o g ,
a n d
p r o p e r
n a m e s
i n d o g a s ' A / K j i u i p d o g
b u t O i v 6 / i d o g .
E x c e p t i o n s , r a m g o r r a o g , t h e p e a c o c k , a i c i d , a s h a d o w .
T h e f o l l o w i n g s i n g l e w o r d s
a r e a l s o
w o r t h y
o f r e m a r k —
I .
d .
a i c p d r o g , u n m i x e d . v t d v i g , a y o u n g m a i d e n . n d p a . ( a ) , a t u r b a n ,
d v t d p o g , t r o u b l e s o m e . o i r d l o g , a c o m p a n i o n . < p d X d p o g , b r i g h t .
a u O d S n g ( a ) , s e l f - p l e a s i n g , o - i v d m , m u s t a r d . 6 < p X v d p o g ,
p r a t t l e .
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§
1 1 . ] A C C E N T U A T I O N
O P
S Y L L A B L E S . 1 3
P r o p e r N a m e s .
' A p a o i c ,
A v a i r o c ' A p d r o t ,
A q / i a p a r o £ , O c a v u , ' I a a u v
( a ) ,
n p i a x o f , Z a o a i r i s , S e r a p i s , S r v p i p a X o g , S > a p o a X o £
n .
i .
I t p f f i p o c , s t r o n g . i v l j t - T ) , s c o l d i n g . i r a p B t v o i r i i r n c ( I ) , o n e w h o
t o r d p i x o c ,
p i c k l e d J i s h .
6
x f X I f l w v ,
a s w a l l o w .
l o o k s a f t e r
v i r g i n s .
A n d
t h e s e p r o p e r
n a m e s ' A y x ' ^ ' J C ( < ) >
r p < * v i * o e ,
E v p i i r o c ,
K a i i c o c ( r ) ,
O f f l p i f , B o v o l p i Q . T h e
d i s s y l l a b l e s
r l p i ) , h o n o u r , a n d v i i c n ( < ) , v i c t o r y ,
a r e
w o r t h y
o f
r e m a r k o n a c c o u n t o f t h e i r c o m p o u n d s .
i n . v .
u p v j i i o v ( v ) , u n b l a m a b l e . i p v K t o ( v ) , t o
k e e p
f r o m . X a f v p o v , b o o t y .
d a v X o v ,
a n
a s y l u m .
i X v o s ,
a
l u r k i n g - h o l e . i r a v v p o c ,
p a p y r u s ,
a v r r i
( £ ) ,
a
c r y . i y v v r ) ( i ) ,
t h e
h o c k .
i t i r v p o v ,
b r a n .
A n d t h e s e p r o p e r n a m e s A f i v d o s , ' A p x v r a t ( J ) , B i f i w o ' c , A t o v v a o g , K a / i -
f i v o n s
( ) >
K i p i c v p a ,
K u i c t i r o c ,
w i t h T p v x v , t h e
s o u l .
§ 1 1 . O n t h e A c c e n t u a t i o n o f S y l l a b l e s .
1 .
A c c e n t c o n s i s t s i n r a i s i n g t h e t o n e o f o n e s y l l a b l e , i n
w o r d s o f
t w o
o r m o r e , w h i l e t h e o t h e r s a r e
p r o n o u n c e d
i n a
d e p r e s s e d o r d e e p e r t o n e , a s s p e a k i n g , i m m o r t a l . M o n o s y l l a
b l e s s h o u l d a l s o b e a c c e n t e d i n o r d e r t h a t t h e y m a y a p p e a r
e n t i r e , i n c o n n e c t e d d i s c o u r s e . T h e G r e e k l a n g u a g e h a s t h e
f o l l o w i n g m a r k s
o f
a c c e n t u a t i o n
—
a )
T h e
a c u t e
( '
) ,
t o
d e n o t e
t h e
s h a r p
t o n e ,
a s :
\ 0 7 0 s .
b ) T h e c i r c u m f l e x
( ) , t o
d e n o t e
t h e
l e n g h t e n e d
t o n e ,
a s :
< r & f i a .
c )
T h e
g r a v e ( ) , t o d e n o t e a s o f t e n e d a c u t e o n t h e l a s t
s y l l a b l e o f a
w o r d
i n
c o n n e c t e d d i s c o u r s e ( § 1 2 , 1 . ) .
S e c o n d l y ,
t h e g r a v e i s u s e d i n s t e a d o f t h e a c u t e
t o
d i s t i n g u i s h c e r t a i n
w o r d s , a s :
r h ,
a l i q u i s , a n d
t o ,
q u i s ?
R e m a r k
1 .
A l t h o u g h
t h e
a c c e n t s
a r e
o f
l i t t l e
o r
n o
s e r v i c e t o
t h e
E n g l i s h
p u p i l
a s
g u i d e s t o p r o n u n c i a t i o n ,
y e t t h e y a r e d e s e r v i n g
o f h i s
a t t e n t i o n o n o t h e r g r o u n d s e s p e c i a l l y i f h e w i s h e s t o w r i t e G r e e k c o r
r e c t l y .
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1 4
[ c h a p . n .
N
S Y L L A B L E S .
R e m a r k 2 . I n
d i p h t h o n g s ,
t h e a c c e n t s t a n d s
u p o n
t h e s e c o n d
v o w e l
a n d ,
a t
t h e b e g i n n i n g o f w o r d s c o m m e n c i n g
w i t h
a v o w e l , t h e
a c u t e
a n d
g r a v e
a r e
p l a c e d
a f t e r
t h e
b r e a t h i n g
b u t
t h e c i r c u m f l e x
a b o v e
i t
a s
a j r o i , a f X e i o f , t v p o c , a l f i a . B u t i n c a p i t a l l e t t e r s , t h e a c c e n t a n d b r e a t h i n g
s t a n d u p o n
t h e
f i r s t v o w e l o f
t h e
d i p h t h o n g s ,
a , y , t p a s
A i i ^ c . I n
d i a e r e s i s ( § 2 . R e m . 2 . ) , t h e a c u t e a c c e n t s t a n d s b e t w e e n , a n d t h e c i r c u m
f l e x a b o v e , t h e
p o i n t s
a s i t l i j c ,
k X i j V J i .
2 .
T h e
a c u t e
s t a n d s
u p o n o n e o f t h e l a s t t h r e e
s y l l a b l e s ,
w h e t h e r
s h o r t
o r
l o n g , a s
K a k o s ,
a v O p a n r o v ,
t r o k s f j u o s ;
b u t o n
t h e a n t e p e n u l t i m a t e , o n l y w h e n t h e v o w e l o f t h e l a s t s y l l a b l e
i s
s h o r t ,
o r
l o n g
b y
p o s i t i o n
m e r e l y ,
a s :
a v O p a m o s ,
b u t ,
a v O p d y r r o v .
3 . T h e c i r c u m f l e x
s t a n d s
o n l y o n o n e o f
t h e l a s t
t w o s y l
l a b l e s ,
w h i c h
m u s t b e l o n g b y
n a t u r e ,
a s , r o d , a & f i a a n d
o n
t h e
p e n u l t i m a t e ,
o n l y w h e n t h e l a s t
s y l l a b l e
i s s h o r t , o r l o n g
b y p o s i t i o n m e r e l y , a s t s Z ^ o s , y p q i u i , i r p a f y s , a v k a % ( G . c l k o s ) ,
K a X a v p o i f r . E v e n I a n d v b e f o r e £ o r a r e t r e a t e d a s s h o r t ,
t h u s
t p o l v l ^
( G .
I k o s ) ,
K r j p v t j ;
b u t ,
8 w p a % .
R e m a r k 3 . W o r d s r e c e i v e t h e
f o l l o w i n g
a p p e l l a t i o n s a c c o r d i n g
t o
t h e
a c c e n t u a t i o n o f t h e f i n a l s y l l a b l e s —
a ) O x y t o n e s , w h e n t h e
l a s t
s y l l a b l e h a s t h e
a c c e n t
a s r e r v Q w e ,
b o k o ' s ; ,
B r i p ;
V )
P a r o x y t o n e s ,
w h e n t h e p e n u l t i m a t e h a s t h e a c u t e
a s
r v t r r u i
c )
P r o p a r o x y t o n e s ,
w h e n t h e a n t e p e n u l t i m a t e h a s t h e a c u t e a s
a v 9 p u > 7 r o £ , r u 7 r r J / i f v o c , d v B p o i i r o t , T v i t T O f j u v o i
d ) P e r i s p o m e n a , w h e n t h e
l a s t
s y l l a b l e h a s t h e c i r c u m f l e x a s k o k u q
e )
P r o p e r i s p o m e n a ,
w h e n
t h e
p e n u l t i m a t e h a s
t h e
c i r c u m f l e x
a s
i r p a y p a , i p i k o v a a
f ) B a r y t o n e s , w h e n t h e l a s t s y l l a b l e i s u n a c c e n t e d a s i r p a y f i a r a
■ n p a y n a .
| §
1 2 .
A l t e r a t i o n a n d R e m o v a l o f t h e A c c e n t i n I n f l e x i o n
a n d
C o n t r a c t i o n .
1 . W h e n a
w o r d
i s a l t e r e d
b y
i n f l e x i o n , e i t h e r
i n t h e
q u a n
t i t y
o f
t h e
l a s t s y l l a b l e ,
o r t h e n u m b e r
o f
s y l l a b l e s , a
c h a n g e
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§ 1 2 . ]
1 5
L T E R A T I O N
A N D R E M O V A L O F A C C E N T .
o r r e m o v a l o f t h e a c c e n t t a k e s
p l a c e g e n e r a l l y a c c o r d i n g
t o
t h e a b o v e r u l e s .
a )
B y
t h e
l e n g t h e n i n g o f
t h e
l a s t
s y l l a b l e , t h e
f o l l o w i n g
c h a n g e s
a r e
p r o d u c e d : —
a ) A p r o p a r o x y t o n e ,
a s t t o K s ( u i s , b e c o m e s
a p a r o x y t o n e ,
a s i r d k i f w v .
/ S ^ A p r o p e r i s p o m e n o n ,
a s T e t ^ o y ,
b e c o m e s a p a r o x y t o n e ,
a s : r s L ) ( p v s .
y ) A n
o x y t o n e ,
a s :
6 s 6 s , b e c o m e s
a p e r i s p o m e n o n ,
a s :
6 s o v . T h i s
c h a n g e ,
h o w e v e r ,
i s
l i m i t e d t o p a r t i c u l a r c a s e s . ,
S e e
§
2 6 ,
5 , a ) .
b )
B y
t h e s h o r t e n i n g
o f
t h e
l a s t
s y l l a b l e , a p a r o x y t o n e ,
a s :
< p s v y a > , b e c o m e s a
p r o p e r i s p o m e n o n ,
a s , f a v y e .
c ) B y
t h e i n c r e a s e
o f s y l l a b l e s a t
t h e b e g i n n i n g o f a
w o r d ,
t h e a c c e n t
g e n e r a l l y m o v e s t o w a r d s
t h e b e g i n n i n g ,
a s :
f a v y a ) ,
s f c v y o v o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , b y t h e i n c r e a s e o f s y l l a b l e s
a t
t h e
e n d
o f a w o r d ,
i t g e n e r a l l y m o v e s
t o w a r d s t h e
e n d , a s :
t v 7 t t < u ,
T v - T T T O f M s O a ,
T v < f > d i ) a 6 / M e 9 a .
R e m a r k 1 . T h e p a r t i c u l a r c a s e s o f r e m o v a l o f a c c e n t i n i n f l e x i o n ,
a n d
t h e
d e v i a t i o n s
f r o m
g e n e r a l
r u l e s ,
w i l l
b e
n o t i c e d
w h e n w e c o m e t o t r e a t
o f t h e a c c e n t u a t i o n o f t h e s e v e r a l p a r t s o f
s p e e c h .
2 . W i t h r e g a r d t o c o n t r a c t i o n , t h e f o l l o w i n g r u l e s p r e
v a i l : —
1 )
W h e n
n e i t h e r
o f
t h e
t w o
s y l l a b l e s
a b o u t
t o
b e
c o n t r a c t e d
i s a c c e n t e d , t h e c o n t r a c t e d s y l l a b l e i s a l s o u n a c c e n t e d a n d
t h e s y l l a b l e w h i c h h a d t h e a c c e n t b e f o r e c o n t r a c t i o n r e t a i n s i t
a f t e r w a r d s , a s < j > i \ , e e — < j > i k e t , ( b u t , ( p i X s e t — < f > i X s l ) , y s v s l —
y d v s i ( b u t , y s v s a v r = y s v a v ) .
2 ) B u t
w h e n o n e
o f
t h e
t w o
s y l l a b l e s
a b o u t
t o
b e
c o n
t r a c t e d i s
a c c e n t e d , t h e
c o n t r a c t e d
s y l l a b l e i s a l s o
a c c e n t e d
a n d ,
a ) I f i t b e t h e a n t e p e n u l t i m a t e o r p e n u l t i m a t e , i t h a s
t h e
a c c e n t u a t i o n w h i c h
t h e
g e n e r a l
r u l e s r e q u i r e ,
a s :
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1 6
[ c h a p .
I I .
N S Y L L A B L E S .
d y a i r d o f i a t = d y c n r u f t a i .
t a r a o r o Q
=
i a r u i T o g .
v X i j t o o a
=
v \ r j a a a .
t p i K t o f i f v o c =
< [ > i \ o v p e v o c .
d p Q o o v f f i = b p O o v a u
T t f i a O V T U ) V
=
T l f l t d V T U t V .
b ) I f i t b e t h e
l a s t
s y l l a b l e , i t h a s
a )
t h e a c u t e , w h e n t h e s e c o n d o f t h e s y l l a b l e s a b o u t
t o
b e c o n t r a c t e d h a s t h e a c u t e , a s s a r a c o s — i a r c o s
/ 3 ) t h e c i r c u m f l e x ,
w h e n
t h e f i r s t
o f t h e s e
s y l l a b l e s i s
a c
c e n t e d ,
a s v f x p ' i =
r y x p i .
R e m a r k
2 . T h e e x c e p t i o n s
t o t h e s e r u l e s
w i l l b e n o t i c e d
w h e n w e
t r e a t
o f
t h e
c o n t r a c t e d
d e c l e n s i o n s
a n d
c o n j u g a t i o n s .
t
§ 1 3 .
A l t e r a t i o n a n d R e m o v a l
o f t f i e
A c c e n t
i n
c o n n e c t e d
D i s c o u r s e .
1 .
I n
c o n n e c t e d
d i s c o u r s e
o x y
t o n e s
h a v e
t h e
s i g n
o f t h e
g r a v e
a c c e n t ,
t . e . t h e s h a r p t o n e i s w e a k e n e d o r d e p r e s s e d b y t h e c l o s e j u n c t i o n o f t h e
w o r d s t o o n e a n o t h e r
b u t
t h e a c u t e
m u s t b e
r e t a i n e d b e f o r e e v e r y l o n g
s t o p ,
a s t h e
p e r i o d
o r c o l o n ,
a n d
o f t e n e v e n b e f o r e t h e
c o m m a , i f i t m a k e s
a r e a l b r e a k i n t h e t h o u g h t
a s
6 f i i v K S p o c , W e p a a t r h v n o r a / i o v , o l S i
T o X i p u H c n r i t p v y o v , C y r u s c r o s s e d t h e r i v e r ; b u t t h e e n e m y f l e d .
E x c e p t i o n ,
r i e
r l q i u s f q u i d f a l w a y s
r e m a i n s
o x y t o n e .
2 . C r a s i s ( §
6 . )
H e r e t h e
f o l l o w i n g
r u l e p r e v a i l s —
T h e a c c e n t o f t h e f i r s t w o r d f a l l s a w a y , a n d t h e w o r d f o r m e d o u t o f t h e
t w o
h a s t h e a c c e n t
o f
t h e s e c o n d a s
t & d y a 9 d
=
r a y a B a , r o v o v p a v o v
=
r o v p a v o v , r y f i p t p q .
=
B f / f i t p q , r b o v o f i a = r o v v o p a b u t
t h e
l o n g v o w e l -
s o u n d f o r m e d b y c r a s i s t a k e s t h e c i r c u m f l e x i n s t e a d o f t h e a c u t e , w h e n
t h e s e c o n d w o r d i s
a d i s s y l l a b i c
p a r o x y t o n e w i t h
a s h o r t
f i n a l s y l l a b l e ,
a c c o r d i n g t o
( §
1 1 , 3 . ) , a s 7 - 6 w o e = r o u 7 r o f , t & d W a = r a X K a , t o e p y o v =
T o v p y o V ) r d o i r \ a — 6 u n r \ a .
3 . E l i s i o n . H e r e
w e h a v e
t h e
f o l l o w i n g
r u l e .
T h e
a c c e n t o f t h e
e l i d e d v o w e l
g o e s
a s
a n
a c u t e u p o n t h e p r e c e d i n g s y l l a b l e b u t i t i s e n
t i r e l y
l o s t ,
i f
t h e
a p o s t r o p h i s e d
w o r d
i s
a
p r e p o s i t i o n
o r
o n e
o f
t h e
p a r t i c l e s
d \ \ a , o i S i , f i n d s , o r
o n e
o f t h e e n c l i t i c s n v d a n d w o r k , i n c a s e t h e y a r e
i n c a p a b l e o f i n c l i n a t i o n
o n
a c c o u n t o f t h e i r p o s i t i o n a s
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§ 1 5 . ]
1 7
N C L I T I C S .
7 r o X X d t i r a O o v =
7 r c X \ '
i i r a d o v .
B e i v c l s p u r g e =
S e t v ' i p i a r ^ Q .
< p i ] f d
i y u >
=
Q > i n '
l y < > .
m a x p a t \ e £ a £ = a l c r x p ' i k t Z a g .
i i r r c t f / a a v . = e V r ' r ) < t a v .
i r d p d I f i o v = r e a p '
l / i o v .
d w b i a V T O v j = a < p ' e a V T O v .
d X A d
t y w
=
d X Y
t y w .
f § 1 4 . A t o n e s ,
o r
P r o c l i t i c s .
C e r t a i n
m o n o s y l l a b i c
w o r d s
w h i c h ,
i n
c o n n e c t e d
d i s c o u r s e ,
a r e s o c l o s e l y j o i n e d t o t h e f o l l o w i n g w o r d a s t o b l e n d
w i t h
i t , a s i t w e r e , a n d
l o s e
t h e i r a c c e n t ,
a r e
c a l l e d a t o n e s . T h e y
a r e
t h e f o l l o w i n g —
a )
T h e
f o r m s
o f
t h e a r t i c l e 6 ,
f j ,
o i ,
a l ;
b ) T h e p r e p o s i t i o n s : k v , i n , s i s ( i s ) , i n , i / c ( i f ) , e x , c o y . a d ;
c ) T h e c o n j u n c t i o n s a > s , a s , t h a t , i n o r d e r t o , w h e n , e l , s i ;
d ) o i ( o v k , 0 1 % ) , n o t ; b u t a t t h e e n d
o f
a
s e n t e n c e ,
a n d i n
t h e s i g n i f i c a t i o n n o , i t h a s t h e a c c e n t o v ( o v k ) .
f
§
1 5 . E n c l i t i c s .
E n c l i t i c s
a r e c e r t a i n w o r d s o f o n e a n d t w o s y l l a b l e s , w h i c h ,
i n c o n n e c t e d
d i s c o u r s e ,
a r e s o m e t i m e s s o c l o s e l y
u n i t e d
t o t h e
p r e c e d i n g
w o r d ,
t h a t
t h e y
e i t h e r
l o s e
t h e i r
a c c e n t ,
o r
t h r o w
i t
o n t o t h e
p r e c e d i n g w o r d ; a e $ t \ o s
n s ,
t r o X s f i o s
n s .
T h e y
a r e t h e
f o l l o w i n g —
a )
T h e v e r b s e l / i l , I a m ,
a n d f i i p i ,
I s a y , i n t h e p r e s e n t I n d i c a t i v e ,
e x c e p t
t h e s e c o n d p e r s o n s i n g u l a r
c l ,
t h o u a r t , a n d < p r j g , t h o u s a y e s t .
b ) T h e f o l l o w i n g
f o r m s o f t h e t h r e e
p e r s o n a l
p r o n o u n s —
n . P .
S .
a o v
( T O
I I I . P . S . o i
e
D u a l ,
a t p w i v .
P l u r .
t r i p l e t
( y ) .
I . P .
S . p o v
f i t
c ) T h e i n d e f i n i t e p r o n o u n r i g , r i , t h o u g h o u t a l l t h e c a s e s a n d n u m b e r s ,
t o g e t h e r
w i t h
t h e s h o r t e n e d
f o r m s
t o v
a n d r i p
( b u t n o t a r r a i n s t e a d o f
•
C
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1 8
[ c h a p . n .
N
S Y L L A B L E S .
r i f r i )
a n d
t h e i n d e f i n i t e a d v e r b s i r u g , w < i , t t i / , i r o i i , i r o 9 i , i r o B ' t v ,
v o l ,
t t o t K
O n
t h e
o t h e r
h a n d , t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g i n t e r r o g a t i v e s a r e
a l w a y s a c c e n t e d
a s
r * c ,
W ,
n u g , & c .
d ) T h e f o l l o w i n g p a r t i c l e s r e ,
r o t ,
y e , v v v , t r i p ,
O i j v ,
a n d
t h e i n s e p a r a b l e
S i , w h e t h e r i t e x p r e s s e s t h e d i r e c t i o n w h i t h e r , a s E p e j i o t r S e , t o E r e b u s , o r
s e r v e s
t h e
p u r p o s e o f
a
s t r e n g t h e n i n g p a r t i c l e
a s
r o o o o t i i .
t §
1 6 .
R u l e s f o r
t h e I n c l i n a t i o n o f t h e
A c c e n t .
1 . A n
o x y t o n e
u n i t e s w i t h t h e f o l l o w i n g e n c l i t i c i n s u c h a
m a n n e r t h a t , i n t h e m i d d l e o f a s e n t e n c e , t h e c u s t o m a r y
s o f t e n e d a c u t e ( § 1 3 , 1 . ) a g a i n a s s u m e s i t s o r i g i n a l
f o r c e
a n d
f o r m ;
a s :
9 i ) p r i g i n s t e a d o f B r j p r i g . K a X o g i a r i i n s t e a d o f i c a X & g l a r i
K a i
r t v t g —
K a i
r i v k g .
n o r a f i o g
y e
— i r o r a f i b g y e .
K a \ 6 g
r e
— K a X b g r e . i r o r a p o i T i v t g — T r o r a f i o i r t v i g .
2 .
A
p e r i s p o m e n o n
u n i t e s w i t h t h e
f o l l o w i n g e n c l i t i c w i t h
o u t f u r t h e r
c h a n g e
o f
a c c e n t ;
a s
0 < 3 c
t i
i n s t e a d
o f
< p S > g
r l .
f i X e i
r i g
i n s t e a d
o f ^ i X e l
r i g .
0 i i £ i a r i
—
Q i i g t o r i .
K a \ o v
r t v o g
— k o X o v n v o g .
L o n g s y l l a b l e s
i n e n c l i t i c s a r e r e g a r d e d
a s s h o r t
i n
r e f e r e n c e
t o
a c c e n
t u a t i o n h e n c e o i v r i v o t v , ( m j v t i v w v , f / K o v a d r t v M V ,
3 . A p a r o x y t o n e u n i t e s w i t h t h e f o l l o w i n g e n c l i t i c
o f
o n e
s y l l a b l e
w i t h o u t
f u r t h e r
c h a n g e
o f
a c c e n t ,
b u t
t h e
i n c l i n a t i o n
o f a d i s s y l l a b i c e n c l i t i c
s h o u l d
b e a v o i d e d a s
?
< p i \ o g
f w v i n s t e a d
o f ( p i \ o g
f i o v b u t < p l \ o £ t o r i , < p i X o i
< p a o i .
a X X o g T T i a g
— a K k o g
i r & g —
a \ \ o £
T r o r f , a X X w j / T i v u t v .
4 . A p r o p a r o x y t o n e a n d a p r o p e r i s p o m e n o n u n i t e w i t h t h e
f o l l o w i n g e n c l i t i c , a n d t a k e a n a c u t e u p o n t h e l a s t s y l l a b l e ;
a s :
a v O p a n r o g r i g
i n s t e a d
o f a p Q p t a i r o g r i g , o w p a r t i n s t e a d o f a w f i a r i .
& v 9 p u ) i r o i
n v t g
—
a v B p u i r o i
r i v i g .
a u / t d
t a r t
—
a S / i a
t o r i .
R e m a r k . I f s e v e r a l e n c l i t i c s
f o l l o w
o n e a n o t h e r , e a c h g e n e r a l l y t h r o w s
i t s
a c c e n t
u p o n
t h e p r e c e d i n g a s e i
r i g y i
p o i
< p i ) < r i i r o r t .
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§ 1 7 - ]
1 9
N C L I T I C S A C C E N T E D .
t
§
1 7 . E n c l i t i c s
a c c e n t e d .
T h e e n c l i t i c s r e t a i n t h e i r a c c e n t i n t h e f o l l o w i n g
c a s e s ,
e v e n w h e n t h e
p r e c e d i n g w o r d m i g h t r e c e i v e i t —
1 . T h e v e r b t i p i r e t a i n s
i t s
a c c e n t i n
a l l
f o r m s o f t h e I n d i c a t i v e m o o d ,
w h e n i t i s
n o t a m e r e
c o p u l a ,
b u t
h a s t h e s i g n i f i c a t i o n o f
t o
b e
p r e s e n t , t o
e x i s t , t o s u b s i s t , & c , a n d t h e n ,
i n
t h e t h i r d p e r s . s i n g . , d r a w s t h e
a c c e n t f r o m
t h e l a s t s y l l a b l e t o t h e
p e n u l t i m a t e t h u s
t i a l 8 t o i ,
t h e r e
a r e
g o d s ,
o r g o d s
e x i s t ; b u t o
Q t o g
i a n
a o t j > 6 g
i a r i v o v r w g , s i c
s e
h a b e t
r e s ; —
i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e I n f i n i t i v e i n t h e s i g n i f i c a t i o n o f i ^ t a n , l i c e t ; a s ' :
i a r i v
U S u v
—
g e n e r a l l y ,
w h e n
i t
s t a n d s
a t
t h e
b e g i n n i n g o f
a s e n t e n c e
a s
i a r i
a o $ 6 g o f i r o g 6 a v r j p , s i a i o o Q o i o t i r o i
o i
d v S p t g —
l a s t l y , t a r t i s
a c c e n t e d a f t e r o w ,
o r a c o n j u n c t i o n a t t h e
b e g i n n i n g o f
a s e n t e n c e ,
a n d
a f t e r t h e p r o n o u n r o O r ' a s o A k i a r i v , a X X ' i a r i v , t i i a r i v , w g
i a n ,
x a i i a n ,
r o v r i a r i v .
2 .
a n d
t h e r e m a i n i n g p e r s o n s o f t h e I n d i c a t i v e
r e t a i n
t h e
a c c e n t
w h e n
t h e y a r e s e p a r a t e d
f r o m
t h e
p r e c e d i n g
w o r d b y a s t o p ; a s : i a r i v
d v r j p d y a O o g , ( p r j f l i .
3 .
T h e
e n c l i t i c
p e r s o n a l
p r o n o u n s ,
a o v ,
a o i ,
o i ,
o f ,
a < p a i
r e t a i n
t h e i r
a c c e n t
i n t h e
f o l l o w i n g
c a s e s
—
a ) W h e n a n a c c e n t e d p r e p o s i t i o n g o e s b e f o r e t h e m ; a s : n a p a a o v ,
f i t r d . a s , t r p b g a o i .
I n
t h i s c a s e , t h e o x y t o n e l o n g e r f o r m s o f t h e p r o n o u n
i n t h e f i r s t p e r s o n a r e u s e d i n s t e a d o f t h e e n c l i t i c a l a s
w a p '
I f i o v
( n o t i r a p d f t o v ) .
x p b g i p o i ( n o t i r p o g f i o i ) .
t e a r i f i i ( n o t K a r a p . s ) . n s p i
i f i o v
( n o t
i r t p i
/ * o t » ) .
R e m a r k . T h e u n a c c e n t e d p r e p o s i t i o n s
a r e j o i n e d
t o
t h e
e n c l i t i c a l
f o r m s a s : t K
f t o v ,
i v p o t ,
e g a t ,
i g f i t , I k a o v , i v a o i .
V )
I n
g e n e r a l ,
w h e n
t h e
p r o n o u n s
a r e
e m p h a t i c ,
e . g .
i n
a n t i t h e s e s .
c ) T h e f o r m s o i , o i , i a r e o x y t o n e , o n l y w h e n t h e y
h a v e
t h e f o r c e o f
t h e
r e f l e c t i v e p r o n o u n
( o f h i m s e l f ,
& c ) .
d ) T h e p r o n o u n s a r e
a l w a y s
a c c e n t e d a t t h e
b e g i n n i n g
o f
a s e n t e n c e .
4 .
I n c l i n a t i o n i s
o m i t t e d
w h e n
t h e
a c c e n t o f
t h e
e n c l i t i c
h a s
f a l l e n
a w a y
b y
e l i s i o n
a s K a K b g f I a r i v ,
b u t
t c a X b g S i l a r t v i r o X X o i $ ' t i a i v ,
b u t
9 r o X \ o i 5 s
t l a t v .
c 2
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2 0 T H E
S U B S T A N T I V E
A N D A D J E C T I V E . [ c h a p . m .
t §
1 8 .
D i v i s i o n o f
S y l l a b l e s .
1 . F u n d a m e n t a l R u l e .
S y l l a b l e s
e n d w i t h
a
v o w e l , a n d b e g i n
w i t h a
c o n s o n a n t .
W h e n ,
t h e r e f o r e ,
a
c o n s o n a n t
s t a n d s
b e t w e e n t w o v o w e l s ,
i t
b e l o n g s
t o
t h e
f o l l o w i n g s y l l a b l e
a s
7 r o - r a - ^ o f , o - i # / o - / » m .
E x c e p t i o n .
A c o m p o u n d w o r d ,
o r a w o r d w i t h
a n
i n f l e x i o n a l o r
d e
r i v a t i v e e n d i n g , i s d i v i d e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e e l e m e n t s o f t h e c o m p o u n d
a S
< W V - € K t p b > V t ] f f l Q 9
T V T T - T U ) .
2 . S e c o n d R u l e . W h e n t w o l i k e
c o n s o n a n t s ,
a s r r i r , X X , & c , o r
a
s m o o t h m u t e w i t h i t s k i n d r e d a s p i r a t e ( n f , k x , t O ) ,
s t a n d
t o g e t h e r , o r
w h e n
a
m u t e
c o n s o n a n t
f o l l o w s
a
l i q u i d ,
t h e
c o n s o n a n t s
a r e
s h a r e d
b e
t w e e n t h e
t w o s y l l a b l e s
a s r d r - r u , j i a x - x o g ,
i p - y o v
b u t a - i i v i j .
t § 1 9 . T h e S t o p s .
T h e c o l o n a n d
s e m i c o l o n a r e d e n o t e d b y a
p o i n t o n
a
l e v e l w i t h
t h e
t o p o f t h e l i n e a s e v t X t ^ a e ' i r d v n g y a p a i / t o X o y j j f f a v . T h e n o t e o f i n t e r
r o g a t i o n
i s
l i k e o u r s e m i c o l o n a s
r i c r a v r a i n o i t j t r t v w h o
d i d t h i s f
T h e
p e r i o d , c o m m a , a n d n o t e o f e x c l a m a t i o n a r e t h e s a m e a s o u r s .
C H A P .
I I I .
O N
T H E
S U B S T A N T I V E
A N D
A D J E C T I V E .
§ 2 0 . N a t u r e a n d C l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f S u b s t a n t i v e s -
T h e s u b s t a n t i v e
i s
t h e
e x p r e s s i o n o f
a t h i n g o r o b j e c t .
T h e r e
a r e
t w o
c l a s s e s
o f
s u b s t a n t i v e s :
—
a ) t h e
n a m e s
o f
l i v i n g
b e i n g s , a s m a n , w o m a n ; — b ) t h e n a m e s o f t h i n g s , a s : e a r t h ,
g a r d e n .
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§ 2 2 . ]
2 1
U M B E R , C A S E , A N D D E C L E N S I O N .
§
2 1 .
G e n d e r
o f
S u b s t a n t i v e s .
T h e g e n d e r
o f s u b s t a n t i v e s ,
w h i c h
i s
t h r e e f o l d
a s i n L a t i n ,
i s d e t e r m i n e d p a r t l y b y t h e i r s i g n i f i c a t i o n , a n d p a r t l y b y t h e i r
t e r m i n a t i o n . W e s h a l l n o t i c e t h e l a t t e r m o d e o f d e t e n n i n i n g
i t u n d e r
t h e
s e v e r a l
d e c l e n s i o n s .
I n r e f e r e n c e
t o t h e f o r m e r ,
t h e
f o l l o w i n g
r u l e s p r e v a i l
—
F i r s t R u l e .
T h e
n a m e s o f m e n , m o s t m a l e a n i m a l s , m o n t h s ,
r i v e r s ,
a n d
w i n d s ,
a r e
o f
t h e m a s c u l i n e
g e n d e r .
S e c o n d R u l e . T h e n a m e s
o f
w o m e n , f e m a l e a n i m a l s ,
c o u n
t r i e s , i s l a n d s ,
a n d m o s t
t o w n s ,
t o g e t h e r w i t h m o s t t r e e s a n d
p l a n t s , a r e o f t h e f e m i n i n e g e n d e r .
T h i r d R u l e . T h e n a m e s o f f r u i t s d i m i n u t i v e s , w i t h t h e
e x c e p t i o n o f
f e m a l e
p r o p e r
n a m e s i n t h e
f o r m o f d i m i n u t i v e s ,
a s
1 7
A e o v t i o v t h e
n a m e s
o f a l p h a b e t i c a l l e t t e r s t h e I n f i
n i t i v e
m o o d
;
a n d
e v e r y
w o r d
c o n s i d e r e d
a s
a
m e r e
i n d i c a t i o n
o f s o u n d ,
a s
t o f i r j r r j p ,
t h e w o r d m o t h e r
a r e
o f t h e
n e u t e r
g e n d e r .
F o u r t h
R u l e . T h o s e
n a m e s o f l i v i n g b e i n g s , w h i c h
h a v e
o n l y o n e f o r m b o t h
f o r
t h e m a s c u l i n e a n d f e m i n i n e g e n d e r s ,
a r e c o m m o n ,
a s 6 j J
d s o s ,
a g o d
o r
g o d d e s s .
§
2 2 .
N u m b e r , C a s e , a n d D e c l e n s i o n .
1 . T h e s u b s t a n t i v e a n d
a d j e c t i v e
h a v e t h r e e n u m b e r s , t h e
s i n g u l a r ,
d u a l ,
a n d
p l u r a l
a n d
t h r e e
c a s e s ,
v i z .
a ) t h e g e n i t i v e , t o e x p r e s s w h e n c e , a s : o f o r f r o m t h e
f a t h e r ;
b )
t h e
d a t i v e , t o
e x p r e s s
w h e r e , a s i n t h e
w o o d
;
c )
t h e a c c u s a t i v e ,
t o e x p r e s s w h i t h e r ,
a s
t o t h e s h e p h e r d .
T w o o t h e r f o r m s a r e r e c k o n e d w i t h t h e c a s e s , v i z .
c
3
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2 2 T H E S U B S T A N T I V E A N D A D J E C T I V E . [ c h a p . h i .
a )
t h e n o m i n a t i v e ( t h e c a s e
o f
t h e
s u b j e c t ) ,
a s
t h e f a t h e r
w r i t e s
;
f t ) t h e v o c a t i v e ( t h e c a s e o f c a l l i n g t o ) , a s t a k e c a r e ,
b o y .
R e m a r k . S u b s t a n t i v e s a n d a d j e c t i v e s o f
t h e n e u t e r g e n d e r
h a v e t h e
n o m i n a t i v e , a c c u s a t i v e , a n d v o c a t i v e a l i k e i n t h e t h r e e n u m b e r s . T h e
d u a l h a s
o n l y t w o f o r m s
t h e o n e f o r t h e
n o m i n a t i v e , a c c u s a t i v e , a n d
v o c a t i v e , t h e o t h e r f o r t h e g e n i t i v e a n d d a t i v e .
2 . T h e r e a r e t h r e e d i f f e r e n t m e t h o d s a c c o r d i n g t o
w h i c h
s u b s t a n t i v e s a n d a d j e c t i v e s
a r e i n f l e c t e d i n
G r e e k , d i s t i n
g u i s h e d
a s
t h e
f i r s t ,
s e c o n d ,
a n d
t h i r d
d e c l e n s i o n s .
§
2 3 .
N a t u r e a n d G e n d e r o f t h e A d j e c t i v e .
1 . T h e
a d j e c t i v e
e x p r e s s e s
a q u a l i t y , w h i c h
i s c o n s i d e r e d
e i t h e r
a s a l r e a d y e x i s t i n g i n a n o b j e c t , a s :
t h e
r e d r o s e ; o r
o n l y
a t t r i b u t e d
t o
i t ,
a s
t h e r o s e
i s
r e d .
I n
b o t h
c a s e s ,
t h e
a d j e c t i v e
i n
G r e e k ,
a s i n L a t i n ,
a g r e e s
w i t h
i t s
s u b s t a n t i v e
i n
g e n d e r ,
c a s e ,
a n d n u m b e r ,
a s :
6 a y a d o s d v O p a n r o s , b o n u s
h o m o ,
6 d v O p a n r o s a y a O o s s o t i v , h o m o b o n u s e s t ,
1 7
K a \ r j
M o v o ~ a , p u l c h r a M u s a ,
1 7
M o v c r a K a X r j h a r i v , M u s a
p u l c h r a
e s t .
2 . H e n c e t h e a d j e c t i v e , l i k e t h e s u b s t a n t i v e , h a s a t h r e e
f o l d g e n d e r . N o t a l l a d j e c t i v e s , h o w e v e r , h a v e s e p a r a t e f o r m s
f o r
t h e
t h r e e g e n d e r s , b u t m a n y h a v e o n l y t w o t e r m i n a t i o n s ,
o n e
f o r
t h e
m a s c u l i n e
a n d f e m i n i n e g e n d e r s , t h e o t h e r
f o r
t h e
n e u t e r ,
a s :
6 r / a v ^ o s a v r ) p , t r a n q u i l l u s v i r , r ) r j a v % o s
y w r ) , t r a n q u i l l a m u l i e r ,
t o ^ c r
v %
o v
t £ k v o v ,
t h e q u i e t
c h i l d ;
a n d s o m e h a v e o n l y o n e t e r m i n a t i o n b y w h i c h t h e y g e n e r a l l y
d e n o t e o n l y
t h e
m a s c u l i n e a n d
f e m i n i n e , r a r e l y t h e n e u t e r
g e n d e r ,
a s : 6
< j > v y a s d w j p ,
t h e
f l e e i n g
m a n , t j
< f > v y a s y v v r f ,
t h e f l e e i n g
w o m a n .
3 .
T h e d e c l e n s i o n
o f a d j e c t i v e s
a g r e e s w i t h
t h a t
o f
s u b
s t a n t i v e s ,
w i t h f e w
e x c e p t i o n s .
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§ 2 6 . ]
2 3
F E M I H I J V E S .
§ 2 4 . F i r s t D e c l e n s i o n .
T h e
f i r s t
d e c l e n s i o n
h a s f o u r e n d i n g s , d , 1 7 ( o r a ) , a s a n d
r ) s , o f w h i c h a a n d
» 7
a r e f e m i n i n e , a s a n d 1 7 s m a s c u l i n e .
§
2 5 .
T e r m i n a t i o n s .
S i n g u l a r .
P l u r a l .
D u a l .
N o m .
a ;
a o r
V
a s
o r
V s
a i d
G e n .
t j s ;
a s
1 ) 3
o v
i c o p
a w
D a t .
y >
a
V
f
V
a w
a i v
A c c .
d v ; a »
7 ] V
d v
r p >
a s
a
V o c .
a ;
a
V
d
V >
0 .
a t
d
r
P A R A D I G M S .
§ 2 6 . I . F e m i n i n e s .
1 . a ) T h e
n o m i n a t i v e e n d s i n a o r
a ,
a n d t h e a r e m a i n s
t h r o u g h a l l t h e c a s e s , i f a p , s , o r
t ,
p r e c e d e s i t a s % o i > p a , a
c o u n t r y , i Z i a , a f o r m ,
a o < f > i a ,
w i s d o m , x p s i a , a d v a n t a g e . W i t h
. t h e s e
a r e
c o m p r i s e d
s o m e
s u b s t a n t i v e s
i n
a ,
a s :
a k a \ d ( d ) ,
a
w a r - c r y ; a n d s o m e p r o p e r n a m e s , a s ^ A v B p o / j J S d , A r j S d , < f > t X o -
f i r j X d , g e n . a y . d a t . a . — b ) T h e
n o m i n a t i v e
e n d s i n d , a n d t h e
a
r e m a i n s o n l y
i n
t h e a c c u s a t i v e
a n d
v o c a t i v e ,
a n d c h a n g e s
i n t o 1 7 i n t h e
g e n i t i v e
a n d d a t i v e s i n g u l a r i f a X , X X , v ,
a ,
a a
( t t ) , f , f
o r y j r p r e c e d e s
i t . — c ) I n a l l o t h e r c a s e s ,
t h e
n o m i n a t i v e
e n d s i n
9 7 ,
w h i c h r e m a i n s t h r o u g h o u t t h e
s i n g u l a r .
2 .
I f a o r e p r e c e d e s
t h e a , l a
i s i n s o m e w o r d s c o n t r a c t e d
i n t o 7 7
a n d
d a
i n t o
a ;
a n d
t h e
l a s t s y l l a b l e r e m a i n s
c i r c u m -
f l e x e d t h r o u g h a l l
t h e
c a s e s .
C 4
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2 4
T H E
S U B S T A N T J V E
A N D
A D J E C T I V E . [ c h a p . i n .
a .
r j
t h r o u g h a l l t h e c a s e s o f t h e s i n g u l a r .
j u s t i c e .
h o n o u r .
a n
o p i n i o n .
a
f i g - t r e e .
S i n g . N o m .
T i p r j
y v c o f i T ]
< r v K ( i a ) r )
G e n .
T t ] S 8 l K - 7 ) S
r i p r j s
r y v d o f i r j s
a ~ U K - r ) s
D a t .
n p . f i
o v K - r j
A c c .
T T J V 8 U - 1 ) V
T L f l r j V
V o c . &
S l K - T }
T l f i r j O V K - 7 )
P l u r .
N o m .
a i h i / c - a t , T i p a i
< y v a > p c u
a v i c - a i
G e n .
r & v
S o k - w v
T l f l & V
y v w p x o v
a v K - S > v
D a t
r e u s S i K - a i s
T i p a i s
y v c o p a i s
c r v K - a i s
A c c .
T a s S l x - c i s
r i p d s ( d )
y p a i p d s a v K - a s
V o c .
&
h i K - a i
r i p a l
y v w p a i
a v K - a l
D u a L N . A V .
r d h U - a T i / j u i ( a ) y v m p d
a v K - a
G . D .
r a i v
S I k - m v
T L p C U V
a v K - a l v
b . a t h r o u g h a l l
t h e
c a s e s . c . a ,
G .
i ? s .
a ) l o n g a .
* )
s h o r t a .
a
s h a d o w ,
a
c o u n t r y , a m i n a .
a
h a m m e r ,
a
M u s e .
a
l i o n e s s .
S .
N .
f
< T K L - a
% < o p d p v ( d a ) d
c r t p v p d
M o v c r d
X s a L v d
G .
T T j S
< T K i - a s ^ m p d s
p / v - d s
c r i p v p d s
M . 0 V ( 7 7 j S
k e a l v r j s
D .
T J J
< T K l - a y & p q p v - a
a - ( f ) v p a
M o v c r r ) X s a i v r ]
A
T T J V
c r K i - d ' v
y a t p d v p v - d v
c r < f > v p d v M o v c r d v
\ 6 c u v d v
V .
•
U K i - a
y ( i > p d
p v - d
o ~ $ v p d
M o v c r d
X j a i v d
P .
N . a i ( T K i - a L y & p a i
P ' V - a i
a < f > v p a i M o v a a i
b J c u v c u
G .
T & V
t n e i - & p
y a s p S s v
p v - 5 > v
< T < f > V p S > V
M o v c r m v
X s a i v a t v
D .
r a t s a K i - a l s x ^ > P a l s
p v - a l s
< T ( p v p a c s
M - O V C T M S
X s a t v a t s
A .
r a s a i c i - a s ^ p a p d i
p v - d s
< r ( f > v p d s M o v a d s \ s a i v d s
V .
t j K i - a L y G i p a t , p . v - a l
o ~ < f > v p a i
M o v c r a i X i a i v a i
D .
T d c r K i - a y m p d p v - d c r ( p v p d
M o v c r d
X s a i v d
r a i v
< T K i - a i v
x c o p a i p
p v - a l v
< T ( f > v p a i v
M o v c r a i v
X s a i v a i v
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§ 2 6 . ]
2 5
E M I N I N E S .
R e m a r k . T h e
f e m i n i n e
o f a l l a d j e c t i v e s o f t h r e e t e r m i n a t i o n s f o l l o w s
t h e
a b o v e
p a r a d i g m s a s : y x a \ t j
T t / i ) j ,
t h e n o b l e
h o n o u r ,
x P v f > ( f T -
X p v a t a ,
l i k e
t r v i c k a
—
o v i c i f )
t r r o X r j ,
t h e
g o l d e n
r o b e ,
r i j g
x P v f f W G
f f r o X ^ c ;
l \ Q p a x ^ p a ,
t h e h o s t i l e
c o u n t r y , r t j Q
l x ® P < * £
X ^ p a Q -
3 . T h e q u a n t i t y
o f t h e
e n d i n g s i s
g i v e n i n § 2 5 .
4 .
W i t h
r e g a r d t o t h e a c c e n t u a t i o n , t h e f o l l o w i n g o b s e r v a t i o n s m a y
b e
m a d e
—
a ) T h e
e n d i n g
o f
t h e
p l u r a l
o i
i s
c o n s i d e r e d s h o r t
w i t h r e s p e c t t o
t h e
a c c e n t h e n c e \ t m v a i ( n o t X t a i v m ) , M o v a n t ( n o t M o v o a i )
6 ) T h e a c c e n t r e m a i n s u p o n t h e a c c e n t e d s y l l a b l e o f t h e n o m i n a t i v e a s
l o n g
a s t h e r u l e s
o f
a c c e n t u a t i o n
p e r m i t .
E x c e p t i o n s , a ) t h e v o c a t i v e J s o - i r o r a , f r . l e a i r a r n s , a m a s t e r
p )
I n
a d j e c t i v e s i n o f , ( a ) , o v , t h e
a c c e n t u a t i o n
o f t h e f e m i n i n e i s
c o n f o r m e d t o
t h a t o f t h e m a s c . a s o f t e n a s t h e n a t u r e
o f
t h e
l a s t s y l l a b l e
p e r m i t s t h u s t h e p l u r a l o f t h e f e m i n i n e n o m i n a t i v e o f / 3 e / 3 a u > c , t \ c v 0 t p o g ,
a v i p p w i T i v o g , i s a c c e n t e d o n
t h e a n t e p e n u l t i m a t e
/ 3 e / 3 a i o i , / }
i
/ 3
a t
a
£ \ f « 0 f p o i , I X t v O e p a t , d v B p i i i r i v o t ,
d v Q p u i r i v a t , a l t h o u g h
t h e f e m i n i n e i n
s i n g u l a r i s a p a r o x y t o n e , o n a c c o u n t o f t h e l o n g
e n d i n g
q a n d a v i z .
f S t f } a i d , i \ e v 9 t p a ,
d v d p i a m v n
y )
T h e
g e n i t i v e
p l u r a l
i n
t h e
f i r s t
d e c l e n s i o n
h a s
t h e
l a s t
s y l l a b l e ,
w ,
c i r c u m f l e x e d a s \ i m v S v f r o m \ i a t v a , v t a v i d v f r o m v e a v i a g . T o t h i s ,
h o w e v e r ,
t h e r e
a r e t h e f o l l o w i n g e x c e p t i o n s — 1 ) T h e f e m i n i n e o f
a d
j e c t i v e s
a n d
p a r t i c i p l e s i n
o g ,
n ( a ) ,
o v
h a s t h e s a m e a c c e n t u a t i o n a s t h e
m a s c u l i n e
a s r w v
K a X k i a T o i v M o u o w , f r o m K a X k u r r o g , K a K K i a T t ) , j c o X A h t t w ,
p u l c h e r r i m u s ,
a ,
u m ; b u t t h e f e m i n i n e
o f o t h e r
a d j e c t i v e s
a n d p a r t i c i p l e s
i s
p e r i s p o m e n o n a s : f i a p v g , f i a p t i a , j 3 a p v , G e n . p l . j i a p i o i v , ( 3 a p t i d v . —
2 )
T h e
s u b s t a n t i v e s
x p v a T 1 £ i a u s u r e r ,
a ^ v t i ,
a n
a n c h o v y , i r q a i c u ,
t r a d e -
w i n d s ,
a n d
% k o v v 7 ] q ,
a w i l d
b o a r ;
w h i c h
r e m a i n
p a r o x y t o n e
i n t h e
g e n i t i v e
p l u r a l .
5 . T h e a c c e n t o f t h e n o m i n a t i v e c h a n g e s ,
a c c o r d i n g
t o t h e q u a n t i t y o f
t h e
l a s t s y l l a b l e ,
i n t h e
f o l l o w i n g m a n n e r —
a ) O x y t o n e s a r e , i n t h e g e n .
a n d
d a t . o f a l l t h r e e n u m b e r s , p e r i s p o m e n a
a s T i p i j s , y , w v , a l v , a i g ( t h i s h o l d s g o o d i n t h e 2 d
d e c l e n s i o n
a l s o )
V )
P a r o x y
t o n e s r e m a i n a s s u c h t h r o u g h
a l l
t h e c a s e s ( w i t h t h e
e x
c e p t i o n
o f t h e
g e n . p i . , w h i c h i s a l w a y s
p e r i s p o m e n o n ) , i f t h e
l a s t
s y l l a b l e
i s l o n g b u t b e c o m e p r o p e r i s p o m e n a , i f t h e l a s t s y l l a b l e i s s h o r t w h i c h
i s
t h e
c a s e i n
t h e n o m .
p i .
a s
- / v d / i t i ,
y v d p a i , ' A r p t i S t i g , ' A r p t l S a i
c )
P e r i s p o m e n a
b e c o m e
p a r o x y t o n e s , i f
t h e
l a s t s y l l a b l e
b e c o m e s
l o n g
a s M o u f f a , M o u V i / e
d )
P r o p a r o x y t o n e s b e c o m e
p a r o x y t o n e s , i f t h e
l a s t
s y l l a b l e
b e c o m e s
l o n g a s \ t t u v a , X t a i v t / g .
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Τ Η Ε β υ Β β Τ Δ Ν Τ Ι Υ Ε Α Ν Π
Α ϋ Τ Ε Ο Τ Ι Υ Ε .
[ Ο Η Α Ρ . π ι .
§
2 7 . I I . Μ α . 8 ο η Ι ί η ε 3 .
Μ α β ο υ ΐ ΐ η ο β
η α ν ο ί η ο ^ ο η ΐ ί ϊ ν ο ϊ η ο υ ΐ η ο δ β ί η α ς
Γ β ί α ΐ η
ί η β
α , α η χ ΐ
ί Η ο β ο
ί η - η ς ,
Ι η β
η , ΐ η
ί η ο
ά α ί ΐ ν ο
α η ( 1
α ο ο α β α ί ΐ ν Θ
β ΐ η -
§ η 1 α τ . Τ Η β ν ο ο α ί ϊ ν β ο ί ΐ η ο β β ΐ η η ς β η ά β ΐ η ά —
1 ) ΐ η α ΐ ΐ ΐ η τ η ε , Ο 8
τ ο ξ ό τ η ς ,
V . τ ο ξ ό τ ά , π ρ ο φ ή τ η ς ,
V .
τ τ ρ ο -
φ ή τ α — 2 ) ΐ η α ϊ ο ο π ι ρ ο υ η ά ο ί ΐ ο ί α δ ΐ ι β β ί α η ί ΐ ν ο α η ά α
\ & ύ > ,
α β
γ ε ω μ έ τ ρ η ς ,
V . η ε ω μ & τ ρ α ,
μ υ ρ ο τ τ ώ λ η ς , α ε α Ι ν ε - Β β Ι Ι β τ , V .
μ υ ρ ο -
τ τ ω λ α — 3 ) ΐ η ς ο η ί ΐ ΐ β η ο η η β ΐ η η ν , α β : Τ Ι έ ρ ο - η ς , α Ρ β τ & ί α η ,
V .
Τ ί έ ρ σ ά . —
Α 1 1
ο ί Ι ι β Γ β
η α ν β
ί ΐ ι β ν ο ο α ί ϊ ν β ΐ η η , Ά Ά : Π , έ ρ σ η ς ,
Ρ β τ $ β $ ,
V .
Τ Ι έ ρ σ η .
Τ η ο
ρ ΐ υ π ϋ
ο £
Ε ο α β ο ι ι Ι ΐ η Θ δ
ά ο ο 8 η ο ί
ί τ ο ι η
ί Η α ί ο ί ί ο η ι ΐ η ΐ η ε β .
1 .
δ β ν β Γ ί ΐ Ι ο ί Λ β π ΐ £ ΐ 8 θ ΐ ι 1 ί η 6 3
ϊ η
α ς Ι ι β , ν β
Λ ο
ϋ ο ή ο
ϊ η α , ν ϊ ζ . π α τ ρ α λ ο ί α ς , α ρ α ΐ Ύ ί ϋ ί ά ε , μ η τ ρ α Χ ο ί α ς , α η ι α ί τ ί ο ί ά ε , ό ρ ν ι θ ο θ ή ρ α ς , α
ύ ί τ ά ο α & Ι ΐ ί Γ
; & 1 δ θ 8 β ν 6 Γ 8 ΐ
ρ Γ ο ρ β Γ η α π ΐ 6 8 ,
ι »
Σ υ λ λ α ς ,
Ο τ .
Σ ν λ λ ο
ί ΐ ι β ο ο η ί Γ α ο Ι ί η α ς , β ο ρ ρ ά ς , ί τ ο ι η β ο ρ ι ά ς .
Ρ Α Κ Α Ο Ι & Μ 8 .
α ο ΐ ΐ ΐ ζ ο η .
τ τ ο \ ί τ η ς ( ΐ )
Μ β Γ 0 1 1 Γ 7 . & 7 ° Ν Ϊ ΐ ΐ ·
Ά 1 ) Ϊ Γ < 1 ο α 1 ; ο 1 ΐ 6 Γ .
Ν .
· \ ν ΐ η ( 1 .
ο ρ ν ι θ ο θ ή ρ ά ς β ο ρ ρ ά ς
. Ν .
' Έ , ρ μ ( ε α ς ) ή ς ν ε α ν ί ά ς
Ο τ . τ τ ο λ ι τ ο ΐ ί
Ε ι ρ μ ο ύ
ν ε α ν ί ο υ ο ρ ν ι β ο θ ή ρ ά
β ο ρ ρ ά
ϋ .
Τ Γ ό λ , ί Τ Τ )
Έ ρ μ η
ν ε α ν ί α
ο ρ ν ι θ ο θ ή ρ α
β ο ρ ρ ά
Α .
• π ο λ , ί τ η ν
Έ ρ μ η ν
ν ε α ν Μ , ν
ό ρ ν ι θ ο θ ή ρ ά ν β ο ρ ρ ά ν
ν . , τ τ ο λ ΐ τ α
Έ ρ μ η
'
ν ε α ν ί α
ο ρ ν ι θ ο θ ή ρ α
β ο ρ ρ ά
Ρ . Ν .
τ τ ο \ 1 τ α ι Έ ρ μ ο ι
ν ε α ν ί α ι ,
ο ρ ν ι θ ο θ ή ρ α ι
α .
τ τ ο λ ί τ ώ ν
Έ ρ μ ω ν
ν ε α ν ί ώ ν ό ρ ν ι θ ο θ η ρ ώ ν
Β .
τ τ ο λ ί τ α ΐ ϊ
Έ ρ μ α ϊ ί
ν ε α ν ί Μ ΐ ς
ο ρ ν ι θ ο θ ή ρ α ι ς
Α .
τ τ ο λ ι ' τ ά ϊ
Έ ρ μ α ς ν ε α ν ί ά ς ο ρ ν ί θ ο θ ή ρ ά ί
V .
τ τ ο λ ί τ α *
Έ ρ μ α ΐ
ν ε α ν ί α ι
ο ρ ν ι θ ο θ ή ρ α ι
Β .
τ τ ο λ ι τ ά
Έ ρ μ α ν ε α ν ί α
ο ρ ν ι θ ο θ ή ρ α
τ τ ο λ ι τ α ί ΐ /
Έ ρ μ α ΐ ν
ν ε α ν ί α ι ν
ο ρ ν ι θ ο θ ή ρ α ι ν
Ι η
Ι η ϊ β
ι η & η η β Γ
α ά ) θ θ ί ί ν ο 8
ο ί
ο η β
ί β Γ Π ΐ ϊ η α ί ϊ ο η ΐ η
η ς
& η ά
α ς
8 Γ β ( Ι β ο ΐ ϊ η β ά ;
α β : ε θ ε λ ο ν τ ή ς
π ο λ ί τ η ς , α
ι ν ί Ι Ι ί η §
ϋ ί ΐ ί ζ ΐ η , ί θ ί λ ο ν τ ο ν π ο λ ί
τ ο υ , ί θ ί λ ο ν τ α ΐ τ τ ο λ ΐ τ α ι ; μ α ν ί α ς « α ν ί α ς , α ί ο Ι Ο α τ τ / ι / ο ι ι ( Ι ι ,
μ ο ν ί υ υ
ν ι α ν ί ο υ , μ ο ν ί ΐ } ν ι α ν ί ΐ } .
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§ 2 8 . ]
2 7
Ε Ο Ο Ν Ο Ο Ε 0 1 Ε Ν 8 Ι Ο Ν .
§ 2 8 . 8 β ο ο η ά Ώ β ο ΐ ε η ή ο η .
Τ ΐ ι β 8 β ο ο η ( 1 ι ΐ β ο ί β η β ί ο η Κ α β ί \ ν ο ε η < ϋ η § 8 , ο ϊ α η ά ο ν ; ΐ Κ β
£ ο ι · π ΐ 6 Γ ο £ \ ν ι ί ο 1 ι Ϊ 8
σ β η ο Γ α Ι Ι ^
π ΐ ί ΐ δ ο α ί ϊ η θ , β ο ι η β ί ί ι ι ΐ Θ Β ί β π ι ΐ η ϊ η Θ ;
ί ΐ ι β Ι & ί ί β Γ η β ι ι ί β Γ , β χ ο β ρ ί ί η ί ί β ι η α ΐ β ρ Γ ο ρ β Γ η α π ι β δ ο £ Ά ( ϋ π π η ι ι -
ί ϊ ν ε £ ο π η ϊ η ο ν , Ά 8 ή Τ \ υ κ έ ρ ι ο ν .
Ε Ν Β Ι Ν Ο 8 .
0 ·
* ^ ΐ ΐ 1 ί \ Γ · Ρ Ι ι ί Γ α Ι
Ώ α α ΐ .
Ν .
Ο ϊ
ο ν
ο ι
ά ω
α .
ο υ
ω ν
ο ί ν
ΐ > .
Ψ
0 1 5 ο ι ν
Α .
ο ν
ο υ ε
ά
ω
V .
Ο ϊ
& Ι
κ ϊ
ε ο ν
ο ι α
ω
Ρ Α Κ Α Β Ι 6 Μ 8 .
Ά
Τ Υ Ό Κ ΐ .
& η
ΐ β ί β , ι ι ά .
α § ο < 1 .
&
Π 1 6 8 8 6 η § β Γ .
α .
8 . Ν .
δ
λ ό γ - ο ί
9 7 ν η σ ο ί
δ θ ε ό ς
δ
ά τ γ ε λ ο ϊ τ ο σ ΰ κ ο ν
α .
τ ο υ λ ό γ - ο υ τ η ί ν ή σ ο υ τ ο υ θ ε ο ΰ
α γ γ έ λ ο υ
τ ο υ σ ύ κ ο υ
ϋ .
τ ω λ ό γ - ω
τ τ ; ν ^ σ ω
τ ω
θ ε ώ
ά γ γ έ \ ω
τ ω
σ ύ κ ω
Α .
τ ο ν λ ό γ - ο ζ /
τ η ν ν η σ ο ν τ ο ν θ ε ό ν
α γ γ ε ~ \ ο ν
τ ο σ ΰ κ ο ν
V .
ώ λ ό γ - ε
ω
ν η σ ε
ω θ ε ό ς
ά γ γ ε λ ε
ω σ ΰ κ ο ν
Ρ . Ν .
ο ι λ ό γ - ο ί .
α ϊ
ν ή σ ο ι
ο ι
θ ε ο ί
ά γ γ ε λ ο ι
τ α σ ΰ κ α
α
τ ω ν λ ό γ - ω ν
τ ω ν
ν ή σ ω ν τ ω ν
θ ε ώ ν
α γ γ έ λ ω ν
τ ω ν
σ ύ κ ω ν
ϋ .
τ ο ί ϊ λ ό γ - ο / / ϊ
τ α ΐ ϊ
ν ή σ ο ί ί τ ο ι ς θ ε ο ΐ ί ά γ γ έ λ ο ι ς
τ ο ι ς σ ύ κ ο ΐ ί
Α .
τ ο υ ϊ λ ό γ - ο ι ί ϊ
τ α ϊ ν ή σ ο υ ς τ ο ύ ϊ
θ ε ο ύ ς ά γ γ ^ λ ο υ ϊ
τ α
σ ΰ κ α
V .
ώ λ ό γ - ο ί
ώ
ν ή σ ο ι
ω θ ε ο ί
ά γ γ ε λ ο ι
ω σ ΰ κ α
ϋ .
τ ω
λ ό γ - ω
τ α ν ή σ ω τ ω θ ε ώ
α γ γ έ λ ω τ ω
σ ύ κ ω
τ ο ΐ ν λ ό γ - ο ί ζ '
τ α ΐ ν ν ή σ ο ι ν τ ο ΐ ν
θ ε ο ΐ ν
ά γ γ έ λ ο ι ν
τ ο ΐ ν
σ ύ κ ο ι ν
Β β τ η α τ λ ϊ . Τ ΐ ι β ν ο ο α ί ϊ ν β
ο ί
ί ? ο Γ ( ΐ 8 ϊ η ο ς υ β ι ι β ί ΐ ^ ε η ά δ ί η £ , 1 ) η Ι β ο ι η β -
ί ί ι η β δ ϊ η ο ς & 8 ώ ^ ί λ ε α η < 1 ω ψ ι λ ό ς α \ ν α ν δ ω θ ι ό ς .
Β ε ι π α τ ί 2 . \ ν ί Λ Γ β ^ α ι - ά ί ο Ι ΐ ι ο α ο ο β η ί υ α ί ί ο η , ί ΐ ι β ί ο 1 ο ι ν ί η < ;
δ Η ο ι ι Ι ά 1 ) Θ
ο Ι ) 8 β Γ ν ο ( 1 — Τ ΐ ι β
α ο ο β η ί ΐ ' ο η ι α ϊ η β ο η
Λ ο Β ^ Π ί Λ Ι β
\ γ Ι . ι ί ι : 1 ι ϊ β
α ι χ , ι ο ι ί ο ι ΐ
ΐ ι ι
Ι ΐ ι ο
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Τ Η Ε 8 ϋ Β 8 Τ Α Ν Τ Ι Υ Ε Α Ν ϋ Α Γ Χ Τ Ε Ο Ή Υ Ε . [ Ο Η Α Ρ . ι π .
η ο ι η Ί η α ί ί ν ο , 3 3 1 ο η < * 3 3 ί ΐ ι β φ ΐ 3 η ί ΐ ί ) τ ο ί Ι η β Ι ω ί δ γ Ι Ι ί ΐ Μ Θ ρ ο π η ϊ ί β θ χ ο β ρ ί
Ι η β ν ο ο α ί ΐ ν β ά δ ί λ φ ε
ί τ ο ι η
α ί ί λ ^ ο ς - , α Ι τ ο ί Η ε τ . Τ η β
Ι β π η ΐ η α ΐ ϊ ο η
ο ι ΐ η ί η β
ρ Ι ι ί Γ α Ι ,
Ι & β
α ϊ
ΐ η
ί η β
β Γ 8 ΐ
ι ΐ ε ο ί β η δ ΐ ο η ,
Ϊ 8
ο ο η δ ΐ ά β Γ β ά
β Ι ι ο Γ ί
\ τ ϊ 1 1 ι
Γ β ί β Γ β η ο β
ί ο
α ο ο β η ί α α ΐ ί ο η .
Τ ΐ ι β
ο ΐ ι α η ^ β ο ί
Λ β
α ο ο ο η ΐ Ϊ 8 Ι ΰ ί β Λ α ΐ
ϊ η
Λ β 6 Γ 8 4 ά β ο ί β η -
β ί ο η , τ τ ΐ ΐ ΐ ι Λ β β χ ο ε ρ ί ϊ ο η ο ί Λ β
β β η ϊ ί ΐ ν θ
ρ Ι ι ί Γ α Ι , \ ν ι β Γ β Λ β α ο ο β η ΐ Γ β ί α ί η β
Λ β
ρ ΐ α ο β
τ τ Η ί ο Ι ι ϋ
ο ο ο υ ρ ί β Λ
ϊ η
Λ β
η ο π ι ϊ η α ΐ ί ν β . 8 β β
Λ β ρ α ρ α ά ϊ ^ ι ι ι β .
Κ ε π ι α τ Τ ι 3 . Α φ ' θ Ο ί ί ν ε δ ΐ η ο ς , η ( α ) , ο ν , Ά π α ΐ η ο ς ( ω & δ ο ι ι ΐ ΐ η β α η ά Γ β ι η ί -
η ϊ η β ) α η ά
ο ν ( η β η ΐ β ρ ) , ί ο ΐ ΐ ο ν τ Ι η β α ΐ ι ο ν β
ρ 3 Γ & ( ϋ § η ΐ 8 , ΐ η ΐ Η β
η α α δ ο α ί ϊ η β
α η ά
η β ν ι ί β Γ ;
3 3 : α γ α θ ό ς , α γ α θ ή ,
α γ α θ ό ν , § ο ο ά ;
6 α γ α θ ό ς λ ό γ ο ς , ί ΐ ι , β
£ 0 ο ά
υ ι ο τ ά ; τ > α γ α θ ό ν τ ί κ ν ο ν , Ι ί ι β ξ ο ο ά Μ ί α ; π ά γ κ α λ ο ς , π ά γ κ α \ ο ν ,
ν ε τ ί /
1 > β α η Κ / η Ι ; ο π ά γ κ α λ ο ς λ ό γ ο ς , Ι ΐ ι β
· ν ε η ) ί ε α υ ί ί / η ΐ
β ρ β β α ί ι ; ή π ά γ κ α λ ο ς
μ ο ρ φ ή ,
Ι ΐ ι β ν ε τ ι / Τ > β α η Ι ί / υ Ι
/ ο τ τ η
;
τ ο
π ά γ κ α λ ο ν
τ ί κ ν ο ν , ϋ ι β ν β Γ ΐ / Ι ι β α υ ί ί ^ υ ΐ
ΰ ΐ ι ί ΐ ά .
Τ Κ β α ά ] β ο Ι ΐ ν θ 8 ο Γ Ι τ τ ο Ι β ι · η ι ί η α Ι ΐ ο η 3 3 Γ β α ΐ η ι ο δ ί & 1 1 ο ο η α ρ ο ι ι η ά α ά -
§ 2 9 . ϋ ο η ί Γ α ο ί ί ο η ο / ί Η β 8 β ο ο η ά Ό β ο ί β η β ί ο η .
1 . Α
β η ι & Ι Ι
η ι ι π Λ β Γ
ο ί
8 ΐ ι Ι > δ ί α η ί ΐ ν 6 8 , ί η
\ ν ι ΐ ο 1 ι
ο Ο Γ ε
β ί α η ά β
ί Κ β
ο α δ β - 6 η ( ϋ η § , β ι ι θ β Γ ο ο η ί Γ α ο ϋ ο η .
Ρ Α Ε Α ϋ Ι β Μ δ .
&
ν ο
ι ^ ί Ι ^ Θ φ
α ~ ν ο γ Ά £
2 Γ Ο ΐ ι η ά .
& 1 ) ο η β .
8 .
Ν .
ό τ τ λ ό ο ϊ
τ τ λ ο ΰ ϊ ό
τ τ ε ρ ά τ τ λ ο ο ί
τ τ ε ρ ί τ τ λ ο ν ί
τ ο ο σ τ έ ο ν ο σ τ ο ΰ ν
α .
τ τ λ ό ο ι ;
τ τ λ ο ΰ
π ε ρ ι τ τ λ ό ο υ
π ε ρ ί π λ ο υ
ο σ τ έ ο ν
ό σ τ ο ΰ
ο .
τ τ λ ό ω
τ τ λ ω
τ τ ε ρ η τ λ ό ω
π ε ρ ί τ τ λ ω
δ σ τ έ φ
ό σ τ ω
Α .
τ τ λ ό ο ν
τ τ λ ο ΰ ζ '
Ί τ ε ρ ί π λ ο ο ν
π ε ρ ί π λ ο υ ν
ο σ τ έ ο ν
ο σ τ ο ΰ ν
ν . π \ ό ε
τ τ λ ο ΰ
τ τ ε ρ ί τ τ λ ο ε
π ε ρ ί π λ ο υ
ο σ τ έ ο ν
ο σ τ ο ΰ ν
Ρ .
Ν .
π λ ό ο ι , τ τ λ ο ΐ
• π ε ρ ι π λ ο ο ι
π ε ρ ί τ τ λ ο ι .
ο σ τ έ α
9 η
ο σ τ ά
α .
• π λ ό ω ν
π λ ω ν
π ε ρ π τ λ ό ω ν
• π ε ρ ί π λ ω ν
ό σ τ έ ω ν ο σ τ ώ ν
ϋ .
π λ ό ο ί
τ τ λ ο ΐ ϊ
τ τ ε ρ π τ λ ό ο ΐ ί
π ε ρ ί τ τ λ ο ΐ ί
ο σ τ έ ο ι ε ο σ τ ο ΐ ί
Α .
π λ ο ο υ χ
τ τ λ ο ΰ ί
τ τ ε ρ ι π τ λ ό ο υ ε
π ε ρ ί π \ ο ν ί
ό σ τ ε α ο σ τ ά
V .
π λ ό ο ί
τ τ λ ο ΐ
• π ε ρ ί τ τ λ ο ο ι ,
π ε ρ ί π λ α ι ο σ τ έ α
ο σ τ ά
ϋ .
π λ ό ω τ τ λ ά
π ε ρ ν π λ ό ω π ε ρ ί π λ ω
ό σ τ έ ω
ο σ τ ώ
τ τ λ ό ο ι ν
' Ζ Γ λ β ί Ι '
τ Γ ε ρ η τ λ ό ο ι ν
π ε ρ ί π ' λ ο ν ν
ο σ τ έ ο ι ν ό σ τ ο ΐ ν
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? 2 9 . ] Ο Ο Ν Τ Κ Α Ο Τ Ι Ο Ν Ο Γ Τ Η Ε 8 Ε Ο Ο Ν Β Ό Ε Ο Ι , Ε Ν δ Ι Ο Ν .
2 9
Ρ , ε τ η α τ λ
1 .
Τ ο Λ β 8 β β ε ί ο η σ
—
α ) π π ι ΐ ί ΐ ρ ΐ ί ο & ΐ ϊ ν β β φ ' β ο ί ί ν β β ϊ η ό ο ς ( ο υ , , · ) ,
& > Ι Ο Ο ι ° ο ν ( ρ ν ν )
ω
α ' τ τ λ ο ί ς , η ,
ο ϋ ν , ί ί τ η ρ ί ε
;
—
V )
α φ ε ο ί ϊ ν ε β
ο ί ί ν ο ί β τ -
ϊ η ϊ η α ΐ ϊ ο η ί
ΐ η ο ο ς
( ο υ ς )
τ η α δ ο ι ι ΐ ί η β 8 η < 1
ί β ι η ΐ η ί η ε , α η ά
ο ο ν
( ο ν ι ϊ ) η β ι ι ί β Γ
3 8
ό ή ί ϋ ν ο υ ς , τ ο
ι ϋ ν ο υ ν ,
υ ι β ί ΐ ά ί φ ο β β ά ;
\ τ ι ί ο 1 ι
( Ι ί δ β Γ ί τ ο ι η
Λ β
ά β ο ί β η δ ϊ ο η ο Γ
8 ΐ ι Ι ) 8 ΐ α η Ι ί ν θ 8 ,
ο η ΐ ^
ϊ η η ο ΐ α ο η ΐ Γ α ο ί ϊ η § ο α ί η
Λ β
η ε ι ι ί β Γ ρ Ι ι ί Γ α Ι α β
τ α
ι ν ν ο α τ ί κ ν α ; — ΰ )
& ( 1 ) 6 θ Ι ϊ ν β 8 , ν τ ί ι ϊ ο ΐ ι ( Ι β η ο ί β
3 ,
τ η α Ι ο Η α Ι ,
ϊ η ι ό ς ( ο υ ς ) ,
ί ί ϊ ( ή ) , ι ό ν ( ο ϋ ν ) 8 3 χ ρ ΰ σ ί ο ς χ ρ υ σ ο ύ ς , χ ρ ι ι σ έ ά χ ρ υ σ ή , χ ρ ύ α ί ο ν χ ρ υ σ ο ϋ ν ,
£ θ Ι ά β π . Ι ί
Ά ν ο \ τ β 1
Ο Γ
ρ
ρ Γ β ο β ( 1 β 8 Λ β
ί β π ι ϊ η ί η β ί β Γ η ι ϊ η α Ι ϊ ο η
ί α ,
ϊ ί Ϊ 8
ο ο η -
ί Γ α ο ί β ά ΐ η ΐ ο
α ,
η ο ί ή ( § 2 6 , 1 . ) α 8 ϊ ρ έ - ι ο ς ί ρ ι ο ν ς , ί ρ ί - ί ά έ ρ £ α , ί ρ ί - ι ο ν
ΐ ρ ε ο ν ν ,
υ ΐ ο ο ί ΐ β η ; ά ρ γ ΰ ρ - ί ο ς α ρ γ ύ ρ ο υ ς , ό ρ γ υ ρ - ί ά α ρ γ υ ρ ά , ά ρ γ ΰ ρ - ι ο ν ά ρ - γ ν ρ -
ο ν ν ,
ή Ι ν β Γ , Ί .
β . π ι α ά β
ο / ί ί ΐ ν β τ .
Ρ Α Κ Α ϋ Ι ( Ϊ Μ 8 .
£ 0 1 ά β η .
β ΐ ι η ρ ί β .
8 . Ν .
χ ρ ύ σ ε - ο ί
χ ρ υ σ έ - α χ ρ ύ σ ε - ο ν
ά π λ ό - ο ϊ
ά τ τ λ ό - » ;
ά π λ ό - ο ν
χ ρ υ σ ο υ ί χ ρ υ σ ή χ ρ υ σ ο ϋ ν
α τ τ λ ο ΰ ί
α τ τ λ ^
ά · π · \ ο ΰ ν
Ο .
χ ρ υ σ ο ύ
χ ρ υ σ ή ί χ ρ υ σ ο ύ
ά τ τ λ ο ί ) ά τ τ λ ^ ϊ
ά π λ ο ΰ
Β .
χ ρ υ σ ώ
χ ρ υ σ ί )
χ ρ υ σ ώ
ά τ τ λ ω
ά τ τ λ ^
ά π λ ω
Α .
χ ρ υ σ ο ϋ ν
χ ρ υ σ ή ν
χ ρ υ σ ο ϋ ν
ά τ τ λ ο ΰ ζ /
ά π \ ή ν
ά π λ ο ΰ ν
V .
χ ρ υ σ ο υ ί
χ ρ υ σ ή
χ ρ υ σ ο ϋ ν
ά π λ ο υ ϊ
ά τ τ λ ή
ά π Χ ο ΰ ν
Ρ . Ν .
χ ρ υ σ ο ί χ ρ υ σ ο ί
χ ρ υ σ ά
α τ τ λ ο ΐ
ά τ τ \ α ΐ
α π λ ά
α . χ ρ υ σ ώ ν
χ ρ υ σ ώ ν
χ ρ υ σ ώ ν
ά τ τ λ ω ζ /
α π λ ώ ν α π λ ώ ν
Β .
χ ρ υ σ ο ΐ ί
χ ρ υ σ α ΐ ί
χ ρ υ σ ο ΐ ί
ά τ τ λ ο ί ϊ
ά π λ α ΐ ί
ά π λ ο ΐ ϊ
Α . χ ρ υ σ ο υ ί χ ρ υ σ ά ί
χ ρ υ σ ά
ά τ τ λ ο ΰ ϊ
ά π λ ά ϊ α π λ ά
V .
χ ρ υ σ ο ί
χ ρ υ σ ο ί
χ ρ υ σ ά
ά τ τ λ ο ΐ
ά π λ α ΐ
α π λ ά
ϋ .
χ ρ υ σ ώ χ ρ υ σ ά
χ ρ υ σ ώ
ά τ τ λ ά α π λ ά
ά π λ ώ
χ ρ υ σ ο ΐ ν
• χ ρ υ σ α ΐ ν
χ ρ υ σ ο ΐ ν ά τ τ \ ο ΐ ν ά π λ α ΐ ν
ά π Κ ο ϊ ν
Α β β χ ο β ρ ί ϊ ο η β
Ι ο
Ι ΐ ι β
Γ ΐ ι ΐ ο β
^ ί ν β η § 1 1 ,
2 . , Λ β
α τ β τ τ ο Γ ί Ι ι
γ
ο ί
η ο ΐ ϊ ο β
— α ) π λ ό ω ^ π λ ω , ό σ τ ί ω = ό σ τ ώ , ϊ η δ ί ο α ά ο ί π λ ω ,
ό σ τ ώ — ί )
ο ο ι η ρ ο ι ι ι κ ί β α η ά
ρ Γ ο ρ β Γ η α ι η β β
ο ί η α Ο Γ β ί ΐ ι & η ο η β δ ^ ΐ ΐ α ο ΐ β ,
τ τ Η ϊ ο Ι ι Ι ι β β ρ
Λ β α ο ο θ η ί
ι ι ρ ο η Λ β
ρ ε η τ ι ΐ ΐ ΐ ι η α ί ε ,
ε ν β η
τ τ Η β η
Ι ί
ο υ § 1 ι Ι
ί ο
§ ο 8 8
α
ι · ϊ ι · ( : π υ ι Ι 1 ο
Μ
τ ι ρ ο η
Λ θ
Ο θ η ί Γ » ο 4 8 ( 1
δ ^ ΐ ΐ α ο ΐ β α β
π ε ρ ι π λ ό ο υ
—
π ε ρ ί π λ ο υ
ο ί
ι τ ί ρ ι π λ ο ί ) , ί ΰ ν ό ψ
= ι ϋ ν ψ
( ΐ η δ ί ε α ά ο ί
ι ΰ ν φ ) ;
— ο ) τ α κ ά ν ι ο ν
=
( ί η β ί β α ά
ο ί κ α ν ό ν ι / ) , α ί α β ί ι β ί ;
π ι κ ί
α ί β ο α ( 1 ) ε ο ( ϊ τ 6 8 ί η
κ » ; ,
έ ά , Ε ο ν ; α β
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3 0
Τ Η Ε
Β Ι Ι Β δ Τ Λ Ν Τ ί ν Ε
Α Ν Ο
Α Ο Τ Ε Ο Τ Ι Υ Ε .
[ Ο Η Α . Ρ .
ή ι .
χ ρ ν σ ε ο ζ = χ ρ ν σ ε ο ν ς , χ ρ υ σ έ α — χ ρ υ σ ί ; ,
χ ρ ύ σ ε ο ν
=
χ ρ ν σ ο ν ν
—
8 ΐ ι Ι ) 8 ΐ £ ΐ η Ι ϊ ν β 3 ί η
ί ό ς = ο υ ς ω
ά ΐ ι λ φ ι ί ί ό ς
= ά ί ί \ φ ι ί ο ϋ ς , α η β ρ Α β ί ϋ .
§ 3 0 .
Τ ί ι β
8 β € ο η ά Ό ε ο ί β η ε ί ο η .
8 ΐ ι Ι » 8 ί & η ΐ ΐ ν β 8 α ι κ ί α ά ] β ο ί ί ν β 8
Ι ι α ν β
Λ β
β ι κ ϋ η ^ β
( π ΐ 8 8 θ .
α η ά
£ β ι η . )
& η ά
ω ν
( η β ι ι ί . )
ΐ η β ί ε α ά
ο ί
ο *
& α ά
ο ν ,
Γ β ί α ϊ η ί ΐ ι β
ω
ί ΐ Γ θ υ § 1 ι ο ΐ ΐ ί Η β ο α β β β ΐ η β ί β α ά ο £ Λ β ν ο λ ν β ΐ β α η ά
( ϋ ρ Κ ί 1 ι ο η § 8 ο ί ΐ ΐ ι β ο Γ ά ΐ η α Γ ^ 8 β ο ο η < 1 ά β ο ί β η β ί ο η , α η ά 8 ΐ ι Ι » 8 θ Γ ί Ι ) 6
ι
ί ο
ί Η β
ω
- « Ί ι β Γ β ί Ι ΐ Θ
Γ β § υ 1 ί ΐ Γ £ ο π η
Η α 8
ψ Ο Γ ο ι , ; ί Η ι ι β ο ν ,
ε ,
α η ά
α 1 ) β < 3 θ π ι β
ω ; ο ε , ο ν , α η ά
ό ν ε 1 ) β ο ο ι η β , ω ϊ , ω ν ,
& η ( 1 ω $ ; ο ι ,
ο ί ϊ , α η ά ο ι ν 1 ) β ο ο ι η ο ,
ψ ,
ψ $ ,
α η ά ψ ν ;
ω , φ ,
α η ά
ω ν Γ β ι η α ΐ η
υ η α Ι ί ο Γ β ά .
Τ ΐ ι ο
ν ο ο α ί ΐ ν β ά ο ε β
η ο ί
( 1 ΐ £ Ρ β Γ £ τ ο ι η
ί ΐ ι ο
η ο ι η ί -
η α , ί ί ν β .
Ρ Α Ε Α Ο ΐ α Μ Β .
ί Ι ΐ Θ ρ β ο ρ ί β .
3 ,
Γ Ο ρ β .
Ά Ι ΐ α Γ Θ .
8 , Η α Ι Ι .
8 . Ν .
ό λ ε - ώ ϊ 5 7 Λ α λ - ω ϊ ό λ α γ - ώ ϊ
τ ο ά ν ώ γ ε - ω ν
α . λ ΐ - ώ
κ ό λ - ω λ α γ - ώ
ά ζ / ώ γ ε - ω
Ρ .
λ ε - ώ
« ά λ - ω λ α γ - ω
ά ν < ό γ ε - ω
Α .
λ ε - ώ ν
« ά λ - ω ν
λ α γ - ώ ν
ά ν ώ γ ε - ω ζ /
V . λ ε - ώ ϊ « ά λ - ω ί
λ α γ - ώ ϊ
ά ϊ / ώ γ ε - ω ζ /
Ρ .
Ν .
λ ε - ω
/ ί ά λ - ω
λ α γ - ω
ά ι / ω γ ε - ω
α
λ ε - ω ν κ ά λ - ω ν
λ α γ - ώ ν ά ζ / ώ γ ε - ω ν
ϋ .
λ ε - ω ϊ « ά λ - ω ϊ
λ α γ - ώ ί
ά ι / ώ γ ε - ω ϊ
Α .
λ ε - ώ ϊ
« ά λ - ω ϊ
λ θ 7 - ώ ϊ
ά ι » ώ γ ε - ω
V .
λ ε - ω
κ ά Χ - φ
λ α γ - ω ά ν ώ γ ε - ω
ϋ .
λ ε - ώ
κ ά \ - ω
λ α γ - ω
ά ν ώ γ ε - ω
λ ε - § 5 ν κ ά \ - φ ν
λ α γ - ω ν
ά ν ω γ ε - ω ν
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§ 3 1 . ]
3 1
Η Ι Ε Β
Β Ε Ο Ι , Ε Ν δ Ι Ο Ν .
δ ΐ η ^ α Ι θ Γ .
Ρ ΐ ι ι τ α ΐ . Β α α ΐ
Ν .
ό η
' ΐ λ ε ω ε
τ ο Τ λ ε ω ν
* « ι * ν \ β * · \
ο ι
α ϊ λ έ ω τ α ί λ ε ω τ ω τ α .
τ ω ΐ \ ε ω
α
τ ο υ τ η ί τ ο υ ί ' λ ε ω τ ω ν ι λ έ ω ν
τ ο ΐ ν τ α ΐ ν
τ ο ί ν
ί ' λ ε ω ι /
Β .
τ ω
τ ϊ ] τ ω ί ' λ ε ω
τ ο ί ί τ α ΐ ί τ ο ΐ ί ι λ ε ω ?
τ ο ΐ ν
τ α ί ν
τ ο ΐ ν
ΐ \ ε φ ν
Α . τ ο ν τ η ν τ ο ' ί \ ε ω ν
τ ο ύ ί
τ ά ί
Γ λ ε ω ϊ τ α Γ λ ε ω
\
^
\
« / ^
τ ω τ α τ ω
ί λ ε ω
V .
Ι ΰ ί β ί η β η ο ι η .
1 < ο ί 1 ι
ο ι ΐ ι
η .
Η ΐ ί β Ι ΐ ι β
η ο ι η .
Κ ε π ι α τ λ 1 . 8 ο ι η 6 τ τ θ Γ ( ΐ 3
ο ί
Λ β ι ι ι ; ι ~ ι · ι ι Ί η ο α η ( 1 ί β ι η ϊ η ϊ η β § β η ά β Γ ά τ ο ρ
Ι ΐ β ν ο ί Λ β 3 θ θ ΐ ΐ 3 α ΐ ί ν β δ ί η σ υ ΐ α τ ; ν ϊ ζ . ό λ α γ ώ ι - , ( Ι ι ε Ι ι α Γ ε ; τ ο ν λ α γ ώ ν Ά τ \ ά
λ α γ ώ ,
& η ά
ι ΐ Β ΐ ι α Ι Ι ^ ή
' έ ω ς ,
Ο ι β ά α ι ν η , ή
ά λ ω ς , α & Γ ε « ί ι ί ι ι ^ - β ο ο τ , ή
Κ έ ω ; ,
ή Κ , ύ ς , ό Α θ ω ς , ή Τ έ ω ς , 3 1 1 ( 1 ί Η 6 & ά ] β θ ί ΐ ν β 8 ά γ ή ρ ι κ ς , η ο ί £ Γ θ υ > ϊ τ ΐ £ ο ί α ,
' ' · ' / , ύ π ί ρ χ ρ ι ω ς , ι η < 1 ι · 1 > 1 .
2 . Α ο κ ε η ί υ α ί ί ο η .
Ρ τ ο ρ ω - ο χ τ ί ο η β δ Γ β ί α ϊ η Λ β α ο ο ε η ΐ η ρ ο η
Λ β
α η Ι β ρ β η π Ι ΐ ί ι η & Ι , Θ ί Η τ ο υ ^ Ι ι
β ΐ ΐ Λ β ο α δ θ δ ο ί & 1 1
^ ι β η ι ι η ι Ι ) θ Γ 8 , δ ί η ο ο
Λ β
ί \ τ ο δ ^ Ι Ι α Μ β β έ ω ς
Β α Λ
ί ω ν ,
& ο . ,
α τ β Γ ε ο ΐ ί ο η β ί ΐ
α β
ο η ε . Ο χ ^ ΐ ο η β β ϊ η ω ς
Γ Ο η ΐ Γ , ί η 5 ΐ ΐ ί · 1 ι , ε ν β η ΐ η Λ β ^ β η ϊ ΐ ΐ ν β δ ί η ^ ι ι Ι ϋ Γ 0 8 λ ί ώ .
§
3 1 .
Τ Μ τ ά Ό ε ο ί β η ί ϊ ο η .
Τ Η β ί η ί τ ά ά ε ο ΐ ο η β ί ο η
η α β Ι η ε
£ ο 1 1 ο · 5 ν ΐ η § ο α β ε - β η ά ΐ η ^ β —
Ρ ΐ υ κ ι ΐ .
ε ? Ν β υ ί .
ά
ω ν
σ ϊ ( « 0
Β α β ί .
Ν .
Θ .
Β .
Α .
V .
6
ϊ
υ ι ν
ο ι ν
ε
ε
Ί Ί ι β β β β η ά ΐ η § δ & Γ β α ί Ε χ β ά ί ο Λ β ι ι η » 1 ( ; β Γ β ά δ ί ε ι η ο ί ΐ Η ε λ τ ο ΐ ' Λ ; 8 3 :
ό ί ή ρ , α η ή ΐ ά α η ί τ η α ΐ ; & . θ η ρ - ό ς .
§
3 2 .
Κ β ΐ τ ι α τ Τ ί Β
υ , ρ ο η
ΐ Η β
€ α $ β - Ε η ά ί η ρ 8 .
1 . Τ ΐ ι β
η ο ι η ί η α ΐ ϊ ν β
δ ϊ η ^ Ί ΐ & τ ο ί
Λ 6
π ϋ β ο ι ι Ι ί η Θ α η ά ί β ι η ϊ η ϊ η ε ,
ί ΐ β Ι ΐ ι ε ρ ι ι τ β δ ί ο π ι ο Γ ΰ ι β ι τ ο π ΐ α Ι ί Ο Γ β ά . Τ 1 ι Ϊ 8 ι η ί ΐ ^ α ^ α ϊ η
1 ) β
ί ο ι ι η ά ,
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3 2 T H E S U B S T A N T I V E A N D A D J E C T I V E . c h a p .
m .
t a k i n g a w a y
t h e
s i g n
o f t h e g e n i t i v e
c a s e
o g
a s 6 / c o p o ? , t h e r a v e n , G .
K o p a K - o g .
2 .
N e u t e r s
e x h i b i t
t h e
p u r e
s t e m
i n
t h e
n o m i n a t i v e
s i n g u l a r .
B u t
t h e
l a w s
o f e u p h o n y i n t h e G r e e k l a n g u a g e
d o
n o t
a l l o w
a
w o r d
t o
e n d
i n
r .
H e n c e ,
i n
t h i s
c a s e , t h e
r i s e i t h e r a l t o g e t h e r
d r o p p e d ,
o r c h a n g e d
i n t o
t h e k i n d r e d
c o n s o n a n t
a
a s
S t e m w t j r t p i , S . N . i r i i r t p X , p e p p e r , G . > r f 7 r e p i - 0 f , o r i - o g .
( r t o f i a r
—
t r u t f i a , a
b o d y , — a w f i a r - o g .
r t p a r — r i p a g , a p r o d i g y , — r t p a r - o g .
3 . T h e a c c u s a t i v e
h a s t h e
f o r m
i n v , i n t h e
w o r d s o f
t h e
m a s c u l i n e a n d
f e m i n i n e g e n d e r e n d i n g i n i g a n d v g , a v g a n d o v g , w h o s e s t e m e n d s i n v ,
a v ,
a n d
o v a s
S t e m j t o X i , S . N .
v o \ i g ,
A . j r o X i v . S t e m f i o r p v ,
S .
N . ( l o r p v g , A . f i o r p v v .
v a v —
v a v g ,
— v a v v . —
f l o v ,
— f i o v g , —
f i o i i v .
T h e a c c u s a t i v e
h a s t h e o t h e r
f o r m
i n a w h e n t h e s t e m e n d s i n a c o n
s o n a n t a s ^ X c / 3 , ( f i d ^ , < p \ E ( 3 - a K o p a i c , K o p a Z , K o p a i c - a X a f i w a S , X a / n r a g ,
X a f t w d S - a .
B a r y t o n e s , h o w e v e r , o f m o r e t h a n
o n e
s y l l a b l e , w h o s e s t e m e n d s i n a
T - s o u n d ,
t a k e
t h e
f o r m
i n v ,
i n p r o s e , i n s t e a d
o f
t h a t i n
a a s
i p i S ,
S . N .
i p i g , A . I p i v K o p v B ,
S . N . K o p v g , A . x o p v v x a P ' r > S . N . x P f >
4 . T h e v o c a t i v e i s e i t h e r
l i k e
t h e n o m i n a t i v e o r t h e s t e m .
S e e
t h e
p a r a d i g m s .
5 .
U p o n
t h e v
t y i k K v o T i K b v i n
t h e
d a t i v e p l u r a l ,
s e e § 7 . a .
§
3 3 .
G e n d e r ,
Q u a n t i t y ,
a n d
A c c e n t u a t i o n
o f
t h e
T h i r d
D e c l e n s i o n .
1 . G e n d e r . T h e g e n d e r o f
t h e t h i r d
d e c l e n s i o n
w i l l
b e b e s t
l e a r n t b y
p r a c t i c e .
T h e f o l l o w i n g
r u l e s ,
h o w e v e r , m a y b e
n o t i c e d —
a ) T h e s e s u b s t a n t i v e s a r e m a s c u l i n e — a ) T h o s e e n d i n g i n a v , v v , a g
( G .
a v o g ,
a v r o g ) , t v g ,
n v , t i p
( e x c e p t x P i
^ e
h a n d ) ,
u p ( e x c e p t r o i r u p ,
f i r e ) , o v g ( e x c e p t r i o 2 s , t h e e a r ) ; — / 3 ) T h o s e
e n d i n g
i n t o v , i j p , < o p ,
t j g
( G . i / r o f ) , u g ( G .
w r o s ) , w i t h
s o m e
e x c e p t i o n s .
b )
T h e s e
s u b s t a n t i v e s
a r e
f e m i n i n e ;
—
a )
T h o s e
e n d i n g
i n
d g
( G .
d S o g ) ,
a v g ,
t v g ,
v v g , i >
a n d
i l i g ( G .
o v g ) ,
o r t j g , v r i } g ,
t i g ( e x c e p t
6 K m c ,
a
c o m b ) —
/ 3 ) T h o s e
e n d i n g i n i g ,
i v , v g , w v ( G . o v o g )
w i t h s o m e
e x c e p t i o n s . T h o s e
i n 5 f l u c t u a t e b e t w e e n t h e
m a s c u l i n e - a n d
f e m i n i n e g e n d e r s .
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N O M I N A T I V E S I N G U L A R .
3 3
c )
T h e s e s u b s t a n t i v e s a r e n e u t e r v i z . a l l e n d i n g
i n
a , o p , u p , o g ,
a p ( e x c e p t d i f / d p ,
a
s t a r l i n g ) , a n d a g
( G .
a r o g , a o g ,
e x c e p t
6 X d g , a s t o n e ) ,
a n d
c o n t r a c t s
i n
r i p .
2 .
Q u a n t i t y . W o r d s
w h o s e
n o m i n a t i v e
e n d s
i n a f ,
i | ,
u f , a t f / , 1 ^ 1 , v r f / ,
t g ,
a n d v g , h a v e t h e p e n u l t i m a t e , i n t h e c a s e s , l o n g o r
s h o r t ,
a c c o r d i n g a s t h e
v o w e l o f t h e s e
e n d i n g s
i s
l o n g
o r s h o r t b y n a t u r e a s
d
B u p d S ,
a
c o a t
o f
m a i l , G . & k o s i f p i ' i / / ( 7 ) , a r e e d ,
p i i r S g
d x r i g
( I ) ,
a
r a y ,
G .
I v o g b u t
j 3 & \ a £ , a c l o d ,
a K o g I X i r i g ( i ) , h o p e , G . i S o g ( 1 ) .
3 . A c c e n t u a t i o n ,
a )
T h e
a c c e n t
c o n t i n u e s t o s t a n d u p o n
t h e
s y l l a b l e
w h i c h i s a c c e n t e d i n t h e
n o m i n a t i v e , a s
l o n g
a s
t h e
q u a n t i t y
o f t h e l a s t
s y l l a b l e
a l l o w s
a s r b i r p d y p a , a n a c t i o n , t r p d y p a T o g ( b u t
i r p a y p d r u v )
d
X « X i £ w v ,
a
s w a l l o w ,
x t X i ^ d v o f .
T h e
p a r t i c u l a r
e x c e p t i o n s
w i l l
b e
n o t i c e d
h e r e a f t e r . — 6 ) M o n o s y l l a b l e s a r e a c c e n t e d o n t h e l a s t s y l l a b l e i n t h e
g e n i t i v e a n d
d a t i v e o f
a l l
n u m b e r s
a n d
t h e l o n g s y l l a b l e s
u v a n d
o i v a r e
c i r c u m f l e x e d
a s
d B l i p , a w i l d
a n i m a l , B n p - 6 g , B r / p - i ,
B n p - o i v ,
S i j p w v ,
O t j p c r i
( y ) .
E x c e p t i o n s .
T h e f o l l o w i n g
m o n o s y l l a b l e s a r e
p a r o x y t o n e
o r
p r o p e r i s p o -
m e n o n
i n t h e
g e n i t i v e p l u r a l a n d g e n i t i v e a n d d a t i v e
d u a l 8 < f g ,
a t o r c h
d I p i i g , a s l a v e ; B u g , a j a c k a l ; r b o v g ( G . u r 6 g ) , t h e e a r ; 6 w a X g , a c h i l d ;
6
T p w f ,
a T r o j a n
( j x p g ( G .
< p < p l o g ) ,
a
b l i s t e r c a u s e d b y b u r n i n g
;
t o t p d g
( G . 0 w 7 o e ) , l i g h t s a s i r m S i a v , i r a i l o t v .
I n
a d d i t i o n
t o
t h e s e , m a y b e
m e n t i o n e d
t t d g ,
a l l , e v e r y , G . t r a v r o g ,
D .
i r a v r i , b u t i r d v T t n v ,
t r a m
( y )
6
I l d v , G .
I I o W c ,
b u t , r o i g
H a m ( v ) .
A .
W O R D S
W H I C H H A V E
A C O N S O N A N T
B E F O R E
T H E
E N D
I N G 0 9 I N T H E G E N I T I V E S I N G U L A R , I . e . W O R D S
W H O S E S T E M E N D S I N
A
C O N S O N A N T .
§ 3 4 . I . T h e N o m i n a t i v e S i n g u l a r e x h i b i t s t h e p u r e S t e m .
T h e
c a s e - e n d i n g s a r e a f f i x e d t o t h e n o m i n a t i v e s i n g u l a r
w i t h o u t
a n y
c h a n g e .
S t e m s
e n d i n g
i n
v r
( S e v o ( j > & v r )
a n d
p r ( r j S d f i a p r ) m u s t d r o p t , a c c o r d i n g
t o
§
3 2 ,
2 . ; t h u s E e f o -
( f x b v ,
G .
S i V T - O S .
D
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3 4
Τ Η Ε Β υ Β δ Τ Λ Ν Τ Ι Υ Ε Α Ν Ο Α Ο ί Ε Ο Τ Ι Υ Ε . [ Ο Η Α Ρ . π ι .
9 , Μ τ α Γ - 8 ο η ε .
α ε ν η τ η .
Χ β η ο ρ Κ ο η . Ά
ι η ο η ί η .
η ο ο ί α ι · .
8
Ν .
ό
π α ι α ν
ό α ι ώ ν
ό Ξ ε ν ο φ ώ ν ό
μ η ν
τ ο
ν έ κ τ α ρ
Ο .
τ τ α ι ά ν - ο ί
9 Μ
Ξ ε ϊ Ό φ ώ ι τ - ο ϊ
μ η ν - ό ί
ν έ κ τ α ρ - ο ί
ϋ .
• π α ι α ν - ί
α ι ω ν - ι
Ξ ε ί Ό φ ώ ν τ - ι μ η ν - ί ν έ κ τ α ρ - ι
Λ .
• π α ι α ν - α
α ι ώ ν - α Ξ ε ν ο φ ώ ν τ - α μ ή ν - α
ν έ κ τ α ρ
V . τ τ α ι α ν
α ι ώ ν ' κ ε ν ο φ ώ ν
μ η ν ν έ κ τ α ρ
Ρ .
Ν .
* τ α ι ά ν - ε ε
α ί ώ ν - ΐ ί Ά ε ν ο φ ώ ν τ - ε ε
μ η ν - ε ί
ν έ κ τ α ρ - α
0 .
τ τ α ι α ν - ω ν
α ί ώ ν - ω ν Κ ε ν ο φ ώ ν τ - ω ν
μ η ν - ώ ν
ν ε κ τ ά ρ - ω ν
ϋ .
τ τ α ι ά - σ ι ( ν ) *
α ι ώ - σ ι ( ν ]
* Έ ε ν ο φ ώ - σ ι *
μ η - σ ί ( ν ]
*
ν έ κ τ α ρ - σ ι ( ν )
Α .
τ τ α ι α ν - α ί
α ι ω ν - α ί
5 ε ϊ Ό φ ώ ν τ - α ί
μ ή ν - α ε
ν έ κ τ α ρ - α
V .
π α ι α ν - ε
α ι , ω ν - ε $
Ξ ε ζ Ό φ ώ ζ τ - ε ϊ
μ η ν - ε ί ν έ κ τ α ρ - α
ϋ .
π α ι α ν - ε
α ί ώ ν - ε
Έ , ε ν ο φ ώ ν τ - ε
μ ή ν - ε
ν έ κ τ α ρ - ε
τ τ α ι α ν - ο ι ν α κ α ν - ο ι ν
κ ε ν ο φ ώ ν τ - ο ι ν
μ η ν - ο ΐ ν
ν ε κ τ ά ρ - ο ι ν
1 .
Τ Η β
ί ο ΐ ί ο λ ν ί η »
Ι Ι ΐ Γ β β - ν ν ο Γ ί Ι δ
ΐ η ω ν ,
β .
ω ν ο ς
Α π ό λ λ ω ν ,
Π ο α ί ΐ ί ω ΐ ' , ή ί ί λ ω ν ,
α β ο ο Γ ,
ΐ ΐ ί Ά γ 1 ) β ο ο η ί Γ α ο Ι ε ι ΐ η
Ι ΐ ι ο
α ο ο υ β ί ΐ ΐ ϊ ν β δ ϊ η ; ; . & ί Ι ε Γ
Λ 6 ε ΐ ί δ ί ο η ο ί Λ ο ν ΐ ΐ ι ι ΐ δ Ά π ό λ λ ω , Π ο σ ί ΐ ί ώ , ί ί λ ω .
—
Α π ό λ λ ω ν , Π ο σ ι ι ί ώ ν ,
α η Λ
σ ω τ ή ρ ,
α
ά ά ί ν α τ ε τ ,
Ι ι α ν β
ϊ η
Ι ΐ ι β
ν ο ο α ί ϊ ν β ,
ώ
Α π - ο λ λ ο ΐ ' , Ι ΐ ό α ί ΐ ΰ ο ν ,
σ ώ τ ε ρ .
Ι ί β η ι α τ ί ι 2 .
Τ ΐ ι β η β η Ι β Γ β Ι ^ ο ΐ ο η ^ ϊ η » ί ο Λ Ϊ 8 ο α 3 3
& 1 1
θ η ά ΐ η ρ ( α ρ ,
ο ρ ,
ω ρ , υ ρ ) τ ο
τ τ ϋ ρ
( Ο ί τ τ ί ρ - ο Έ ) , β η , 1 α 8 Λ β
υ
Ι ο η ^ ,
ο ο η ί Γ α ρ γ
Ι ο
§
3 2 ,
2 .
§ 3 5 . I I .
Τ / ί β
Ν υ η ι ί η α ΐ ί ν β
Λ α «
ΐ Η β ί ΐ ι ο τ ί β η α ΐ
Υ ο ι ο ε ί
ο / Ι ΐ ι β
8 ΐ ε τ η ,
ε ο τ
ο , Ι ΐ η ς / ΐ ΐ ι ε η ε ά
ΐ η ΐ ο
η
ο τ
ω .
Τ Η ο β β
β ί ο ι η β
^ ν ΐ ι ί ο ΐ ι
β η ά
ΐ η
ν τ
ι η ι ι β ΐ ; ί Ι ί Γ Ο λ ν Ά ν τ & γ ί ΐ ι β
τ
ί η
ί η β
β ί η § .
η ο ι η . 8 , ο ο ο Γ ( ϋ η § ί ο
§
3 2 ,
2 .
α β :
\ έ ω ν
ί η β ί ε α ά
ο £
\ ε ω ν τ .
Ά 8 η β ρ η β Γ ( 1 . Ά ( ΰ ν ϊ η ΐ ί
^ .
Ά Ι ΐ ο η .
ί Η β 8 Β ί 1 ΐ β Γ .
Ά β ρ β α Ι ί β Γ .
8 .
Ν .
ό
τ τ ο ι μ ή ν
ό δ α ί μ ω ν
ό λ ε ω ν
ό α ί θ ή ρ
ό
ρ ή τ ω ρ
α .
π ο ι μ έ ν - ο ε
Β α ί μ ο ν - ο ί
λ ε ο ι τ - ο ϊ
α ί θ έ ρ - ο ί
ρ ή τ ο ρ - ο
ο .
τ τ ο ι μ έ ν - ι
δ α ί μ ο ν - ι
λ ε ο ζ τ - ι
α ί θ έ ρ - ι
ρ ή τ ο ρ - ι
Α ·
τ τ ο ι μ έ ν - α Β α ί μ ο ν - α
\ έ ο ν τ - α
α ί θ έ ρ - α
ρ η τ ο ρ - α
ν .
τ τ ο ι μ ή ν Β α ΐ μ ο ν λ ε ο ν
α ί θ ή ρ
ρ η τ ο ρ
*
Ι η β ί β ί κ ΐ
ο Γ
π α ι ά ν α ι , α ΐ ω ν σ ι ,
Ά
6 α η ά 7 .
ρ ώ ν τ σ ι , μ η ν σ ί ,
α ο ο ο Γ ά ΐ η §
ί ο ξ 8 ,
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§ 3 5 . ]
3 5
Ο Μ Ι Ν Α Τ Ι Λ Έ Β Ι Ν Ο υ ΐ , Α Κ .
Ρ . Ν .
π ο ι μ έ ν - ε ε
8 α ί μ ο ν - ε ς
λ ε ο ι τ - ε ϊ α ι θ έ ρ - ε ς
ρ ή τ ο ρ - ε ί
α
π ο ι μ ε ν - ω ν δ α ι μ ό ν - ω ν
\ ε ό ν τ - ω ν
α ί θ έ ρ - ω ν
ρ η τ ό ρ - ω ν
ϋ .
Τ Γ θ ΐ μ έ - σ ι ( ν ) *
δ α ί μ ο - σ - ι
( ν ) *
λ ε ο υ - σ ί ( ν ) *
α £ θ έ ρ - σ ι ( ν )
ρ ή τ ο ρ - σ ι , ( ι
Λ .
• π ο ί μ ε ν - α ς
Β α ί μ ο ν - α , ϊ
Χ ε ο ν τ - α ϊ α ί θ έ ρ - α ς '
ρ ή τ ο ρ - α ί
V .
τ τ ο ι μ έ ν - ε ί Β α ί μ ο ν - ε ί
Μ ο ν τ - ε *
α ί θ έ ρ - ε ί
ρ ή τ ο ρ - ε ί
Β .
• η τ ο ι μ έ ν - ε
Β α ί μ ο ν - ε
\ ε ο ν τ - ε
α ί θ έ ρ - ε
ρ ή τ ο ρ - ε
• τ τ ο ι μ έ ν - ο ι ν
δ α ι μ ό ν - ο ι ν
\ ε ό ν τ - ο ι ν α ί θ έ ρ - ο ι ν ρ η τ ό ρ - ο ι ν
1 .
Ο χ ^ Ι ο η β Β ΐ ι Ι ) 8 ΐ & η ί Ι ν β 3
ο ί
Λ Ϊ 3
ο ΐ β β β Γ β ί α ί α Λ β
ν ο τ τ β ΐ
( ι ; ,
ω )
ί η
Λ β
ν ο ο α ί ί ν ο
Λ ι ΐ 3
ώ
π ο ι μ ή ν
ε χ ο ε ρ ί
Ι ΐ ι ο
ν ο ο α ί ϊ ν β
Ι ά ι ρ ,
ί ' ι · ο ι ι ι ί α ί / ' ρ , α Τ > Γ ο ΐ Η β Γ - ϊ η - Ι α υ } , Ο . ί α ί ρ ο ς , τ τ ΐ ι ΐ ο ΐ ι Ϊ 3 & 1 8 Ο τ τ Ο Γ ί Ι ι ^ ο Γ Γ β π ι α Γ ί ε ,
ο η α ο ο ο ι ι η ί ο ί
Λ θ
ά β ν ΐ α ΐ ϊ ο η ο ί
ϊ ί β α ο ο ο η ί α & ί , ϊ ο η ή · ο π ι
Ι ΐ ι β ί ι ι η ά & ω β η ΐ & ΐ
Γ > ι 1 β ( } 3 3 , I I I , α ) . Τ Η Ϊ 3 ά ε ν ϊ α ί ί ο η α ί β ο Ι Λ ο β ρ ΐ α ο ε ί η Ι ΐ ι β ν ο ο α ί ϊ ν ο ο ί
Α μ φ ί ω ν , ί ο ν ο ς , Ά γ α μ ε μ ν ω ΐ ' , ό ν ο ς Ά μ φ ι ο ν , Ά γ ά μ ε μ ν ο ν .
Ά κ τ η α τ ί ι 2 . Τ Η β β ν Λ δ ί & η ί ϊ ν β , χ * ί ρ , Ο ι « Ι ι α η 4 ,
Ο . χ ί φ - ο ' ο ,
& ο . , Ι ι α β
ϊ η
Λ θ ά α ΐ ί ν β ρ 1 ι ΐ Γ 8 ΐ
α η ά
( Ι υ η ΐ , χ ι ρ σ ί
( ν ~ ) ,
χ ε ρ ο ϊ ν .
Κ ε η κ ί Γ ΐ ι
3 .
Τ η ε ί ο 1 1 ο ν τ ί ι ι § ί η ω ν , & . ό ν ο ς ,
1 θ 3 β
Ι ΐ ι β ν ί η δ ο ι η ε 0 0 5 8 8 , & η ( 1
8 ΐ ι £ Γ β Γ ο ο η ί Γ α ο Ι ϊ ο η
ή
ι ί κ ώ ν , α η
ί π ι α β β ,
( τ . ι ΐ κ ό ν ο ς α η ά
ε ί κ ο ύ ς , ϋ . « / κ α ν ί , Α .
ε ι κ ό ν α
α η ά
ε ϊ κ ώ ,
Α .
Ρ 1 .
ι ί κ ό ν α ς
Ά α ά
ι ΐ κ ο ύ ς
( \ τ η β Γ 8
Λ β
Ϊ Γ Γ β ^ ι ι Ι ω
α ο ο β η ΐ ι ι α ί ΐ ο η
Ϊ 8
τ τ ο Γ ί η γ ο ί
Γ β ι η α τ ί Ε )
ή α η δ ώ ν , Ο ι β
η ί ^ Μ ί η ^ α , Ι α ,
6 .
ά η ί ό ν ο ς α η ά ά η δ ο ϋ ς ,
Ό .
ά η δ ο ί η χ ε λ ι ί ώ ν , ϊ Η β 8 ΐ ν α Ι Ι ο ι ν , ( τ . χ ε λ ι δ ό ν α ς , & ο . , Ι ) . χ ί λ ι ί ο Γ .
Κ ε π ι α τ ί ί 4 . Τ ο ΐ Η ί δ ο α 8 3 Ι ι β 1 ο η § —
α ) Τ Η β
ί ν τ ο α ( Ι ) ε ο Ι ί ν β 3 , ό ή ά π ά τ ο ι ρ ,
τ ο ά π α τ ο ρ , / α Ο ι β Γ ί ε β β ,
α η < 1 ά μ ή τ ω / ι , ά μ ή τ ο ρ , τ η ο < Λ « Γ / β ί « ,
ί τ . ο ρ ό ς ; —
ί )
Τ ΐ ι β
α ά ) β ο ΐ ν ε , ο ή
ά ρ ρ η ν ,
Γ Ο ά ρ ρ ε ν , ι ι ι ι ι / < ; Ο τ . ά ρ ρ ε ν ο ς ; — ε ) Τ Η 6 α ά ] 6 θ ΐ ί ν β 8 ί η
ω ν ( η ι α β ο ι ι ΐ ϊ η β
α η ά
ί ε η ι ί η ϊ η β ) ,
ο ν
( π ε π ί ε ρ )
Ο 3
ό ή
ί ύ ο α ί μ ω ν ,
τ ο ( ϋ ο α ι μ ο ν ,
/ ο τ ΐ υ , η α ί ί ; α η ά ο ο ι η ρ α Γ α ΐ ί ν ο β ί η ω ν , ο ν , Ο Γ Ι ω ν ,
ϊ ο ν .
Τ η β δ β ο ο η ι ρ α τ α ΐ ί ν β δ
δ ΐ ι ί Γ ε Γ ο ο η ί Γ α ο Ι ί ο η ί η ί Η β
α ο ο η β α ΐ ϊ ν β β ί η ^ π ί α τ ,
α η ά ί η Ι η ε η ο π ι ί η α ί ΐ ν β , α ο -
ο ι ι β α ί ί ν ε ,
α η ά
ν ο ο α ί ί ν β
ρ Ι ι ί Γ α Ι ,
α ί ΐ ε Γ
1 θ 8 Ϊ η §
Ι η ο ν .
Ι η Ι ΐ ι β
ν ο ο α ί ί ν ο ,
Λ ε
α ο ο β η ΐ ι ι α ί ΐ ο η ά β ν ί α ΐ β δ Λ - ο ι η ί η ε
π ι ΐ ε ( §
3 3 , I I I , α ) . Β ι ι ί
ο ο η ι ρ ο ι ι η ά β
ί η
ψ ρ ω ν ί ο ΐ ί ο τ τ ΐ η θ Γ ΐ ι ΐ β Ο 8 κ ρ α τ ι ρ ό φ ρ α ν , ν ο ο α ί ϊ ν ε κ ρ α τ ι ρ ό ψ ρ ο ν .
*
Ι η ί Ί β α ά ο ί
π ο ι μ ί ν σ ί ,
ο α ί μ ο ν α ι ,
λ ε ό ν τ π ι .
ί ο ε $
8 . 6 ί ΐ η ά
7 .
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3 6
Τ Ι Ι Ε
8 υ Β 8 Τ Α Ν Τ Ι Υ Ε Α Ν Ο Α ϋ σ Ε Ο Τ Ι Υ Ε . [ Ο Η Α Ρ . ι π .
£ θ Γ ί ι ι η α ί β .
Π Ι Ο Γ Θ ΐ η ί ι η ΐ ο α ί .
^ Γ β α ί β Γ .
8 . Ν .
ε υ δ α ί μ ω ν ε ΰ Β α ι , μ ο ν
ε χ θ ί ' ω ν ί γ θ ί ο ν
μ ε ί ζ ω ν
μ ε ί ζ ο ν
α .
ε ί ι ο α ί μ ο ν ο ί
ε · χ θ ί ο ν ο ί
μ ε ί ζ ο ν ο ε
Β .
ε ύ δ α ί μ ο ν ι
έ χ θ ί ο ν ι
μ ε ί ξ ο ν ι ·
Λ . ε ν δ α ί μ ο ν α ε ΰ δ α ι , μ ο ν
ε γ θ ί ο ν α ε · χ θ ι ο ν
μ ε ί ζ ο ν α μ ε ί ζ ο ν
ε χ θ ί ω ί γ θ ι ο ν
μ ε ί ζ ω μ ε ί ζ ο ν
V .
ε ΰ δ α ι μ ο ν
ε - χ θ ι ο ν
μ ε ί ζ ο ν
Ρ .
Ν .
ε ύ δ α ί μ ο ν ε ε ε ϋ δ α ί μ ο ν α έ χ θ ί ο ν ε ε έ χ θ ί ο ν α
μ ε ί ζ ο ν ε ε μ ε ί ζ ο ν α
έ χ θ ί ο ν ε ε χ θ ί ω
μ ε ί ζ ο υ ε
- μ ε ί ζ ω
α .
ε ύ δ α ι μ ό ν ω ν
έ χ θ ί ό ν ω ν
μ ε ί ζ ό ν ω ν
Ό .
ε ύ δ α ί μ ο σ ι , ( ν )
ε χ θ ί ο σ ι ( ν )
μ ε ί ζ ο σ ί ( ν )
Δ .
ε ύ δ α ί μ ο ν α ε ε ν δ α ί μ ο ν α
έ χ θ ί ο ν α ε έ χ θ ί ο ν α
μ ε ί ζ ο ν α ε μ ε ί ζ ο ν α
έ - χ θ ί ο ν ε ε χ θ ί ω
μ ε ί ζ ο υ ε
μ ε ί ζ ω
V .
Ι ϋ β
ί Η β
η ο ι η . Ι ΐ ΐ ί θ ί ΐ ι β η ο η ι . Ι ϊ ΐ ί β
ί Η β η ο ι η .
Ό .
ε ύ ί α ί μ ο ν β
ε χ θ ί ο ν ε μ ε ί ζ ο ν ε
ε ΰ Β α ι μ ό ν ω ν
ε - χ θ ί ό ν ο υ ν
μ ε ι ζ ό ν ο ι ν
§ 3 6 . Τ ο
ί η ο
α Ι ) ο ν θ
ρ α Γ α ( ϋ § η ΐ 8
1 ) β 1 ο η §
ϋ ι β ί Ό Ι Ι ο ν τ ί η ^ 8 υ Ι > -
β ί & η ί ί ν β β
ί α η ρ :
6
π α τ ή ρ ,
α β ι ί / ι β τ ,
ή
μ η τ η ρ ,
α
τ η ο ί Π ε τ ,
η
θ ι η ά -
τ η ρ , α ά α ν , ζ / Η ί β Γ , ή γ α σ τ ή ρ ,
ί ΐ ι β
ύ ε ΐ ΐ τ / , η Δ η μ ή τ η ρ , ϋ β τ ε $ , α η ά
ό α ν ή ρ , α π ι α η , τ ν Η ί ο Ι ι ά ί ί ϊ β Γ £ τ ο π ι ί ΐ ι ε ι η ο ι ι ΐ γ
ΐ η
ο ι η ΐ ί ί ΐ η §
ί ΐ ι β
ε
ϊ η
ί η β § β η ί ί ΐ γ β α η ά ά α ί ΐ ν β 8 Ϊ η § υ 1 α Γ α η ά
ά α ί ΐ ν β
ρ ΐ υ τ α ΐ , α η ά
ί η -
β β Γ ί ΐ ι ι ^
α ο ε ί ο ι β Ι η β ο ο 8 β - 6 η ( ϋ α § ( σ ί ) ο ί ' ί ΐ 6 Ι α β ί , ί ο Γ ί ΐ ι β ρ υ τ -
ρ ο β β
ο £
8 θ ί ί β η ΐ η §
ί Η β ρ Γ ο η υ η ο ΐ α ί ΐ ο η .
Τ ΐ ι β \ ν ο Γ ά
α ν ή ρ ( δ ί β ι η
ά ν ε ρ ) ο τ η ΐ ΐ β
ί Η ε
ε ΐ η & 1 1
ί Η β ο α β ε β ο ί
3 , 1 1
ΐ Η β
η α η ι Ι ) β Γ 8 , · ν ν ί ΐ η
ί η β β χ ο β ρ ΐ ί ο η ο ί ί η β
ν ο ο α , ί ί ν β 8 Ϊ η § α 1 & Γ ,
ϋ υ . 1
ΐ η δ Θ Γ ί β
α δ
ί ο
β ο £ ί ε η
ί Η β
ρ Γ ο η α η ο ϊ α ί ί ο η .
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§ 3 7 . ]
3 7
Ο Μ Ι Ν Α Τ Ι Υ Ε
Ά ί & ί Ι ΐ β Γ .
&
ι η ο ί Η β Γ .
α
ά α υ § Ι ι ί β Γ .
ι η : ι ι ι .
8 . Ν . ό π α τ ή ρ
η μ ή τ η ρ
η θ ν γ ά τ η ρ ό ά ν η ρ
α .
τ τ α τ ρ - ό ί μ η τ ρ ό ε θ υ γ α τ ρ ό ε ά ν - δ - ρ ό ε
Β .
• π α τ ρ - ί
μ η τ ρ ί
θ ν γ α τ ρ ί
ά ν - Β - ρ ί
Α .
τ τ α τ έ ρ - α
μ η τ έ ρ α
θ υ γ α τ έ ρ α
ά ν - Β - ρ α
V .
• π ά τ ε ρ
μ ή τ ε ρ
θ ύ γ α τ ε ρ α ν ε ρ
Ρ .
Ν .
• π α τ έ ρ - ε ε
μ η τ έ ρ ε ε
θ υ γ α τ έ ρ ε ς
α ν - δ - ρ ε ί
α
τ τ α τ έ ρ - ω ν
μ η τ έ ρ ω ν
θ υ γ α τ έ ρ ω ν
ά ν - Β - ρ ώ ν
Ό .
τ τ α τ ρ - ά - σ ι ( ν ) μ η τ ρ ά σ ι ( ν ) θ υ γ α τ ρ ά σ ί ( ν )
ά ν - 8 - ρ ά σ ι ( ι > )
Α .
π α τ έ ρ - α ε
μ η τ έ ρ α ε
θ υ γ α τ έ ρ α ε
ά ν - Β - ρ α ε
V . τ τ α τ έ ρ - ε ε μ η τ έ ρ ε ε
θ υ γ α τ έ ρ ε ς
α ν - Β - ρ ε ε
ϋ .
• π α τ έ ρ - ε
μ η τ έ ρ ε
θ υ γ α τ έ ρ ε
α ν - Β - ρ ε
• π α τ έ ρ - ο ι ν
μ η τ έ ρ ο ι ν
θ υ γ α τ έ ρ ο ι ν
ά ν - Β - ρ ο ΐ ν
Τ ΐ ι β
ν τ Ο Γ ά ο α σ τ ή ρ , ε ρ ο ς , α ί ί α τ , τ τ ΐ ι ΐ ϋ ΐ ι
Ϊ 8
η ο ΐ β ^ η ο ο ρ & ΐ β ά
ί η
ο & 3 6 ,
ΐ > β 1 ο η £ 3 ί ο ί Μ 5 ο 1 α 3 3 , ο η
β , ο ο ο α η ί ο ί
Λ β ά α ί ϊ ν ο ρ 1 ν ΐ Γ & 1
ά σ τ - ρ ά σ ι .
Τ ΐ ι β
Ί Τ Ο Γ ( 1
ή
Δ η μ ή τ η ρ
1 θ 3
Ά
ν β , Γ ^ ί η ^
α ο ο β η ΐ η & ί ί ο η ,
τ ΐ ζ .
Δ ή μ η τ ρ α ς ,
Δ η μ η τ ρ
ν ο ο α ί ϊ ν β Δ ή μ η τ ί ρ ,
1 ) ι ΐ ί Ο Ο Ο Π δ α ί ί ν β Δ η μ η τ ί ρ α .
§
3 7 .
I I I . Τ Η β Ν ο η ι ί η α ί ϊ υ β
α β ΐ χ β β
ε ( ο
ί Η β
8 ί β η ι ,
α ) Τ Η β
β ί β ι η β η ά β
ί η
α Ρ - Ο Γ
Κ - β ο υ η ά
—
β , Ί Γ , φ ;
γ γ ,
κ , χ . Ι Ι ρ ο η
ί ΐ ι β
1 ) 1 β η ά ΐ η § ο ί ί ΐ ι β β β \ ν ΐ ί Η σ
ΐ η ί ο
· ψ - α η ά ξ
β β β
§ 8 ,
3 .
α β ί ο π η .
α
Γ α ν ε η . ί ΐ ι ε
ί Η Γ ο α ί .
8 . Ν .
η λ α ί λ α - ψ -
ό κ ό ρ ά ξ ό \ ά ρ υ γ ξ
α .
λ α / λ α τ τ - 0 5
κ ό ρ ά κ - ο ί
\ ά ρ υ γ γ - ο ε
ϋ .
λ α ί λ ά τ τ - ί
κ ό ρ ά κ - ι
\ ά ρ ν γ γ - ι
Α ,
\ α ί \ α τ τ - α
κ ό ρ ά κ - α \ ά ρ υ γ γ - α
V .
λ α ΐ λ α · ψ · κ ό ρ ά ξ
\ ά ρ υ γ ξ
Β 3
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3 β
Τ Η Ε
8 υ Β 8 Τ Α Ν Τ ΐ ν Ε
Α Ν ϋ Α Ο ί Ε Ο Τ Ι Υ Ε . [ Ο Η Α Ρ .
Ι Π .
Ρ . Ν .
\ α ί \ α π - ε $
κ ό ρ ά κ - ε ν
\ ά ρ υ γ γ - ε ς
α .
\ α ι \ α π - ω ν
κ ο ρ ο ί
κ - ω ν \ α ρ ύ γ γ - ω ν
Ό .
\ α ί \ α · ψ · ί ( ν ) κ ό ρ ά ξ ι ( ν )
\ ά ρ ν γ ξ ι ( ν )
Α .
λ α ι λ α τ τ - α ϊ κ ό ρ ά κ - α , ί
λ ά ρ υ γ γ - α ϊ
V .
λ α ^ λ α τ τ - ε ϊ
κ ό ρ ά κ - ε ς \ ά ρ υ γ γ - ε ε
ϋ . λ α ί λ α τ τ - ε
κ ό ρ ά κ - ε
λ ά ρ υ γ γ - ε
\ α ι \ ά ' π - ο ι ν
κ ό ρ ά ' κ - ο ι ν
\ α ρ ύ γ γ - ο ι , ν
Τ ο Λ Ϊ 8 ο ί α β β Μ ο η η ; α ά ] ο ο ΐ ϊ ν θ 3 ϊ η £ ( β . γ ο , κ ο ς , χ ο ς ) α η < 1 ψ
( € τ .
π ο ς )
3 3
ό
ή
ά ' ρ ϊ τ α ί ,
& .
ά γ ο ς ,
τ α ρ α χ
;
ό
ή
> ] λ ι £ ,
6 .
ι κ ο ς · ,
( ε η η α ΐ ϊ ί
;
ό
» /
μ ώ ν ν ΐ , ( τ . ν χ ο ς , ί ί π ξ ί ε - ΐ ι ο ο ^ β ά ; ό ή α ί γ ί λ ι ψ , Ο . ι π ο ς ,
§ 3 8 .
1 > )
Τ Η β Β ί β ι η ε η ά β ί η
Ά
Τ - β ο υ η ά — δ ,
τ ,
κ τ , θ , ν θ .
Ί Ι ρ ο η
ί ΐ ι β α ο ο τ α β α ί ΐ ν β β ΐ η ^ υ Ι α Γ
ΐ η
α 8 ΐ ΐ ( 1 ν 8 6 6 § 3 2 , 3 .
£ 1 ΐ Ο Γ Ο Γ Ι ·
&
Η ε ί π ι β ί .
Ά 1 ) 1 Γ ( 1 .
α Μ η δ
α λ ν ο π η .
8 . Ν . η \ α μ τ τ ά ί * ή κ ό ρ υ ε * ό ή ο ρ ν ϊ ί * ό
ά ν α ξ *
η ε \ μ ι ν ε *
α
λ α μ τ τ ά δ - Ο ϊ
κ ό ρ ύ θ - ο ί ο ρ ν ί θ - ο ί ά ν α κ τ - θ ί
ε \ μ ι , ν θ - ο ς
ϋ .
λ α / Α τ τ ά δ - ί
κ ό ρ ν θ - ι ο ρ ν ϊ θ - ί
ά ν α κ τ - ι
ε \ μ ι ν θ · ι
Α .
λ α / ^ τ τ ά δ - α κ ό ρ ν θ - α
ό ρ ν ι θ α
α ν α κ τ - α
ε \ μ ι ν θ - α
κ ό ρ υ ν ο ρ ν ι ν
V .
λ α / ϋ τ τ ά ϊ
κ ό ρ ν ς
»
α ν α ξ
& α ν ά ε \ μ ι ν $
Ρ . Ν .
λ α μ τ τ ά δ - ε ϊ
κ ό ρ υ θ - ε ς ο ρ ν ϊ θ - ε ς ά υ α κ τ - ε ί
ε \ μ ι ν θ - ε ε
α .
λ α / ^ τ τ ά δ - ω ι ;
κ ο ρ ύ θ - ω ν
ο ρ ν ΐ θ - ω ν
α ν ά κ τ - ω ν
έ λ , μ ί ν θ - ω ν
Β .
λ α / / , τ τ ά - ί 7 ί *
κ ό ρ υ - σ ι * ο ρ ν ϊ - σ ι ( ν ) * ά ν α ξ ι ( ν ) *
ε ' λ . μ ϊ - σ ί ^ ν ) *
Α .
λ α / ^ τ τ ά δ - α ί
κ ό ρ ν θ - α ί ο ρ ν ι θ - α ε
ά ν α κ τ - α ε
ε \ μ ι ν θ - α ε
ν .
λ α / ϋ τ τ ά δ - ε ϊ
κ ό ρ υ θ - ε ε δ ρ ν ϊ θ - ε ε ά ν α κ τ - ε ε
ε \ μ ι ν θ - ε ε
Ό .
\ α μ · 7 τ ά δ - ε
κ ό ρ ν θ - ε
ο ρ ν ϊ θ - ε
α ν α κ τ - ε
ε \ μ ί ν θ - ε
\ α μ π ά Β - ο α >
κ ο ρ ν θ - ο ι ν ο ρ ν ΐ θ - ο ι ν ά ν ά κ τ - ο ι ν
ε \ μ ί ν θ - ο ι , ν
& ο . 8 θ β § 8 , 3 . .
*
Ι η β ί ο α ά
ο ί
λ α
μ π ά ί ς ,
κ ο ' ρ υ θ ς ,
ψ ν ι θ ς , Ά ν α κ τ ς , ' έ λ μ ι ν θ ς ; Τ > .
ρ ΐ , Χ α μ π ά δ σ ι ,
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§ 3 9 . ]
3 9
Ο Μ Ι Ν Α Τ Ι Υ Ε
Κ ε π ι α τ ί ι
1 .
Τ η β τ ν Ο Γ ί Ι ο
ή π α ι ς , α Μ ί α , Ο . τ τ α ι ί ο ' ί - , η α β π ά ϊ ί η Ι η β
ν ο ο α ί ί ν β .
Έ ΐ β τ η α τ ί ι 2 .
Τ ο
ί ΐ ι ί β
ο 1 θ 8 3
1 ) 6 ΐ ο η £
8 , < 3 ) ε ο Ι ϊ ν ε 8
ί η
ι ς
α η ( 1
β .
ι ί ο ς ,
ι ι - ο ς ,
& 3
ή ( δ χ α ρ ι ς , τ ο ί ΰ χ α ρ ι ,
( τ . Ι Τ Ο Γ ,
α Ι ί Γ α ο Ι ί ν β ; Λ θ 8 6
ϊ η
α ς , β . ά ί ο ς , β ε : ό ή
φ υ γ ά ς , β . ά ί ο ς , β ΐ β ί η ξ ί Λ θ 8 β ί η
η ς ,
Ο . ή τ ο ς , 8 8 : ο ή « ρ γ > ; Ί · , & . ή τ ο ο , ι κ ΐ ι ί ΐ ι ι ;
ί ΐ ι ο δ β ϊ η ω ς , & . ώ τ ο ί , η » ά γ ν ώ ς - , Ο . ώ ζ ο ς , ν ι Α η ο ι ν ι ι ; Λ Ο Β Ο ϊ η ΐ ί · , 6 . ι ί ο ς ,
3 3 ό ά ν ά λ κ ι ς , Ο . ι ί ο £ , ρ ο « . ΐ £ τ Ι β 5 3 ; ή π α τ ρ ί ς ( γ ι ; η π ά β η ΐ υ ο ά ) , ( τ . ί ί ο ς ,
Ζ α τ ί ί / , · Λ Ο Β Ο ϊ η
Β ς · , β .
ί ί ο ς , 0 8
ό
ή ν ί η λ υ ς ,
Ο .
ι / ί ο ς ,
/ ( < / < · / / /
ί α λ β η .
§ 3 9 . Τ Η β
8 ΐ β η ΐ 8
ο £
ΐ Η β η ο ι ι ί β Γ β 1 ) β 1 ο η § ί η §
ί ο
ί ΐ ι ΐ β
ο ί α β β
ΐ η
τ α η ά
κ τ . Β ι ι ί
δ ί η ο β ί Η β
1 α \ ν 8
ο ί
ο α ρ Η ο η ^ α 1 ο \ ν
ι ι β ί ί Ι ι β Γ τ
Π Ο Γ κ τ ί ο 1 ) β α ί Ι ΐ ι β β η ά ο ί α , \ ν ο Γ ά , ί ΐ ι ο γ
& Γ β
ε ΐ ί Ι ι β Γ ο ι η ΐ ί ί β ά , Ο Γ
ί ΐ ι β τ Ϊ 8 ο ΐ Ε ΐ η § θ ( 1 ί η ί ο ί . Ι η Λ β β ί ε ι η β γ ο ζ / α τ α η ( 1 δ ο ρ α τ , ί ΐ ι ο α
ο ί ί ΐ ι β Ι α δ ί 8 ^ Π α Ι » 1 β ΐ β ο Η α η § ο ι Ι ί η ΐ ο υ ί η Ι η β η ο η ι ί η α ί ϊ ν β δ ί η -
ί η β
1 ) 0 ^ . ί η 3 - Κ Γ 1 6 0 ·
ι η ΐ ΐ ΐ ν .
α ,
ρ Γ θ ά ί £ 7 .
ί η β ε α η
8 . Ν .
τ ο σ ώ μ α
τ ο γ ό ι α » τ ο γ ά λ α τ ο
τ ε ρ α ί
Τ Ο Ο Ζ ^ Ϊ Ι
α
σ ώ μ α τ - ο ί < γ ό ν α τ - ο ί
γ ά λ α Λ Τ - ο ί
τ έ ρ α τ - ο $ ώ τ - 0 5
Β .
σ ώ μ α τ - ί
< γ ό ν α τ - ι γ ά λ α « τ - 4
τ ε ρ α τ - ί
ώ τ - ί
Α . σ ώ μ α < γ ό ν ν γ ά λ α
τ ε ρ α ί
θ δ ί
Ρ . Ν .
σ ώ μ α τ - α
< γ ό ν α τ - α
γ ά λ α κ τ - α τ ε ρ α τ - α
ώ τ - α
α .
σ ω α ά τ - ω ν
γ ο ν ά τ - ω ν
γ ά λ ά κ τ - ω ν
τ ε ρ ά τ - ω ν
ω τ - ω ν
Β .
σ ώ μ α - σ ί ( ν ) * < γ ό ν α - σ ι ( ν ) * γ ά λ α ^ ί ( ζ / ) * τ έ ρ α - σ ι ( ν )
* ' /
Λ *
Α . σ ώ μ α τ - α
γ ό ν α τ - α
γ α λ α / ί τ - α τ ε ρ α τ - α
ώ τ - α
Ό .
σ ώ μ α τ - ε
γ ό ν α τ - ε
γ ϋ λ α ^ τ - ε τ ε ρ α τ - ε
ώ τ - ε
σ ω μ ά τ - ο ι ν ' γ ο ν ά τ - ο ι ν < γ α \ ά κ τ - ο ι ν τ ε ρ ά τ - ο ι ν
ω τ - ο ι ν
τ ο
τ ί ρ α ς ,
α
ρ τ ο ά ί & ι / ,
Ϊ 8
υ δ ΐ ι α ί ΐ ^ ο ο η ί Γ α ο ί β ι
ί η
Λ ο ρ ΐ η ρ ο ί ,
ο π ι ϊ ΐ ΐ ϊ η » τ , ί η ί ο
τ ί ρ α , τ ε ρ ώ ν . τ ο
γ ί ρ α τ , α
τ β ι κ α τ ά , τ ο γ ί ) ρ α ς · , ο ί α α £ β ,
τ ο
κ ρ ' . α ς , β ε ι ί ι ,
α η ά
τ ο
κ έ ρ α ς ,
α
Λ Ο Γ Π ,
ο π ι ϊ ί
Λ ο
τ
ί η
β 1 1 _
η υ η ι ο ο Γ β ,
& η < 1
8 ΐ ι ί Γ β Γ
* Ι η β ί ο α ί ΐ ο ί ο ύ μ α τ σ ι , γ ό ν α τ σ ι , & 0 . , 8 Θ β § 8 , 3 .
Ι η 8 ΐ ο α χ 1 ο Γ ώ ι . · .
ο
4
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4 0
Τ Η Ε
8 Ι Ι Β 8 Τ Α Ν Τ ΐ ν Ε
Λ Ν Β Λ Ι Χ Τ Ε Ο Τ Ι Υ Ε . [ Ο Η Α Ρ . ι π .
ι · : ι ι · ι ι η ΐ η Λ ο £ 6 η Η ί ν β α η ά ά α ΐ ϊ ν β δ ϊ η ^ ι ι Ι β Γ , α η ά Λ β ν τ Η ο Ι β ο ί Λ β ά υ α ΐ
Λ η Λ
π
π ι ( β χ ο β ρ ί Λ β
ά α ί ί ν β
ρ ΐ α τ » )
ί η κ έ ρ α ς , Η ο \ ν β ν 6 Γ ,
Λ β
Γ β § ι ι Ι α Γ
η · ι ι ι . ί « · 1 1 1 1 τ ι ν Ο 3 ν , Ο 3 κ Γ Ο Π ΐ ' ; ι < - | ( ' <
8 . Ν .
τ ο κ έ ρ α $
τ ο κ ρ έ α ί
Ο .
κ έ φ α τ - ο ί
ί ΐ η ά ( κ φ α - ο ί ) κ έ ρ ω χ
( κ ρ έ α - ο ί ) κ ρ έ ω ς
Β .
κ ε ρ α τ - ι
α η ά
( κ έ ρ α - ΐ ) κ έ ρ α
( κ ρ έ α - ϊ ) κ ρ έ α
Α .
κ έ ρ α »
κ ρ έ α $
Ρ . Ν . κ έ ρ α τ - α Ά η ά ( κ έ ρ α - α ) κ ε ρ ά
( κ ρ έ α - α ) κ ρ έ α
α .
κ ε ρ ά τ - ω ν α η ά
( κ ε ρ ά - ω ν )
κ ε ρ ω ν
( κ ρ ε ά - ω ν )
κ ρ ε ώ ν
Β .
κ έ ρ α - σ ι ( ν ) κ ρ έ α - σ Ί , ( ν )
Α .
κ ί ρ α τ - α £ ΐ η ( 1 ( κ έ ρ α - α ) κ ε ρ ά ( κ ρ έ α - α ) κ ρ έ α
ϋ .
κ έ ρ α τ - ε α η ά
( κ ί ρ α - ε )
κ ε ρ ά
( κ ρ έ α - ε ) κ ρ έ α
κ ε ρ ά τ - ο ι ν Ά η ά ( κ ε ρ ά - ο ι , ν ) κ ε ρ ω ν
( κ ρ ε ά - ο ι ν ) κ ρ ι ώ ν
§
4 0 .
Τ Κ β
β ί β ι η
ε η ά β
ί η ν
Ο Γ
ν τ .
Λ β
Π 0 8 6 . Ά
ά ο Ι ρ Μ η .
& § ΐ α η ί .
Ά
ί ο ο ί Η .
8 .
Ν .
η ρ ΐ ε * δ
Ο £ λ Φ ΐ · ί
_ ^
ό
ό δ ο υ ϊ
*
α
ρ ι ν - ό ε
ο ε λ χ ζ )
ν ν ~ ο
3
γ ι / / α ν τ - ο ϊ
ό δ ό ι ^ · - θ ϊ
Β .
ρ ί ν - ί
Β ε λ φ ΐ ν - ι 7 ί 7 « ν τ - ί ό δ ό υ τ - ί
Α .
ρ ϊ ν - α
δ ε λ ψ ΐ ν - α γ ν γ α ν τ - α
ο δ ό ι τ - α
V .
ρ ΐ ν
& λ ψ ? * ( ? ν )
γ ί η ά ν
ό δ ο ι ί ϊ
Ρ . Ν .
ρ ΐ ν - ε ς
δ ί λ φ ί Ζ Λ - 6 5
Ύ ί γ α ν τ - ε ε
ο δ ό ζ τ - ε ϊ
α
ρ ϊ ν - ώ ν
Ο £ λ ( ί ) ύ
ν ~ ( ύ ν
η ν γ α ν τ - ω ν
ό δ ό κ τ - ω ι /
Β .
ρ Ι - σ ί ( ν ) *
θ £ Λ > ( ί ) Λ ~ ί Γ ί
V )
7 ΐ γ 5 - σ ί ( ϊ / ) *
ό δ ο ί ) - σ ί ( » *
Α .
ρ ΐ ν - α ς
δ έ λ φ ΐ ν - α ε
Ύ λ Ύ Λ ν Τ ^ Λ ί
ο δ ό ν τ - α ϊ
V .
ρ ΐ ν - ε ί
δ ε λ φ ΐ ν - ε ϊ
Ύ / · Ύ ί ΐ ΐ ' ' Τ ' ~ ε 5 ό δ ό ν τ - ε ί
Ρ .
ρ ΐ ν - ε
δ ε λ φ ΐ ν - ε
/
ό δ < 3 ΐ π · - ε
ρ ι ν - ο ΐ ν ί ί έ λ φ ί
ν - ο ι ν
γ ι γ ά ν τ - ο α »
ό δ ό ι τ - ο ι ζ '
*
Ι η 8 ί θ 8 , ( 1 ο ί
ρ ί ν ς
( ΐ ) ,
ι ) , γ ί γ α ν τ ς ,
ό δ ό ν τ ς ,
& 0 . , 8 β β § 8 , 6 & 7 .
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§ 4 1 . ]
4 1
Ε Ο Ι . Ε Ν 8 Ι Ο Ν .
Τ ο Λ Ϊ 3 ο 1 α 3 9 1 ) β 1 ο η § — α )
Τ Η β
ί ν τ ο
α ^ β ο ί ϊ ν β δ
ί η
α ς ,
α ί ν ο , α ν μ έ λ α ς ,
α ι ν α , α ν , ύ ΐ α ο ί ι , & .
μ ί λ α ν ο ς ,
α ί ν η ς , α ν ο ς
α η ά
τ ά λ α ς , α ι ν α , α ν , π ι ί β ε τ α Μ ε ; —
V )
π α ς ,
π ά σ α ,
π α ν ,
α ΐ ΐ ,
( ν β Γ ΐ / ,
π α ν τ ό ς , π ά σ η ς , π α ν τ ό ς ,
& η ά
Ϊ ΐ 9
ο ο ι η ρ ο υ η ι ΐ δ
3 3 α τ τ ά ς , ί ί τ τ ά σ α , ί ί π ά ν — ο ) ί κ ώ ν , ο ϋ σ α ,
ό ν , ι υ ϊ ΐ ΐ ί η β ,
ό ν τ ο ς , ο ύ σ η ς , ό ν τ α ς
α η ά
ά κ ω ν , ά κ ο υ σ α , α κ ο ν , υ Μ κ ϊ Ι Ι ί π ^ ; — ά ) 3 φ ' ε ο ΐ ϊ ν θ 8 ϊ η α ς , ι σ σ α , ( ν , τ τ ΐ ι ϊ ϋ ΐ ι
Η α ν β
Λ β
ρ β ο η Ι Ϊ Β Γ Ϊ ί ^
ο £
β η ι ΐ ί η ^ ΐ η « σ ι , ί η Β ί β δ ά ο ί £ < σ ι , ϊ η Λ β ά α ί ί ν β ρ ΐ α τ α ΐ 8 3
8 .
Ν . - χ α ρ ί ε ι ς , ^ Γ α ο θ ί Ί ι Ι
' χ α ρ ί ε σ σ α
• χ α ρ ί ε ν
α .
- χ α ρ ί ε ν τ ο ί
• χ α ρ ι έ σ σ η ί
• χ α ρ ί ε ν τ ο ί
Γ .
• χ α ρ ί έ ν τ ι .
- χ α ρ ι έ σ σ - τ )
• χ α ρ ί ε ν τ ι
Δ :
• χ α ρ ί ε ν τ α
• χ α ρ ί ε σ σ α ν
• χ α ρ ί ε ν
V .
• χ α ρ ί ε ν
' χ α ρ ί ε σ σ α χ α ρ ί ε ν
Ρ . Ν .
• χ α ρ ί ε ν τ ε ε
• χ α ρ ί ε σ σ ο ί
- χ α ρ ί ε ν τ α
α
• χ α ρ ι έ ν τ ω ν
• χ α ρ ι ε σ σ ω ν • χ α ρ ι Α ν τ ω ν
Β . - χ α ρ ί ε σ ι ζ ν )
• χ α ρ ι ε σ σ α ΐ ί
χ α ρ ί ε σ ι ( ν )
Α .
γ α ρ ί ε ν τ α ε
• χ α ρ ι έ σ σ ά ί
χ α ρ ι ε ν τ α
ν .
γ α ρ ί ε ν τ ε ς
• χ α ρ ί ε σ σ α ι • χ α ρ ί ε ν τ α
ϋ .
γ α ρ ί ε ν τ ε
' χ α ρ ί ε σ σ α
• χ α ρ ί ε ν τ ε
γ α ρ ι , έ ν τ ο ι ν
• χ α ρ ι έ σ σ α ι ν
χ α ρ ι έ ν τ ο ι ν
Έ ΐ π υ ι τ ί ι . Α ά ) β ο ί ϊ ν β 3 ο ο ι η ρ ο υ η ά ο ά ο ί ο ί ο υ ς - α τ έ ά β ο ΐ ί η ε ί Ι ϋ β ο ί ο υ ς , α β
ό
ή
μ ο ν & δ ο υ ς , τ ο μ ο ν ό δ ο ν ,
1 ι α ν ΐ η ξ > ο ι ΐ £
Ι ο ο Λ ,
Ο .
μ ο ν ό ί ο ν τ ο ς
Λ 0 8 6
ϊ η α ς ,
& .
α ν τ ο ς , Μ · β ά β ο ί η β ( 1 Ι ϊ Ι ΐ Θ γ ί γ α ς ,
8 8
ό ή ά κ ά μ α ς ,
υ η ι ν ε α η β ά , Ο · , α ν τ ο ς .
Β . Μ Ό Κ Ο » \ ν Η Ι Ο Η Η Α Υ Ε
Α
Τ Ο Τ ν Έ Ι ,
Β Ε Γ Ο Κ Ε Τ Η Ε
Ο Α 8 Ε -
Ε Ν Ο Ι Ν Ο ( ο ϊ ) Ο Γ
Τ Η Ε
β Ε Ν Ι Τ Ι Υ Ε Β Ι Ν β ϋ Ι , Α Ε .
§ 4 1 . Ι . 8 η ύ ί ί α η ί ϊ ν β 8
ί η
ε ύ ί , α ί ί ί , ο ΰ ε .
Τ Η β
8 ί 6 ΐ η
ο £
8 ΐ ι Ι ) 8 ί ; 3 , η ί ΐ ν β 8
ΐ η
ε ύ $ ,
α ΰ ε ,
ό ν ε
ε η ά β
ί η
υ .
Τ Η ί β
υ
Γ β π ι α ΐ η δ , α ί ί η β β η ά ο ί α
ι ν ο Γ ά ,
α η ά 1 > β ί θ Γ 6 α ο ο η β ο η α η ί
; 1 > ι ι ί
Ϊ 8
ο ι α ΐ ί ί β ά Ι ί β ί ν ν β ε η 1 \ ν ο ν ο Λ ν ε Ι β . Τ ΐ ι ο β β ί η ε ύ ε Η α ν ο ά ί η ί ΐ ι ο
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4 2
Τ Η Ε β υ Β δ Τ Λ Ν Τ ί ν Ε Α Ν Β Α Ι Χ Γ Ε Ο Τ Ι Υ Ε . [ Ο Η Α Ρ . ι π .
ο . 8 Ϊ η £ . α η ά ά ί ΐ η ί η ο α ο ο . ρ ΐ η π ι ΐ , ί α ΐ ί β Ι η β Α ΐ ί ΐ ο ί ο π η ε ω ε
ο ί
έ ο ε ί α
ί η β
§ β η . 8 ΐ η § . , α η ά β α ί ϊ β Γ ο ο η ί π ι ο ΐ ί ο η ΐ η
ί η β
ά α ί . β ΐ η » . α η ά .
η ο ι η .
ρ ί η τ . 1 > α ί Η β η β ΐ ΐ ^ ο ι η ϊ ΐ ; ί ί ί η
ί η β
α ο ο . ρ ΐ υ τ .
Τ ΐ ι ο β β ΐ η α ΰ ί α η ά
ο ΰ ί & τ & ο ο η ί , Γ α ο ί ε ά ο η ΐ 7 ΐ η
ί η β
ε ι ο ο . ρ Ι ι ΐ Γ .
; ι 1 < Π Ι Γ .
Ά
η ι ε α δ ί ΐ Γ β . & η ο χ .
α η
ο ί α
ν τ ο η ι α η .
&
Ν .
ό β α σ ι λ ε ύ ε ό γ ρ ε ύ ε
< · -
Λ ί
Ύ ρ α ΰ ε
α
β α σ ι \ ε - ο > ε χ ο ( ε ω ) ώ ϊ
β ο - ό ί γ ρ ά - ό ε
ο
ί )
β ο υ ε
η
Τ ) .
β α σ ι λ ε ΐ
χ ο ε ϊ
β ο - ί
« / ρ ά - ί
Α .
β α σ ι \ έ - ά
χ ο ( έ α ) ά
β ο ΰ ν
> γ ρ α ν ν
ν .
β α σ ί λ ε ν
χ ο ε υ β ο ΰ
< γ ρ α ΰ
Ρ .
Ν .
β α σ ι λ ε ΐ ε
χ ο ε ΐ ε
β ό - ε ε
' γ ρ ά - ε ε
ο .
β α σ ι \ ε - ω ν
χ ο ( ΐ ' ω ) &
> ν β ο - ω ν
Ύ ρ ά - ώ ν
Β .
β α σ ι \ ε ν σ ι ( ν ) · χ ρ ε ν σ ι (
ν ) β ο υ σ ί ( ν )
< γ ρ α ν σ ί ( ν )
Α .
β α σ ι λ ε - ά .
ΐ
χ ο ( ε α ) ά
9 ( β ό - α ε ) β ο ΰ ε ( ^ / ρ ά - α ε ) Ύ ρ α ΰ ε
ν .
β α σ ι λ ε ϊ ε
χ ο ε ΐ ε β ό - ε ε
γ ρ α - ε ε
ϋ
β α σ ι \ ε - ε
χ ο έ ε
β ό - ε
Ύ ρ α - ε
β α σ ι \ έ - ο ι ν
χ ο έ ο ι ν
β ο - ο ΐ ν
< γ ρ ά - ο ΐ ν
Β , ε Ί η α τ Ι ι .
Τ η β
η ο η ι ΐ η α ί ϊ ν β α η ά
ν ο ο α ί ϊ ν β
ρ Ι α Γ ο
ο ί Λ ο 8 6
ϊ η ι ν ς
β η ά
ΐ η
V
α β - Κ Γ β η β β ^ ς α π ι ο
η ^ Λ β
Α ΐ ί ί ο 8 α δ β α σ ι λ ή ς .
Λ Υ η β η
& ν ^
• ν τ β ΐ ρ Γ β ο β ά β β
ί
< &
ί η β 6 Ϊ 8
ο η ι ϊ ΐ ί β ά
β β ί ο ρ ε
ω
α η ( Ι α ,
• ν ν η ί ο η Λ β η ΐ Λ β ΐ Η β ο ί τ ο ν ι η ι ί ΐ β χ
α ο ο β η ί .
8 β ε χ ο ί ύ ί , ϊ η Ι η β
ρ α τ α ϋ ;
ί η η ε , ε ε ; ω ν ( Ο . ω ο ε ) ; ω ε α η ά ω
( Ο .
ο ο ί ) ;
α ε ( 6 τ .
α ο ϊ ) ;
ο ϊ Ο . ( ε ο ε ) .
§ 4 2 . I I .
1 . Τ η β β ί β π ι
ο £
τ ν ο Γ ά δ
ο ί
ί η ΐ β ο ί α β δ β η ά β ΐ η Λ Τ η ΐ β
β ν ΐ η ί η β ρ Γ β ο β ά ΐ η § ο ΐ α δ δ , Γ β π ι α ί η β , α ί ί η ε β η ( 1 ο ί α \ ν Ό Γ ( 1 ,
1 > β ί θ Γ β α ο ο η β ο η α η ί Ι ι υ ί ΐ β ο η ι ΐ ί ί β ά 1 ) β ί \ ν β β η ί \ ν ο ν ο \ ν β ΐ 8 .
Ι η
ί Κ ο
ά α ί ΐ ν β
ρ ΐ α τ α ΐ
α ,
σ
ΐ β
ο ι η ΐ ί ί ε ά
ε ι β
ό
θ ώ ε ,
α ^ & α ΐ ,
τ ο ΐ ε
θ ω - σ ί ( ν ) ,
Ϊ η 8 ΐ 6 3 , ά ο ί
θ ω σ - σ ί ( ν ) .
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§ 4 2 ]
4 3
Ε Ο Ι . Ε Ν 8 Ι Ο Ν .
1 ) ν Υ Ό κ Ι β ί α
η ε
α η ά
ε $ .
2 . Τ ΐ ι β β η ά ΐ η σ β , 7 7 5
( ι η α δ Ο .
α η ά ί Ό η ι . ) , α η ά
ε ϊ ( η β ι ι ί . ) , 1 ) β 1 ο η §
ο η ΐ γ
ί ο
α ά ^ ο ί ΐ ν β δ ,
α η ά
ρ Γ ο ρ β Γ
η α π ι β Β
ΐ η
ί η β
ί ο π η
ο £
α ά ] 6 θ Ι ί ν β 8 ,
β η ά ΐ η § ί η ν η ε , \ η ε , γ έ ν η ε , κ ρ ά τ η χ , μ ή & η ς ,
τ τ ε ί θ η ς ,
σ θ έ ν η ν , α η ά
( κ λ έ η ϊ )
κ \ ή ί . Τ η β
η β υ ί β Γ β η χ > \ ν 8 ΐ Η β ϊ > α τ β β ί β η ι .
3 . Τ ^ Γ ο Γ ά δ ο £ ί η Ϊ 8
ο 1 α β 8 α τ β ο ο η ί κ ι ο ί β ά Ι η τ ο υ § η
α ΐ ΐ Ι η β ο β β β β ,
α ί ί β Γ ο η ι ί ί ί ί η § σ , \ ν ΐ ί Η Ι η β ε χ ο β ρ ί ϊ ο η ο ί Ι η β η ο π ι ΐ η α ί ί ν β α η ά ν ο -
ο α ί ΐ ν ε 8 Ϊ η § τ ι 1 α Γ , α η ά
ί η β
ά α ί ϊ ν β ρ ΐ υ τ α ΐ ; β ι ι ά
ΐ ΐ ι ο β β
ί η κ λ ε η ε α ν ο
ο ο η ΐ κ ι ο ΐ β ά
ε ν β η ϊ η
ί η β
η ο π ή η α ΐ ί ν β 8 Ϊ η § υ 1 α τ
( ΐ η ί ο
κ \ ή ε ) , α η ά
υ η ά β τ § ο
α
ά ο α ί ι ΐ β
ο ο η ΐ τ α ο ί ί ο η
ί η
ΐ η β
ά α ΐ ΐ ν β
β
κ
6 .
Β .
Α .
V .
ό - η σ α φ ή ί , β ν ί ά β η ί , σ α φ έ ε
8 ί η < ξ υ 1 α ι · .
σ α φ ο ΰ ε
( σ α φ ε - ϊ ) σ α φ ε ΐ
( σ α φ ε - α )
σ α φ ή
σ α φ έ ί
σ α φ έ ί σ α φ έ ς
ϋ ι ι α ί . Ν .
Α .
V .
( τ .
Γ ) ,
Ρ ΐ α τ α ΐ .
( σ α φ έ - ε ε )
σ α φ ε ί ς
( σ α φ ε - α )
σ α φ ή
( σ α φ έ - ω ν )
σ α φ ώ ν
σ α φ έ - σ ι ( ν )
( σ α φ έ - α ε ) σ α φ ε ΐ ε ( σ α φ έ - α ) σ α φ ή
( σ α φ έ - ε ε ) σ α φ ε ΐ ε ( σ α φ έ - α )
σ α φ ή
σ α φ έ - ε σ α φ ή
σ α φ ε - ο ι ν σ α φ ο ι ν
Ν .
α
υ .
Α .
V .
η τ ρ ι ή ρ η ε , α ΐ π τ β ι η β
( τ ρ ι ή ρ ε - ο ε )
τ ρ ι ή ρ ο υ ς
( τ ρ ι ή ρ ε - ' ι ) τ ρ ι ή ρ ε ι
( τ ρ ι ή ρ ε - α )
τ ρ ι ή ρ η
τ ρ ί η ρ ε ε
Γ ) ι ι α 1 .
( τ ρ ι ή ρ ε - ε ε )
τ ρ ι ή ρ ε ι ς
τ ρ ι η ρ έ - ω ν α η ά
τ ρ ι η ρ ώ ν
τ ρ ι ή ρ ε - σ ι ( ν )
( τ ρ ι ή ρ ε - α ε ) τ ρ ι ή ρ ε ι ς
( τ ρ ι ή ρ ε - ε ε ) τ ρ ι ή ρ ε ι ς
( τ ρ ι ή ρ ε - ε )
τ ρ ι ή ρ η
( τ ρ ι η ρ ε - ο ι ν )
τ ρ ι η ρ ο ϊ ν
Ν .
Σ ω κ ρ ά τ η ς
8 ΐ η § υ 1 α Γ .
( Τ Ι ε ρ ι κ λ έ η ς )
Τ ί ε ρ ι κ λ ή ε
ί . ί .
Έ , ω κ ρ ά τ ο υ ε
( Π ε ρ ι κ \ έ ε - ο ε ) Τ ί ε ρ ι κ λ έ ο ν ς
Ρ .
Έ , ω κ ρ ά τ ε ι
( Ϊ 1 ε ρ ι κ \ έ ε - ϊ ) ( Π ε ρ ι κ λ έ ε ι )
Τ ί ε ρ ι κ λ ε ΐ
Α . Σ ω κ ρ ά τ η
( ΐ ί ε ρ ι κ λ έ ε - α ) Ι ί ε ρ ι κ \ έ ά
V .
Έ , ώ κ ρ α τ ε ε
( Τ ί ε ρ ί κ λ ε ε ς ) Τ ί ε ρ ί κ \ ε ι ε
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4 4 Τ Η Ε
8 ϋ Β 8 Τ Α Ν Τ ΐ ν Ε
Α Ν ϋ Α Ο Τ Ε Ο Τ Ι Υ Ε . [ Ο Η Α Ρ .
Π Ι .
Β , ε ι η α τ Τ ι
1 . Τ η β
ο ο η ί Γ α ο ί ϊ ο η ί η Ι η β
ι ΐ ι ι η ΐ ,
τ ρ ι ή ρ ι ε = τ ρ ι ή ρ η , 8 η ο ι ι 1 < 1
1 ) β
η ο ΐ ϊ ο β ά , δ ϊ η ο β ε ε Ϊ 8
η β Γ β ο ο η ί Γ α ο ί β ά
ϊ η ί ο
η , & η ( 1
η ο ί , 3 3 β Ι β β ι τ Ι ι β Γ θ , ί η ΐ ο κ .
Κ ε π ι α τ ί ι
2 .
Ι η
α φ β ο ί , ϊ ν β β
β η ( Η η §
ϊ η
η ς ,
ε ς ,
ί £
α
τ ο \ τ ε 1
ρ ρ ε ο β ά β β
Ι η ί β
Ι β π η ϊ η α ΐ ϊ ο η ,
ί α
Ϊ 8 ι ι β υ α ί ΐ ^ ο ο η ί Γ Ο Ο ί ε ά , η ο ΐ ϊ η ί ο η ( Ι ϋ β σ ο φ ί α = σ α φ ή ) , \ > \ Λ
ΐ η ΐ ο ά ( Ι ϋ ί θ Π ί ρ Γ κ λ ί ί - α = λ έ ά ) & 3 ά κ λ ι ή ς , η η η η ο ι κ η ε ά , Α . 8 ΐ η < * .
ι η ί ΐ κ ο .
α η ά
ί β ι η . , Ν . Α .
α η ά
V . ρ ΐ . η β α ί . α κ λ ϊ έ α =
α κ λ ε ά υ γ ι ή ς ,
Η β α ΐ & ι / ,
ύ γ ι ί α
=
ν γ ι ά ,
Β β α ι α τ ί
3 .
Ρ Γ ο ρ β Γ η α ι η β β τ τ ΐ Λ
Λ β β η < ϋ η ο τ 8 ι η β η ί ΐ ο η β ά
§ 4 2 ,
2 . ,
α η ά
Α ρ η ς ,
ί ο ΐ ί ο τ τ 1 ) ο 1 η
Λ 6 Ι ΐ ώ ά
α η ά
δ Γ β ί ά β ο ί β η β ϊ ο η δ ϊ η Λ Θ
α ο ο ι ί δ α ί ϊ ν β
δ ί η ^ ι ι ί α τ ,
& η ά
α τ β , Λ β Γ β ί ο Γ θ ,
ο α ΐ ΐ β ά
Ι ι ε ί β Γ Ο ο Ι ϊ ί ε δ
α β
' Σ ω κ ρ ά τ ί α = Σ ω κ ρ ά τ η
α η ά Σ ω κ ρ ά τ η ν ,
α ο ο ο ρ ά ΐ η ^ ί ο Λ β £ Γ 8 ΐ ( Ι β ο ί β η β ΐ ο η ί ) ΐ ι ί ϊ η ( , Η ο δ β β η ά ΐ η ^ ί η κ λ η ς , Λ β
α ο ο ι ΐ 8 α Ι ϊ ν 6
ϊ η
κ λ ή ν
Ϊ 8
η ο ΐ
υ δ β ( 1 1 > 7
§ ο ο ά
Α ΐ ί ϊ ο
τ τ Γ Ϊ Ι β Γ δ .
Έ ΐ ν τ η α τ ί ι
4 .
Τ η β ν ο ο α ί ϊ ν β
ο ί 1 ρ α τ ο χ 7 ΐ ο η β 8
ά β ν ϊ α ΐ β β
ϊ η
α ο ο β η ί ι ι α ί ϊ ο η ί τ ο π ι
ί Η β ί Ί ι η ά α η ί θ η Ι α Ι
Γ ΐ ι ΐ β § 3 3 , I I I , α ) .
Ι η
Λ β
ο ο η ί Γ α ο Ι θ Λ ί ο Γ η ι
ο £ Λ β ^ β η ϊ ΐ ϊ τ β
ρ Ι ι ί Γ α Ι ,
τ ρ ι ή ρ η ς , α υ τ ά ρ κ η ς , 8 β Ι / - 8 Η β ί ο ί β η Ι , α η ά
ο ο π ι ρ ο ι ι η ( ΐ 8 ο £ ή θ ο ς , α τ β
ρ α τ -
ο χ ; 1 ο η β ο ο η ί Γ ϋ τ ^ ί ο Λ β
Γ η ΐ β
§ 1 2 , 2 , 2 ) , α ) .
§ 4 3 . 2 )
ί η
ω ς ( Ο . ω ο ϊ ) ; α η ά ί η
ω
α η ά ω ( Ο .
α )
ω ϊ ,
Ο . ω ο ί .
α ^ ί κ ί ΐ ί α ΐ . α η β Γ Ο .
δ .
Ν .
ό η θ ώ ε Ρ 1 . θ ω ε ε 8 . ό ή ρ ω ε Ρ 1 . η ρ ω - ε ε
α .
θ ω - ό ε θ ώ ω ν ή ρ ω - ο ε ή ρ ώ - ω ν
Β .
θ ω - ί θ ω σ ί ( ν )
η ρ ω - ι
η ρ ω - σ ι ( ν )
Α .
θ ώ - α
θ ώ α ε η ρ ω - α
ή ρ ω
ή ρ ω - α ε & η ρ ω ε
V .
θ ώ ε
ή ρ ω ε ή ρ ω - ε ε
ϋ .
θ ώ ε
ή ρ ω - ε
θ ώ - ο ι ν
ή ρ ώ - ο ι ν
ό )
ω ϊ
α η ά ω .
Τ Η β
Β ί Λ δ ί α η ί ί ν β β \ ν ΐ ΐ Κ
ί Η β δ β
ε η ά ί η ^ β
α Γ β
α ΐ ΐ £ ε π ι ΐ η ΐ η β . Τ ΐ ι β
ε η ( 1 ί η §
ω ε
ϊ β
Γ β ί α ϊ η β ά ,
ΐ η
Ο Γ ά ί η α Γ ^ 1 α η § α α § β ,
ο η ΐ ^ ·
ΐ η α ΐ δ ώ ϊ .
Τ ΐ ι β ά ι ι α ΐ α η ά
ρ Ι ι ί Γ α
α , Γ β Ι ΰ ί β ί η ε β β ο ο η ά
ά ε ο ΐ ε η β ΐ ο η ,
ί η α β
α ί δ ο ί , ή χ ο ι , & 0 .
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§ 4 4 . ]
4 5
Ε 0 1 . Ε Ν 8 Ι Ο Χ .
β η α ι η β .
α η β ο ΐ ι ο .
8 .
Ν .
ή
α Ι Β ώ ί
( β ί β ι η ,
α Ι Β ο ε )
η η χ ώ ( β ί β ΐ η , ή χ ο ε )
α
( α ί δ ό - ο ϊ )
α ί Β ο ΰ ε
( ή χ ό - ο )
ή χ ο ΰ ί
Ι ) .
( α Ι Β ό - ί ) α ί Β ο ΐ
( ή χ ό - ϊ ) ή χ ο ι
Α .
( α ι ' δ ό - α )
α ι δ ώ
( ή χ ό - α ) η χ ώ
V .
( α , ί δ ό - ϊ ) α ι ' δ ο ί
Ο ί χ · 5 - 0 ν χ ο ΐ
§ 4 4 .
3 ) Ϋ Γ ο τ ά δ
ί η α ϊ ( θ . α ο ί ) ; α η ά ί η ο ϊ ( Ο .
α ) α * , ( τ .
α ο ϊ .
&
ί β τ τ
η β τ ι ί β Γ 8 , α β τ ο σ έ λ α ϊ ,
Β ρ ί β η ά ο η τ ,
τ ο δ έ τ τ α ϊ , α
ί ο
Ν .
α
Β .
Δ .
τ ο
σ ε λ α , ϊ ,
δ ρ ί β η ά ο ι υ : Ρ 1 . σ ε \ α - α σ ε λ ά
Ο η α ΐ . σ ε λ ά - ε
σ έ λ α - ο ϊ σ έ Κ ά - ω ν σ ε \ ά - ο ι ν
σ έ \ α - 1 σ ε λ ά σ ε λ α - σ ι ( ν )
σ ε λ α ϊ
σ ^ λ α - α
σ ε \ ά
Ζ » ) ο ϊ ,
Ο .
ε ο ί .
8 υ Ι ) 8 ί ο , η ί ΐ ν β 8
ο £
ί ι Ϊ 8 ο ί α β β α Γ β 1 ί 1 ί ο \ ν ί 8 β α ΐ ΐ η β α ΐ ε π Ι η ί ΐ ι β
η ο π π η α ΐ ί ν β
8 Ϊ η § υ 1 α Γ ί Η β
ε ο ι ί ΐ ι β β ί β ι α Ϊ 8 ο ΐ ΐ ί ΐ η ^ ο ά ί η ί ο ο .
( ) ε η Η $ .
τ ο ^ / έ ν ο ί
( δ ί ο ι η , γ έ ν ε ι )
( γ ε ζ / ε - ο ϊ )
γ ε ν ο υ ϊ
( γ ε ν ε - ϊ )
γ έ ^ ε ί
£ α ι α ο .
τ ο « λ ε Ό ϊ ( δ ί ο ι η , κ λ έ ε ε )
( κ λ έ ε - ο ί )
κ λ έ ο ν ί
( « λ ε ' ε - ϊ ) « λ ε ' ε ι
8 .
Ν .
0 .
ϋ .
Α .
7 ^ Ζ Ό Ϊ
« λ ^ Ο Ϊ
Ρ . Ν .
0 .
Β .
( γ ε ν ε - α ) γ έ ν ι ;
γ ε ν ε ώ ν γ ε ν ώ ν
γ έ ν ε σ ί ( ν )
( γ έ ν ε - α ) γ έ ν η
( κ λ ί ε - α ) κ \ έ ά
( « λ ε έ - ω ν ) κ λ ε ώ ν
κ \ ε ε - σ ι ( ν )
κ λ ί ε - α κ \ ε ά
.
ϋ .
( γ έ ν ε - ε ) γ έ ν η
( γ ε ν έ - ο ι ν γ ε ν - ο ί ν
( « λ έ ε - ε )
κ \ ε - η
( κ λ , ε ί - ο ι ν ) κ λ , ε ο ΐ ν
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4 6
[ ( • Π Α Ρ . I I I .
Τ Η Ε
8 ϋ Β 8 Τ Α Ν Τ ΐ ν Ε Λ Ν Ι >
Λ Ο ί Ε Ο Τ Ι Υ Ε .
Ι Ι ρ ο η Λ β
ο ο η ΐ τ β β ί ί ο η , ΐ η Λ β ά π α ΐ ,
ο ί ' ί - ε
ί η ί ο η ( η ο ΐ ϊ η ί ο Ε Ι ) ,
β ε β
$
4 2 . Κ β ι η .
1 .
ί α ί η
Λ β
ρ ΐ ι ι τ β ΐ Ϊ 8 ο ο η ί , Γ ί ί ο Ι β ά ί η ΐ ο α ( η ο ί ί η ΐ ο
η ) , Ί ί
&
ν ο \ ν ά
ρ Γ β ο β ά β β
ο ο ι η ρ α ρ β Π Ε ρ ι κ λ έ ά .
§
4 5 . I I I . Ϋ Ρ Ό τ ά β ί η
ί ϊ ,
υ ϊ ,
ί , υ .
1 ) Λ ^ ο Γ ά β
ϊ η
ΐ ί , ϋ ί .
α § 1 ο \ ν - \ ν ο Γ π ι . α β ο α Γ Ο Γ Β Ο ^ .
Ά β } < 1 ] .
8 . Ν . ό / ϊ ί ϊ
ο
ή σ ν ί
ό
1 - χ θ ΰ ' ί
α
κ ϊ - ό ί
σ ΰ - ό ί ϊ χ θ ϋ - ο ς
Β .
κ ί - ί
σ ΰ - ί
/ . . / . .
ι · χ σ υ - ί .
Α .
κ ι ν
σ υ ν
Ι γ θ ΰ ν
V .
κ ι
ο ν Ι χ θ ϋ '
Ρ .
Ν .
κ ϊ ' - ε ί σ ϋ ' - ε ε Ι χ θ ϋ - ε ί
α .
κ ϊ - ώ ν σ ϋ - ώ ν ί χ θ ν - ω ν
Ό .
κ ϊ - σ ί ( ν ) σ ν - σ ί ( ν )
ί · χ θ ν - σ ι ( ν )
Α .
κ ϊ ' - α ς
σ ν - α ί
ί · χ θ ΰ - α ς ί χ θ ΰ ί
V .
κ ί - ε $
σ ν ' - ε ε ί · χ θ υ - ε ς
Ι χ θ ΰ ί
Τ ) .
κ ί - ί
σ ν ' - ε
ι - χ θ ύ - ε
κ ί - ο ί ν σ ΰ - ο ΐ ν ί χ θ ν - ο ι ν
~ Ά β τ η α Λ . Λ Ϋ Ο Γ ά δ
ο £
Ι ΐ ι ΐ β
ο ί α β δ η α ν β
Λ β α η ά
υ 1 ο η £
ΐ η ί ΐ ι β Ν Ό η ι ί η α ϋ ν β
Α ο ο ι ι β & ί ί ν β & η ά ν ο ο α ί ϊ ν β
δ ί η ρ ι Ι α Γ ,
1 ) υ 1 β η ο Γ ί ί η
α ΐ ΐ ί η θ ο ί Ι ΐ θ Γ
0 3 8 6 8 .
ν .
4 6 .
ο τ & η $ ,
Τ Η ε ν ο \ ν β ο £ ί Η β Β ί β ι η ( ί , υ ) Γ β ι η α ί η δ ο η ΐ ^ ΐ η ί Κ β η ο ι η π ι α , ί ϊ ν β ,
α ο ο ι ι β α ί ΐ ν β , α η ά ν ο ο α ί ϊ ν β , β ΐ η ^ υ Ι α Γ
ί η
ί η β ο ί η β Γ ο α β β δ , ϊ ί
ΐ β
ο η α η § β ( 1
ί η ί ο ? .
Ι η ί ΐ ι β
§ β η ί ί ί ν β 8 ΐ η § ι ι 1 α Γ α η ά ρ Ι υ Γ & Ι ,
8 ΐ Λ > 8 ί α η -
ί ϊ ν ε 8 ο £ ί η β π ι α β ο η ΐ ί η β Ο Γ ί β η ι ΐ η ί η β
§ 6 η ά ο Γ ί α ΐ ϊ ο
ω ϊ α η ά ω ν 8 β
Ο ί ΐ 8 β - 6 η ά ΐ η § 8 ,
ί η ο
ω
ΐ η
\ ν η ΐ ο η
ρ Γ ο ά ι ι ο ε β η ο ο η α η § β
ι ι ρ ο η ί Η ο
ρ ο β ί ί ΐ ο η
ο ί ί η ε ί ΐ ο ο β η ί . ( Ο ο η ι ρ α Γ β §
3 0 . )
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§ 4 6 . ]
4 7
Ε Ο Ι , Ε Ν Β Ι Ο Χ .
& ο ΐ ί 7 ·
&
ο ι Λ ΐ ί .
ι η υ β ί α ι χ ί .
Ά ώ ί γ .
8 .
Ν .
ή
π ο λ ι έ
ο π τ γ χ υ ς
τ ο σ ι ν α π ι
τ ο
ά σ τ υ
α .
π ό λ ε - ω ς π τ γ χ ε - ω ς
σ ι ν ά π ε - ο ς ά σ τ ε - ο ς
Β .
π ά λ ε ι
π ή χ ε ι σ ι ν ά τ τ ε ι
α σ τ ε ι
Δ .
π ά λ ι ν
π η - χ ν ν σ ί ν α π ι
ά σ τ υ
V .
π ά λ ι
π η χ υ σ ι ν α π ι
ά σ τ υ
Ρ .
Ν .
π ό λ ε ι ς
π ή χ ε ι ς
σ ι ν ά τ τ η
α
α σ τ ή
α
π ό λ ε - ω ν
π ή χ ε - ω ν σ ι ν α π έ - ω ν
ά σ τ έ - ω ν
Β .
π ό λ ε - σ ι ( ν )
π τ ) · χ ε - σ ι ( ν
)
σ ι ν ά π ε σ ι ( ν )
ά σ τ ε - σ ι ( ν )
Α .
• π ό λ ε ι ς
π ή χ ε ι ς
σ ι ν α π η
ά σ τ η
V .
π ό λ ε ι ς π ή χ ε ι ς σ ι ν ά τ τ η α σ τ ή
Ό .
π ο λ ε - ε
π ή χ ε - ε σ ι ν ά π ε - ε
α σ τ ε - ε
π ο λ έ - ο ι ν π η · χ έ - ο ι ν
σ ι ν α π έ - ο ι ν
ά σ τ έ - ο ι ν
Ά ΐ ΐ η α τ ί ι Ι .
Τ ο Λ ΐ 8
ο 1 α 3 3
Ι ι ε ί ο η » α φ ' ο ο ί ϊ ν θ δ
ϊ η ΰ ς ( ί ) , « α , ί ( ϋ ) , ν ν ΐ ι ϊ ο ΐ ι
ά ϊ ί Γ ε Γ ,
ϊ η
( Ι β ο ί β η δ ί ο η , ί ϊ ο ι η
8 ϋ Ι ) δ ί α η ί ί ν ο 8 , ί η
1 ι α ν ϊ η § Λ Θ ι ι ε ι ι α ΐ ί ο π η £ ο ς · ( η ο ΐ
έ ω ς ) ΐ η Λ β § β η ΐ ί ϊ ν β δ ΐ η ^ Ί ΐ » 1 »
Μ ΐ < 1
α ΐ ^ α ^ β
Λ β ο ρ β η ί ο η η ί α
ί η
Ι ΐ ι β
η β ι ι Ι β Γ
ρ ΐ α τ α ) .
8 ΐ η § υ ΐ 3 Γ . « Τ β β 6 . Ρ Ι ΐ Ι Γ ϋ Ι .
Ν .
γ λ υ κ ύ ς γ λ υ κ ε ί α
γ λ υ κ ύ
γ λ υ κ ε ί ς
γ λ υ κ ε ΐ α ι
γ λ υ κ έ α
β .
γ \ ν κ έ - ο ς
γ λ υ κ ε ί α ς
γ λ υ κ έ - ο ς
γ λ υ κ έ ω ν
γ λ υ κ ε ι ώ ν
γ λ υ κ έ ω ν
Β .
γ λ υ κ ε ΐ
γ λ υ κ ε ί α
γ λ υ κ ε ΐ
γ \ υ κ έ σ ι ( ν ) γ λ υ κ ε ί α ι ς
γ λ υ κ έ σ ι ( ν )
Α .
γ \ υ κ ύ ν
γ λ υ κ ε ΐ α ν
γ λ υ κ ύ
γ λ υ κ ε ί ς
γ λ υ κ ε ί α ς
γ λ υ κ έ α
Υ . γ γ λ υ κ ύ
γ λ υ κ ε ί α
γ λ υ κ ύ
γ λ υ κ ε ί ς γ λ υ κ ε ΐ α ι
γ λ υ κ έ α
ϋ υ α ί . Ν .
Α .
&
V .
γ λ υ κ έ ε γ λ υ κ ε ί α γ λ υ κ έ ε
6 Κ & Γ ) , γ λ υ κ έ ο ι ν γ λ υ κ ε ί α ι ν γ λ υ κ έ ο ι ν
Τ ο
ί η ΐ δ ο ΐ Ε 3 8
β ί β ο 1 ) β 1 ο η §
α ( 1 | β ο ί ; ί ν β 3
ί η
ν ς , ϋ , § ε η ί ί ί ν β ε ο ς ,
τ ν η ί υ ΐ ι
ά β ο ΐ ί η β ά Ι ϋ β γ λ υ κ ύ ς , ι τ ί ί η ί ΐ ι ί β ά ΐ β β Γ β η ο β , η ο ι ν β ν β Γ , Λ α ί ί η β
ρ Ι ι ΐ Γ & Ι ε η Ϊ 8 ο ο η ί Γ α ο Ι θ ά ί η ΐ ο η ( Ι ι ί β ά σ τ η ) 3 3 ΰ ή
δ ί π η χ υ ς ,
τ ο δ ί π η χ ν , ( ι ν ο
Ο ΐ Μ ΐ ί
Ι θ Π £ ,
τ α ί ι π ή χ η .
Κ ε π ι α τ Η 2 . δ ο η ι β 8 ΐ ι Ι ) 8 ΐ α η Ι ί ν β 3
ί η
ϊ ς ,
α η < 1 & ^ β ο ί ΐ ν β 3 ί η ΐ ί , 8 8 ί ί ρ ι ς ,
ϊ ί Τ ρ ι , β Κ ί Ι Ι ε ά
ί η ,
η α ν β
& η Ϊ Γ Γ Ο ^ ι ι Ι ^ Γ
ϊ η ή β χ ΐ ο η
α η ο ΐ
α ί β ο ή ί γ χ ί λ υ ς , α η
ε ε ΐ , ϊ η
ΐ ΐ ι β δ ί η ^ ι ι Ι α Γ .
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4 8
[ Ο Η Α Ρ . Π ϊ .
Η Ε
8 υ Β 9 Τ Α Ν Τ ΐ ν Ε
Α Ν Ο
α
Η β ΐ ί β Γ .
α , η β Π . α δ ΐ ι ε ε ρ .
8 .
Ν .
ό η π ά ρ τ ϊ ε ή ε γ ' χ ε λ . ν ε ό ή ο ί ε
0 .
έ γ χ ε \ υ - ο ε
)
π ο ρ τ ι - ο ί
ο ί ο ς
Β .
π ό ρ τ ι - ι π ά ρ τ ι
ε γ χ Α , υ - ϊ
Ο ί ί
Α .
π ά ρ τ ι ν ε γ χ ε λ , ν ν
ο ι ν
V .
π ά ρ τ ι Ι γ χ ε λ ν ο ΐ ί
Ρ . Ν .
π ό ρ τ ι - ε ε
π ά ρ τ ϊ ε
ί γ χ έ \ ε ι ε
ο ΐ ε ε
α .
π ο ρ τ ί - ω ν
έ γ χ έ \ ε - ω ν
ο ί ω ν
ϋ .
π ό ρ τ ι - σ ι ( ν )
έ γ χ έ \ ε - σ ι ( ν )
ο Ι σ ί ( ν )
Α ,
π ά ρ τ ι - α ε π ά ρ τ ϊ ε
έ γ χ έ \ ε ι ε
ο ι α ε , Γ α Γ β Ι ^ ο ί ε
V .
π ά ρ τ ι - ε ε π ά ρ τ ϊ ε έ γ χ & ε ι ε
ο ί ε ς
ϋ . π ό ρ τ ι - ε
έ γ χ ε λ ε - ε
ο ί ε
π ο ρ τ ι - ο ι ν
ε γ χ ε ^ - ο ι ν
ο ι ο ι ν
§
4 7 . Ι τ Γ β ^ η Ι α τ
8 τ ώ 8 ΐ α η ύ ν β 8
ο / 1
ί Λ β
Τ Μ τ ά
Ό β ΰ Ι β η Β Ϊ ο η .
1 .
Ά ι ^ / 3 , 8 6 6
§
3 6 .
γ ά λ Λ , γ ό ν υ , δ ό / 3 ΐ > , α
ε ρ β α τ ,
ο δ ε , §
3 9 .
χ ε ι ρ , §
3 5 . Ε β π ι .
2 .
2 . Γ Ι Η / Τ ; ( η ,
α ΐ ΰ ο τ η α η ) ,
( τ . γ ν ν α ι κ - ό ε , Ο . < γ υ ν α ι κ - ί , Α . γ υ ν α ΐ κ - α ,
V . γ ύ ν α ι . Ρ Ι υ τ .
γ υ ν α ί κ ε ς ,
γ υ ν α ι κ ώ ν , γ υ ν α ι ξ ί ( ν ) ,
γ υ ν α ί κ α ς .
3 .
Ζ ε ά , & . Δ ί ό ϊ , Ό . Δ ί £ Α . Δ ώ ι , V . Ζ ε Ο .
4 . Θ ρ ί | ( % ί Λ β Λ α ζ > ) , Θ · , τ ρ ι χ - ό ε . Ό . Ρ Ι . θ ρ ι ξ ί ( ν ~ ) . § 8 , 1 0 , γ .
5 .
Κ λ ε / ϊ
( 1 7 ,
α
Α ί ^ ) »
& ·
« λ ε ι δ - ό ί ,
Ώ .
κ λ ε ι Β - ί ,
Α .
κ λ ε ΐ δ - α
α η ά
( υ Β ΐ ι α Ι Ι ^ ) κ \ ε ΐ ν .
Ρ Ι ι ΐ Γ .
Ν . α η ά Α .
κ λ ε ΐ ϊ
ί ΐ 8
\ ν ε 1
α 8
κ λ ε ϊ δ ε ε ,
κ λ ε ΐ Β α ε .
6 . Κ ν ω ν ( 6 ,
ή , α
ά θ ( / ) , & , κ υ ν - ό ε , Ο .
κ υ ν - ί ,
Α .
κ ύ ν - α , V .
κ ν ο ν .
Ρ Ι ι ΐ Γ . κ ν ν ε » , κ υ ν ω ν ,
κ υ σ ί ( ν ) , κ ύ ν α ε .
Ί . Λ α * ( ό , α β ί ο η β ) , Ο ί τ . λ α ο ί , ϋ .
λ ά ϊ ,
Α . \ ά ν β β ΐ ά ο ι η λ α α .
Ρ Ι ι ΐ Γ .
\ ά ε ε , λ α ώ ν , λ ά ε σ σ ί ^ ) .
8 .
Μ ά ρ τ υ ί
( ό ,
α
ΐ ϋ ί Ι η € 8 3 ) ,
( τ .
μ ά ρ τ υ ρ ο ς ,
ϋ .
μ , ά ρ τ υ ρ ι ,
Α .
/ ί ά ρ -
ι η ο Γ β τ α Γ β Ι ^ · μ ά ρ τ υ ν . ΐ ) . Ρ Ι . μ ά ρ τ ϋ σ ι ( ν ) .
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§ 4 8 . ]
4 9
Κ Κ Ε Ο υ ΐ , Α Β
Α Ι Χ Τ Ε Ο Τ Ι Υ Ε ί .
9 .
Ν α 5 ϊ
( τ ) , η α υ Ο ) ,
Ο .
ν ε ώ ε , ϋ .
ν η ί ,
Α . ν α υ ν . ϋ υ α ΐ ,
Ο . α η < 1
ϋ . ν ε ο ϊ ν ( Ν . 3 Ι Ν Ϊ Α . η ο ί ί Ό α η ά ) . Ρ ΐ α τ . ν η ε ε , ν έ ω ν , ν α υ σ ί ( ν ~ ) ,
ν α ΰ ί .
Ο ο η ι ρ » Γ β
γ / ο α ΰ ί , §
4 1 .
1 0 . Τ δ ω ρ ( τ ο , ι ο α ί β τ ) , ( τ . ΰ δ α τ ο ε , & 0 .
§ 4 8 .
Α ά ) β ο Ι ί υ β 8 .
8 .
Ν .
π ρ α ο ί ,
ι α ΐ ΐ ά
τ τ ρ α ε ΐ α
π ρ ά ο ν
α .
τ τ ρ ά ο υ
ι τ ρ α ε ί ά ε
π ρ ά ο υ
ϋ .
τ τ ρ ά φ
• π ρ α ε ι α
π ρ ά ω
Α .
ι τ ρ α ο ν
π ρ α ε ϊ α ν
π ρ α α ν
V .
π ρ ά ο ε ( ε )
τ τ ρ α ε ΐ α
π ρ ά ο υ
Ρ . Ν . π ρ ά ο ι Ά α ά
τ τ ρ α ε ΐ ί
π ρ α ε ϊ α ι
π ρ α έ α
α
τ τ ρ α έ ω ν
π ρ α ε ι ω ν
π ρ α έ ω ν
ϋ .
τ τ ρ ά ο ΐ ί
& η ά τ τ ρ α έ σ ι
π ρ α ε ί α ι ε
π ρ α έ σ ι ( ν )
Α .
π ρ ά ο υ ε & η ά τ τ ρ α ε ϊ ς
τ τ ρ α ε ι α ε
π ρ α έ α
ν .
π ρ ά ο ι
α η ά
π ρ
α
ε ι
ε
π ρ α ε ϊ α ι
π ρ α έ α
ϋ .
τ τ ρ ά ω
π ρ ά ε ί α
π ρ ά ω
τ τ ρ ά ο ι ν
π ρ α ε ι α ι ν
. π ρ ά ο ι ν
8 . Ν .
π ι α ο ΐ ι .
π ο \ ύ ε π ο \ \ ή π ο \ ύ
π ο \ \ ο ΰ
π ο \ \ ή ε π ο \ \ ο ΰ
τ τ ο λ λ ω τ τ ο λ λ ^ τ τ ο λ λ ω
π ο \ ν ν π ο \ \ ή ι > π ο \ ύ
π ο \ ύ τ τ ο λ λ ? 7 τ τ ο λ ν
§ Γ θ α ί .
μ έ γ α ε
μ ε γ ά λ η μ έ < γ α
μ ε γ ά λ ο υ μ ε < γ ά \ η ε
μ ε γ ά λ ο υ
μ ε γ ά λ , ω μ ε γ ά λ φ μ ε γ ά Χ φ
μ έ γ α ν μ ε γ ά λ η ν μ έ γ α
μ έ γ α μ ε γ ά λ η μ έ γ α
α .
Β .
Α .
V .
Ρ . Ν .
τ τ ο λ λ ο ι ' τ τ ο λ λ α ί
τ τ ο λ λ ά
τ τ ο λ λ ω ν
π ο \ \ ώ ν
τ τ ο λ λ ω ν
μ ε γ ά λ ο ι
μ ε γ ά λ α ι
μ ε γ ά λ α
μ ε γ ά λ ω ν μ ε γ ά λ ω ν μ ε γ ά λ ω ν
& ο . & ο . Γ β ^ α Ι α Γ ί ^ .
α
& 0 . & 0 . Γ Ο ^ α Ι ί Ι Γ ^ .
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5 0
T H E
S U B S T A N T I V E
A N D
A D J E C T I V E . [ c h a p . r a .
§
4 9 .
C o m p a r i s o n
o f
A d j e c t i v e s .
T h e G r e e k l a n g u a g e h a s t w o f o r m s t o d e n o t e t h e t w o d e
g r e e s o f c o m p a r i s o n o r c o m p a r a t i v e a n d s u p e r l a t i v e o f w h i c h
t h e o n e i s
b y f a r
t h e m o r e u s u a l , v i z .
r s p o s , r e p a , r e p o v f o r
t h e
c o m p a r a t i v e , a n d
r a r o s , r d r r j , r a r o v
f o r
t h e
s u p e r l a t i v e
t h e
o t h e r m o r e
r a r e ,
v i z . l m v ( l ) , l o v , o r m v , o v f o r t h e c o m p a r a t i v e ,
a n d i o t o s , u t t t ) , c o - t o p , f o r
t h e
s u p e r l a t i v e .
R e m a r k 1 . T h e s u p e r l a t i v e f o r m e x p r e s s e s e i t h e r
t h e
h i g h e s t
d e g r e e
o f
a
q u a l i t y , o r o n l y
a
v e r y
h i g h
d e g r e e .
R e m a r k 2 . I n s t e a d o f t h e s i m p l e f o r m s o f t h e c o m p a r a t i v e a n d s u p e r
l a t i v e , t h e
G r e e k ,
l i k e t h e L a t i n , a l s o
u s e s
t h e p o s i t i v e i n
c o n j u n c t i o n
w i t h
/ i o X X o v
( n i a g i s )
a n d i i a K w r a
( j n a x i m e ) .
§ 5 0 . A . F i r s t F o r m o f C o m p a r i s o n .
C o m p a r a t i v e ,
r e p o s ,
r i p a , r s p o v .
S u p e r l a t i v e , t o t o s , r a W r ) , t o t o v .
T h e
f o l l o w i n g
a d j e c t i v e s
a f f i x
t h e s e
t e r m i n a t i o n s t o t h e
m a s c u l i n e a n d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g
w a y s
—
I .
A d j e c t i v e s i n o s , 1 7 ( a ) , o v .
a ) M o s t a d j e c t i v e s o f t h i s
c l a s s
t a k e t h e g i v e n t e r m i n a t i o n s
a f t e r
t h r o w i n g
a w a y
s ,
a n d
r e t a i n
t h e
o ,
i f
a
s y l l a b l e
l o n g
b y
n a t u r e o r p o s i t i o n ( § 9 , 3 . ) p r e c e d e s , a m u t e w i t h a l i q u i d
b e i n g a l w a y s c o n s i d e r e d a s c o n s t i t u t i n g p o s i t i o n i n t h i s c a s e ;
b u t l e n g t h e n
t h e
o
i n t o c o i f a
s h o r t
s y l l a b l e
g o e s b e f o r e a s
K o v i p - o g , l i g h t
c o m p . K o v t y - o - T t p o s
s u p . k o v Q - o - t c i t o q .
i o x v p - o Q , s t r o n g — i a x v p - o - r t p o q
—
i a x v p - 6 - r a r o g .
X « 7 r r - 0 £ ,
t h i n
— \ ( 7 r r - 6 - T E p o g — A f 7 r r - 6 - r a r o f .
t r q > o £ p - 6 g , v i o l e n t — a Q o d p - o - T t p o g — f f Q o d p - o - r a r o Q .
T T l K p - O Q ,
b i t t e r
T T l K p - 6 ' T i p O Q
T T l K p - 6 - T a T O Q .
( t o ^ - o c , w i s e — a o t y - t t f - T t p o g
—
t r o Q - w - T a r o g .
i x v p - 6 i , f i r m — i x v p - i i - r t p o g — i x v p - £ > - T a T o g .
a ^ t - o g , w o r t h y — a Q - w - r e p o f :
—
d J - i - i i - r a r o f .
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§ 5 0 . ]
5 1
I R S T
F O R M O F C O M P A R I S O N .
b ) C o n t r a c t s i n s o s = o v s a n d o o s = o v s s u f f e r c o n t r a c t i o n i n
t h e f o r m s o f c o m p a r i s o n , s i n c e t h e f o r m e r l o s e e b e f o r e t o , a n d
t h e l a t t e r i n s e r t t h e
s y l l a b l e
s s , a f t e r t h r o w i n g
a w a y o s , a n d
f o r m a c o n t r a c t i o n w i t h t h e p r e c e d i n g o , a s
7 r o p 0 u p - £ o c
=
7 r o p ^ u p - o C e , p u r p l e .
a w X - o o g = a i r X - o v g , s i m p l e .
i r o p t p v p t t i j T t p o s = ^ r o p ^ v p - w - r f p o f . a T r X o - e o - r e p o g
—
a T r X - a v a - r t p o g .
T r o p f p v p t w r a T O C = i r o p ^ v p - w - r a r o f .
d i r X o - t v - T a r o g
= c n r X - o v o - r a T o g .
T o t h e s e b e l o n g a l s o
c o n t r a c t s
o f t w o t e r m i n a t i o n s i n o v e a n d o v v
a s
i v v o o g = i v v - o v g ,
n e u t .
i v v - o o v = e v v - o w , c o m p . t i v o - t a - r t p o g = t v v - o v o -
T t p o Q ,
s u p .
i v v o - ' i a - T a r o g
=
i v v - o v a - T a r o g .
c )
T h e
f o l l o w i n g
a d j e c t i v e s
i n a i o s , r e c e i v e t h e e n d i n g s
r s p o s
a n d
r a r o s
a f t e r t h r o w i n g a w a y t h e l a s t s y l l a b l e o s , v i z .
y s p a i o s ,
o l d , i r a k a i o s , a n c i e n t , i r e p a i o s , b e y o n d ,
a y p T v a l o s ,
l a z y ,
t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e a d j e c t i v e t p i X o s , f r i e n d l y ; a s
y t p a i - O Q , c o m p . y t p a l - T t p o g ,
s u p .
y i p a i - r a r o g .
f t X - o g —
( p i X - T i p o g
— Q i X - T a r o g .
d ) T h e
f o l l o w i n g
a d j e c t i v e s i n o s i n s e r t
t h e s y l l a b l e
a t ,
a f t e r t h r o w i n g o f f o s ,
v i z .
s v S i o s ,
s e r e n e ,
r i o - v y p s ,
t r a n q u i l ,
i S w s , o w n , X a o s ,
l i k e , p A a o s ,
m i d d l e , o p O p i o s , e a r l y ,
o i j r i o s ,
l a t e ,
i r p t o i o s ,
e a r l y ,
a n d
t p i X o s ,
d e a r
;
a s
j i k a - o g ,
c o m p .
p w - a i - T i p o g , s u p . f i t a - a i - T a T o g .
p i X - o e — ( p i X - a i - r c p o g — ( p i X - a i - r a r o g .
e )
T h e
t w o
a d j e c t i v e s ,
s p p t o p J v o s , s t r o n g ,
a K p d r o s ,
p u r e ,
i n s e r t t h e s y l l a b l e e s , a f t e r
t h r o w i n g
o f f o s , a s I p p t o f i s v - i c r -
r e p o s , s p p o > f i s v - ^ o - - T a T o s , a K p a T - e a - T S p o s , a K p a T - i a - T a - v o s . S o
a l s o : a l B o l o s , a ,
o v , m o d e s t ,
s u p e r l . a l S o i d o ^ r a r o s .
f ) T h e f o l l o w i n g a d j e c t i v e s i n o s i n s e r t t h e s y l l a b l e i s a f t e r
t h r o w i n g o f f o s , v i z . X a X o s , l o q u a c i o u s , f i o v o t p o s y o s , e a t i n g
a l o n e ,
o i f r o t p w y o s ,
d a i n t y ,
a n d T r r t & x p s ,
b e g g i n g ,
p o o r
;
a s
\ a X - o s ,
c o m p . X a X - L a - r s p o s , s u p . X a X - l f f - T a r o s .
I I .
A d j e c t i v e s
i n
r j s ,
G .
o v ,
a n d
y j r e v S t f s , 4 s ,
G .
i o s ,
s h o r t e n
t h e
e n d i n g
r j s i n t o i s ; a s K X h r r - r j s , t h i e v i s h , c o m p . t c K e i r r - U r -
r s p o s , s u p .
K X e r r r - U r - r a T o s .
E
2
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5 2 T H E
S U B S T A N T I V E
A N D A D J E C T I V E . [ c h a p .
n i .
W i t h r e g a r d t o a d j e c t i v e s o f t h e t h i r d d e c l e n s i o n , t h e f o l
l o w i n g i s t o b e o b s e r v e d .
I I I . T h e c o m p a r i s o n - e n d i n g s , r s p o s , t w t o s , a r e j o i n e d i m
m e d i a t e l y
t o t h e
p u r e
s t e m o f t h e w o r d , ( w h i c h a p p e a r s
i n
t h e
n e u t e r , ) i n t h e a d j e c t i v e s
e n d i n g
i n v s , s i a , v
;
r j s , e s ( G . e o s )
a s , a v a n d i n t h e s o l i t a r y
p d x a p ,
b l e s s e d .
y X v K v g , s w e e t n e u t . v y X v K V - r e p o g
y X v K V - r a r o g .
a X n O r j g , t r u e —
I s
d X r i B e a - T t p o g
C t X i j 0 t V - r a r o £ ,
f i e X a g , b l a c k — a v
f i e X d v - r c p o g / l e X d v - T a r o g .
r d X a g , m i s e r a b l e
—
a v
r a X d v - T i p o g T a X d v - r a r o g .
f i a x a p , b l e s s e d —
o p
/ l a i c d p - T t p o g f i a i c a p - T a T o g .
R e m a r k .
T h e
a d j e c t i v e s t j S v g ,
r a x v g , a n d
n o X v g
t a k e
t h e
f o r m
o f
c o m
p a r i s o n i n i W ( l )
a n d
w .
S e e
§ 5 1 , 1 .
a n d
§ 5 2 .
I V . T h e c o m p a r i s o n - e n d i n g s a r e a f f i x e d
t o
t h e p u r e s t e m
o f
t h e w o r d ,
i m m e d i a t e l y a f t e r
t h e
i n s e r t i o n o f
a
s i n g l e
l e t t e r
o r a
w h o l e
s y l l a b l e .
a )
T h e
c o m p o u n d s
o f
% a p i s
i n s e r t
a >
a s
i - n i x a p i g , G .
h i r i x d p i T - O Q , a t t r a c t i v e .
c o m p . 6 j r i x < i p i r - < i - r f p o f ,
s u p .
l m x a p i r - u i r a r o g .
b )
A d j e c t i v e s
i n c o v , o v ( G r .
o v o s ) , i n s e r t e s ;
a s
f i S a i f i a i v ,
n e u t . i v d a i f i o v , f o r t u n a t e .
c o m p . ( i d a i / i o v - t o - T e p o g , s u p . i v S c a j i o v - i a ' T a T o g .
c )
A d j e c t i v e s
i n
( ?
i n s e r t
e s
o r
i s ;
a s
d i p r j X X S ,
G . d t p i j X a e - o g , g r o w i n g o l d . a p i r a $ , G . a p i r a y - o g ,
r a p a x .
C O m p . d < p r j X t K - £ o - T t p o g .
C O m p . d p n a y - ' w r e p o g .
s u p . d p n X u e - h - T a T o g .
s u p .
d p T r a y - i a - r a r o g .
V .
A d j e c t i v e s i n
s i s ,
e v , a f f i x t h e
e n d i n g s
t r r e p o s ,
a r a r o s
t o
t h e p u r e s t e m a n d d r o p v b e f o r e a ( § 8 , 6 . ) a s
x o p i f t f , n e u t .
x a 9 i i v <
a t t r a c t i v e .
c o m p .
x a p i i - a r i p o g ,
s u p .
x a p i e - f f r a r o j .
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§ 5 2 . ] A N O M A L O U S F O R M S O F C O M P A R I S O N . 5 3
§ 5 1 .
B .
S e c o n d F o r m
o f C o m p a r i s o n .
C o m p a r a t i v e l w v ( i ) , n e u t .
l o v ,
o r
r e v ,
n e u t . o v .
S u p e r l a t i v e
u r r o s ,
U r r q , i c r r o v .
R e m a r k
1 . U p o n t h e
d e c l e n s i o n o f c o m p a r a t i v e s ,
s e e § 3 5 . R e m .
4 .
T h i s f o r m o f c o m p a r i s o n i s a s s u m e d b y —
I . S o m e
i n
v s , a f t e r t h r o w i n g o f f t h i s e n d i n g , a n d u s u a l l y
o n l y i j S v y , p l e a s a n t , a n d T a m i l s , s w i f t ;
t h e
l a t t e r o f w h i c h
h a s
i n
t h e
c o m p .
O d a a c o v
( O d r r c o v ) ,
t h u s
t j l - v c , c o m p .
i j l - t u v
( i ) , n e u t .
i j S - T o v ,
s u p . j j i - t o r o g .
T a \ - v Q , c o m p . O a a a i a v , A t t . B d r r w v , n e u t . O a o o o v , A t t . G d r r o v , s u p .
r a ' x
O T O f f .
R e m a r k
2 .
T h e r e s t
i n
v e
a s
( ? a p v ' c ,
h e a v y
;
/ 3 a 0 u £ ,
< & e p
; / 3 p a x ' f f i
s h o r t ;
S a a v g ,
t h i c k ; t i i p v e , b r o a d ; 6 $ v g , s h a r p ; T r p t a j i v i ,
o l d ;
a n d
w i c v c ,
s w i f t ; t a k e t h e f o r m i n
v r e p o e ,
u ' r a r o f .
I I . T h e f o l l o w i n g i n p o s a l o y p o s , d i s g r a c e f u l , f y O p o s ,
h o s
t i l e ,
a n d
o l i c r p o s ,
p i t i a b l e
( i n
t h e c o m p .
a l w a y s o U r p o r s p o s ) ,
a f t e r t h r o w i n g o f f
t h e e n d i n g
a s
a i a x - p o Q , c o m p . a i V x - i W ( I ) , n e u t .
a i a \ - l o v ,
s u p .
a i a x - i a r o q .
§ 5 2 . A n o m a l o u s F o r m s o f C o m p a r i s o n .
P o s i t i v e .
C o m p a r a t i v e . S u p e r l a t i v e .
1 .
d y a 9 6 i , g o o d
d p t i v w v , n e u t . d f i t i v o v
a p u r r o f .
P t X r i t a v j S t X r w r o j .
K p t i a a i a v , A t t .
K p t i r r u v
K p a ™ m > £ .
X t p U l V X £ < r r o £ .
2 x a K o g , b a d
K C U C I U V
K a K U T T O C .
\ i i p m v
X t i p u r r o c .
i j a a a j v ,
A t t . f } r 7 w ( i n f e r i o r ) .
3 . i c a X o f f , b e a u t i f u l
K a X X / a w
e a X X t f f r o j .
4
a X y s i K o e , p a i n f u l a X y e i v o r t p o s
d X y t t v d r a r o s
a X y i W
a X y i f f r o j .
E 3
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5 4
[ c h a p . I V .
N T H E A D V E U B .
5 . f t a c p o s ,
l o n g
6 . p o c p d f ,
s m a l l
7 . 6 \ i y o c ,
l i t t l e
8 . f i i y a c ,
g r e a t
9 . i r o X w f ,
m u c h
1 0 .
p a S u i e , « u y
1 1 . i r i w u v , r i p e
1 2 . i r i u v , f a t
f i a x p o r t p o c
i \ a o o o n > ,
A t t .
i X d r r u v
T r X l ' u o v
O r
T r X t o j v
p q i a v
i r t i r a i T f p o s
w t S r e p o s
f i a K p o r a r o s a n J l p r j K t a r o £ .
f i u c p o r a r o c .
i \ a x ' T O Q .
6 \ t y H T r o £ .
j r X f T f f r o r ,
p a o r o s .
i r i
i r a W a r o i .
■ K v a r a r o Q .
C H A P . I V .
O N T H E
A D V E R B .
§
5 3 . N a t u r e ,
C l a s s i f i c a t i o n , a n d
F o r m a t i o n
o f A d v e r b s .
1 .
B t
a d v e r b s
w e
u n d e r s t a n d
t h o s e
i n d e c l i n a b l e
w o r d s
b y
m e a n s
o f w h i c h t h e r e l a t i o n s o f t i m e , p l a c e , a n d m a n n e r a r e
d e n o t e d ;
a s :
i x s l , t h e r e ;
v u v ,
n o w ; k o X & s , w e l l .
2 . M o s t a d v e r b s a r e
f o r m e d
f r o m a d j e c t i v e s b y a s s u m i n g
t h e
e n d i n g
a > s . T h i s e n d i n g i s a t t a c h e d t o t h e
p u r e
s t e m o f
t h e
a d j e c t i v e a n d
s i n c e
i n
t h e
t h i r d d e c l e n s i o n t h i s a p p e a r s
i n t h e g e n i t i v e , a n d a d j e c t i v e s i n t h e p l u r a l a g r e e w i t h
a d
v e r b s
i n
p o i n t
o f
a c c e n t u a t i o n ,
w e
h a v e
t h e f o l l o w i n g
r u l e
f o r t h e f o r m a t i o n o f a d v e r b s f r o m a d j e c t i v e s t h e e n d i n g o f
t h e g e n i t i v e
p l u r a l o f
t h e
a d j e c t i v e
U o v ) i s
c h a n g e d
i n t o
c o s ;
a s :
0 i X o c ,
d e a r
g e n . p i . f i K - w v
a d v .
e a X o ' c , b e a u t i f u l —
i c a X - w v — ( c a X - i 3 f .
d j r X ( d - o c )
o v c , s i m p l e
—
d i r \ ( 6 - < a v ) t i p
—
d i r \ ( o - u i e )
H e .
i r d e , a l l , G . i r a v r o Q
—
r r a v r - i a v
— j r a v T - o > s .
a i > f p i » v , m o d e r a t e
— < T u > < j > p 6 v - u i v —
< r w 0 p o V - w £ .
T a \ v e , s w i f t
—
r a x t - t o v
—
r a ^ f i - w c *
p k y a s , g r e a t
—
) t t y d \ - t t ) v
— n t y d \ - o } £ .
d X i j O f e ,
t r u e
—
a X i ) 6 ( £ - w v ) £ > v d X ) J 0 ( £ - ( J £ ) W f .
o w i j Q t i Q , c u s t o m a r y
— ( t s v v t ) 9 ' i - < a v ) a v v r i Q u i i ,
—
( o v v t j O t - w e ) a v v i f i u i £ .
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§ 5 4 . ]
5 5 .
O M P A R I S O N O F
A D V E R B S .
R e m a r k
1 . U p o n t h e a c c e n t u a t i o n o f t h e c o m p o u n d s
i n
r ) 6 o > s a n d
t h e
c o m p o u n d
a v r d p K i o s ,
c o m p a r e § 4 2 . R e m . 4 . u p o n t h a t o f t v v u g ( i n s t e a d
o f
e v v t S s ) ,
§
2 9 .
R e m a r k 2 . F r o m
s u b s t a n t i v e s , p r o n o u n s ,
a n d a d v e r b s , o t h e r
a d v e r b s
m a y b e f o r m e d b y a f f i x i n g t h e t h r e e e n d i n g s 6 t v , B e , a n d S t ( a t ) , t o
d e n o t e t h e s e
t h r e e
r e l a t i o n s o f m o v e m e n t i n
s p a c e ,
v i z . w h e n c e ( 9 t v ) ,
w h e r e ( 9 i ) ,
a n d
w h i t h e r
( S t o r a t ) ;
a s o i p a v o B t v ,
d e
c c e l o o v p a v o Q i , i n
c c e l o ; o v p a v o v d f , i n
c c e l u m .
R e m a r k
3 .
T h e
e n d i n g S t i s r e g u l a r l y
a f f i x e d o n l y t o
t h e
a c c u s a t i v e o f
s u b s t a n t i v e s . T o
p r o n o u n s
a n d
p r i m i t i v e
a d v e r b s , a t i s a f f i x e d
i n s t e a d
o f
S t
a s U i i - a t , t h i t h e r ; a K X o - a t , i n
a n o t h e r d i r e c t i o n . I n t h a t f o r m o f t h e
p l u r a l
o f
s u b s t a n t i v e s
w h i c h
e n d s
i n
a s ,
a S t
b e c o m e s
a s
' A ^ v a - f r ,
t o w a r d s A t h e n s .
3 . B e s i d e s t h e a d v e r b s w i t h t h e
e n d i n g m s ,
t h e r e a r e m a n y
w h i c h b e a r e v i d e n t m a r k s o f a c a s e - i n f l e x i o n a s
i ^ a i r i v q s ,
d e r e p e n t e ,
s u d d e n l y
;
a i r r o v , t h e r e ,
& c . T h e a c c u s a t i v e s i n
g u l a r
a n d p l u r a l
o f
a d j e c t i v e s
i s v e r y o f t e n u s e d a d v e r b i a l l y
a s f j J y a i c X a U w ,
t o
w e e p
m u c h .
§ 5 4 . C o m p a r i s o n
o f
A d v e r b s .
A d v e r b s d e r i v e d f r o m a d j e c t i v e s
h a v e
n o d i s t i n c t a d v e r b i a l
e n d i n g i n t h e i r
c o m p a r i s o n ,
b u t u s e t h e n e u t e r o f t h e
c o m p a
r a t i v e
a n d
s u p e r l a t i v e
o f
t h e
c o r r e s p o n d i n g
a d j e c t i v e
t h e
s i n g u l a r f o r t h e c o m p a r a t i v e , a n d t h e p l u r a l f o r t h e s u p e r l a
t i v e
;
a s
7 0 ^ £ > e ( f r . a o t p o o ) , w i s e l y c o m p . o o f y w r i p o v s u p . a o p i a r a T a .
a a < f > £ ) Q ( f r .
a a i p i i s ) ,
e v i d e n t l y — a a t p t a r t p o v —
a a f i a r a r a .
X a p u v r u i Q
( f r .
\ a p i t i s ) ,
g r a c e f u l l y — x a P ' * a T t P o v — x a P ^ T a T a .
t v S a i f i O v u t g ( f r . t i j S a i p w v ) , f o r t u - — t v S a t f i o v t a T t - — t v S a i f i o v t a '
n a t e l y p o v r a r a .
x i a x p & s
( f r .
a i V ^ p o g ) , d i s g r a c e f u l l y
—
a l a x i o v
—
a t a x ^ a r a .
y S t t o s ( f r . r j S v s ) , a g r e e a b l y —
i j S l o v
— y d t a r a .
r a x i o i Q ( f r . r a x i s ) , q u i c k l y — O d a a o v , t t o v r d x i a r a .
£ 4
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5 6
[ c h a p .
v .
N T H E P R O N O U N .
A l l
p r i m i t i v e
a d v e r b s i n a > , a s a v a > ,
/ c a r m , e g o ) , s a w ,
& c . ,
r e g u l a r l y r e t a i n t h i s e n d i n g i n c o m p a r i s o n
a l s o ; a s :
a v u , a b o v e
c o m p . d v i a r i p i t i
s u p . a v i a r a T i a .
c a V t u ,
b e l o w
— i c a T u t r i p t o — i c a r w r r i r w .
S o a l s o , m o s t
o t h e r
p r i m i t i v e a d v e r b s a s :
t r i p d , u l t r a c o m p .
i r e p a i r i p a i
s u p . w a n t i n g .
T t j K o V f f a r
— T T j X o T e p t i ) — r q A o r a r w .
h a s ,
f a r
—
t K a a r i p u )
— i K a a T a r n i .
l y y v c , n e a r — l y y v r e p o )
—
l y y v r d r o ) .
C H A P . V .
O N T H E P R O N O U N .
§
5 5 .
N a t u r e o f t h e
P r o n o u n .
T h e p r o n o u n d o e s n o t , l i k e t h e s u b s t a n t i v e , e x p r e s s t h e
i d e a o f a n o b j e c t , b u t o n l y t h e r e l a t i o n o f a n o b j e c t t o t h e
s p e a k e r s i n c e i t s h o w s w h e t h e r t h e o b j e c t i s t h e s p e a k e r
h i m s e l f
( t h e f i r s t
p e r s o n ) , o r
t h e p e r s o n ( o r
t h i n g ) s p o k e n t o
{ t h e
s e c o n d
p e r s o n ) ,
o r
t h e p e r s o n
( o r t h i n g ) s p o k e n
o f ( t h e
t h i r d
p e r s o n )
a s
I
( t h e
t e a c h e r )
g i v e
t h e e
( t h e
s c h o l a r )
i t
( t h e
b o o k ) .
A l l
p r o n o u n s
a r e
c o m p r i s e d u n d e r
f i v e
g e n e r a l h e a d s :
p e r s o n a l , d e m o n s t r a t i v e ,
r e l a t i v e ,
i n d e f i n i t e ,
a n d i n t e r r o g a t i v e
p r o n o u n s .
§ 5 6 . I .
P e r s o n a l
P r o n o u n s .
a .
S u b s t a n t i v e - p e r s o n a l
p r o n o u n s .
a )
T h e
s i m p l e o n e s s y w , e g o ; c r v ,
t u ;
o v , s u i .
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§ 5 7 . ]
5 7
E F L E C T I V E P R O N O U N S .
S . N .
G .
D .
A .
l y i i , I a v , t h o u
^ o t ( / * o v ) , l i i o v , o f m e
f t o i Q i o i ) ,
I f i o i ,
t o
m e
f i i Q i i ) , i / i e , m e
a o v ( n o v ) ,
o f
t h e e
a o i ( < r o i ) , t o t h e e
( c t ) ,
t h e e
o i
( 0 J ) , o f h i m s e l f
o r
h e r s e l f
o i ( o i ) ,
t o h i m s e l f o r h e r s e l f
1 ( 0 , h i m s e l f h e r s e l f ,
i t s e l f
D .
v u > ,
w e , u s
t w o
v $ v ,
o f
o r
t o
u s t w o
< r < p u , y o u t w o
t r f f v , o f o r
t o
y o u
t w o
a f w i v ( ? < p m v ) , o f o r t o t h e m
s e l v e s
P . N .
v i t u t , y o u
( i )
a t p d , n e u t . o f k a ,
t h e y
t h e m
s e l v e s
e f & v ,
o f
t h e m s e l v e s
< n p i < r t ( v ) ( < r 0 « r i ) , t o t h e m s e l v e s
< n p a c , n e u t . < r < p i a , t h e m s e l v e s
r i f i t i S ,
w e
G .
D .
A .
r i f l u i v , o f U S
r i f i i v , t o U S
r ) p d s , U S
v / i u v ,
o f y o u
( v )
v / i i v , t o
y o u
( i )
v f i d e , y o u ( v )
R e m a r k .
T h e f o r m s
c a p a b l e o f i n c l i n a t i o n a r e
p l a c e d w i t h o u t a c c e n t
i n p a r e n t h e s e s . C o m p a r e §
1 5 , V ) .
U p o n t h e
s i g n i f i c a t i o n a n d
u s e
o f
t h e
p r o n o u n i n t h e t h i r d
p e r s o n ,
s e e t h e s y n t a x $
1 6 9 .
B e r n . 2 .
§ 5 7 . 1 $ ) T h e r e f l e c t i v e p r o n o u n s i / i a v r o v , a e a v r o v , k a v r o v .
T h e r e f l e c t i v e p r o n o u n s o f t h e f i r s t a n d s e c o n d p e r s o n s d e
c l i n e
t h e
t w o p r o n o u n s f r o m w h i c h t h e y
a r e
f o r m e d , s e p a r a t e l y ,
i n t h e p l u r a l t h a t
o f
t h e t h i r d
p e r s o n
i s d e c l i n e d e i t h e r
s i m
p l y , e a v r a v , & c , o r a c f > & v a v n m v .
S . G .
D .
A .
I f i a v r o v , q f ,
o f m y
s e l f
I f i a v r y , p , t o m y s e l f
i / t a v r o v ,
i p i , m y s e l f
t r s a v r o v , j y c , o r
a a v r o v ,
i j < ; , o f t h y s e l f ^
a t a v r i f , p , o r
t r a v T t p ,
p ,
t o
t h y s e l f
f f t a v r o v ,
r \ v ,
o r
a a v r o v ,
i ) V ,
t h y s e l f
e a v T O v , r j c , o r
a v r o v , i j s , o f
h i m s e l f
o r h e r s e l f
\ e a v r $ ,
p ,
o r
a i ) r £ ,
p , t o h i m s e l f o r
h e r s e l f
i a v r d v , t ) v , o , o r
a i r 6 v ,
^ v ,
6 ,
h i m s e l f ,
h e r s e l f ,
o r
i t s e l f
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5 8 O N T H E P R O N O U N . [ c h a p . v .
P . G .
t ' l l i i S v a i r r u v , o f o u r
i l f i u v
a v T t Z v , o f
i a v r t S v ,
o r a v r u i v ,
o r
s e l v e s
y o u r s e l v e s o t j i t S v a v r u i v , o f t h e m s e l v e s
D .
i f S v
a v r o i g ,
a t f ,
t o
V f i i v
a v r o i g ,
a X g ,
t o
i a v r d i g ,
a X g ,
o r
a v r o i g ,
a i c ,
o r
o u r s e l v e s
y o u r s e l v e s
a t y ' w i v
a v r o i g , a i g ,
t o
t h e m
s e l v e s
A .
t ' l / i a g
a i r r o i g ,
A g ,
v p a g
a v r o i g ,
d g ,
i a v r o i g , d g , a , o r a v r o v g , d g ,
o u r s e l v e s
y o u r s e l v e s
a , o r
a f d g
a v r o v g , d g , t r t p k a a v r d ,
t h e m s e l v e s
§ 5 8 .
y )
T h e r e c i p r o c a l
p r o n o u n
e x p r e s s e s
m u t u a l
i n t e r
c h a n g e b e t w e e n
s e v e r a l
p e r s o n s .
P l u r a l .
G .
a X X ^ X w , o f
o n e a n o t h e r
D u a l .
d X X ^ X o i v ,
a t v , o i v
D .
a \ X i i \ o i g , a i g ,
o i £
A . d X K r j X o v g , a g ,
a
d X K y X u ) ,
a , w
§ 5 9 .
b .
A d j e c t i v e - p e r s o n a l
o r
p o s s e s s i v e
p r o n o u n s .
T h e p o s s e s s i v e p r o n o u n s
a r e
f o r m e d
f r o m
t h e g e n i t i v e o f
t h e
f o r e g o i n g s u b s t a n t i v e - p r o n o u n s
s f i o s ,
r \ ,
b v ,
m e m ,
f r .
i f i o v
;
r j f i e r s p o s ,
r e p d ,
r s p o v ,
n o s t e r ,
f r .
f j f M t i V
a o s , r j , b v , t u u s , f r . o ~ o v ; b f i l r e p o s , r i p d , r s p o v , v e s t e r , f r .
o s , f j , o v , s u u s , f o r w h i c h t h e A t t i c s u s e e a v r o v , t } 9 , 5 > v
i n
t h e r e f l e c t i v e s i g n i f i c a t i o n , a n d a v r o v , f y , S > v
i n
t h e s i g n i f i c a
t i o n o f t h e p e r s o n a l p r o n o u n o f t h e t h i r d p e r s o n , e . g . t w t b
r b v
e a v r o v
v i b v
o r r b v
v i b v
r b v
e a v r o v ,
h e
i s
s t r i k i n g
h i s
o w n
s o n , r x m r s L a v r o v r b v v l b v o r r b v v i b v a v r o v , h e i s s t r i k i n g h i s
( i . e . o f h i m , e j u s ) s o n .
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§ 6 0 . ]
D E M O N S T R A T I V E P R O N O U N S .
5 9
§
6 0 .
I I .
D e m o n s t r a t i v e P r o n o u n s .
t h i s .
t h i s .
s e l f ,
o r h e , s h e , i t .
S . N . H i t ) t t
r d f l f
0 $ T O g
a v T T )
t o v t o a i t T O Q a v r r j a v r o
O r .
r o v d t r i j g d t
r o v S e
r o i r o v
r a v r r j g T O V T O V
a v r o v
a v r r j g
a v r o v
D . T f t t
T O V T t p r a i n y
T O V T t p a i r $ a v r y a v T a l
A .
T O v d t
T T } v S t
r o S e r o v r o v
T a v r q v
T O V T O
a v r b v
a v r i j v
a v r o
P . N .
o ' i S e a i d e
r a d e
0 $ T O l a i r a i
r a v r a
a v r o i
a v r a i a v r a
G .
T l S v S t r i S v l e
T i a v S t
T O V T U I V
T O V T U I V
T O V T I i l V
a v r i S v
a v r i S v a v r i o v
D .
T o i g d e
r a i g l i
r o i g d t
r o i r o i g r a v r a i g t o v t o i q
a v r o l g
a v T a ' i g
a r l r o i g
A .
r o i i g S e
T a g S e
T & S t r o v r o v g r a v r a g
r a v r a
a v r o i g a v r a g
a v r a
D .
r w £ e
T a S t r i i d i
r o v r u r a v r a T O V T i a
a v r u i
a v r a
a v r < i
r o i v h
r a T v S e T O i v S l
T O V T O I V
r a v r a i v T O V T O I V
a v r o l v a v r a l v a v m v
L i k e o i V o g a r e d e c l i n e d r o o o v r o g , r o o a v r j j , r o < r o v r o ( i > ) , t a n t u s , a , u m ;
r o i o S r o f , r o i a v r q , r o i o u r o ( v ) , t a l i s , e ; r t j X i K O v r o e , r r i K w a v r r i , 7 - i ) X u c o 5 r o ( v ) ,
s o
g r e a t ,
s o o l d ; b u t i t s h o u l d b e r e m a r k e d — a ) t h a t t h e n e u t e r - s i n g u l a r
h a s a
f o r m
i n o v , a s w e l l a s t h a t i n o ,
a n d
—
b ) t h a t , i n
a l l
t h e f o r m s o f
o v r o g w h i c h
b e g i n
w i t h r , t h i s
l e t t e r
i s d r o p p e d .
L i k e a i r o g a r e d e c l i n e d U t i v o g , o ,
t h a t ;
a n d
d X X o f
q , o , a l i u s ,
a ,
m l .
S i n g u l a r .
P l u r a l .
N .
T O O O V T O Q r o a a i r i ]
T O O O V T o ( v )
r o a o v r o i r o a a v r a i r o a a v r a
a .
T O t J O V T O V
T o a a v r r j g r o a o v r o v r o a o v r u v
t o o o v t u v r o a o v r m v
D .
r o a o v r u )
r o a a i r y
T O a O V T I f
r o a o v r o t g
r o a a v r a i g
T o a o v r o i Q
A
r o a o v r o v
r o a a i i T t i v T o a o v r o { y ) t o o o v t o v q r o a a i r a g r o a a v T a
D u a l .
r o o o v T t t i r o a a v r a r o a o v r b t
r o a o v r o i v r o a a v r a i v
r o a o v r o t v
R e m a r k .
T h e p r o n o u n
a i r o g s i g n i f i e s ,
e i t h e r s e l f ,
i p s e ,
i p s a ,
i p s u m , o r
s u p p l i e s
t h e
c a s e s o f t h e p e r s o n a l p r o n o u n o f
t h e
t h i r d p e r s o n , h e , s h e ,
i t ,
i s ,
e a ,
i d .
I n
c o n n e x i o n
w i t h
t h e
a r t i c l e ,
o
a i r o g ,
a i r r i ,
t o a v r o ,
i t
i s
e q u i v a l e n t t o i d e m , e a d e m , i d e m . T h e
a r t i c l e
u s u a l l y b l e n d s b y c r a s i s
( § 6 . ) w i t h
a i r o g ,
s o
a s
t o f o r m
o n e
w o r d
a i i r o g ,
r a i r o ,
c o m m o n l y r a i r o v ,
r a i r o v , r a v r i f , r a v r y , & c .
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6 0 O N
T H E
P E O N O U N . [ c h a p . t .
§ 6 1 .
I I I . R e l a t i v e P r o n o u n s .
S i n g u l a r .
P l u r a l .
D u a l .
T S .
o f ,
q u i
q u c e
o , q u o d
o i
a l
u
& 2 a
6 .
0 $
o i
T
T
> v
o l v
a l v
o l v
) V
U ) V
D .
i
V
T
a l e 6 l s
o l v
a l v o l v
A .
8 v o
o i i c U s
S & S .
&
§
6 2 .
I V . I n d e f i n i t e a n d
I n t e r r o g a t i v e P r o n o u n s .
T h e
i n d e f i n i t e a n d i n t e r r o g a t i v e
p r o n o u n s
a r e e x p r e s s e d b y
t h e s a m e f o r m , b u t a r e d i s t i n g u i s h e d b y t h e i r a c c e n t a n d
p o s i t i o n ,
t h e
i n d e f i n i t e
b e i n g
e n c l i t i c
( §
1 4 . )
a n d
t h e
i n t e r r o
g a t i v e a l w a y s a c c e n t e d .
R e m a r k 1 . T h e i n t e r r o g a t i v e p r o n o u n s a f f i x t o t h e i r r o o t t h e r e l a t i v e
o ( w h i c h i s n o t i n f l e c t e d , e x c e p t i n b e n s ) , w h e n t h e y s t a n d i n a d e p e n d e n t
s e n t e n c e a s b i r o l o s , b i r o a o s ,
b i r o T t p o s ,
& c .
D e c l e n s i o n
o f t I s , r i s , a n d S o r t s .
S i n g .
N .
r i g ,
s o m e
o n e
n e u t .
t i ,
s o m e t h i n g .
r i g ,
q u i s
t
T i , q u i d f
G .
n v o s o r T O V
r i v o s
o r
T O V
D .
n v t o r T l V l O r T i p
A .
r i v a n e u t . t i
T i v a T i
P l u r . N .
T i v i s n e u t .
r i v a
a n d d r r a T I V I S
r i v a
Q .
T i v i S v
t i v i o v
D .
r n r / ( v )
r t < r i ( v )
A .
T I V & S n e u t . r i v a
a n d a r r a
r i v a s
r i v a
D u a l .
N . A .
n v i
T l V t
G . D . -
T l V O l v
T I V 0 1 V
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§ 6 3 . ]
C I
O R R E L A T I V E P R O N O U N S .
G .
D .
A .
S i n g u l a r .
S f T i f ,
w h o
y r t g
o - t i
o i n V O Q
O r O T O V r j Q T l V O Q
i f n v i o r o t u > y r i v i
o v r i v a
y v r i v a o - n
P l u r a l .
o l r i v t s
a l n v e c
U r i v a
o r
u r r a
u v t i v i d v ( m o r e
r a r e l y
o t u v )
o T j r « r i ( v ) ( m o r e r a r e l y o r o i g ) a l e r i o i ^ v ) o T s t h t i ( v )
o v q t i v o q a g r t v a g a T L v a
o r
a r r a
D u a l .
N . A . t i r i v i , a r i v t G . D . o W i v o i v , a W i v o t v
R e m a r k
2 .
T h e n e g a t i v e
c o m p o u n d s o f
r i f f , o v n g , o u n , p i j r t f f ,
/ x i / r t ,
n o
o n e ,
n o t h i n g ,
h a v e
t h e
i n f l e x i o n
o f t h e s i m p l e
r i f f
a s
o v n v o g ,
o v r i v t g ,
& c
§
6 3 .
C o r r e l a t i v e P r o n o u n s .
U n d e r t h e
h e a d o f
c o r r e l a t i v e p r o n o u n s a r e c o m p r i s e d t h o s e p r o n o u n s
w h i c h e x p r e s s a m u t u a l r e l a t i o n t o o n e a n o t h e r , a n d e x h i b i t t h i s r e l a t i o n
b y a
c o r r e s p o n d i n g f o r m .
a .
A d j e c t i v e - c o r r e l a t i v e s .
I n t e r r o g a t i v e s .
I n d e f i n i t e s .
D e m o n s t r a t i v e s .
R e l a t i v e a n d D e p e n d e n t
I n t e r r o g a t i v e s .
i r o a o Q ,
n ,
o v
7 r o < 7 0 f ,
o v ,
q f
r o ' o - o f ,
o v ,
s o g r e a t , s o
o o o g ,
n ,
o v .
h o w g r e a t *
a c e r t a i n
s i z e
m u c h , t a n t u s .
o V o ' o - o c ,
n , o v , h o w
h o w
m u c h ?
o r q u a n t i t y ,
g r e a t , h o w m u c h ,
q u a n t u s f
a l i q u a n t u s .
q u a n t u s .
j r o t o f a , o v
o f
i r o i o s , a , o v , o f
t o X o c , a , o v , s u c h , o f
o l o c , a , o v , o f w h a t
w h a t
k i n d *
a c e r t a i n h i n d .
s u c h
a k i n d ,
t a l i s .
k i n d ,
q u a l i s .
T O i o c d f , r o i d d e , r o i o v S e
o V o i o f , a , o v .
t o i o v t o c , - a v r n , — o v r o ( v )
j t j j X i ' k o c ,
o v
7 r j j X l K 0 £ ,
o v ,
r i / X k o f , n , o v , s o g r e a t ,
j j ' X i ' c o f f ,
o v , h o w
h o w
g r e a t f
o f
a
c e r t a i n
s o
o l d .
g r e a t ,
h o w
o l d .
h o w o l d ?
s i z e o r a g e .
o n - q X i i c o c , n , o v .
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6 2
O N T H E P R O N O U N . [ c h a p .
v .
b . A d v e r b i a l
c o r r e l a t i v e s .
I n t e r r o g a t i v e : .
I n d e f i n i t e * .
D e m o n s t r a t i v e .
R e l a t i v e .
D e p e n d e n t
I n t e r r o g a t i v e s .
i r o v ; w h e r e f
u b i ?
w o v , s o m e
w h e r e , a l i -
c u b i .
w a n t i n g ( h i e , i b i ) .
w a n t i n g .
o S , w h e r e ,
v b i .
' 6 i r o v ,
w h e r e .
T T u d t V
w o B i v , f r o m
s o m e w h e r e ,
a l i c u n d e .
' 6 6 e v , w h e n c e ,
u n d e .
6 w 6 9 e v ,
w h e n c e .
h e n c e ?
u n d e ?
m ' t ; w h i t h e r ?
q u o ?
w o t ,
t o
s o m e
p l a c e ,
a l i q u o .
o T , w h i t h e r ,
q u o .
o V o f ,
w h i
t h e r .
w o r e ; w h e n ?
q u a n d o f
w o r e , a t s o m e
t i m e ,
a l i -
q u a n d o .
T - o V e ,
t h e n , t u r n .
' o r e ,
w h e n ,
q u u m .
o w o T t , w h e n .
w n v i c a q u o
t e m p o r i s
p u n e t o ?
q u o t a h o -
r a f
w a n t i n g .
r n v i x o S e , 1 h o c i p s o
T t i v i K a v r a ,
J
t e m p o r e .
i j v i K a , q u o
i p s o
t e m
p o r e .
O T r r i v i x a ,
w h e n .
7 r < j £
h o w
?
w r j ; w h i t h e r ?
h o w ?
T r c i f , s o m e h o w ,
m i , t o s o m e
p l a c e .
o u r w ( f ) , c l f o , t h u s .
T y S e ,
1
h i t h e r , o r
r a v r y ,
J
h e r e .
< » £ , h o w .
w h e r e ,
w h i t h e r .
o w o i c , h o w .
o w o i g , h o w .
0 7 r i j , w h e r e ,
w h i t h e r .
R e m a r k . T h e f o r m s w h i c h a r e w a n t i n g
i n
t h e o r d i n a r y
d i a l e c t s
t o
d e n o t e h e r e , t h e r e , ( h i e , i b i , ) a r e s u p p l i e d b y i v r a v B a ,
a n d
t h o s e t o d e n o t e
h e n c e ( h i n c , i n d e ) ,
b y i v Q ' t v h , I v r t v S e v .
§ 6 4 . L e n g t h e n i n g o f P r o n o u n s .
a . T h e e n c l i t i c y e i s a t t a c h e d t o t h e p e r s o n a l p r o n o u n s o f t h e
f i r s t
a n d
s e c o n d
p e r s o n s , i n o r d e r t o
r e n d e r t h e
p e r s o n
e m p h a t i c .
T h e p r o n o u n
l y i i t h e n d r a w s b a c k i t s a c c e n t ,
e x c e p t
i n t h e g e n i t i v e e y u y e , I p - o v y e ,
e / i o t y e , E f t £ - y £
—
a v y e . F u r t h e r , y e m a y
b e j o i n e d t o a n y o t h e r
w o r d a s
w e l l
a s
t o a n y o t h e r p r o n o u n ,
b u t
n o t m a d e
o n e
w o r d w i t h
i t .
b . T h e p a r t i c l e s o * i j , ( m o s t c o m m o n l y S i j i r o r e , ) a n d o v v , a r e a f f i x e d t o t h e
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§ 6 5 . j
6 3
L A S S I F I C A T I O N O N N U M E R A L S .
r e l a t i v e s c o m p o s e d o f i n t e r r o g a t i v e s o r i n d e f i n i t e s ,
a s
w e l l
a s
t o o a o c ,
i n
o r d e r t o
g e n e r a l i s e
t h e r e l a t i v e f o r c e , i . e . t o e x t e n d
i t
t o e v e r y
t h i n g
c o m p r i s e d
w i t h i n
t h e
l i m i t s
o f t h e
o b j e c t
d e n o t e d
b y
t h e
p r o n o u n
a s
d s r i c i S i j , o f r i c & j x o r c , o f f r i £ o » v , i j r i f o u j ' , o t w v v , q u i c u n q n e , ( G . o v r i v o g o v v o r
O T O V O V V ,
i j g T L V O S O V V , D . t p T l V l O V V O T O T I p O V V , & C . ) O T T O a O Q S l ) ,
O T T O a O Q O V V ,
i a o s S t j i r o T t , q u a n t u s c u n q u e .
c .
T h e e n c l i t i c i r s p
i s
a f f i x e d t o
a l l
r e l a t i v e s i n o r d e r t o r e n d e r t h e
r e l a t i v e
r e f e r e n c e
t o t h e
d e m o n s t r a t i v e s t i l l
m o r e
e m p h a t i c , a n d t h u s
p r o p e r l y d e n o t e s ,
j u s t
w h i c h
; a s o f t r t p , i j m p ,
o i r t p
( G .
o i i r t p ,
& c . )
o o o Q i r i p o i O G i r t p
( G . 8 < r o i r 7 r « p ,
o i o w e p , & e . ) o Q n r e p , ' 6 9 t v i r f p .
d . T h e i n s e p a r a b l e
d e m o n s t r a t i v e
( l )
i s
a t t a c h e d
t o
d e m o n s t r a t i v e
a n d a f e w o t h e r a d v e r b s , a l w a y s
w i t h
a s t r o n g e r d e m o n s t r a t i v e f o r c e . I t
a l w a y s h a s t h e a c u t e a c c e n t , a b s o r b s t h e s h o r t v o w e l i m m e d i a t e l y p r e
c e d i n g , a n d
s h o r t e n s
l o n g v o w e l s a n d
d i p h t h o n g s
—
N .
o v r o a i ( l ) ,
t h i s
( h i c c e ,
c e l u i - c i ) ,
a v r r j i , r o « r i ( I ) .
G . T O V T o i i ( i ) , T a v r t ] m ( l ) , D . T o v r t p i ( i ) , T a v r y i ( l ) , P L o w r o I Z ( I ) , a i r a X i Q ) ,
T a v r i ( l ) d & ( i ) , r o ^ t ( i ) ,
f r . o d e
o i i r w ( W ( i ) ,
f r . o v t m q .
C H A P .
V I .
O N T H E
N U M E R A L S .
§
6 5 .
N a t u r e a n d C l a s s i f i c a t i o n
o f t h e
N u m e r a l s .
T h e n u m e r a l s
e x p r e s s
t h e r e l a t i o n
o f
n u m b e r
a n d q u a n t i t y .
A c c o r d i n g t o t h e i r s i g n i f i c a t i o n t h e y a r e d i v i d e d i n t o t h e f o l
l o w i n g c l a s s e s —
a . C a r d i n a l s , w h i c h a n s w e r t h e q u e s t i o n h o w m a n y ? T h e f i r s t f o u r
o f t h e s e ,
a n d
t h e n t h e r o u n d n u m b e r s
f r o m 2 0 0
( c t a K o a u n )
t o 1 0 , 0 0 0
( / o i ' p i o i ) ,
w i t h
t h e i r c o m p o u n d s ,
h a v e t h e
i n f l e x i o n
o f
a d j e c t i v e s ; a l l
t h e
o t h e r s a r e i n d e c l i n a b l e . T h e
t h o u s a n d s
a r e f o r m e d b y t h e a d v e r b i a l
n u m e r a l s
a s r p i c x ' ^ ' 0 1 3 0 0 0 .
b . O r d i n a l s ,
w h i c h
a n s w e r t h e
q u e s t i o n
o f w h a t r a n k
o r p l a c e
( i n
a
s e r i e s ) ? T h e s e
a r e
a l l d e c l i n e d
l i k e a d j e c t i v e s
o f
t h r e e t e r m i n a t i o n s ,
e n d i n g i n o t , n , o v , a n d o g , a , o v ( o n l y S e v r e p o g , a , o v ) .
c . M u l t i p l i c a t i v e s , w h i c h
a n s w e r
t h e q u e s t i o n h o w m a n y f o l d f
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6 4
[ c h a p , v tN
T H E
N U M E R A L S .
T h e s e a r e a l l c o m p o u n d s
o f
7 r \ o V , a n d a d j e c t i v e s o f t h r e e t e r m i n a t i o n s
o o j , o v ; a s : S n r X o v c , t w o - f o l d . S e e t h e d e c l e n s i o n o f t h e s e , § 2 9 .
T h e
n u m e r a l
a d v e r b s
i n u k i q
a n s w e r
t h e
q u e s t i o n
h o w
m a n y
t i m e s
f
d .
P r o p o r t i o n a l s , w h i c h a n s w e r t h e q u e s t i o n h o w m a n y
t i m e s
m o r e f
T h e y a r e
c o m p o u n d s
w i t h t h e
t h r e e - f o l d
t e r m i n a t i o n , i r \ d o - w £ ( a ) ,
i d ,
i o v
a s S t i r X d a w c ,
d o u b l e .
e . S u b s t a n t i v e - n u m e r a l s , w h i c h e x p r e s s t h e a b s t r a c t i d e a o f t h e n u m b e r
a s n i v d t , d S o t , d u a l i t y .
1 .
T h e n u m e r a l s i g n s
a r e t h e 2 4
l e t t e r s o f
t n e
G r e e k
a l p h a b e t ,
a m o n g
w h i c h a r e i n s e r t e d
t h r e e
a n c i e n t l e t t e r s
v i z .
a f t e r e ,
t h e
B a v
o r
d i g a m m a
F ,
o r 2 r l a s t h e s i g n f o r 6 — t h e K o ' i r 7 r a 5 ,
a s
t h e s i g n f o r 9 0 — a n d
t h e X a i n n ^ i , a s t h e s i g n f o r 9 0 0 .
2 .
T h e f i r s t
e i g h t
l e t t e r s ,
a t o
0 , w i t h
t h e B a v , d e n o t e u n i t s t h e
f o l
l o w i n g
e i g h t ,
t o
i t ,
w i t h
t h e
K o i r i r a ,
t h e
t e n s
a n d
t h e
l a s t
e i g h t
p t o
« ,
w i t h
t h e
2 a / i 7 r i ,
t h e
h u n d r e d s .
3 .
U p
t o 9 9 9 t h e l e t t e r s , u s e d
a s
n u m e r a l s i g n s , a r e d i s t i n g u i s h e d b y
a
s h o r t
s t r o k e a b o v e
t h e m , a n d , i f
t w o
o r
m o r e
s t a n d t o g e t h e r i n t h a t
c a p a c i t y ,
o n l y t h e
l a s t
h a s t h i s
s t r o k e .
W i t h 1 0 0 0 t h e a l p h a b e t b e g i n s
a g a i n , b u t t h e
l e t t e r s
a r e d i s t i n g u i s h e d b y a s h o r t s t r o k e b e l o w t h e m
t h u s a =
1 ,
a = 1 0 0 0 , = 1 0 , j l = 1 0 , 0 0 0 , f i f / p p = 5 7 4 2 , , < m A ? ' = 1 8 3 6 ,
p = 1 0 0 , , p = 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 .
§
6 7 . A
S u r v e y o f t h e C a r d i n a l s a n d O r d i n a l s .
§
6 6 .
N u m e r a l S i g n s .
C a r d i n a l s .
O r d i n a l s .
1
a t i e ,
/ « ,
i V ,
o n e .
2
£ v o ,
t w o .
S
y . r p t i c ,
r p i a ,
t h r e e .
4
h
T i T T a p e e , « , o r r e a a a p .
5
t
■ K l V T l .
6 r U .
7
K i n r a .
i r p H r o s , o v , p r i m u s , a , u r n .
S i v r t p o t ,
a , o v , s e c u n d u s , a , u m .
T p i r o Q , o v ,
t e r t i u s ,
a ,
u m .
r k r a p T O Q , o v .
7 r f / x 7 r r o f f ,
o v .
i k t o s ,
o v .
f / 3 S o f l O £ ,
o v .
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§ 6 7 . ]
6 5
A R D I N A L S
A N D
O R D I N A L S .
8
n
O K T l i ) .
i y d o o Q , o v .
9
f f
I v v k a .
i v v a r o c , q , o v .
1 0
I
S U a .
S ' t K a T O Q ,
i j ,
o v .
1 1
i d
' i v d e x a .
i v S U a r o g , o v .
1 2
d u d e i c a .
S w d i K a r o Q , o v .
1 3
T p i Q K a i t t K a
r p t i K a i S U a T O C , o v .
1 4
T t T T a p t Q K a i t i i K a , o r T i a a .
T t T T a p a K a i i t K a T O Q , o v .
I S
i z i v r t x a i S t K a .
i c t V T i i c a i c i K a T O t , o v .
1 6
i K K a i i t K a .
t K i c a i M i c a T O C , V > o v -
1 7
i i r T a i c a i S t K a .
,
i n T O K C u S i K a T O C ,
o v .
1 8
» {
o K T O i K a i S i K a .
i K T O t K a i S e K a r o c ,
o v .
1 9
a
i v v t a K a i d e x a . i v v t a K a i d i K a r o e ,
o v .
2 Q
t
e f / c o < r i ( v ) .
t i ' e o f f r o ' c , o v .
2 1
u k o o i v t i e , i l i a , l v .
i h c o a r o g , o v , i r p S i T o g , o v ,
3 0
v
T p i a K O V T a ( a ) .
T p i C L K O a T O Q ,
O V .
4 0
i t
T t r r a p a K o v r a , O T
T t a a .
T t T T a p O K O O T O Q , I } ' , O V .
6 0
* >
j r e v r i f i c o v r a .
n t V T t l K O O T O Q , O V .
6 0
f t
t t > j ' i c o v r a .
t £ l ) K O O T o ' f , O V .
7 0
t t
t f i S o u t j i c o v r a .
f / 3 6 V > / i l J I C O O T O £ , o v .
8 0
* >
o y i o ^ K O V T a .
b y S o t i K o a r o t , o v .
9 0
5
I v t v t j i c o v T a .
c v e v i j c o o r o c ,
o v .
1 0 0
p '
U a r o v .
i K a T o a r o s , o v .
2 0 0
< f
S i a K o i r i o t ,
a t ,
a .
S i a K o a i o a r d s ,
t j > ° v -
3 0 0
/
T p t a K o a w t ,
a t ,
a .
T p i a K o a i o o T o g ,
t j , o v .
4 0 0
T i T p a x i a w i ,
a t ,
a .
r t r p a i c o f f t o e r r o f ,
t j , o V .
5 0 0
¥
w e v r a K o a w i , a t , a .
T t V T a K O O W O T O S , t j ,
o v .
6 0 0
i l a K o a w i , a t , a .
t S a M H T i o o T o ' c ; ,
i j , o v .
7 0 0
■ ¥
i i T T a K o a i o i ,
a t , a .
e V r a i e o f f i o o T o ' c ,
o v .
8 0 0
o K T a K o a m t ,
a t ,
a .
i K T O K o m o o T o e ,
t j ,
o v .
9 0 0
i w a x o a t o t , a t , a .
i v v a K o o t o a T O Q , o v .
1 0 0 0
A
X t X t o i , a t , a .
X i X i o o r o ' c , t j , o v .
2 0 0 0
f i
8 i £ x i \ w i , a t ,
a .
J i e x i X i o i r r o ' c , o v .
3 0 0 0
t
r p i c x « ^ t o l > < >
T p l Q X < ^ w o r o S l V >
4 0 0 0
?
r t r p a K i t x ^ ' O ' j a h
■ •
r t r p a w c x t X i o f f r o ' g , t j ,
o v .
5 0 0 0
i r t v r a B t e x ' X i o o - T o ' s , i ) , o v .
6 0 0 0
, *
i f a K i s x i X i o i , a t , a .
c f a i « c x i X l o 0 ' ' ' o ' f ,
i ) ,
o ' v .
7 0 0 0
A
t i r r a K i s x ^ 1 0 1 < i
i i r r a i c i e x ' X t o C T r o ' f , o ' v .
8 0 0 0
n
O K T a K l S X ^ 0 1 ) a u t
O K r a K i e x ' X u j o r o ' E ,
o ' v .
9 0 0 0
, 9
i v v a K i s x t i - i - o i , a t ,
a .
e v v a i c i e x ' X i o o T o ' f , i j , c v .
0 , 0 0 0
f
u v p t o t , a t , a .
p u p c o o r o ' f , t j ,
o v .
V
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6 6
[ c h a p . V I .
N T H E
N U f t E B A L S .
2 0 , 0 0 0 j c S i g p v p t o i , a i , a . S t g p v p i o a r o g , t f , o v .
1 0 0 , 0 0 0 f i S e K a K i g p v p i o i ,
a t ,
a . S i K a K i g p v p i o a r o ' g , o v .
R e m a r k .
I n
c o m p o u n d
n u m b e r s
t h e
s m a l l e r ,
w i t h
c a t ,
u s u a l l y
p r e c e d e s
t h e l a r g e r n u m b e r , a n d f r e q u e n t l y t h e l a r g e r , w i t h o u t K a i , p r e c e d e s a s
2 5
i r i v r i K a i e u c o i T i ( v ) , o r t l i c o m
i r t v r e .
3 4 5 i r i v T i K a i r t r r a p a K o v T a K a i T p t a x o a u H ,
o r r p . r .
i r .
T h i s i s t h e
c a s e w i t h
o r d i n a l s a l s o a s ■ K k p . i r r o g K a i t U o a r o g , o r u k o u t o q
T r k f l T T T O C ,
§
6 8 .
D e c l e n s i o n
o f
t h e
F i r s t
F o u r
N u m e r a l s .
N o m .
e l s f i t a e v
S i l o
a n d
S v a i .
G e n .
i v o ' g
( u d g
i v & g
S v o t v , ( A t t . a l s o ) S v e i v .
D a t .
i v i U i f i v i
S v o T v , ( m o r e r a r e l y ) S v a i ( v ) .
A c c .
e v a
p i a v
t v
S v o .
N o m .
r p e i g
n e u t . T p i a
r i r r a p i g o r r i v a a p t g
n e u t .
— a .
G e n .
T p l G l V
T S T T & p i J i V .
D a t .
T p w i ( v )
r k T T a p m ( y )
A c c .
r p e t f
n e u t .
T p i a T t r r a p a g n e u t .
- a .
R e m a r k
1 .
I n
t h e s a m e m a n n e r a s t i g , a r e
d e c l i n e d
o v S i i g
a n d
u t / S e i g ,
n o o n e w h i c h h a v e t h e f o l l o w i n g a n o m a l o u s a c c e n t u a t i o n —
o i i S d g , o i i S e f i t a , o v S k v
G . o v S t v o g , o i / S e u i d g
D , o v S e v i ,
o v S t p i g ,
& c .
b u t
i n
t h e p l u r a l o i S t v i g ( j i t j d t v t g ) , — t v u r v ,
- 4 m , — t v a g .
R e m a r k 2 .
A v o i s
o f t e n u s e d f o r a l l c a s e s a s i n d e c l i n a b l e . T h e n u
m e r a l
a p < p o > ,
b o t h ,
h a s
o l v
( a p u p o l v )
i n
t h e
g e n i t i v e
a n d
d a t i v e
l i k e
S i l o
t h e a c c u s a t i v e i s l i k e t h e n o m i n a t i v e . A p < p t n i s a l s o s o m e t i m e s u s e d a s
i n d e c l i n a b l e , l i k e S v o .
§
6 9 .
N u m e r a l A d v e r b s .
1 « 7 r a £ , o n c e .
2 S i g ,
t w i c e .
3
r p i g ,
t h r i c e .
4 T t r p a K i g .
5 T r e v r a K i g .
6 k t a K i g .
7 t T r r c L K i g .
8
i K T O - K i g
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§ 7 0 . ]
6 7
I N D S O F V E R B S .
9
i v v c a K i g , I w a x t g .
4 0
T t T T a p a K O V T a K l Q .
1 0
S i K a K i g .
5 0
T T l V T q K O V T a K i g .
1 1
i v d t K U K l Q .
6 0
e ^ r j K o v r d K i g .
1 2
S w S t K a K i g .
7 0
i ( i c o f i r i K o v T i x i { .
1 3
r p i g K a i d i K a K i g .
8 0
i y S o q K o v r d K i g .
1 4
T C T T a p c g K a i S f K a K i g ,
o r T i a a a p .
9 0
i v i v t i K O v r i x i g .
I S
i r t V T E K a i S t K C t K t C .
1 0 0
f K a T o v r d K i g .
1 6
i K t a t S t t d u u t .
2 0 0
d i a K o t r t d K i g ,
1 7
l i r T a K a i S t K a K i g .
3 0 0
T p i a K o a i d x i g .
1 8
O K T U K O l S e K a K i g .
1 0 0 0
1 9
i v v i a K a . i 8 t K a . K i t .
2 0 0 0 S i g X & i d x i g .
3 0
H K o a a K i g .
1 0 , 0 0 0
/ l v p i d x t g .
S O
T f U X K O V T a K i e .
2 0 , 0 0 0
S i g f i v p i d x i g .
C H A P . V I I .
O N T H E V E R B .
—
N A T U R E A N D C L A S S I F I C A T I O N
O F V E R B S .
§ 7 0 .
K i n d s
o f V e r b s a c c o r d i n g t o t h e i r S i g n i f i c a t i o n .
T h e v e r b i s t h e e x p r e s s i o n o f a n i d e a
o f a c t i v i t y . V e r b s
a r e d i v i d e d , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e i r s i g n i f i c a t i o n , i n t o t h e f o l l o w i n g
c l a s s e s —
a ) T r a n s i t i v e
v e r b s , w h i c h e x p r e s s a n
a c t i o n
s o
d i r e c t e d
t o a n o b j e c t t h a t t h i s o b j e c t a p p e a r s a s s u f f e r i n g o r a c t e d u p o n
( i n
t h e
a c c u s a t i v e ) ,
a s : t o
s t r i k e ( s o m e b o d y ) ;
—
b ) P a s s i v e
v e r b s ,
w h i c h
e x p r e s s a n a c t i o n s o
r e c e i v e d
b y o n e o b j e c t f r o m
a n o t h e r , t h a t t h e f o r m e r a p p e a r s a s s u f f e r i n g o r a c t e d u p o n , a s
T O T T o / j a i v t t o t w o s , I r e c e i v e a b l o w f r o m s o m e o n e , I a m
s t r u c k
b y s o m e o n e ; — c ) I n t r a n s i t i v e v e r b s , w h i c h e x p r e s s a n a c t i o n
n e i t h e r d i r e c t e d t o w a r d s
a n o t h e r
n o r r e c e i v e d
f r o m w i t h o u t ,
b u t
l i m i t e d
t o t h e o b j e c t i t s e l f f r o m w h i c h
i t p r o c e e d s ,
a s
t o
b l o o m ;
—
d )
R e f l e c t i v e
v e r b s ,
w h i c h
e x p r e s s
a n
a c t i o n
p r o
c e e d i n g
f r o m a n
o b j e c t a n d r e t u r n i n g t o i t a g a i n , a s r t n r r e -
( T 0 a i , t o s t r i k e o n e ' s s e l f , K O f i l ^ s a O a i , s i b i p a r a r ' e .
F 2
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6 8 [ c h a p . V l t .
N T H E V E R B .
§ 7 1 .
K i n d s o f V e r b s a c c o r d i n g
t o
t h e i r F o r m .
T h e
G r e e k
l a n g u a g e
h a s
t h r e e
d i s t i n c t
f o r m s
f o r
t h e s e
v a r i o u s k i n d s o f s i g n i f i c a t i o n , v i z .
a ) T h e a c t i v e f o r m , t o d e n o t e t h e t r a n s i t i v e , o f t e n t h e i n
t r a n s i t i v e
a l s o a s
i y e i p a
a s ,
I w a k e
t h e e ,
d a k X c a , I
b l o o m .
b ) T h e m i d d l e f o r m , t o d e n o t e t h e r e f l e c t i v e a n d i n t r a n s i t i v e
a s f i o v X e v o f i a i , I c o u n s e l m y s e l f , o r I d e l i b e r a t e .
c ) T h e
p a s s i v e f o r m , t o d e n o t e t h e p a s s i v e ( a l s o t h e i n t r a n
s i t i v e
a n d
r e f l e c t i v e )
;
a s
o i
i r o X e / u o i
s S i d ^ d r j a a v
x n r b
t q > v
' E X X j j v w v ,
t h e
e n e m i e s w e r e p u r s u e d b y t l i e G r e e k s .
§ 7 2 . T e n s e s o f t h e V e r b .
1 . T h e G r e e k l a n g u a g e h a s
t h e
f o l l o w i n g t e n s e s —
I .
1 )
T h e
p r e s e n t ,
f i o v k s v o o ,
I
a d v i s e ,
2 ) T h e
p e r f e c t ,
f t s f i o v K s v / c a ,
I h a v e
a d v i s e d
;
I I . 3 ) T h e i m p e r f e c t , e f t o v X s v o v , I a d v i s e d ,
4 )
T h e p l u p e r f e c t , s / 3 s / 3 o v X s v k s i v ,
I
h a d a d v i s e d ,
5 ) T h e
a o r i s t , s / 3 o v \ s v a a , I
a d v i s e d
( q u i t e i n d e f i n i t e )
I I I . 6 ) T h e f u t u r e , f i o v X s v a w , I s h a l l a d v i s e ,
7 ) T h e f u t u r e p e r f e c t ( o n l y i n t h e m i d d l e f o r m ) ,
/ 3 e / 3 o u \ £ v o - o / u . < h ,
/
s h a l l
h a v e
a d v i s e d
m y s e l f ,
o r
i
s h a l l
h a v e b e e n a d v i s e d .
2 . A l l t h e
t e n s e s
a r e
d i v i d e d i n t o —
a . P r i n c i p a l t e n s e s t h e p r e s e n t , p e r f e c t , a n d f u t u r e
b . H i s t o r i c a l
t e n s e s t h e
i m p e r f e c t , p l u p e r f e c t , a n d a o r i s t .
R e m a r k . T h e G r e e k l a n g u a g e
h a s
t w o f o r m s
f o r t h e p e r f e c t
a n d
p l u
p e r f e c t o f t h e a c t i v e , t h e s i m p l e f u t u r e o f t h e p a s s i v e , a n d t h e a o r i s t o f a l l
t h r e e v o i c e s , w h i c h a r e d i s t i n g u i s h e d a s f i r s t
a n d
s e c o n d
t e n s e s .
O n l y a
f e w
v e r b s ,
h o w e v e r ,
h a v e
b o t h
f o r m s
t o g e t h e r ;
m o s t
v e r b s
h a v e
t h e
a b o v e - m e n t i o n e d
t e n s e s e i t h e r
i n
o n e
o r t h e
o t h e r
o f t h e s e f o r m s p u r e
v e r b s h a v e o n l y t h e f i r s t
t e n s e s .
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§ 7 5 . ] N U M B E R S A N D P E R S O N S O F
V E R B S .
6 9
§ 7 3 .
M o o d s
o f t h e
V e r b .
T h e G r e e k l a n g u a g e h a s t h e f o l l o w i n g
m o o d s
—
I .
T h e i n d i c a t i v e , t o d e n o t e a p h e n o m e n o n o r a c t u a l f a c t
a s t h e r o s e b l o o m s , t h e r o s e w a s
b l o o m i n g
w h e n I c a m e
i n t o
t h e
g a r d e n .
I I . T h e
s u b j u n c t i v e o r c o n j u n c t i v e , t o d e n o t e a s u p p o s i t i o n
o r
m e r e
c o n c e p t i o n
o f
t h e
m i n d . T h e
s u b j u n c t i v e o f t h e
h i s
t o r i c a l t e n s e s i s c a l l e d , i n
G r e e k
g r a m m a r , t h e o p t a t i v e .
R e m a r k .
W e
s h a l l s e e , i n t h e s y n t a x , h o w t h e a o r i s t h a s b o t h f o r m s o f
t h e s u b j u n c t i v e ,
a n d
t h e
f u t u r e
c a n h a v e
a n
o p t a t i v e .
I I I . T h e i m p e r a t i v e ,
t o
d e n o t e t h e i m m e d i a t e e x p r e s s i o n
o f o u r w i l l ;
a s :
f t o v X e v e , a d v i s e .
§
7 4 .
O n
t h e
J P a r t i c i p i a l s .
—
I n f i n i t i v e
a n d
P a r t i c i p l e .
B e s i d e s t h e m o o d s , t h e v e r b h a s t w o f o r m s w h i c h a r e
c a l l e d
p a r t i c i p i a l s , b e c a u s e ,
i n
o n e
p o i n t o f v i e w ,
t h e y
p a r t a k e
o f
t h e
n a t u r e
o f t h e
v e r b , a n d ,
i n
a n o t h e r , o f t h a t o f
t h e
s u b s t a n t i v e
a n d
a d j e c t i v e , v i z .
a .
T h e i n f i n i t i v e ,
w h i c h
i s
t h e
s u b s t a n t i v e - p a r t i c i p i a l a s
i O i X e o f i o v K e v e i v , I w i s h t o a d v i s e , a n d t o
f i i o v X e v u v , a d v i s i n g
o r
a d v i c e .
b . T h e
p a r t i c i p l e ,
w h i c h i s
t h e
a d j e c t i v e - p a r t i c i p i a l ; a s :
f i o v K e w o v
i r a l s , a n
a d v i s i n g b o y .
R e m a r k . T h e s e
t w o
p a r t i c i p i a l s a r e
c a l l e d
t h e i n f i n i t i v e
v e r b ;
t h e
o t h e r f o r m s
o f
t h e
v e r b
a r e c a l l e d t h e f i n i t e v e r b .
§
7 5 .
N u m b e r s
a n d
P e r s o n s
o f
t h e
V e r b .
T h e p e r s o n a l e n d i n g s o f t h e v e r b s h o w w h e t h e r t h e s u b j e c t
o f t h e
a c t i o n i s
t h e s p e a k e r h i m s e l f ,
o r
a
p e r s o n s p o k e n
t o
o r
F 3
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7 0
[ c h a p . v i i .
N T H E V E R B .
o n e s p o k e n o f ,
a n d ,
a t t h e s a m e
t i m e , a l s o
d e n o t e t h e r e l a t i o n o f
n u m b e r
S i n g u l a r ,
D u a l ,
a n d
P l u r a l
a s
f i o v X e v c o ,
I
( t h e
s p e a k e r ) a d v i s e , f i o v k e v e t s , t h o u ( t h e p e r s o n s p o k e n t o ) a d v i s e s t ,
f i o v X e v e i ,
h e
( t h e
p e r s o n s p o k e n o f )
a d v i s e s , f i o v X e v e r o v , y e t i c o
( t h e p e r s o n s s p o k e n t o )
a d v i s e ,
f t o v X e v o v c t , t h e y
( t h e
p e r s o n s
s p o k e n o f ) a d v i s e .
R e m a r k . I n t h e a c t i v e v o i c e a n d t h e p a s s i v e a o r i s t s t h e r e i s
n o
s e p a r a t e f o r m f o r t h e
f i r s t
p e r s o n o f t h e d u a l ,
b u t
i t
i s e x p r e s s e d b y
t h e
f i r s t
p e r s o n o f
t h e p l u r a l .
§ 7 6 .
C o n j u g a t i o n o f t h e
V e r b .
T h e r e
a r e
t w o f o r m s o f c o n j u g a t i o n t h e o n e i n c o , a c c o r d
i n g t o w h i c h b y
f a r
t h e g r e a t e s t
n u m b e r o f
v e r b s a r e
i n f l e c t e d ,
a s
f i o v X e v c o ,
I
a d v i s e
;
a n d
t h e
o t h e r
i n
( u ,
a s
i o t t ) / u ,
I
p l a c e .
§ 7 7 . S t e m ,
A u g m e n t ,
a n d
R e d u p l i c a t i o n . —
C h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f
t h e
V e r b .
1 .
I n
e v e r y
v e r b a l
f o r m
w e
d i s t i n g u i s h
t h e s t e m ,
w h i c h
c o n t a i n s t h e f u n d a m e n t a l f o r m o f t h e v e r b a n d t h e s y l l a b l e
o f f o r m a t i o n , b y w h i c h t h e r e l a t i o n s o f t h e a c t i o n , g i v e n a b o v e
( § 7 2 — 7 5 . ) ,
a r e
d e n o t e d .
I n m o s t v e r b s
i n c o t h e s t e m i s f o u n d
b y c u t t i n g o f f t h e e n d i n g o f t h e f i r s t p e r s o n a s f i o v X e v - c o , I
a d v i s e .
2 .
T h e
s y l l a b l e o f f o r m a t i o n
e i t h e r
c o m e s a f t e r t h e
s t e m a s
a n
e n d i n g ,
a n d
i s
t h e n
c a l l e d
t h e
i n f l e x i o n a l
e n d i n g ,
a s :
f i o v X s v - c o , f 3 o v \ £ v - a r c o ,
/ 3 o v \ e v - < r o / j L a i
o r
g o e s b e f o r e ,
a n d i s
t h e n c a l l e d t h e
a u g m e n t
o r r e d u p l i c a t i o n , a s e - @ o v \ e u o v ,
I
a d v i s e d ,
( S e - f i o v k s v i c a ,
I h a v e a d v i s e d .
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I N F L E X I O N A L E N D I N G S .
7 1
3 .
T h e
a u g m e n t ,
w h i c h
a l l t h e h i s t o r i c a l t e n s e s ( i m p e r f e c t ,
a o r i s t ,
a n d
p l u p e r f e c t )
r e c e i v e ,
c o n s i s t s ,
i n
t h e
c a s e
o f
v e r b s
w h o s e r o o t b e g i n s w i t h a c o n s o n a n t , o f a n e p l a c e d b e f o r e t h e
s t e m , a s e - f i o v k e v o - a , I a d v i s e d ; b u t , i n t h e c a s e o f v e r b s
w h o s e
s t e m b e g i n s
w i t h a
v o w e l , i n l e n g t h e n i n g
t h e f i r s t
v o w e l , b y c h a n g i n g a a n d e i n t o r j
( a n d
i n s o m e v e r b s i n t o
s i ) ,
i a n d
v
i n t o
I
a n d v , a n d o
i n t o a s .
R e d u p l i c a t i o n , w h i c h
t h e p e r f e c t ,
p l u p e r f e c t , a n d
f u t u r e
p e r f e c t
r e c e i v e ,
c o n s i s t s , i n
t h e c a s e o f
v e r b s w h o s e
s t e m
b e g i n s
w i t h a c o n s o n a n t , i n t h e
r e p e t i t i o n
o f
t h e
f i r s t
c o n s o n a n t o f t h e s t e m
w i t h e b u t ,
i n
t h e c a s e o f v e r b s w h o s e s t e m b e g i n s w i t h a v o w e l , i s l i k e t h e
a u g m e n t ,
a s / 3 e - / 3 o v \ e v i c a ,
I h a v e
a d v i s e d , ' i i c f o e v / c a ,
I h a v e
b e s o u g h t , f r . ' I k s t s x i - o s .
T h e
m o r e p a r t i c u l a r d e f i n i t i o n o f t h e
a u g m e n t a n d r e d u p l i c a t i o n
m a y
b e s e e n § 8 5 . s e q .
4 .
T h e l e t t e r w h i c h s t a n d s a t
t h e
e n d
o f t h e
s t e m , a f t e r
c u t t i n g o f f
t o ,
i s c a l l e d
t h e v e r b a l
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o r m e r e l y
t h e
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c
( t h e
d i s t i n g u i s h i n g
l e t t e r ) ,
b e c a u s e
a c c o r d i n g
t o
t h i s ,
v e r b s
i n a s
a r e
d i v i d e d i n t o d i f f e r e n t c l a s s e s e . g . a c c o r d
i n g a s t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c i s a v o w e l , a m u t e , o r a l i q u i d , t h e
v e r b s a r e d i v i d e d i n t o p u r e , m u t e ,
a n d
l i q u i d
v e r b s ;
a s
/ 3 o v -
X s v - i o ,
I a d v i s e ,
r i p d - a s ,
I
h o n o u r ,
r p i / 3 - a s , I r u b ,
< f > a i v - a > ,
1
s h o w .
§
7 8 . I n f l e x i o n a l
E n d i n g s .
I n
t h e i n f l e x i o n a l e n d i n g s t h e r e
a r e
t h r e e d i f f e r e n t e l e
m e n t s , s i n c e b y t h e m t h e r e l a t i o n s o f t i m e , m o o d , a n d p e r s o n
a r e d e n o t e d ,
v i z .
t h e
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f
t h e t e n s e
o r
t e n s e -
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c , t h e m o d a l v o w e l , a n d t h e p e r s o n a l e n d i n g
a s
B o v K s v - a - o - f i a i .
T h e y a r e
d i v i d e d
i n t o i n f l e x i o n a l e n d i n g s
o f
t h e
a c t i v e ,
m i d d l e ,
a n d
p a s s i v e ,
a c c o r d i n g
t o t h e
t h r e e
v o i c e s o f t h e v e r b .
f 4
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7 2
O N
T H E V E R B . [ c h a p , v i l
a . - T e n s e -
C h a r a c t e r i s t i c a n d E n d i n g .
1 .
W e
c a l l
t h a t
c o n s o n a n t
t h e
t e n s e - c h a r a c t e r i s t i c ,
w h i c h
s t a n d s
i m m e d i a t e l y
a f t e r
t h e s t e m
o f
t h e
v e r b , a n d
i s t h e c h a
r a c t e r i s t i c m a r k o f t h e t e n s e . T h e t e n s e - c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f t h e
p e r f e c t
I .
a n d p l u p e r f e c t
I .
a c t i v e
i s
« , i n p u r e
v e r b s ,
a s
f 3 e - / 3 o v \ s v - K - a e - f t e - f t o v K e v - t c - e w
t h a t o f t h e f i r s t f u t u r e a n d f i r s t a o r i s t a c t i v e a n d m i d d l e , a n d
f u t u r e I I I .
i s
< r , a s
/ 3 o v \ e v - < r - a >
f i o v k e v - c r - o / A a i
k - f S o v K e v - a - a
i - j 3 o v \ e i i - c r - d [ i r } V
t h a t o f t h e a o r i s t I . p a s s i v e
i s 0 ,
a n d t h e f u t u r e I . p a s s i v e h a s
t h e e n d i n g o f t h e f i r s t a o r i s t p a s s i v e
( d r i )
i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e
t e n s e - c h a r a c t e r i s t i c c r , t h u s , O r j c r
E - @ o v X e v - 6 - T } v ^ o v \ £ v - 9 r i < T - o f i a i .
O n l y
t h e
f i r s t t e n s e s h a v e
a
t e n s e - c h a r a c t e r i s t i c .
2 .
T h e t e n s e - c h a r a c t e r i s t i c , i n c o n j u n c t i o n
w i t h t h e
t e r m i
n a t i o n
f o l l o w i n g
i t , i s c a l l e d
t h e
t e n s e - e n d i n g . T h u s ,
e .
g . , i n
t h e f o r m
f t o v K e v c r c o
t h e c r
i s t h e t e n s e - c h a r a c t e r i s t i c
o f t h e
f u t u r e , a n d
t h e
s y l l a b l e < r a >
t h e
t e n s e - e n d i n g .
L a s t l y , t h e
s t e m o f t h e v e r b , i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h t h e
t e n s e - c h a r a c t e r i s t i c
a n d t h e a u g m e n t o r r e d u p l i c a t i o n , i s c a l l e d t h e s t e m o f t h e
t e n s e o r t e n s e - s t e m .
T h u s ,
e . g . ,
i n e f i o v \ s v c r - a
s j i o v K s v c r i s
t h e t e n s e - s t e m o f t h e f i r s t a o r i s t a c t i v e .
§
7 9 . b .
P e r s o n a l E n d i n g s a n d M o d a l V o w e l .
T h e p e r s o n a l e n d i n g t a k e s a d i f f e r e n t
f o r m
a c c o r d i n g
t o
t h e
d i f f e r e n t p e r s o n s a n d
n u m b e r s
a n d t h e m o d a l v o w e l , a c c o r d
i n g t o t h e
d i f f e r e n t m o o d s ; a s
1 p e r s .
s i n g . I n d .
p r e s .
M .
( 3 o v \ t i l - o - n a t . C o n j . / S o v X c t f - w - p a t .
3
—
— —
f u t .
—
/ 3 o i > \ e « f - f f - £ - r a i .
O p t .
/ 3 o u X t « f - < x - o i - r o .
1 — p l u r . — p r e s . — ( S o v X t v - i - p i O a . C o n j . f 3 o v \ t v - i i - f i e 9 a .
2 / 3 o u W - £ - < T 0 £ . / 3 o w X t r f - I ) - < T 8 f .
1 — s i n g . — a o r . 1 . — l - ^ o v K i v - a - a - f i t i v . — f i o v X t v - o - t a - j i a i .
3 — — — — — l - p o v X t i S - u - a - r o . O p t .
j 3 o v \ i v - ( T - a i - r o .
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§ 8 0 . ]
P E R S O N A L E N D I N G S , M O D A L
V O W E L .
7 3
R e m a r k .
I n t h e a b o v e f o r m s B o v X e v
i s
t h e
v e r b a l s t e m , a n d
( 3 o v \ t v ,
j 3 o v X e v a , a n d e j 3 o u \ f v a a r e t h e t e n s e - s t e m s , v i z . o f t h e p r e s e n t , f u t u r e , a n d
a o r i s t
I . m i d d l e
t h e e n d i n g s / u a i , r a t ,
& c ,
a r e t h e
p e r s o n a l
e n d i n g s ,
a n d
t h e v o w e l s o ,
u ,
t , « , q ,
a , a t ,
t h e m o d a l v o w e l s .
§ 8 0 . R e m a r k s u p o n t h e P e r s o n a l E n d i n g s a n d M o d a l
V o w e l .
1 . T h e p e r s o n a l
e n d i n g s i m m e d i a t e l y f o l l o w t h e
m o d a l
v o w e l ,
a n d
f r e q u e n t l y
c o n n e c t t h e m s e l v e s
s o c l o s e l y
w i t h i t
t h a t t h e t w o d o n o t a p p e a r a s s e p a r a t e
p a r t s ,
b u t a r e
c o m
b i n e d
i n t o
o n e ; a s f t o v X s v a - g s i n s t e a d
o f
f t o v X e v c r - r j - i s , / 3 o u -
X e v - y
i n s t e a d
o f
f S o v X e v - s - a i .
2 .
T h e
d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e p r i n c i p a l a n d h i s t o r i c a l
t e n s e s
i s
h e r e
i m p o r t a n t .
T h e
p r i n c i p a l t e n s e s , v i z .
t h e
p r e
s e n t , p e r f e c t , a n d
f u t u r e ,
f o r m
t h e s e c o n d
a n d t h i r d
p e r s o n s o f
t h e d u a l w i t h t h e s a m e e n d i n g , o v ,
a s
f i o v X e v - e - r o v f t o v X e v - e -
t o v , / 3 o v \ e v - e - c r d o v / 3 o v \ e v - £ - a 0 o v ; b u t t h e h i s t o r i c a l t e n s e s
f o r m
t h e s e c o n d p e r s o n w i t h t h e e n d i n g o v , a n d a n d t h e
t h i r d
w i t h
t h e e n d i n g
r p > , a s g f i o v X e v - e - r o v
i f i o v X e v - e ' - T T j v ,
e f t o v X e v -
e - c r d o v
k f i o v K e v - i - c r d ' q v .
3 .
A g a i n ,
t h e
p r i n c i p a l t e n s e s
f o r m
t h e
t h i r d
p e r s o n
p l u r a l
a c t i v e w i t h t h e e n d i n g c t ( v ) ( a r i s i n g f r o m v t i , v a t ) , a n d i n t h e
m i d d l e
w i t h
t h e
e n d i n g w a r ,
t h e
h i s t o r i c a l ,
i n t h e a c t i v e
w i t h
t h e e n d i n g v , a n d i n t h e m i d d l e w i t h t h e e n d i n g v r o a s
( 3 o v \ e v - o - v < r t — f i o v X e v - o v < r i ( y ) e - f i o v X e v - o - v
( S o v X e v - o - v
r a t e - f t o v X s v - o - v t o .
4 .
L a s t l y ,
t h e p r i n c i p a l
t e n s e s
h a v e t h e e n d i n g s
f i a i , c r a i ,
r a t ,
i n
t h e
s i n g u l a r
m i d d l e
;
t h e
h i s t o r i c a l ,
/ j l v v ,
o ~ o ,
t o ;
a s
/ 3 o v X e v - o - / A a i
i ^ o v X e v - 6 - f i r j v
f i o v X s v - e - c r a i
— f i o v X e v - y i / 3 o v X e v - s - a
o
=
g f i o v X e v - o v
^ o v X s v - e - r a t i f i o v X s v - e - T
o .
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7 4
[ c h a p . v n .
N T H E V E K B .
5 . T h e
p e r s o n a l
e n d i n g s o f t h e
c o n j u n c t i v e c o r r e s p o n d
t o
t h o s e
o f
t h e
p r i n c i p a l
t e n s e s
o f
t h e
i n d i c a t i v e ,
a n d
t h o s e
o f
t h e
o p t a t i v e , t o t h o s e o f t h e h i s t o r i c a l t e n s e s o f t h e i n d i c a t i v e ;
a s :
2
a n d
3 d u .
I n d .
P r .
p o v X t r f t - r o v .
C o n j . [ i o v k l V T l - T O V .
f i o v X v d t - o Q o v .
—
j i o v \ e i S t i - a 9 o v .
3 p i . — — / 3 o u X c i f o u - < 7 i ( j ' ) .
—
f i o v X e t S u i - o i f v ' ) .
f } o v \ e i l o - v r a i .
— ( 3 o v \ e i S u ) - V T a i .
1
s i n g . — — j 8 o u \ e i f o - / t a i .
— j 3 o v X ( v m - / i a
2
— — — f i o v X t i l - y .
—
/ 3 o v X t i l - y .
3
—
—
—
/ 3 o « \ t t f t - r a i .
—
j S o t A t t f i j - r c u .
2
a n d
3 d u a l
—
I m . i f S o v X e i l e - r o v ,
i - r t \ v .
O p t . f i o v X l l i o i - T O V , 0 4 - T l j V .
i f i o v X t v t - a t i o v , i - a O r f v .
— f i o v X e i l o t - o Q o V j o i - o Q r i v .
3
p i .
—
— I B o v X i v o - v .
— / 3 o v \ t i f o t - £
v .
I f i o v X i l i o - V T O .
— f i o v X e i l o i - V T O .
1 s i n g .
— — I j i o v X t v i - p t i v .
—
( 3 o v k t v o i - n V .
2 — — —
t f l o v X e i S t - t r o , I p o v X t i l - o v .
— ( i o v X t i l o i - a o , / 3 o v X e i l o i - o .
3 — — — i / 3 o v X t i l t - r o .
— / 3 o u W o i - r o .
R e m a r k . U p o n
t h e v
I p t X i c v o T u c d v
s e e §
7 . a .
T h e m o d a l v o w e l o f t h e c o n j u n c t i v e o f t h e p r i n c i p a l
t e n s e s
i s
d i s t i n g u i s h e d f r o m
t h a t
o f t h e i n d i c a t i v e ,
m e r e l y b y
b e i n g
l e n g t h e n e d , v i z . o i n t o e o , s a n d a i n t o
r ) ,
a n d s t i n t o y a s
I n d . f i o v X s v - o - f i e v C o n j . ^ o v ~ K e v - a s - f j b s v
I n d . / 3 o v \ e v - e - ( r d e
C o n j .
f i o v \ £ v - t ) - o - 0 e .
7 . T h e m o d a l v o w e l o f t h e o p t a t i v e i s i i n c o n j u n c t i o n
w i t h
t h e p r e c e d i n g
m o d a l v o w e l o f
t h e f i r s t p e r s o n s i n g u l a r
i n d i c a t i v e
( t h e
p l u p e r f e c t
f o r m s
a n
e x c e p t i o n ,
s i n c e
t h e
o p t a
t i v e o f t h i s t e n s e t a k e s t h e m o d a l
v o w e l
o f t h e p r e s e n t ) , t h u s
1
s i n g .
I n d . i m p e r f . a c t . o O p t . o t i [ i o v X t v - o - v f 3 o v X t v - o t - p i .
1
p l u r .
— a o r .
I .
—
a
— a t I f i o v X e v o - a - f i e v P o v X t v o - a t - p c v .
§ 8 1 .
C o n j u g a t i o n
o f
t h e
r e g u l a r
V e r b
i n
m
e x h i b i t e d i n
t h e
p u r e V e r b ( § 7 7 ,
4 . )
f i o v k e v w , I a d v i s e .
P r e f a t o r y R e m a r k s .
S i n c e
p u r e
v e r b s
d o
n o t
f o r m
t h e
s e c o n d
t e n s e s
( $ 7 2 .
R e m . ) , t h e s e w i l l
b e s u p p l i e d f r o m t w o
m u t e
v e r b s a n d
a
l i q u i d
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C O N J U G A T I O N .
7 5
( V p i / 3 - u ) , I r u b , X f i j r - w .
s t e m A i n ,
I l e a v e ,
a n d f a i v - m , s t e m
* A N , I
s h o w )
i n
o r d e r
t o
m a k e
u p
a
c o m p l e t e
c o n j u g a t i o n .
I n l e a r n i n g
t h e t a b l e
o f c o n j u g a t i o n ,
t h e
f o l l o w i n g s h o u l d b e o b
s e r v e d —
1 ) T h e E n g l i s h m e a n i n g i s n o t a n n e x e d t o t h e G r e e k f o r m ,
b e c a u s e
o f
t h e v a r i e t y
o f
s i g n i f i c a t i o n
a t t a c h i n g
t o s o m e
o f
t h e m o o d s
a n d t e n s e s .
2 ) T h e
G r e e k
f o r m s m a y ,
a t t h e
v e r y c o m m e n c e m e n t , b e
a l w a y s
d i v i d e d
i n t o t h e i r
e l e m e n t s , v i z . a )
p e r s o n a l
e n d i n g ,
b ) m o d a l
v o w e l ,
c )
t e n s e - c h a r a c t e r i s t i c ,
d )
t e n s e - s t e m ,
e ) v e r b a l s t e m ,
f ) a u g m e n t
o r
r e d u p l i c a t i o n .
3 )
T h e
e n d i n g s e x p r e s s e d
i n
c h a r a c t e r s
s t a n d i n g
f a r
a p a r t
f r o m
e a c h
o t h e r ,
m a y s e r v e t o r e n d e r
l e a r n e r s
o b s e r v a n t
o f
t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n
t h e h i s t o r i c a l
t e n s e s o f
t h e i n d i c a t i v e
a n d
o p t a t i v e ,
a n d
t h e p r i n c i p a l
t e n s e s .
4 ) T h e f o r m s
w h i c h
a r e a l i k e , a s w e l l a s t h o s e w h i c h d i f f e r
o n l y
i n
a c c e n t u a t i o n , a r e
d i s t i n g u i s h e d b y a n
a s t e r i s k ( * ) .
T h e
l e a r n e r s h o u l d
s e e k
o u t
f o r
t h e s e ,
a n d c o m p a r e
t h e m
t o g e t h e r ; a s : / 3 o v \ e j a o ) 1
s i n g .
I n d . f u t . a c t . , o r 1 s i n g . S u b . a o r . I . a c t . ; f i o i l k e v o a i 2 s i n g . I m p e r .
a o r .
I . m i d . , f i o v X n S a a i 3
s i n g .
O p t . a o r . I .
a c t . , f i o v X t v a m I n f . a o r .
I . a c t .
5 )
W i t h
t h e
f o r m ,
t h e a c c e n t u a t i o n
s h o u l d
l i k e w i s e
b e
l e a r n t ,
w h i c h
i s
t r e a t e d o f § 8 4 . F o r b e g i n n e r s , t h i s g e n e r a l r u l e w i l l s u f f i c e t h e
a c c e n t ,
i n t h e v e r b , g o e s
a s f a r
b a c h f r o m t h e e n d ,
a s
t h e n a t u r e o f t h e l a s t s y l l a b l e
a l l o w s .
T h o s e f o r m s
w h o s e a c c e n t u a t i o n d e v i a t e s f r o m t h i s g e n e r a l r u l e
a r e d i s t i n g u i s h e d b y a c r o s s ( f ) a n n e x e d .
6 )
W h e n
t h e f o l l o w i n g
p a r a d i g m
h a s b e e n t h o r o u g h l y l e a r n t i n t h i s
w a y ,
t h e l e a r n e r s h o u l d
a n a l y s e
t h e v e r b a l f o r m s
o c c u r r i n g
i n
s e n t e n c e s
o f G r e e k , i n t o t h e i r e l e m e n t s ( p e r s o n a l e n d i n g , m o d a l v o w e l , S e e . ) , t h u s
/ 3 < w X e i f < n o i s , 1 ) o f t h e f i r s t p e r s o n , 2 ) s i n g u l a r ,
3 )
I n d i c a t i v e , 4 ) f u t u r e ,
5 ) a c t i v e , 6 ) f r o m
t h e
v e r b ( 3 o v \ e i S < o , I a d v i s e a n d
t h e n , s o t r a n s l a t e
t h e
v e r b a l f o r m s
f o u n d
i n s e n t e n c e s o f E n g l i s h , i n t o G r e e k ,
t h a t
h e m a y
g i v e
t h e
e l e m e n t s
o f w h i c h t h e G r e e k f o r m m u s t b e c o m p o s e d , s e p a r a t e l y , i n
t h e f o l l o w i n g o r d e r — 1 )
T h e
r o o t
o f
t h e v e r b , 2 ) a u g m e n t o r r e d u
p l i c a t i o n , 3 ) t e n s e - c h a r a c t e r i s t i c , 4 ) t e n s e - s t e m , 5 ) m o d a l v o w e l , 6 )
t e n s e - s t e m w i t h m o d a l v o w e l , 7 ) p e r s o n a l e n d i n g , 8 ) t e n s e - s t e m
w i t h m o d a l v o w e l a n d p e r s o n a l
e n d i n g :
e . g . h o w w i l l
t h e
f o r m ,
h e c o u n s e l l e d h i m s e l f ( o n c e )
b e
e x p r e s s e d i n G r e e k a s
a n
a o r i s t ,
f r o m
t h e
p r e s e n t :
f } o v \ t i S - w ,
I
a d v i s e ?
—
S t e m
o f t h e
v e r b :
f o v X i v - ,
a u g m . i ,
h e n c e i - f i o v X i v
t e n s e - c h a r a c t e r i s t i c
o f
a o r .
I . m i d .
a
h e n c e
t e n s e - s t e m :
l - f t o v X t v a - ,
m o d a l v o w e l
o f t h e I n d .
a o r .
I .
m i d .
a ,
h e n c e
i - p o v X t v - a - a p e r s o n a l e n d i n g o f t h e t h i r d p e r s o n o f a n h i s t o r i c a l t e n s e o f
t h e m i d d l e
v o i c e t o , h e n c e 1 - f i o v k u S - o - a - T o .
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7 6
O N
T H E V E R B . [ c h a p . v u .
P a r a d i g m o f t h e V e r b i n < o . A C T I V E .
N u m b .
P e r s .
M o o d s -
T e n s e s .
I n d i c a t i v e .
C o n j u n c t i v e o f p r i n . t e n s e s .
P r e s e n t .
T e a s e - s t e m
S .
1
2
3
( S o u X f t i - w * I a d v i s e
( 3 o v \ t v - u
*
j 3 o v \ i v - y e
f i o v \ t v - y
*
D . 2
f i o v X e v - e r o v
j i o v K i i i - i T o v
( i o i i k E v - o n t v
( i o v X t V ' t J T O V
3
f i o v X e v - q T o v
( i o v X i v - u i f i f v
. 1
2
3
f 3 o v \ & V - t T $
f i o v X t V - T J T £
j 3 o u X f l i ' - W ( T l ( v )
3 o u X t v - o u f f t ( v )
S . 1
l - ( 3 o i > \ e v - o v
*
2
3
i - / 3 o v \ t v - t e
i M F E B r E C T .
t - / 3 o i X « u - f ( v )
D . 2
l - / 3 o v \ t v - e r o v
T e n s e - s t e m
l - p o v k t v
3
t - ( 3 o v \ t v - t T T i v
P .
1
t - f i o v \ i v - o i i i v
2
3
t - f i o v X t V - l T l
i - f i o v X t v - o v *
S . 1
/ 3 e - / 3 o u X £ w - K - a
/ 3 £ - | 3 o u X t u - ) c - a e
( 3 t - f 3 o v X l V - K - U >
P e r f e c t .
2
3
f } e - j 3 o v \ l V - K - f ( v )
/ 3 £ - | 3 o u X £ U - K - a T - 0 1 '
( } t - ( } o v \ t v - K - v g , & c , l i k e
t h e
p r e s e n t u s u a l l y ,
h o w
e v e r , e x p r e s s e d b y a p e r i
p h r a s i s
w i t h
t h e
p a r t i
c i p l e a n d
t l v m ,
a s
D .
2
T e n s e - s t e m
f i i - j 3 o v - \ s v - K -
3
f i t - ( i o v \ i v - K - a . T o v
f i t - f i o v X t v - K - a j i t v
j S e - j S o u X e u - K - a r f
. 1
2
3
/ 3 £ - / 3 o u X £ t i - K - a i T l ( l ' )
/ 3 f / 3 o w X f U K i i ) f
w , y e ,
& c .
S .
1
2
3
£ - / 3 e - / 3 o u X £ l ) - K - £ t V
£ - / ? £ - / 3 o i / X £ U - I C - £ l £ ;
P l u p e r f e c t .
T e n s e - s t e m
l - j 3 t - f S o v \ i i - K - u
D . 2
l - f i t - j i o v X t V - K - U T O V
3
l - f i t - f i o v X e v - i c - t I T T J V
l - ( 3 t - j 3 o v \ t v - K - u f u v
. 1
2
3
i - p l - f i o v X l V - K - U T l
i - j i t - ( i o v \ t v - K - i a a v
P e r f e c t I I .
P l u p e r f e c t I I .
7 r £ - 0 j ) v - a
1 )
i - K t - q i i v - t i v 2 )
■ X l - t p i j V - t D
S .
1
t - j 3 o v \ ( v - a - a
( 3 o v \ e v - < T - w *
2
3
i - f i o v k i v - a - a e
( S o v \ i i > - o - x i s ,
& c ,
l i k e t h e
p r e s e n t
o r i s t
L
i - f } o v \ i v - ( T - i ( y )
D . 2
3
l - f } o v \ t v - a - a T o v
T e n s e - s t e m
i - ( } o v \ i v - a -
i - / 3 o v \ ( v - a - a T t ] v
P .
1
s - f 3 o v \ £ v - ( T - a f i e v
2
3
i - [ 3 o v \ t v - < T - a T e
£ - / 3 o v X c u - f f - a v
A o r i s t
L I .
t - X l T T - O V
X « r - W , & c . , l i k e t h e p r e s e n t
£ - X ( 7 T -
£ - X i 7 r - f c ,
& c .
l i k e
t h e
i m p e r f .
F u t u r e
f 3 o v \ t v - a - u >
* l i k e t h e
p r e s e n t
w a n t i n g
1 )
T h e
i n f l e x i o n o f t h e
p e r f .
I I . i s
l i k e
t h a t
o f
t h e p e r f . I .
i n
a l l t h e m o o d s
a n d p a r t i c i p l e s .
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§
8 1 . ]
C O N J U G A T I O N .
7 7
A C T I V E . P a r a d i g m o f t h e
V e r b
i n a > .
M o o d s .
P a e t i c i p i a l s .
O p t . , e . c o n j u n c . o f
h i s t .
t e a .
I m p e b a t i v b .
I n p i n i t .
P a h t i c i p l e .
f l o v X e v - c
f 3 o v X e v - i T u >
f o v X e v - e i v
f i o v X f v - i t i V
f i o v X e v - o v t r a
( 3 o v \ f v - o v
G e n . o v t o s
$ O v X t V - € T O V
/ 3 o v X ( V - l T O ) V
( S o v X t v - t r e
f t o v K t v - o i f i i
( 3 o v \ t v - o i g
( S o v X e v - o i
( 3 o v X e v - o t r o v
j i o v X t v - e T u i a a v , u s u a l l y
- O V T I 0 V
f t o v X t V - O l T T I V
P o v X i v - o i / u v
f i o v X e v - o i T t
f i o v X t v - o i e v
f i i - f i o v X i v - K - i ,
& c . ,
l i k e
t h e p r e s e n t o n l y a
f e w
p e r f e c t s , h o w
e v e r , w i t h
a p r e s e n t
s i g n i f i c a t i o n f o r m
a n
I m p e r a t i v e
/ 3 t - / 3 o u X « u -
K - ' t v a i ^
p e - { 3 o v \ e v - K -
v t a
f i t - j 3 o v \ e v - K -
O Q - f
G e n .
k - o t o q
f 3 e - j 3 o v X ( v - K - o i i x i
K - V I O . Q
/ 3 t - / 3 o u X e u - « : - o t e , & C .
l i k e
t h e
i m p e r f .
u s u a l l y ,
h o w e v e r , e x p r e s s e d b y
a p e r i p h r a s i s w i t h t h e
p a r t i c i p l e a n d
c l v c u , a . s
j S t - j S o i / X t v - K - i i c i i r t v
T n - f r j v - o i / u
i r e - Q r i - v k -
j > a t f *
( 3 o v X i v - ( T - a i [ i i
j 3 o v X e v - a - a i £ o r n a g
P o v X i v - a - a i * f
o r f
u
( y )
f i o v X t v - o - a i T o v
{ i o v X t v - a - a ' i T i \ v
P o v X i v - o - a i f i i v
f i o v X t v - o - a t T i
f i o v \ t v ~ < T - a i £ v o r
s i a v
f i o v X e v ' f f -
« * t
( 3 o v \ t v - < j - a £
( 3 o i X e v - ( T - o v
f i o v X i v - a - a r i a
f i o v X t v - o - a T o v
( 5 o v X t v - o - a T m >
f i o v X t v - a - a c r a
f i o v X t v - f f - a r e
/ 3 o u X t u - c r - a r w t T a v , u s u a l
y — t r d v r t a v
f i o v X e v - a - a v ' f
X t 7 r - o i / i i , & c ,
l i k e t h e
i m p e r f .
X i i r - t , & c . l i k e t h e
p r e s e n t
X n r - u i v ,
o v a a j o v
G . 6 v T o g t o v t r i j Q
f i o v X e v - i r - o i f i i , l i k e t h e
i m p e r f .
w a n t i n g
f i o v X t v - a - u i V ,
& c , l i k e
p r e s .
2 ) T h e
i n f l e x i o n
o f t h e p l u p e r f . I I . i s l i k e t h a t o f t h e p l u p e r f . I .
i n
a l l
t h e o p t a t i v e a n d I n d i c a t i v e .
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P a r a d i g m
o f
t h e V e r b i n w . M I D D L E .
1 1
M o o d s .
T e n s e s .
P h
I n d i c a t i v e .
C o n j c n c . o f
p r i n .
t e n .
S .
1
f i a v X e
v - o
a
/ 3 o v X e v - r i
*
f i o v X t v - e t a
f i o v X i v - u i a
2
3
[ 3 o v X t v - y
*
f i o v X s v - i ] T a i
P r e s e n t .
D .
1
^ O v X i V - O f l i B o V
^ u v X t v - w ^ i i 9 o v
T e n s e - s t e m
f i o v X t v -
2
3
( i o v X t v - t a Q o v
f i o v X t v - k
t r 9 o v
j 3 o v X t v - 6 n ( 9 a
f } o v K i v - t ( r 9 t
f l o v X t i - o v r a i
( i o v X t v - i } ( j 9 o v
f i o v X e v - r j
t j 9 o v
P .
1
( 3 o v X t v - < o f i t 9 a
2
0
f 3 o v X e v - r ) a 9 f
S . 1
i - j 3 o v X i v - 6 f i t i v
f i o v X t v - u i v T a i
2
3
i - ( 3 o v X e u - o v
t - f i o v X t v - t r o
I m p e r f e c t .
D .
1
e - f i o v X e v - o f i t O o v
T e n s e - s t e m
i - j 3 o v X t v -
2
3
i - j 3 o v X d - e a 9 o v
e - f i o v X t v - i < r 9 t ) V
P . 1
i - j i o v X t v - o j i i B a
2
3
i - f i o v X t v - t a Q t
t - f i o v X e v - o v t o
S . 1
2
3
f i e - f S o i X t v - n a i
P e - f i o v X t v - f i i v o t ; w , j j t , . V
f i t - f i o v X s v - f j a
[ i t - f i o v X t v - T a t
P e r f e c t .
D .
1
( 3 i - { 3 o v X t v - f i t 9 o v
T e n s e - s t e m
P t - f i o v X t v -
2
3
j i t - f i o v X t v - < j 9 o v
f i i - f i o v X t v - a
9
o v
P . 1
f i t - f i o v X t v - p i Q a
2
3
j i t - f i o v X t v - ( i 9 t
p t - f i o v X t v - v r a i
S . 1
2
3
i - j 5 t - ( i o v X e v - f i t ] V
t - j 3 e - I S o v X t v - u o
t - f i t - f S o v X l V - T O
P m p e r f e c t .
D .
1
l - ( i ( - j 3 o v X i v - f i t 9 o v
T e n s e - s t e m
i - l 3 ( - j S o v \ t v -
2
3
i - j i i - j i o i X t v - a 9 o v
i - ^ - j 3 o v X ( i i - i y 9 r i v
P . 1
2
3
k - ( 3 e ~ j 3 o v X £ v - f J L e 9 a
s - f i £ - ( i o v X i v - < T 9 t
E - f i t - f l o v X t V - V T O
S . 1
t - f i o v \ t v - G - a \ i r \ v
j 3 o v X s v - o - - u > f i a i
f i o v X t v - a - y , & c . , l i k e
t h e p r e s .
3
i - f 3 o v X € V - ( 7 ' 0 }
l - f i o v X t v - a - a T O
A o R I S T
I .
D . 1
l - f 3 o v X t v - n - a j i i 9 o v
T e n s e - s t e m
i - j i o v X t v a -
2
3
i - / 3 o v X ( v - ( T - a < T 9 o v
1 - f S o v X t v - a - a a
8
t ) V
P .
1
l - f 3 o v X t v - a - a j i t 9 a
2
3
i - j } o v X t v - a - a n 9 c
1 - f i o v X t v - a - a v t o
A O R I S T I I .
S . 1
i - X i i r - 6 n r ) v , l i k e
t h e
i m p e r f .
X i n - u i f i a i , l i k e t h e p r e s .
F u t u r e
S .
1
/ S o v X t v - a - o / i a i , l i k e t h e
p r e s .
w a n t i n g
F u t o r e P e r f e c t
S . 1
f i t - f i a v X t v - G - n i t a i , l i k e
t h e p r e s .
w a n t i n g
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M I D D L E .
P a r a d i g m o f
t h e
V e r b
i n
a > .
M o o d s .
P a b t i c i p i a l s .
O p t . ,
e . c o n j . h i s t . t e n .
I m p e r a t i v e .
I n f i m t .
P a r t i c i p u b .
f i o v X e v - o v
{ i o v X t v - k a O m
j S o u X f u -
t o d a i
f t o v X e v - o f i t v o g
f i o v X e v - o p k v r )
P o v X t v - d f i t v o v
f i o v X t v - t a Q o v
( 3 o v X t v - e o 9 w v *
j 3 o w \ e u - o i ' / » i j v
( i o v X i v - t o 9 i
P o v \ t v t < j 9 u ) < r a v , u s u a l
- i a 9 u v *
^ o v X t v - o i o
f i o v X t v - o i r o
/ 3 o v X i v - o t / i t 9 o v
( 3 o v \ £ v - o u t Q o v
f i o v \ e v - o t f j 9 i j v
-
P o v X t v - o i / u d a
( 3 o v X t v - o w 9 e
f i o v X e v - o t v T o
j 3 e - ( 3 o t > X t v - a o
P t - ( 3 o v \ t v - o 8 u
/ 3 e - ( 3 o v X i v -
I l y
- a O w v *
{ S i - f i o v X t v -
f i k v o g
/ 3 e - / 3 o u X t u -
f i i v r )
f } i - p o v X t v - o 9 o v
/ 3 t - P o v \ e v - o 9 w v *
( 3 ( - / 3 o v X i v -
f i i v o v
f
( 3 t - l 3 o v \ t v - n s v o Q 1 1 1 ) V ,
t h i s , t l i i
P e - / } o v \ i v < r 9 c
f i t - f i a v X t v - o O i o o a v , u s u a
( 3 o v X t v - a - a i
f i i j v
f i o v X e v - o -
a a 9 a i
j S o v X t r - c r -
f } o v \ ( u - o - a i o
j S o w X f v - f f - a i
*
/ 3 o v X e u - < r - a ( 7 0 w
i o v X e v - a - a i T O
/ 3 o v X e v - < r -
P o v \ i v - < r - a i / i c 9 o v
a f t i v t )
f i o v X i v - t r -
S o v X e v - o - a i < r 9 o v
P o v X t i - a - a a B o v
j 3 o v \ ( v - < x - a a 9 u ) v *
i o v X t V - O - a i G
9 V
C f l t V O V
$ o v X i v - a - a i \ t i 8 a .
f 3 o v \ £ v - ( T - a t ( r 9 £
f i o v X t v - o - a i v r o
f 3 o v X i v - t r - a o 9 t
f i o v X e v - a - a o B u i o a v , u s u s
l l y - a < ? 9 o j v
*
\ i n - o i / i t ] v ,
l i k e t h e i m -
p e r f .
X i i r - o v - ) - , - e o 9 u > , l i k e
t h e
p r e s .
X i i r - e t r O u i ' f
' l X t i r - o n t v o g
\ - O f J i e V 7 ] ,
- O f l L V O l
p o v X i v - a - o i / i r i v ,
l i k e t h e
i m p e r f .
w a n t i n g
P o v X i v - a -
p o v X t v - o -
t o Q a t
o f x t v o Q , c v
^ t - f i o v \ t v - ( j - o i f i r ) v , l i k e
t h e i m p e r f .
w a n t i n g
f 5 t - ( 3 o v X i v - ] / 3 f - / 3 o « X t i i - < r -
< T - t a 9 a i
n i i f V O Q y o v
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8 0 O N T H E V E R B .
[ c h a p
v n .
P a r a d i g m o f t h e V e r b i n a > . P A S S I V E .
N u m b .
P e r s .
M o o d s .
T e n s e s .
I n d i c a t i v e .
C o n j .
o f
p r m .
t e n s e s .
S . 1
i - ( 3 o v \ t v - 9 - t ] v
e - f 3 o v \ £ v - e - i ) S
/ 3 o u X c u - 0 - a )
2
3
[ } o v \ t v - 9 - y c
A o e i s t I .
i - f i o v X t V - 9 - T ]
j i o v \ t v - 9 - y
D .
2
i - f i o v X t v - d - y j T o v
( 3 o v \ t v - 9 ~ r j r o v
T e n s e - s t e m
l - P o v \ f v - 9 -
3
l - f 3 o v \ e v - Q - r ) T t ] v
( i o v \ t v - 9 - q T o v
P . 1
i - f i o v \ e v - 9 - T i f i £ v
( 3 o v \ e v ~ 9 - i o f i £ v
2
3
t - f i o v \ e v ' 9 - r ] T €
f i o v \ t V ' 9 - i ] T t *
i - j 3 o v \ t v - 9 - t ] c r a v { 3 o v \ z v - 9 - u > v i ( v y
S . 1
2
( 5 o v \ t v - 9 i i - t j - o f i a i
/ 3 o v \ t v - 9 r ] - a - t ) ,
& c . l i k e
t h e
I r i d .
o f
p r e s .
m i d .
w a n t i n g
F U T U R E I .
S . 1
r p t / 3 - w
A O R I S T I I .
2
t - 7 - p / / 3 - j ; c , & c ,
l i k e
t h e
a o r . I . p a s s .
r p i / 3 - p c ,
& c . , l i k e
t h e
a o r . I . p a s s .
S . 1
T p i f i - q - a - o f i c a
r p t f i - r i - a - T i ,
& c , l i k e
t h e
f u t .
I .
p a s s .
w a n t i n g
F u t u r e
I I .
2
V e r b a
a d j e c t i v e s :
( 3 o v \ e v - r 6 g , 6 v ,
§
8 2 .
R e m a r k s
u p o n
t h e
T a b l e .
1 .
I n
t h e 1 .
p e r s o n
s i n g u l a r
o f
t h e
p l u p e r f e c t
a c t i v e t h e r e
i s
a n o t h e r
f o r m
i n u s e d b y t h e A t t i c s , a s w e l l a s
t h a t
i n u v a s l / 3 f / 3 o i A t i f K j
a s
w e l l
a s t f i f j i o v k i v i c t i v .
2 . I n t h e 2 . p e r s o n s i n g u l a r
o f
t h e p r e s e n t a n d f u t u r e m i d d l e o r p a s s i v e
t h e r e i s ,
a m o n g
t h e A t t i c s , a f o r m i n n , a s w e l l a s t h a t i n y , a s j 3 o v \ t i l - y a n d
f i o v X t i - t i , f 3 o v \ i i - o - y a n d
- t i , ( 3 t f 3 o v \ t i o - y
a n d
- £ i ,
( i o v \ t v 9 r ) < j - y a n d
- « ,
T p i f S i ] < T - y a n d - t i . T h i s l a t t e r f o r m i n
a
i s , i n t h e t h r e e f o l l o w i n g v e r b s ,
e x c l u s i v e l y
u s e d ,
v i z .
—
j 3 o i \ o / i a i ,
I w i s h .
/ 3 o u \ f i , t h o u
w i s h e s t
( b u t C o n j .
f i o v X y ) .
d i o j i a i , I t h i n k . o l e i , t h o u t h i n h e s t ( b u t C o n j . o i y ) .
C n p o f i a t ,
I
s h a l l s e e . o ^ t t h o u
w i l t
s e e
3 .
T h e s h o r t e n e d f o r m o f t h e
3 . p e r s o n p l u r a l
o f t h e I m p e r a t i v e a c t i v e
a g r e e s w i t h t h e f o r m o f t h e g e n i t i v e p l u r a l o f t h e p a r t i c i p l e i n e v e r y
t e n s e ,
e x c e p t t h e
p e r f e c t .
T h e l e a r n e r s h o u l d s e e k o u t t h e f o r m s .
4 .
T h e
c h a n g e s w h i c h t h e m u t e s , a t t h e e n d o f t h e v e r b a l s t e m ,
u n d e r g o
b y
t h e
a d d i t i o n
o f
e n d i n g s
b e g i n n i n g w i t h
a
a n d
9 ,
h a v e
b e e n
n o t i c e d a l r e a d y ,
§
8 . T h e
o t h e r c h a n g e s w i l l b e m o r e p a r t i c u l a r l y
n o t i c e d u n d e r
t h e
s e p a r a t e
c l a s s e s
o f m u t e
v e r b s .
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§ 8 3 . ]
8 1
T T I C
F U T U R E .
P A S S I V E . P
i r a d i g m o f
t h e V e r b i n w .
M o o d s .
P a r t i c i p i a l s .
O p t . , c o n j . h i s t , t e n s e s .
I m p e r a t i v e . I n f i n i t .
P a r t i c i p i - e .
( i o v \ i v - 9 - t ' t r } v
f i o v X t v - Q - t i q g
f i o v X e v - Q - e t r j
f i o v \ t v - Q - t i r } T o v
f i o v \ t v - 9 ~ i i r i
T t j v
l 3 o v \ t v - 6 - t i i ] f i e v & — e i p . e v
f i o v \ i v - Q - u r ] T i
& - l i r e
l 3 o v \ e v - 9 - t t i v
f 3 o v \ E v - 6 ~ T j r i
( 3 o v X t v - 6 -
i } v a i
0 o v \ f v - 9 - i i i \
f i o v X t v ^ - t i a a ^
j 3 o v X t v - 9 - i v
f 3 o v X t V - 9 - i ] T l t >
j 3 o v \ t v - 8 - t ) T o v
j 3 o v \ t v - 9 - i u o > v
G e n i t i v e
f l u v X e v - 9 - s v T o g
[ 3 o v \ £ v - 9 - t l o T ) ( ;
( 3 o v \ e v - 9 - r t r i *
/ 3 o v \ t v - 9 - i i T o j t j a v
/ 3 o u X t u - 0 j j - f f - o i - / i » ) i ' , & c . ,
l i k e
t h e
O p t .
o f t h e
i m p e r f .
m i d .
w a n t i n g j i o v K i v - e i i -
< r i a 9 a i
l i o v \ t v - 9 r j - a -
r p t f t - e i r j v
r p l j i - r j v a i
r p i f l - t i s
- j - , & c . i
l i k e a o r . L
p i f } - d r i s , & c . ,
l i k e t h e
a o r .
I .
p a s s .
r p / / 3 - ( ; 0 i , - r ) T t i > ,
& c ,
l i k e t h e a o r . I . p a s s .
r p i / 3 - i ) - f f - o i > i ) v , & c , l i k e
t h e f u t . L
p a s s .
w a n t i n g
T p i i i i i -
o i o 9 c u
i i p i v o q , o v
a n d
/ 3 o w \ f u r E O f , r i d ,
r i o v .
§
8 3 . R e m a r k s u p o n t h e F o r m a t i o n o f t h e ( s o - c a l l e d ) A t t i c
F u t u r e .
1 . I f , i n t h e f u t u r e , a c t i v e , a n d m i d d l e i n < r u > , a o / i a i , o f a s t e m o f t w o o r
m o r e s y l l a b l e s , a s h o r t v o w e l , a , g o e s b e f o r e t h e a a n o t h e r f o r m i s u s e d ,
i n s t e a d
o f t h e r e g u l a r
o n e ,
w h i c h t a k e s a c i r c u m f l e x
e n d i n g a f t e r
t h e
o m i s s i o n
o f v i z . w ,
o v p . c u ,
a n d
i s
c a l l e d
t h e
A t t i c f u t u r e
a s
i X t i u >
( u s u a l l y
I X a i v w ' ) ,
I
d r i v e ,
l X a - a - a > ,
F .
A t t .
I X d ,
& e ,
a ,
u > p . t v ,
a r e ,
& a i ( f )
r f i X e w , I
f u l f i l ,
r * X e - f f - w , F . A t t . r t X w , t i g , t i , o v f i e v , t i r e , o v a i ( f ) r t X e - f f -
O f i a i , T i X o v f i a i ,
f T , e i r a i , & c .
k o / i I Z w ,
I c a r r y ,
F .
K o p i i a t a ( t ) ,
F . A t t . k o / u m ,
i t i e ,
t e T ,
w v p i v ,
u l r t ,
l o i i i T i ( v ) K o p i o v f i m , u i , i t i r c a , i o i f i s 9 a ,
& C
2 .
T h i s
f o r m
o f
t h e
f u t u r e i s f o u n d o n l y i n
t h e
I n d i c a t i v e , I n f i n i t i v e , a n d
P a r t i c i p l e , n e v e r i n t h e O p t a t i v e t h u s
r e X J i ,
r t X e i v , r t X H v b u t r t X i u o t / j i .
T h e v e r b s w h i c h t a k e
t h i s f o r m
a r e t h e
f o l l o w i n g
— a ) l X d u >
( i X a i v u i ) ,
1
d r i v e ,
r e X t u , 1 f u l f i l , a n d
K a X t w , I c a l l — b ) a l l i n
t £ w
—
c )
a f e w v e r b s
i n i Z , i » ,
v e r y
g e n e r a l l y / 3 i | 8 i £ « , I w a l k ; — d ) a l l v e r b s
i n
d r v v f i t a n d
a i H p i i w v / i t ,
I
c l o t h e
( a i r i p i k o w ,
a f u p i C i ) .
E x c e p t i o n s
t o
t h i s
f o r m
o f
t h e
f u t u r e
a r e
b u t . r a r e
i n t h e
A t t i c
d i a l e c t .
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8 2
[ c h a p ,
m
N T H E V E R B .
§
8 4 .
A c c e n t u a t i o n
o f
t h e
V e r b .
1 .
F u n d a m e n t a l
R u l e .
T h e
a c c e n t
g o e s
a s
f a r ,
f r o m
t h e
e n d
o f
t h e
w o r d t o w a r d s t h e b e g i n n i n g ,
a s
t h e n a t u r e o f t h e
l a s t
s y l l a b l e
a l l o w s ;
a s
f i o v X i v e , i r a v t , T v T r r t , f i o i X t v a o v , i r a v a o v , r t y o v b u t f i o v X t f a i g , f i o v X t v t i v .
R e m a r k 1 . T h e d i p h t h o n g a t a t t h e e n d o f a w o r d i s c o n s i d e r e d a s
s h o r t i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e a c c e n t a s f i o v X t i o / i a i . T h e O p t a t i v e - e n d i n g a t
f o r m s a n e x c e p t i o n ,
s i n c e i t
i s c o n s i d e r e d
l o n g
a s
f i o v X t i a a i 3 .
p e r s .
s i n g . O p t . a o r . I . a c t .
2 . T h e
a b o v e f u n d a m e n t a l
r u l e
p r e v a i l s
i n c o m p o s i t i o n ,
w i t h
t h e l i m i t
a t i o n , h o w e v e r , t h a t t h e a c c e n t o f t h e v e r b
m u s t n o t
p a s s
b e y o n d t h a t s y l l a b l e
o f
t h e
w o r d
p r e f i x e d , w h i c h
w a s
a c c e n t e d b e f o r e c o m p o s i t i o n ;
n o r b e y o n d
i t s p l a c e i n a p r e e x i s t i n g
c o m p o u n d ,
o r u p o n a p r e e x i s t i n g a u g m e n t a s
< ] > z p t i r p o Q t p t p t , Q t v y t t K i p t v y t ,
X t T t r t a i r o X m r t ,
b u t
• K p o c t i \ o v
l i k e t l x ° v i
v a p k a x o v l i k e l a % o v , t K i j y o v l i k e i j y o v , t i r i O t g , a v v i x d o c ( n o t T t p 6 q u x o v , i r d p -
t a x o v , t Z n y o v , t T T t O t g , a t i v t K o g ) S O a l s o i r p o g r j i c o v , a i r i i p y o v , l i k e i ; k o v , t l p y o v .
E x c e p t i o n s
t o t h e
f u n d a m e n t a l r u l e .
3 . T h e a c c e n t
r e s t s
o n t h e
l a s t
s y l l a b l e i n t h e f o l l o w i n g
f o r m s
—
a ) I n t h e I n f i n i t i v e
a o r i s t
I I . a c t i v e a s a c i r c u m f l e x , a n d i n t h e m a s
c u l i n e a n d n e u t e r s i n g u l a r o f t h e P a r t i c i p l e o f t h i s t e n s e a s a n a c u t e
X n r t i v ,
X i t t i I i v ,
6 v ,
a n d
i n 2 .
s i n g u l a r
I m p e r a t i v e a o r i s t I I . a c t i v e
o f
t h e
f o l l o w i n g
f i v e v e r b s : t i n t , i X 8 t , t v p t ,
X a p i ,
a n d U i .
6 )
I n t h e I m p e r a t i v e a o r i s t I I .
m i d d l e
a s a c i r c u m f l e x
a s
X a / 3 o C ,
B u v ( f r .
n ' 0 t j / t i . )
R e m a r k
2 .
I n c o m p o s i t i o n , t h e
a c c e n t ,
i n t h e
I m p e r a t i v e
( n o t i n t h e
P a r t i c i p i a l s ) o f a o r i s t I I . a c t i v e a n d m i d d l e o f a E v e r b s , m o v e s b a c k , a c
c o r d i n g
t o
t h e f u n d a m e n t a l
r u l e a s ? / c / 3 a X f ,
t £ t X 9 t ,
& k ( 3 4 \ o v ,
Z k S o q ,
I k B o t i , a i r o S o g , f i t T t l S o g ( n o t
a i r o d o c ,
f i i r a d o g , s e e N o .
2 . ) ,
f i t r d S o T t , b u t
t K l i a X t i v ,
U f i a X i I i v ,
l i c X i i r t l v ,
i K t X B u i v ,
& c .
I n
v e r b s
i n
/ i t ,
h o w e v e r ,
t h e
a c c e n t i n t h e
s i n g u l a r I m p e r a t i v e
a o r i s t
I I .
m i d d l e m o v e s b a c k ,
o n l y
w h e n
t h e v e r b i s c o m p o u n d e d o f a d i s s y l l a b i c p r e p o s i t i o n , b u t r e m a i n s i f
t h e
v e r b i s c o m p o u n d e d o f
a m o n o s y l l a b i c o n e ;
t h o u g h i n
t h e
d u a l a n d
p l u r a l i t i s d r a w n b a c k a l w a y s a v i i o v , K a r & d o v , a i r i d o v , i r p o d o v , i v B o v ,
a < p o v ,
T r p 6 S o < r 9 t ,
t i g G t a d t , a t p t a Q t , K a T & Q e a Q t .
c )
I n
a l l P a r t i c i p l e s
i n
g
G e n . r o g ,
a n d a l w a y s a s a n
a c u t e
( t h u s e . g .
i n a l l P a r t i c i p l e s a c t i v e o f v e r b s i n / u a s w e l l a s i n t h o s e
o f
p e r f e c t I .
a n d I I . a c t i v e a n d a o r i s t I . a n d I I . p a s s i v e ) , a s / 3 t j 3 o v X t v K i o g ( G . 6 r o g ) ,
( l u v X t v O t t g
( G .
i v T o e ) ,
i a r d g
( G .
( t y r o s ) ,
T i B t i g
( G .
t v
r o g ) ^
d i i S o v g
( G .
6 v r o g ) ,
S t i K v i g ( G . i v r o s ) .
E x c e p t i o n .
T h e
P a r t i c i p l e o f a o r i s t
I .
a c t i v e , w h i c h i s a l w a y s
p a r o x y -
t o n e
a s { 3 o v X t 6 i r a c .
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§ s r . . ]
8 3
U G M E N T A N D R E D U P L I C A T I O N .
d )
I n
t h e C o n j u n c t i v e a o r i s t I .
a n d I I .
p a s s i v e , a s a c i r c u m f l e x a s
( S o v X i v G t i .
4 .
T h e
a c c e n t
r e s t s
o n
t h e
p e n u l t i m a t e
i n
t h e f o l l o w i n g
f o r m s
—
a ) I n t h e
I n f i n i t i v e ,
p e r f e c t , m i d d l e , o r p a s s i v e
a o r i s t
I . a c t i v e a n d
a o r i s t I I . m i d d l e ; f u r t h e r , i n a l l I n f i n i t i v e s i n v n t , t h u s i n a l l f o r m s o f t h e
I n f i n i t i v e a c t i v e o f
v e r b s
i n p i , a s w e l l a s i n t h e I n f i n i t i v e a o r i s t I .
a n d I I .
p a s s i v e
a n d
p e r f e c t
a c t i v e
a s
T t r i i p Q a i , j 3 t f 3 o v X t v a Q a i , T t r t f i i j a B a i ,
T r e Q i X r / a B a i
—
0 u \ a £ a f ,
f i o v X i v t r a t , T t f i r f t r a t ,
t p i X r j v a i ,
/ u t r d a j c r a i ; — X i y r e a O a i ^ —
i o r a v a t , r i O k v a i , 8 i S 6 v a i , i t u c v i v a t , a r i / v c K , f o i v a i , t o v v a i — f i o v X t v Q r i v a i ,
T v i r f j v a t
— f i e f l o v X t v i c k v a i .
V ) I n a l l O p t a t i v e f o r m s i n a t ( s e e
R e m .
1 . )
R e m a r k
3 .
T h e
t h r e e
s i m i l a r l y
s p e l t
f o r m s
o f
I n f i n i t i v e a o r i s t
I .
a c t i v e ,
I m p e r a t i v e a o r i s t I . m i d d l e , a n d t h e 3 . p e r s o n s i n g u l a r
O p t a t i v e
a o r i s t I .
a c t i v e ,
a r e d i s t i n g u i s h e d
b y
t h e a c c e n t u a t i o n i n t h e
f o l l o w i n g
m a n n e r ,
w h e n
t h e y c o n s i s t
o f
t h r e e o r
m o r e
s y l l a b l e s , a n d h a v e t h e
p e n u l t i m a t e
l o n g b y * n a t u r e —
I n f . A o r . I . A .
0 o v X c v < r a i .
I m p e r .
A .
I . M . / 3 o i X i v a a i .
O p t .
A . I . M . f i a v X t v a a i .
— — T r o i j j f f a i . — — T r o i q a a i . — — i c o i t j a a i .
I f t h e p e n u l t i m a t e i s s h o r t b y
n a t u r e ,
o r l o n g b y
p o s i t i o n o n l y ,
t h e
I n f i n i t i v e a o r i s t
I . a c t i v e a g r e e s
w i t h
t h e
3 .
p e r s o n
O p t a t i v e a o r i s t
I .
a c t i v e
a s < p v X i $ a i
b u t ,
I m p e r a t i v e
a o r i s t I .
m i d d l e
< p i X a £ a i .
e ) I n t h e
P a r t i c i p l e
p e r f e c t m i d d l e o r p a s s i v e a s i r n r a t t S t v f t i v o s , / x l v i j ,
l i i v o v ,
r t n / i i j / t t t v o f , i r f ^ i X i j / t / v o f t T C T V f t f i i v o g .
§ 8 5 . M o r e p a r t i c u l a r D e f i n i t i o n
o f
t h e
A u g m e n t
a n d
R e d u p l i c a t i o n ,
H a v i n g
c o n s i d e r e d
t h e
a u g m e n t a n d r e d u p l i c a t i o n
g e n e r a l l y
( §
7 7 ,
3 . ) ,
i t i s
n e c e s s a r y
t o
a d d
s o m e m o r e
p a r t i c u l a r
e x p l a
n a t i o n .
A l l t h e h i s t o r i c a l t e n s e s , i m p e r f e c t , p l u p e r f e c t , a n d a o r i s t ,
t a k e
t h e a u g m e n t ,
a s
w e h a v e
s e e n , b u t r e t a i n
i t
i n
t h e I n d i c a
t i v e o n l y . W e d i s t i n g u i s h t w o k i n d s o f a u g m e n t : t h e
s y l l a b i c ,
a n d
t h e t e m p o r a l .
a )
S y l l a b i c A u g m e n t .
1 .
T h e
s y l l a b i c a u g m e n t
t a k e s
p l a c e i n v e r b s w h o s e s t e m
b e g i n s w i t h a c o n s o n a n t ,
a n d c o n s i s t s
i n
p r e f i x i n g s
t o t h e
G 2
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8 4
[ c h a p . t o .
N
T H E
V E R B .
s t e m i n t h e
i m p e r f e c t
a n d
a o r i s t , b u t
t o t h e
r e d u p l i c a t i o n i n
t h e p l u p e r f e c t . B y t h i s m e a n s , t h e w o r d i s i n c r e a s e d ( a u g e t u r )
b y
o n e s y l l a b l e a s f i o v X e v o ) , I m p f . i - / 3 o v X e v o v ,
A o r .
e - / 3 o v -
X s v a a , P l p f . e - f t s - f t o v k e v i c s i v .
2 . W h e n t h e s t e m b e g i n s w i t h p , t h i s l e t t e r i s d o u b l e d
a f t e r
t h e
a d d i t i o n
o f t h e
a u g m e n t ( § 8 ,
1 1 . ) ;
a s : p i m - t o ,
I
t h r o w ,
I m p f . s p p u i T T O V , A o r . e p p n f r a .
R e m a r k .
T h e
t h r e e v e r b s / 3 o < 5 X < y t a i , / w i s h , B v v a p a t , I c a n ,
a n d
p i X X w ,
I i n t e n d , o f t e n t a k e
i n s t e a d
o f
t ,
a s a n a u g m e n t
i n
t h e A t t i c d i a l e c t
a s : l f i o v X 6 p . n v
a n d
i ) f i o v X 6 i i n v , A o r .
t f i o v X t j O n v a n d
r j f S o v X i i B n v e S v v d / i q v
a n d
r j S v v i / i n v ,
A o r . I S v v t j O q v a n d i f i v v r f i n v ( b u t a l w a y s i l v v d a d n v )
i / t t X X o v
a n d
f j / i e X X o v ( t h e
a o r i s t i s v e r y
s e l d o m r i p i X X n a a . ' )
§
8 6 . b )
T e m p o r a l
A u g m e n t .
T h e t e m p o r a l a u g m e n t t a k e s p l a c e i n v e r b s w h o s e s t e m b e g i n s
w i t h
a v o w e l ,
a n d c o n s i s t s i n
l e n g t h e n i n g t h e
f i r s t v o w e l
o f t h e
s t e m , b y w h i c h m e a n s t h e w o r d
i s
i n c r e a s e d
o n e
t i m e
( t e m p u s )
i n
p o i n t o f q u a n t i t y t h u s
a b e c o m e s a s
a y
w ( a ) I m p . l i y o v J * f . 5 x a
P l p f .
f i \ u v .
t
— n — t \ i r i £ u ) —
T ) \ T n % o v
— i j X m i c a — J j X i r ' i K e t v .
— — e K f r f i 5 w ( r ) — i K t r t v o v ^ i ) —
i K B T e v K a ( } )
—
0
— S f i t X t t a — w f l i X t O V
—
w p t X r j K a
—
i i i p . l X l ^ K U V .
V
—
v
—
v & p i £ u ( i )
—
v f i p i K o v ( v )
— v P p a c a ^ v ' ) —
v f i p i K i i v ( v ) .
a t
— y —
a l p i i a
—
y p t o v
—
y p t j x a
—
y p r j i z u v .
a n
—
n v
—
a i t X e b i
—
n v X t o v
—
n v X i j K a
—
n v X r j K f t v .
0 1
I f
— o I k t i Z u ) t p K T l Z o V
I p K T l K a
—
t p K T l K U V .
R e m a r k .
T h o s e v e r b s a r e i n c a p a b l e o f
a u g m e n t
w h i c h b e g i n w i t h n ,
v , w , o v , o r £ 1
a s
r / r r d o i t a i , T a m w o r s t e d ,
P f . t f r r n f i a i ,
P l p f . r / T T y f i r j v
i V < f w ( t ) , I p r e s s ,
A o r .
i w i a a a ( i ) v t t v 6 u > , I l u l l
t o
s l e e p ,
A o r . B j r v w j r a
i x p t X i i a , I b e n e f i t , I m p f i l i < p i X ( o v o u n f j w , / w o u n d , I m p f . o v r a £ o v ; t i K i o , I
g i v e
w a y
t o , I m p f .
u k o v , A o r .
i l % a .
e U d ' ( m ,
I c o n j e c t u r e ,
f o r m s
a n e x c e p
t i o n , s i n c e i t i s a u g m e n t e d , t h o u g h r a r e l y , e .
g .
t i x a Z o v a n d y K a Z , o v ,
c ' i K a a a
a n d
y u a a a ,
i t K a a p a i
a n d
y K a a j i a i .
T h o s e ,
a l s o ,
w h o s e
s t e m
b e g i n s
w i t h
f
u
g e n e r a l l y t a k e n o a u g m e n t , e . g . t v x o p a i , 1
p r a y ,
t v x i p n v , m o r e r a r e l y
n v x 6 p i v t o u t P f - ' i v y / i a i .
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§ 8 8 . ]
8 5
E D U P L I C A T I O N .
§
8 7 . R e m a r k s .
1 . V e r b s b e g i n n i n g w i t h a a n d a s u c c e e d i n g v o w e l h a v e a i n s t e a d o f
b u t t h o s e b e g i n n i n g w i t h a , a v , o r o t , a n d a s u c c e e d i n g v o w e l , a r e q u i t e
i n c a p a b l e
o f a u g m e n t
a s d n S i Z o p c u ( a ) , I f e e l
d i s g u s t ,
I m p f . d i ] S i ^ i p . n v { a )
d i m ( a )
( p o e t . ) ,
/
p e r c e i v e ,
I m p f .
a i m
( a ) a v a i v m , I d r y , I m p f . a v a i v u v
o u u a g u , I s t e e r , I m p f . o l d a Z o v .
B u t
t h e v e r b o i o p m , I t h i n k , t a k e s t h e
a u g m e n t
a s
t p 6 n n v .
2 . A f e w , a l s o , b e g i n n i n g w i t h o i a n d a f o l l o w i n g
c o n s o n a n t
d o n o t
r e c e i v e t h e a u g m e n t
a s
o U o v p i m , I g u a r d t h e h o u s e , A o r .
o U o i p t t a a .
3 .
T h e
f o l l o w i n g
e l e v e n v e r b s
b e g i n n i n g
w i t h
i
h a v e
t h e
a u g m e n t
i n
t h e
f o r m o f
t i i n s t e a d
o f
n
I d a ,
I
a l l o w ,
I m p f . t u r n , A o r .
u a a a
— i 9 i £ w ,
I
a c c u s t o m ,
t o w h i c h i t u i B a ,
1
a m
a c c u s t o m e d ,
a l s o
b e l o n g s
— i w i p r i v ,
A o r . ( s t e m '
E A ) , I
e r e c t e d , 1 f o u n d e d ; — e X i a a m , I w i n d ; — t X x u i ,
1
d r a w , A o r .
t ' i X K u a a , ( f r . ' E A K Y U ) ;
— t i K o v , I t o o k ( ' E A Q ) ,
f r . a l p i m ;
—
' i m p a i , I f o l l o w ;
—
I p y a Z o p a i ,
I
w o r k ; — i p w u ) ,
i p i r i Z m ,
I
c r e e p ,
I
g o ; — c a r t i m ,
I e n t e r t a i n
— a n d e x , I h a v e .
4 . T h e f o l l o w i n g v e r b s t a k e
t h e s y l l a b i c
i n s t e a d o f
t h e
t e m p o r a l a u g
m e n t —
d y v v / i i ,
I
b r e a k ,
A o r .
t a £ a ,
& c .
S e e
t h e
v e r b s
i n
u i .
d \ i ( T K o p a i ,
c a p i o r , P f .
i d X m i c a ( n ) , c a p t u s
s u m ,
a n d i j X m i c a .
u Q i o i , I p u s h , I t & B e o v ,
& c .
u v ' i o p a i , I b u y , I m p f . i m v o i f i n v , A o r . t m v r i o d p n v ,
P f .
U / v n p a i .
5 .
i o p r i Z o i , I
c e l e b r a t e a f e a s t ,
t a k e s t h e a u g m e n t i n t h e s e c o n d
s y l l a b l e
i a p r a Z o v . T h i s o c c u r s i n t h e f o l l o w i n g f o r m s o f t h e p l u p e r f e c t —
' E I K Q ,
P f .
I I . i o i i c a ,
I a m l i k e ,
I
s e e m ,
P l p f . l i p K u v .
t X i r o p a t , I h o p e ,
P f .
I I . i o X i r a , I h o p e , P l p f . i m X i r f t v .
' E P M 2 , / d o , P f . I I . t o p y a , P l p f . i w p y n v .
6 . T h e
f o l l o w i n g v e r b s
h a v e
b o t h t h e
t e m p o r a l a n d s y l l a b i c a u g
m e n t —
o p a u , I s e e , I m p f . t m p u v , P f . i m p a x a ,
e i i p a / i a i .
a V o i ' y w ,
1
o p e n ,
I m p f . d v k i p y o v , A o r . d v i t p i a ( I n f . d v o i g a i ) , & c .
d X t o K O f t a i , I a m t a k e n , A o r .
i d \ m v ( a )
( I n f . ' a X U v a i ) a n d i / X u i v .
§
8 8 . R e d u p l i c a t i o n .
1 .
R e d u p l i c a t i o n c o n s i s t s
i n
t h e
r e p e t i t i o n
o f t h e
f i r s t c o n s o
n a n t o f t h e s t e m
i n
c o n n e x i o n w i t h e .
I t
d e n o t e s a
c o m p l e t e d
o
3
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8 6 [ c h a p . v n .
N
T H E
V E K B .
a c t i o n , a n d
h e n c e
i s
p r e f i x e d
t o
t h e
p e r f e c t ,
a s
X i - \ u / e a ,
/
l i a v e l o o s e d ,
f r .
\ v a >
;
t o
t h e
f u t u r e
I I I . ,
a s
K s - K o o ~ p , r \ o - o y L a i ,
I
s h a l l b e a d o r n e d , f r .
k o < t / j , £ c o a n d
t o t h e
p l u p e r f e c t , w h i c h , a s
a n
h i s t o r i c a l
t e n s e , t a k e s a l s o t h e a u g m e n t
e
b e f o r e t h e r e d u
p l i c a t i o n , a s : i - f t e - f i o v k e v i c e w .
2 .
R e d u p l i c a t i o n t a k e s p l a c e o n l y w h e n t h e
s t e m
o f t h e v e r b
b e g i n s w i t h a
s i n g l e
c o n s o n a n t o r w i t h a m u t e a n d l i q u i d . T h e
e x c e p t i o n s
t o t h i s
r u l e a r e , v e r b s b e g i n n i n g w i t h
p ,
y v , / 3 X
( e x c e p t / 3 £ f l \ a f i / j , a i
f r .
f S k a i r r a ) ,
I
h u r t
;
/ 3 e / 3 \ a o - < f y q / j L T i K a
f r .
/ 3 \ a o - < f y t } f j J a > ,
I
s l a n d e r
;
^ s p x A c r r q K a
a n d
i f i X x U r T r j i c a f r .
/ 3 \ o -
< n d v ( o , I g e r m i n a t e ) , a n d m o s t o f t h o s e b e g i n n i n g
w i t h
< y \ ;
w h i c h t a k e m e r e l y
t h e s i m p l e a u g m e n t .
\ i u ) , 1 l o o s e P f . X t ' X v K a P l p f . i - X f - X o c f i v .
B i u ) , 1 s a c r i f i c e
— r e - O t w a , § 8 , 1 0 0 ) — t - T f - B v K t t V .
i j i v r t i u ) , I p l a n t
— i r t - < p v r e v i c a , §
8 ,
1 0 ( 3 ) — i - i r e - Q v T t i x t t v .
X o p e t u i , I
d a n c e
—
K t - x o p t v K a ,
§ 8 , 1 0 j 8 ) — t - K t - x o p t & K t i v .
y p i f m ,
I
w r i t e
—
y k - y p a i p a
—
l - y t - y p i f u v .
k X i V w ,
/
b e n d
—
k e - k X i k u
—
f a c t - i c X t c w .
x p i v i t i , J j u d g e
—
K i - K p t x a —
1 - K t - K p ' l K t l V .
7 r v £ ( o , I
b r e a t h e
— v ' e - n v i v K a
—
i - i r t - i r v i i K i i v .
e X o w ,
/ b r e a k
i n
p i e c e s
—
T i - e X a n a , J 8 , 1 0 j 8 ) — i - n - 9 X i x t t v .
p i n - T u , I t h r o w
— i p p K p a —
i j l p i f t l V .
y v w p i f a , I m a k e k n o w n
— i - y v h i p i K a —
1 - y v i a p ' i K U v .
p X a t t i u ) , l a m l a z y
I ' & k a K t V K C L — i - P X c t K i i i c e i v .
y X v t p w , I c a r v e
—
t - y X i » 0 a —
l ^ y X i t p a v .
3 . R e d u p l i c a t i o n i s o m i t t e d
( e x c e p t
i n t h e a b o v e - m e n t i o n e d
c a s e s o f
v e r b s b e g i n n i n g w i t h p ,
y v , / 3 \ ,
y X ) ,
i f t h e
s t e m
o f t h e
v e r b
b e g i n s w i t h
a
d o u b l e c o n s o n a n t , o r t w o s i m p l e c o n s o
n a n t s
w j i i c h
a r e n o t a m u t e a n d a l i q u i d ;
a s
£ q X d < o , I e m u l a t e
Z t v o w , I e n t e r t a i n a s a
g u e s t
< f / a X X u , I p l a y
o n
t h e h a r p
m r e f p a r ,
I s o w
k t ' i ^ u i ,
1 f o u n d
T r r u f f f f w , / f o l d
P f . 1 - K i j X o t i c a
—
i - i f / a X i c a
—
i - O T T a p K a
t - K T l K a
P l p f .
1 - Z n X i x i i v .
— i - ^ i a X j C ( i v .
—
t - t r i r a p K i i v .
—
l m K T t K U V .
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§ 8 9 .
J A T T I C R E D U P L I C A T I O N . 8 7
R e m a r k 1 . T h e
t w o
v e r b s , / j i / j v i j o t c w ( s t e m M N A ) , I r e m i n d ,
a n d
K T a o / i a i , I a c q u i r e , t a k e r e d u p l i c a t i o n , a l t h o u g h
t h e y b e g i n w i t h
t w o c o n
s o n a n t s
w h i c h
a r e
n o t
a
m u t e
a n d
a
l i q u i d
p i - p v t i / t a t ,
n e - n T t i / i a i ,
i - p c -
p v t j p n v , l - K t - K T r i f l t l V .
4 . F i v e
v e r b s b e g i n n i n g w i t h a
l i q u i d d o
n o t
r e p e a t t h i s
l e t t e r ,
b u t
t a k e e i
a s a n
a u g m e n t
X a p f i d v u ) , I
t a k e P f .
e l X i j ^ a P l p f . t i X i f i p a v .
X a y x a v o i , I r e c e i v e ( b y
l o t )
— « ^ i ? X a
—
t i X r i x t i v .
X i y w , t r v X X e y t a , I c o l l e c t
— O W i i X o v a
— a v v t i X d x f i v .
' P E Q , I s a y — r i p i / i e a — t i p r i n u v .
( l e i p o f i a i , I o b t a i n a s h a r e
—
t i p a p r a i ( w i t h a s p i r . b r e a t h . )
i t
i s
a l l o t t e d .
R e m a r k
2 . A i a X i y o p a i , I c o n v e r s e , h a s t h e
P f . c u i X t y p a t ,
a l t h o u g h t h e
s i m p l e X i y u i n t h e s i g n i f i c a t i o n
o f
t o
s a y a l w a y s
t a k e s
t h e
r e g u l a r
r e d u p l i c a t i o n
X s X t y p m , d i c t u s s u m ( P f .
a c t ;
w a n t i n g ) .
§ 8 9 . A t t i c R e d u p l i c a t i o n .
1 .
S e v e r a l
v e r b s b e g i n n i n g
w i t h
a , s , o r
o , r e p e a t t h e
f i r s t
t w o l e t t e r s
o f
t h e s t e m b e f o r e t h e t e m p o r a l
a u g m e n t , i n
t h e
p e r f e c t a n d p l u p e r f e c t t h i s
a u g m e n t
i s c a l l e d A t t i c r e d u
p l i c a t i o n .
a )
V e r b s
t h e s e c o n d
s y l l a b l e
o f
w h o s e s t e m
i s
s h o r t
b y
n a t u r e
d p d u t , I p l o u g h . I X a w ( I X a v v w ) , I d r i v e ,
a p - t j p o x a a p - r j p o p a i I X - i / X a x a I X - j j X a p a i
a p - t ) p o K ( t v a p - r \ p o p r \ v . i X - r ) X c i K e i v i X - q X a p n v .
I X i y x w , I
c o n v i c t .
i p v T T i o , I d i g .
t X - ? j X t y x a k X - q X s y p a i 6 p - t o p v x < i 6 p » t u p v y p a i
Z X - r j X e y x t i v I X - n X e y p r j v . d p - u > p v x f t v 6 p - u p v y p i j v .
b )
V e r j b s
w h i c h
h a v e
a
v o w e l
l o n g
b y
n a t u r e
i n
t h e
s e c o n d
s y l l a b l e
o f t h e s t e m ,
a n d
s h o r t e n i t a f t e r t h e
a d d i t i o n
o f t h e
r e d u p l i c a t i o n ( e x c e p t
i p e & c o , I
p r o p ,
i p i j p e i K a , e p r t p s L o - f j u i i )
G 4
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8 8
[ c h a p , t i lN T H E
V E R B .
a \ £ ( 0 b > , I
a n o i n t . o k o v w , 1
h e a r ,
a \ - i j \ u j > a a \ - r j \ i ( i p a i a i c - i j i e o a r j K o v a / i a i
d X - i j X i ^ t i v
d X - i j X i ' i i L i i j i \
K - t f K o t i v
q K o i i O f i n v .
a y t i p i a , I a s s e m b l e . i y i i p w , 1
a w a k e n ,
d y - i j y t p i c a d y - r j y f p p a i
t y - i j y t p K a i y ^ y t p f i a i
d y - r \ y i p K t i v
d y
- n y i p / i t / v . l y - q y e p K H V i y - n y e p f i n v .
R e m a r k
1 . T h e p l u p e r f e c t
w i t h
t h e A t t i c r e d u p l i c a t i o n v e r y r a r e l y
t a k e s a f r e s h a u g m e n t r e g u l a r l y , h o w e v e r , i n r / K - n i c d t i v .
R e m a r k 2 . T w o v e r b s f o r m e v e n t h e a o r i s t I I . a c t i v e w i t h t h i s r e d u p l i
c a t i o n , w i t h t h i s d i s t i n c t i o n , h o w e v e r ,
t h a t
t h e v o w e l o f
t h e
r e d u p l i c a t i o n
r e c e i v e s
t h e
t e m p o r a l
a u g m e n t
i n
t h e
I n d i c a t i v e
o n l y ,
a n d
t h e
v o w e l
o f
t h e s t e m r e m a i n s u n a l t e r e d
—
a y H e a d , A o r . I I . r j y - a y o v , l o f . a y a y u v .
< p i p u > ,
T b e a r ,
' E f K ,
A o r .
I I . f i v - e y i c o v , I n f .
i v - e y i c e i v .
§ 9 0 .
A u g m e n t i n C o m p o s i t i o n .
1 . F i r s t R u l e . V e r b s c o m p o u n d e d w i t h p r e p o s i t i o n s t a k e
t h e
a u g m e n t
b e t w e e n t h e
p r e p o s i t i o n a n d
t h e
v e r b ,
i n
c o n s e
q u e n c e o f w h i c h , p r e p o s i t i o n s e n d i n g w i t h
a
v o w e l ,
e x c e p t
i r e p i a n d i r p o , s u f f e r e l i s i o n ( § 6 , 3 . ) ; i r p o o f t e n
b l e n d s
w i t h
t h e
a u g m e n t
b y m e a n s o f
c r a s i s ( §
6 ,
2 . ) i n t o
i r p o v ;
a n d k v a n d
a i m a g a i n
t a k e t h e i r v w h i c h h a d b e e n a s s i m i l a t e d t o t h e
f o l l o w i n g c o n s o n a n t , o r t h r o w n a w a y , o r a l t e r e d a s
d i r o - P a X K u )
I m p f . d x - t f } a W o v
P f . d i r o - f t k & X t i K a
P l p f . o 7 r - f / 3 e ( 3 X ) j i c £ ' .
i r t p i - & a W o )
—
i r t p i - e B a W o v
— 7 r f p i - j 3 £ / 3 \ i } K a
— T r t p i - t f i i l S K i i K t w .
7 r p o - j 8 a X X u
— i r p o - i f S a W o v — i r p o - f } i \ n i c a
—
i r p o - i f S t P X t j i c u v .
i r p o - P & X K t o
—
i r p o v f i a W o v
—
T r p o - f i t f i K n K a
1 T p O V $ l f f K l } K C l V .
t f i - f } a \ \ u >
t
— l v - k $ a \ \ o v
— l / < - / 3 t / 3 X r ; i c a — l v - i f S e $ \ r j i c t i v .
l y - y i y v o f i a t — i v - t y i y v o / i n v — l y - y k y o v a — i v - i y i y o v u v .
< j v - U K i v a X , u i
—
o v v - t O K t b a Z o v
—
o v v - t B K t i a K a
—
o v v - m t t v a x u v .
a v p - p i i t r i a
a w - ' i p p l T T T O V — o v v - k p ' p u p a O W - t p p l f U V .
o v \ - \ k y n t
— o v v e k t y o v
— a v v - i i K o x a — o v v - t i \ 6 x t t v .
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%
9 1 . ]
8 9
E M A R K S .
2 .
S e c o n d R u l e . V e r b s c o m p o u n d e d
w i t h
B v s t a k e
t h e
a u g m e n t —
a )
a t
t h e
b e g i n n i n g , i f
t h e s t e m o f t h e
s i m p l e
v e r b
b e g i n s w i t h a c o n s o n a n t , o r a v o w e l n o t c a p a b l e o f t h e
t e m
p o r a l a u g m e n t
b ) i n
t h e
m i d d l e , i f
t h e s t e m o f t h e
s i m p l e
v e r b b e g i n s w i t h a v o w e l c a p a b l e o f t h e t e m p o r a l a u g m e n t ;
a s :
I v c - T v x e u ,
l a m u n f o r t u n a t e
I v g - u i i r i b ) , I p u t
o u t
o f
c o u n t e n a n c e
I v s - a p t a r i w ,
l a m
d i s p l e a s e d
w i t h
l - d v g r v x o w , d i - d v s T v x r i K a ,
i - $ t - S v £ T V -
X ^ k h v .
l - S v Q i i n r o v v .
i v c i p t o T i m V f
I v s - n p i c r r i i c a .
V e r b s
c o m p o u n d e d w i t h e C
m a y
f o l l o w
b o t h
t h e a b o v e
r u l e s
i n
N o .
2 .
t h e y c o m m o n l y , h o w e v e r ,
a v o i d t h e a u g m e n t
i n t h e f i r s t c a s e , a n d s i s p y s r e o ) , a l s o i n t h e l a t t e r a s
e i - 7 t i x i w , l a m f o r t u n a t e I m p f . t i i - r i x o v v , u s u a l l y t i i - r i x o v v .
t i - u x k o / i a i ,
I
b a n q u e t
—
c t - w x o / i t i v .
t v - t p y e r i w , I d o w e l l t o — l i i - n p y t r o v v ,
P f .
f i - i j p y t r i j r a ,
u s u a l l y ,
i v - t p y t r o v v ,
t i - t p y e r n K a .
3 . T h i r d
R u l e .
T h e r e m a i n i n g c o m p o u n d v e r b s t a k e t h e
a u g m e n t
a t
t h e b e g i n n i n g
a s :
p . v 9 6 k o y i t i > , I r e l a t e I p v Q i i k o y o v v ,
p e p : v 9 o \ 6 y n ' a ,
o i K o d o / i i w , I b u i l d
t f t K o d o p o v v
y j c o W / J i j i c a .
§ 9 1 . R e m a r k s .
1 . S o m e v e r b s c o m p o u n d e d w i t h a
p r e p o s i t i o n
t a k e
t h e
a u g m e n t
i n
b o t h p l a c e s , v i z . b e f o r e
t h e
s t e m , a n d
a l s o b e f o r e t h e
p r e p o s i t i o n
d l i m x o f i a t
I m p f .
i j / » i r « x o f i i j v , o r d p n t i i x . A o r . I I . f t p m o x o p n v .
a v £ x o / i < M
—
j ) v t i x o n
n v — i ) v i a x o p . n v .
d v o p S o i o
—
j j v w p S o w v P f .
r j v v p Q a i c a
A o r .
r / v i i p O m a a .
i v o ^ X ' ^ t — j j v t * > x ^ - o v v — ^ v o j x ^ r j K a
—
J } v w x \ j j ( T a .
n a p m v ' u o
— i i r t t p i f v f w — i r i i r a p i p v n K a — t i r a p y v r i a a .
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9 0
[ c h a p . v n .N T H E
V E R B .
2 : T h r e e o t h e r v e r b s , w h i c h a r e n o t c o m p o u n d e d
w i t h
a p r e p o s i t i o n ,
b u t d e r i v e d f r o m o t h e r c o m p o u n d w o r d s , f o l l o w t h e
a n a l o g y
o f t h o s e
e n u m e r a t e d
i n
N o .
1 .
( t a i r a u i ( f r . S i a i r a ,
l i f e ) ,
a ) I
f e e d , b )
/ a m
a r b i t r a t o r , I m p f . i f o j r i a v a n d
S t y r w v , P f . S e S t r f r r j K a .
i i o K o v i u ( f r .
S i a x o v o g , a s e r v a n t ) ,
I m p f . i S i n n o v o v v
a n d l i n i c 6 v o v v ,
P f .
i e d i n K & v n i c a .
d / j 0 i f f j 3 i } 7 - c w
( f r .
' A M * I S B H T H 2 ) ,
I s t r i v e , I m p f . l ) \ L t y t < $ ^ T O v v a n d
i } / t $ i < x -
f i t / T O W .
3 .
E x c e p t i o n s
t o
t h e F i r s t R u l e
( § 9 0 , 1 . ) . S e v e r a l v e r b s , t h o u g h
c o m p o u n d e d w i t h a p r e p o s i t i o n , t a k e t h e a u g m e n t b e f o r e t h e p r e p o s i t i o n ,
h a v i n g
i n
s o m e
d e g r e e
a c q u i r e d t h e f o r c e o f s i m p l e v e r b s .
d p < p i y v o i u i ( y o i o i ) , l a m u n c e r t a i n I m p f . r n i < j i i y v 6 t o v .
d f t ^ t e w v f i i , 1 c l o t h e A o r . ? ) / i $ U f f a .
I m a r a i u u , I
u n d e r s t a n d I m p f .
i j T r t f f r a / t i j v .
K a Q t Z , i * > , I s e t — t K a Q i ^ o v , P f . K t K a Q i K a .
K a Q t Z o f i a u , I s i t
— i K a 8 i Z 6 f t i ] v
a n d
K a O e ^ i f t i i v
( w i t h o u t
a u g m e n t ) .
K a 8 r ) j i m ,
I s i t — i K a O ^ / i t i v a n d K a 9 4 n t ] v .
c a B e v h o ,
I
s l e e p
—
l i c d B e v S o v
a a i
K a O n v S o v .
4 . T h o s e v e r b s w h i c h a r e f o r m e d , n o t b y t h e c o m p o s i t i o n o f a s i m p l e
v e r b w i t h a p r e p o s i t i o n , b u t b y d e r i v a t i o n f r o m a w o r d a l r e a d y
c o m
p o u n d e d , f o r m
a n
a p p a r e n t e x c e p t i o n
t o
t h e f i r s t r u l e a s
I v a v T w o j i c u ,
I a m a g a i n s t ( f r . t
v a v r t o e )
I m p f . v a v n o 6 f L H f v .
a v n J i i c s w , l a m a t l a w
w i t h
( f r . d v r i S i K o g ) —
r j v T i l i i c t o v .
l j i 7 r t S 6 u ) , I m a k e f i r m ( f r .
i f i i r t S o g )
— r j f i m d o o v .
§ 9 2 . C l a s s i f i c a t i o n
o f V e r b s
i n
a >
a c c o r d i n g t o t h e i r d i f f e r e n t
C h a r a c t e r i s t i c
L e t t e r s , t o g e t h e r
w i t h
R e m a r k s
u p o n
t h e
F o r m a t i o n o f t h e i r T e n s e s .
V e r b s i n < o a r e d i v i d e d i n t o t w o
g e n e r a l c l a s s e s , a c c o r d i n g
t o
t h e
n a t u r e o f
t h e i r
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c
l e t t e r .
I . P u r e
v e r b s ,
w h o s e
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c
i s a
v o w e l , a s \ v - a > , I
l o o s e ;
t h e s e
a r e a g a i n d i v i d e d i n t o
t w o
c l a s s e s
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§ 9 3 . ]
T E N S E S
O F
P U R E V E R B S . 9 1
A . U n c o n t r a c t e d ,
w h o s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c
i s
a n y v o w e l e x
c e p t
a ,
e , o ; a s : i r a i S g v - a ) , I e d u c a t e , \ v - a > ;
B . C o n t r a c t e d ,
w h o s e
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c i s e i t h e r a , s , o r o ; a s
T i f i d - c o , I
h o n o u r , c / u X e - t u ,
I l o v e , p u r d o - w , I
l e t o u t
f o r h i r e .
I I .
I m p u r e v e r b s , w h o s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c i s a c o n s o n a n t ;
t h e s e
a r e a g a i n d i v i d e d i n t o t w o c l a s s e s
A .
M u t e
v e r b s ,
w h o s e
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c i s o n e o f
t h e
n i n e
m u t e s a s
X s i t t - c o , I l e a v e ,
t t X J k - c o , I
p l a i t , i r s l d - a i , I p e r - ;
s u a d e ;
B . L i q u i d
v e r b s ,
w h o s e
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c
i s
o n e
o f t h e f o u r
l i q u i d s , X , / j , , v , p ;
a s
w y y s W - a ) , I a n n o u n c e , v i / j ^ c o , I '
d i v i d e ,
( f r a - l v - c o ,
I s h o w , < p 0 s l p - e o ,
I
d e s t r o y .
' R e m a r k . A c c o r d i n g
t o
t h e
a c c e n t u a t i o n
o f t h e f i r s t p e r s o n s i n g u l a r
I n d i c a t i v e
a c t i v e , a l l v e r b s a r e d i v i d e d i n t o ,
a ) B a r y t o n e v e r b s , w h o s e l a s t s y l l a b l e i n t h e f i r s t
p e r s o n i s
n o t a c c e n t e d ;
a s
\ i - u > ,
i r \ t i c - w ,
& c .
V ) P e r i s p o m e n a , w h o s e l a s t s y l l a b l e i n t h e f i r s t p e r s o n i s c i r c u m f l e x e d ,
t h u s t h e
c o n t r a c t
v e r b s
a s
r i ^ i w ,
< p t \ u > ,
f i w Q C t .
I .
P u r e V e r b s .
§ 9 3 . F o r m a t i o n o f t h e T e n s e s o f P u r e
V e r b s .
1 .
I n
p u r e
v e r b s ,
b o t h
b a r y t o n e s
a n d
p e r i s p o m e n a , t h e
t e n s e -
e n d i n g s a r e r e g u l a r l y
a f f i x e d t o
t h e
u n a l t e r e d
v e r b a l
c h a r a c
t e r i s t i c a s f i o v X e v - c r a ) , f i e f i o v K e v - i c a . P u r e v e r b s a l s o f o r m
n o s e c o n d t e n s e s ,
b u t
o n l y f i r s t
t e n s e s
t h e p e r f e c t w i t h k ( k o ) ,
t h e f u t u r e a n d a o r i s t w i t h c r ( e r a ) , e r a ) . A r e g u l a r c h a n g e ,
h o w e v e r , w h i c h p u r e
v e r b s
u n d e r g o , i s t h e
f o l l o w i n g
—
2 . T h e s h o r t
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c
v o w e l o f
t h e p r e s e n t
a n d i m p e r
f e c t , i n b o t h b a r y t o n e s
a n d
p e r i s p o m e n a , i s l e n g t h e n e d
i n
t h e
r e m a i n i n g
t e n s e s .
W e
w i l l
c o n s i d e r , f i r s t , t h e
b a r y t o n e s ,
t h u s
:
l i n t o a s j i r \ v i ( i ) - t i > ,
/
a m a n g r y , p t p > i ( t ) - a i a , l - i i q v l a a , & c .
v i n t o a s k w X i ; Q 5 ) - w , / h i n d e r , k u j \ v ( v ) - o u > , K t - K < > \ v - f i c a .
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9 2
O N T H E
V E R B . [ c h a p . v h .
P r e s .
I m p f .
I n d .
k u \ v ( v ) - u > ,
C o n j .
( c w X i ( i ) - w ,
I m p .
k u > \ v - i ,
I n f .
« r < o X t > ( S ) - f i v ,
A C T I V E .
P a r t . K t a K v ( J u * ) - h > v
I n d . i - K t o K v - o v , O p t . r w X u ( t / ) - o t ^ u
P e r f .
P l p f .
I n d . K t - K t d \ v - K a t I n f . K t - K u \ v - K s v a i , P a r t . « - c w \ u « : a * f
I n d .
f c - K £ - i c w A u ( i » ) - c f i v
P u t .
A o r .
I n d . K u > \ i i ( v ) - a u ) ,
O p t .
K u k v ( y ) - t r o i f u ,
I n f . K u > \ i ( y ) - o u v ,
P a r t .
K U > \ v ( v ) - f f t o V •
I n d .
i - K i i X v - a a , C o n j .
« r u i X u ( t j ) - < T w , O p t , « i i \ g ( v ) - < R X t y U ,
I m p . k u > \ v -
a o v , I n f . K t S k v - o c u , P a r t . « c u X t ( i ; ) - ( T o e
M I D D L E .
P r e s .
I m p f .
I n d .
( c w X « ' ( i ; ) - o / a a i ,
C o n j .
K < o \ v ( i i ) - u > i i a t ,
I m p .
K < o X t i ' ( i i ) - o t i ,
I n f .
f f w X t 5 ( t ) ) - £ f f 0 a i , P a r t ,
K w X i J - Q / i f v o f ;
I n d . i - K U ) \ u - 6 f i r j V f O p t . K ( o \ v - 0 l f l 7 J V
I n d i c a t i v e .
K f - i c w X v - ^ a i
K t ~ K w X v - t r a i
I m p e r a t i v e . P a r t i c i p l e .
K € - K u t \ v - ( r Q a i
. 1
2 K f - j c w X v - f f o
K t - K t a k v - a Q t a
I n f i n i t i v e .
C o n j u n c t i v e .
3
K t - K l U K v - T C U
K ( - K I > l \ v ( v ) - f i t B o v
K t - K l i \ v - o 9 0 V
P e r f . D . 1
2
3
K e - K u i X v - a 6 o v
P . 1
K i - K & X v - a Q o v
K l - K h l X v - a B l D V
? f i
- o 9 u ) v
3
K l - K t O k v - o Q t
K i - K < l > \ v - a 9 e
K £ - K t t i k v - a 9 u ) a a v o r
E - K t I ) \ v - v r a i
S i n g u l a r . D u a l . P l u r a l .
s - K £ - K < u X i ( i ) - l - K e - i c u K v ( y ) - t - K t - K u i \ v ( v ) -
j i T t v p t 9 o v I i t 9 a
O p t a t i v e .
P l p f . I n d .
1
K £ - K w X u - / i £ -
2
3
l - K t - K w \ v - B O
£ - « - < C « O X w - ( T 0 O V
l - K ( - K U ) \ v - < T 0 t
F u t .
A o r .
I n d .
K i u X i ) ( v ) - ( T o / i a i ,
O p t .
m u X v - i r o i / i i / v ,
I n f .
K i a \ v ( y ) - a i a 9 a i , P a r t .
( c w X i I - f f o / x t v o c
l - K t - K i i \ v - T O i - K t - K t a X u - o O r i v t - K l - K w \ v - V T O
I n d .
U i c u t k v - a a i i i j v , C o n j .
i c w X v ( r ) - f f w j u r t i , O p t .
K u } \ v ( y ) ~ < T a i f i r ] v
I m p . c i i X i - u a t , I n f . K a ) X i ( v ) - t r a < T 0 a i ,
P a r t .
r w X t i - C T a / n t j ' o c ; .
P A S S P 7 E .
A o r .
F u t .
I n d .
l - K u } \ v { y ) - 9 r i v ,
C o n j . K i u X v - f i w , O p t . < c w X i - 0 f i ' ) ) v , I m p
c u X v ( i ) - 6 i } r i , I n f .
i c a A i i - O i j i ' a i ,
P a r t . l e w X i - f l a ' c
I n d . K o t \ v - 6 i ] o o ) i a i , O p t .
i c w X i i - S i j f f o i ' / j i j v ,
I n f . K « X i i - 0 i j ( r £ f f 0 £ u ,
P a r t .
K i o X i - 8 ) j ( 7 0 f i f j ' O c ;
§
9 4 . P u r e
V e r b s ,
w h i c h r e t a i n t h e
s h o r t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c
V o w e l
h i t h e F o r m a t i o n o f t h e i r T e n s e s , c o n t r a r y t o t h e G e n e r a l
R u l e .
1 . S e v e r a l p u r e v e r b s r e t a i n t h e s h o r t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c v o w e l , e i t h e r
t h r o u g h o u t t h e w h o l e o f t h e i r t e n s e - f o r m a t i o n , o r i n
s o m e
p a r t i c u l a r
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§
9 5 . J T E N S E S
O F P U R E
V E R B S .
9 3
t e n s e s . M o s t o f t h e s e v e r b s t a k e a a i n t h e p e r f e c t m i d d l e o r p a s s i v e a n d
a o r i s t I . p a s s i v e , w h i c h i s i n t i m a t e d , i n t h e c a s e o f e a c h , b y t h e p h r a s e
P a s s ,
w i t h
< r ,
( s e e § 9 5 . )
t h u s
x p i ' w , I s t i n g , I g r a z e , F u t . x p ' o ' w ( i ) A o r . t x p ' v a , I n f . x P ' a l - P a s s , w i t h
( B u t
x p i o > ,
I b e s m e a r ,
I
a n o i n t ,
F u t .
x p h u ( I )
A o r . 4 x p l < r a , I n f -
X p i o a i A o r .
M i d .
i x p ' i a a p . n v P e r f . M i d . o r
P a s s , K i x p u s j x a i ,
* £ X P '
a O a t
A o r . P a s s . i x P ' ^ 1 v - )
o T O u ( S ) , I f u l f i l , F u t . d v v a o > ( v ) A o r . r \ v v < s a . P a s s , w i t h
a p u w ( f i ) , I d r a w l i q u i d , F u t . a p i S o - w ^ 1 ) A o r . f j p v a a , r j p v a e i f i r i v . P a s s ,
w i t h a .
I i v i x > ( u ) , I c l o s e ( e . g . t h e l i p s o r e y e s ) , F u t . n i a u Q S )
A o r .
i p v o a
P f .
p i f i v i c a ,
I
a m
s h u t ,
I
a m
s i l e n t .
v t v u i ( v ) , I s p i t , F u t . 7 r r i i ( 7 w ( S ) A o r . i - n r v a a P a s s , w i t h
i f y x S w , / « e < ,
F u t .
i S p i i x u ( v ) A o r . ' i S p v a a P e r f . M i d . o r P a s s . ' I d p v u a i , I n f .
t f p S < T 0 a i
A o r . P a s s . l S p i 9 t i v ( y ) .
2 .
A f e w d i s s y l l a b l e s
i n
v i a
l e n g t h e n t h e
s h o r t
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c
v o w e l
i n
t h e f u t u r e a n d a o r i s t , a c t i v e a n d m i d d l e ;
p a r t l y ,
a l s o , i n t h e
p e r f e c t
a n d
p l u p e r f e c t a c t i v e
b u t t a k e
t h e
s h o r t
v o w e l a g a i n i n t h e
p e r f e c t a n d
p l u p e r f e c t
m i d d l e
o r
p a s s i v e ,
a n d i n
t h e
a o r i s t a n d
f u t u r e
p a s s i v e
t i u
( S ) F . S v o u i
( v )
A . I S w a
P f .
S U v x a
t i e S v p a i A . P .
U i O r i v ( 2 )
Q v u ) ( * 5 )
—
O v f f t o
( v )
—
t O v a a
—
r k B v K a T t O v / u u
—
e r i J f l i y v
( £ » )
\ v b ) ( i ) )
—
X t J f f w ( y ~ ) — t X v t r a
—
X i X i / K a
X i X v f i a t —
i X i B f j v ( i » )
R e m a r k . I n b o t h c o n t r a c t e d a n d u n c o n t r a c t e d p u r e v e r b s , i f t h e
v o w e l i s
l o n g
i n
t h e
f u t u r e a c t i v e , a n d
s h o r t i n t h e p e r f e c t ,
m i d d l e ,
o r
p a s s i v e , t h e f u t u r e I I I . a g a i n h a s t h e l o n g v o w e l a s X i i w , X c X v a o f i a i ^ v ) .
§ 9 5 . F o r m a t i o n o f t h e A o r i s t a n d F u t u r e
- P a s s i v e ,
a n d P e r
f e c t a n d P l u p e r f e c t M i d d l e o r P a s s i v e w i t h a .
M u l e . P u r e v e r b s w h i c h r e t a i n t h e
s h o r t
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c v o w e l
o f
t h e
s t e m i n t h e f o r m a t i o n o f t h e t e n s e s , i n s e r t a i m m e d i a t e l y b e f o r e t h e t e n s e -
e n d i n g s
B t j v ,
n < u ,
& c , i n
t h e
a o r i s t a n d f u t u r e
p a s s i v e ,
a n d
i n
t h e p e r f e c t a n d
p l u p e r f e c t m i d d l e o r p a s s i v e
( c o m p a r e
§ 9 4 . ) . I n
a d d i t i o n
t o
t h e s e
v e r b s ,
s e v e r a l w h i c h h a v e a l o n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c
v o w e l i n
t h e i r s t e m , o r l e n g t h e n
t h e
s h o r t
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c
v o w e l
o f
t h e
s t e m
i n
t h e t e n s e - f o r m a t i o n ,
f o l l o w
t h i s
a n a l o g y ; a s : t i x o i o j , I h e a r , A o r .
r i K o i - a - 6 r ) v , F u t . d u o v - a - Q r i a o i i a i ,
P e r f .
r i K o v - a - u . a t ,
P l p f .
r i x o i - a - i i t i v I v a i m , I k i n d l e K i X t i I
o r d e r ;
k u X i w ( 7 ) , J
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9 4
| _ C H A P . V I I .
N
T H E V E R B .
r o l l X t i u > , 1 s t o n e ; Z i u ) , I s h a v e ; n - p i w , / s a w a e i u , I s h a k e ; x p ' w > I o e ~
s m e a r
( §
9 4 . ) ^ i a v u i ,
I t o u c h .
K t X i i u ,
I
o r d e r .
A C T I V E .
P r e s . K f \ t v - u i
I m p f .
1 - K s X t v - o v
P e r f . K ( - K c \ t v - K a F u t .
K t \ i v a t »
A o r .
i - K i X c v - a a
l p f . l - K t - K t X t V - K t l V
M I D D L E .
P r e s e n t K t X t v - o f i a t
I m p f . t - K t X E v o ^ i j j v
P e r f .
S .
D .
I n d i c a t i v e .
K e - K £ \ t V - < T - f A a i
K E - K t X e v - c a t
K t - K k X e v - a - T a i
K S - K t X e v - a - f i e B o v
K £ - K e X t V - ( T - 9 o V
K £ - K s X t V ' ( T ' 9 o V
K t - K t X e v - o - O e
K £ - K t X t V - a - [ l k v O l
« < 7 t
I m p e r a t i v e .
K C - K s \ E V - < T O
K e - K t X e v - a O i o
K t - K t X e v - a O o v
K t - K t X t V - ( j 9 u ) V
K e - K e X t v - a 9 e
K f - K t X e v - f f B o K r a v o r — a O u j v
I n f i n i t i v e .
K £ - K e X t v - ( j 9 a t
P a r t i c i p l e .
K t - K t X t v - a - n t v o g
C o n j u n c t i v e .
K t - K t \ t V - ( T - f l £ V O g
P l p f .
S . 1
2
3
t - K t - K t X t V - t T - f i n v D . l - K l - K t X t V - t T - [ l t Q o V P . t - K E - K f X t U - f f - ^ i i G a j
i - K t - K s X t v - u o i - K e - K e \ f v - G - 9 o v t ' t c t - K t - K e X w a d t
i K i - K i X t v - a - T O i - K £ - i c e X e v - a - 6 t ] V 1 - K e X f v - a - f i s v o i
F u t u r e
K e X t v - a o p a i
F u t .
I I I .
K i - t z t X t v - c o p a i
A o r .
i - K t X e v - a d [ x i i v
P A S S I V E .
A o r i s t l - K f X t v - a - 8 r i v
F u t .
K t X t v - < i ' 9 r ] a o p . ( u
R e m a r k I . S o m e v e r b s
f l u c t u a t e
b e t w e e n t h e
f o r m a t i o n
w i t h a a n d t h e
r e g u l a r
f o r m a t i o n
e .
g .
B p a i u i , I s h a t t e r , T t 9 p a v a / i a i a n d H O p a v / t a t , I 9 p a i a 9 n v .
i c X f i u i ,
I s h i c t ,
K t K \ e i f i a i ,
A t t .
K B i c X y / i a i
a n d i c s i c X f i o j i a i
A . i x X u a O r i v .
K p o i u ,
I
k n o c k ,
K t K p o v f i a i
a n d
K i K p o v a / i a i
A .
l i c p o & { r 9 i ] v .
R e m a r k 2 . S o m e , c o n t r a r y
t o
t h e r u l e , d o n o t t a k e t h e
t h o u g h
t h e y
r e t a i n
t h e s h o r t v o w e l .
S e e , e . g . , t h o s e
g i v e n §
9 4 ,
2 . ,
£ v u > , 9 i u > ,
X u « .
§ 9 6 . C o n t r a c t e d P u r e V e r b s .
1 .
C o n t r a c t e d p u r e
v e r b s a r e , a s
w e h a v e
s e e n
§
9 2 . ,
t h o s e
p u r e
v e r b s w h i c h h a v e f o r
t h e i r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c
e i t h e r
a , s , o r
o ,
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§ 9 6 . ]
9 5
O N T R A C T E D P U K E
V E R B S .
a n d
c o n t r a c t
t h i s
w i t h t h e f o l l o w i n g m o d a l v o w e l . C o n t r a c -
t i o n t a k e s p l a c e o n l y i n t h e p r e s e n t a n d i m p e r f e c t o f t h e
a c t i v e
a n d
m i d d l e ,
b e c a u s e o n l y
i n
t h e s e
t e n s e s
d o e s
a
v o w e l
f o l l o w t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c v o w e l .
2 . T h e c o n t r a c t i o n s ,
w h i c h
t a k e p l a c e i n t h e s e t e n s e s , a r e
t h e
f o l l o w i n g
—
a + « b e c o m e s t + •
=
t t .
0 +
I
= o v .
a + V
—
a .
e
+
1
=
9 -
o + = « •
.
a +
y
? •
<
+
S
—
» ■ o + V = 0 1 .
a
+
o
M b
«
+ o
■ =
o v . 0 + 0 = o u .
a
+
i n
M .
f
+
, o
« ■
w .
0
+
u
=
a + e i
-
? •
f
+ a
=
C C a
0 +
£ t
=
o i
( o u i n
t h e
I n f . ) .
a + o i
=
e + o i
=
0 1 .
0 +
0 1
= 0 1 .
a +
o u
O S
W .
t
+ o v o v . 0 +
0 1 )
= o v .
3 . T h e
f o r m a t i o n
o f t h e
t e n s e s
o f
c o n t r a c t e d p u r e
v e r b s
a g r e e s , a s w e h a v e s e e n § 9 3 . , w i t h t h a t o f t h e u n c o n t r a c t e d
i . e .
t h e
s h o r t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c v o w e l i s g e n e r a l l y l e n g t h e n e d i n
t h e f o r m a t i o n o f t h e t e n s e s ,
v i z .
s
i n t o 1 7 , a s
< p i \ J - o > ,
I
l o v e , F u t .
< p i X ^ - c r a
o i n t o t o , a s
f i i o - 6 6 - o ) ,
I
l e t
f o r
h i r e , F u t .
f i u r d o i - a - a )
a
i n t o
1 7 , a s
T i / i d ( a ) - < o ,
I
h o n o u r , F u t .
r i f i r f c a ;
a i n t o a , a s i d ( d ) - o > ,
I
a l l o w , F u t . $ d ( a ) - o - a > .
T h i s
l e n g t h
e n i n g i n t o a , o c c u r s w h e n a n s , 1 , o r p g o e s b e f o r e ( c o m p a r e
§ 2 6 , 1 . ) ; a s :
i a ( < x ) - £ o ,
i a ( a ) - c r Q )
/ i e t S t a ( a ) - a ) , I l a u g h ,
f i s i 8 t A ( a ) - c r o p , a i
< p a > p d ( d ) - c o ,
I
c a t c h ,
< f > c o p d ( a ) - a - a )
( b u t p f y v d ( a ) - c o , I
g i v e a s
a p l e d g e , i y y v y - a c o
f 3 o d a > ( d ) i
I
e r g o u t , b o o , f i o r j o - o f u i i , l i k e o y B o r j ) .
W i t h
t h e s e v e r b s a r e c o m p r i s e d t h e t w o f o l l o w i n g a k o d - u > ,
I
t h r e s h , d \ o d ( a ) - a < o
d / c p o d - o u a i , I
h e a r , a K p o d ( a ) - o - o f i a i ( l i k e
d 6 p o a ) .
R e m a r k . T h e v e r b s X P < >
1
g i v e a n o r a c l e , x p d o p o u , I t u e ,
a n d
r i r p a w ,
/
b o r e ,
h a v e
a l t h o u g h '
a
p
p r e c e d e s
a s
x p v a 0 f l a l >
I
s h a l l
m e ,
r p r / a w ,
I
s h a l l b o r e . T h e
e x c e p t i o n s t o
t h e r u l e
g i v e n i n
N d . 3 .
w i l l b e
e n u m e
r a t e d i n § 9 8 .
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9 6
[ c h a p .
v n .
N T H E
V E K B .
P a r a d i g m s o f
t h e
A C T I V E .
| M o o d s
a n d
i P a r t i -
a
—
—
[ c i p i a l s . g
g
S . 1
2
3
3
P . 1
2
S
I I n d i c .
I )
P r e s e n t .
C h a r . : a ( I h o n o u r ) .
r i [ i ( d - u > ) i o
r i f i ( ^ d - € i g ) ^ g
T L i x ( a - t ) a - T O V
r t f i ( a - e ) a - r o v
r ( / i ( a - f ) a - r t
C h a r . :
t { H o v e ) .
( p i \ Q - u t ) u j
< p i \ ( e - H s ) e i e
0 l \ ( l - £ [ ) f l
0 t X ( t - £ ) e T - r o v
t p i \ ( k - o ) o v - f i e v
( p l \ ( i - t ) t t - T C
0 l A ( £ - O l > ) o u - ( T l ( ) / )
^ ( t r 6 ( o - £ t c ) o T f
f i i t r 9 ( 6 - t ) o v ' r o v
f i L a O { 6 ~ e ) a v - r u v
H i ( r 9 ( 6 - o ) o v ~ f i t v
f t t a 9 ( 6 - e ) o v - r £
\ i i i o Q ( J > - a v ) o v - < j i ( v )
C h a r . o ( / l e t
o u t
f o r h i r e ) .
C o n -
J U N C .
S .
1
2
3
D . 1
2
3
P .
1
2
8
I I m p e -
E A T .
S .
2
3
D . 2
3
P . 2
3
T i i i ( t ' i - r i ) a - T £
r i [ i ( a - t u ) t j - ( T i ( v )
r i / i ( a - f ) a - r w
r i / x
( a - i ) a - r a t v
r i j u ( a - f ) a - r w f f a v o r
r t / i ( a - o ) w - v r w v
r j - r o v
0 t A ( t - a > ) w - ( r i ( y )
/ « < 7 0 ( o - 7 ? ) O t
l i t < T Q ( 6 - r f \ u > ~ T o v
f u < r 9 ( 6 - r i ) u > T o v
£ O - 0 ( 6 - w ) u j - f f t ( v )
' i X ^ - f ^ t - T O ^
^ t \ ( £ - £ ) £ l ' - r W J /
0 t A ( E - £ ) £ £ - r £
< p t k ( £ - e ) e i - T ( i ) ( T a v
o r
0 i X ( £ - 6 ) o v - v r w i >
V l < j Q ( 6 - t ) O V - T O V
f X L < j Q ( o - e ) Q V - T t o ) V
} i i < j Q ( Q - E ) n v - T U ) t T a v o r
f i l < j 9 ( o - o ) o V - V T ( O V
I I n f i n .
P a r t .
N o .
G e n .
0 l X
( £ - £ « / ) £
I V
j i u r 9 ( 6 - E t v ) o
T t f i ( a
-
o v )
- a c t
T l j x ( 6 . - o ) G ) - V T Q Q
$ i k ( k - o v ) o v - G a ] u a d ( 6 - o v ) o v - a a
6 - o v ) o v v
o - o v ) o v - t j i ) Q
I M P E R F E C T .
S .
V \ i r i { x ( ^ a - o v ) t » i v
2 i W ^ ( a - £ c ) a c
3
£ - r i u ( a - f ) a
) . i |
3
E T i i i ( a ~ i ) a - T t ) v
j P . 1 £ 7 ( / i ( d - o ) w - / l £ V
2 £ r t j u ( a - £ ) a - r t
3
6 T i f i ( a - o v ) < t > v
I I n d i c .
E t y t X ^ t - O V ^ O V V
i 0 ( X ( £ - £ ^ ) £ i f f
£ 0 l X ( £ - f ) f t
i £ 0 t X ( £ - f ) f t - r o v
£ 0 t X ( f - £ ) £ l ' - r ? / V
£ 0 t X ( £ - o ) o i i - ^ £ V
E ^ t X ( t - £ ) a - r £
j £ 0 l ' X ( £ - O v ) o V V
£ ^ i o , 0 ( o - £ ) o i ' - r o i '
f f j . t < r 9 ( o - e ) o v - T r j v
i f i i ( r 6 ( 6 - o ) o v - f i £ v
£ ^ i a , 0 ( o - £ ) o u - r €
£ / i t f f 0 ( o - o v ) o i ; v
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§ 9 6 . ]
9 7
O N T R A C T E D P U R E V E R B S .
C o n t r a c t e d
V e r b s .
M I D D L E .
P r e s e n t .
C h a r . :
a .
T t f i ( d - o ) ( * } - f i a i
T i f i ( a - 6 ) u > - f i , t 9 o v
T i f i ( a - t ) d - c r 6 o v
T t f i ( _ d - a ) d ( T 9 t
r i f i ( a - o ) i o - v r a t
n \ i
( a - w ) w - f i t 9 o v
T i f x ( a - f / ) a - ( T # o v
r t f i ( a -
t ] ) d - < r 9 o v
T t f i ( a - i b ) w - f i t 9 a
T t f i ( a - t o ) u > - V T a i
t e a
. 5 ™
S M
C h a r .
£ .
0 t X ( t - u ) o u - / « 0 o v
< j > l \ ( £ - e ) s t - t j 9 o V
0 t X
( £ - t ) e ( - ( T 0 £
0 i X ( e - o ) o i j - v r a t
^ i t X ( f c - w ) w - ^ i a t
^ t X ( £ - r / ) ? J
0 t X ( £ - ? j ) i } - r a i
0 t X ( £ - w ) w - / i £ O o v
0 i X ( f i - ? / ) i j - ( T 0 O V
0 i X ( € - w ) w - ^ £ 0 a
0 i X ( 6 - j j ) f ) - c r 0 £
0 t X - w ) w - v r a i
C h a r . o .
( r t f - o ) o v - f i a
f n < r 9 ( 6 - t ) o v - r a t
/ i i ( T 0 ( o - o ) o ) j - ^ £ 0 o v
/ t ( ( T 0 ( d - £ ) o U - O , 0 O J '
f i i a 0 ( o - 6 } o v - f i t 9 a
f i t a 6 ( J ) ' t ) o v - c 9 t
f i i < j 9 ( 6 - o ) o v - v r a i
f i t < j O ( o - U 1 ^ 0 J - f A ( 9 o V
f u < r 9 ( 6 - T ) ) ( o - ( r 9 o v
f i i a 9 ( 6 - i ] ) i d - < r Q o v
f i u x Q ( c
- t & ) u - f i t 9 a
/ i t ( T 0 ( o - i j ) w - ( r O £
r i ^ i ( a - £ ) a - t T 0 a »
r t / z ( a - £ ) a - < T 0 o v
7 i / i ( « - £ ) a - ( T 0 £
r i ^ ( « - ; - ) a - ( 7 0 w ( T f l v o r
7 i / i ( a - f ) « - ( r 0 w v
^ t X ( E - o f ) o i )
0 t X ( £ - t ) t i - f f O w
0 t X ( £ - £ ) £ T - ( T 0 O V
0 t X ( £ - £ ) f I - ( 7 0 W J >
^ l X ( £ - £ ) f t - f T 0 £
0 i X ( £ - E ) f i - o , 0 w f f t t j >
o r
l ( j 9 ( 6 - o v ) o v
f i i ( j 9 { o ' ' i ) o v - ( j Q i o
f i t o Q \ 6 - e } o v - o Q o v
f X i a 9 ( Q - ' t ) 0 V - G 9 u ) V
^ ( f 7 # ( o - £ ) o t > - ( T 0 £
f i i ( j 9 { o - i ) o v - i 7 9 u } < 7 a v O r
r t / i ( a - f ) a - t r 0 a i l x i ( j B ( J > - i ) o v - a 9 a i
T i f j . ( ^ a - 6 ) w - f x e v o g
T l f i ( a - 0 ^ t x ) - f l £ l > T )
T t f l ( a - o ) w - / i £ v o v
T l f i ( a - O ^ O J ~ f l k v T ] Q
< p i \ ( t ~ o ) o v - f x k v o v
< j > i \ ( e - o ) o v - [ i k v r ] £
f i u r 9 ( o - o ) o v - n t v o £
f i i a 9 ( o - O ^ O V - f l B V T ]
f J t f j 9 ( o - 6 ) o V ' l X £ V O V
f i i a 9 ( o - o ) o v - f i k v o v
f x i a 9 \ o - o ) o v - f i i v r i Q
I m p e r f e c t .
£ T l f l ( a - £ ) d - T O
l T l f l ( ( t - l ) ) ( i ) - [ l t 9 0 V
t T t f i ( a - { ) d - ( j 9 o v
t T t f x ( a - f y d - < r 9 t } v
r i f t ( a - o ) ( i - [ j . e 9 a
t 7 ( / i ( a - f ) a - ( 7 0 £
£ n / t ( a - o ) a J - i T o
f c 0 l X ( £ - o ) o u ' - J t J J V
t ( p t \ Q ~ o v ) o v
i < p i \ ( e - £ ) t T - T o
E < p i \ { t - 6 ) o v - f . i e 9 o v
E < P l \ ( k - t ) u - < 7 9 0 V
e ' < f ) t \ ( t - 6 ) o v - f i t 9 a
l ( p i k ( e - t ) H - ( j 9 e
t < j ) i k ( i - o ) o V - V T O
£ [ 1 1 ( t 9 ( o - 6 ) o V - { I T ) V
i f i i < j 9 ( 6 - o v ) o v
£ j U i ( T 0 ( ( J - f ) o V - r O
h { x w 9 ( o - o ) o v ~ i i t 9 o v
i f i i < r 9 ( o - t ) o v - ( j 9 o v
t { l l ( j 9 ( o - t y o V - ( T 9 l } V
i f i i < r 6 ( o - o ) o v - f i t 9 a
l f i i a 9
( o - e ^ o v - t r O e
i } l i < T 9 ( 6 - 0 ) 0 V - V T 0
H
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9 8
[ c h a p . V I I .
N T H E V E R B .
A C T I V E .
I M o o d s
a n d
i P a r t i -
I c i p i a l s .
| O p t .
[ A t t i c
O p t .
4 °
S . 1
2
3
D .
1
2
3
P . 1
2
3
S .
1
2
3
D . 2
3
P .
1
2
3
I m p e r f e c t
—
c o n t i n u e d .
C h a r .
T i f t ( a - o i ) $
- O t J t f l - T J V
• o t ) ^ - r j r o v
- O t l t p - t l f M V
C h a r . :
0 p i X ( e - O i ) ( H
0 i X ( 6 - o i ) o 7 -
0 i X ( E - o i ) o t -
0 t X ( 6 - o i ) o i *
0 t X ( e - o i ) o 7 -
0 i X ( t - o t ) o t *
r o v
/ l e v
• r e
■ E V
< j > t X ( e - o r t o t -
0 t X ( t - o t ) o t -
0 t X ( £ - O l ) o £ -
< p i \ ( e - o i ) o i -
0 i X ( e - o t ) o t -
i / / i £ i >
• i j T e
C h a r . o .
{ j . k t Q ( 6 - o l ) o i - t o v
f l t ( T 6 ( o - O l ) o L - T t ] V
f . u < r 9 ( 6 ' O i ) o T - f i e v
f i i < r 9 ( 6 ' O t ) o i ' T £
f j u o 9 { 6 ~ o t ) o l - t v
f i t a 9 ( o ' O i ) o i - r j v
f i t t r $ t o - o i ) o i - t ] Q
f i M T O t o - o f y o t - n r o v
[ u v 6 ( o - o t ) o i - r ] T r } v
f £ i 0 6 { o - o t ) o i - 7 ] f i e v
f J . t ( j 9 ( o - O t ^ O l - 1 ] T €
H i < j 6 ( 6 - o i ) o i - e v
P e r f e c t
T t T l f l l J K C t
T t t < p ' t k n K a
P l p f e c t .
f a e T t f t T j i c e i v
W e < p w p a K e i v ( a )
t f U f i u r O t b t c u v
F u t u r e
0 t X ^ f f a > f j . L a 9 u ) < T ( i )
A O R I S T I .
F u t u r e I I I .
t f i t < j 9 ( j j < i a
P A S S I V E .
A o R I S T
I .
i r i / i q d i f v ,
i < j > < t i p a 8 t ] v ( a )
l f i k i i 9 t ) v I f i u s Q M i i v
V e r b a l a d j e c t i v e s T i / t r i - T i o g , r i d ,
t ' i o v
< p < n p a - T t o s
§ 9 7 . R e m a r k s
u p o n
t h e C o n j u g a t i o n
o f
C o n t r a c t e d
V e r b s .
1 .
V e r b s i n k u > w i t h a s t e m
o f o n e
s y l l a b l e , a s
i r X c a i , J
s a i l ,
t r v k u , I b l o w ,
B i w , I r u n , & c , u n d e r g o o n l y t h e c o n t r a c t i o n i n t i ( a r i s i n g o u t o f l u o r i t )
b u t
i n
a l l
t h e
o t h e r f o r m s
r e m a i n
u n c o n t r a c t e d
a s
A c t .
P r . I n d .
w X e w ,
i r X t T f ,
i r \ t 7 ,
i r X e o / i c v ,
i r X e i n ,
i r X i o v a i
( v ) .
C o n j . - t t X e w ,
n - X f
y
g , j t X e
y ,
i r X e w f i i v , n X e n r c , t r X t i a t r i
( v ) .
I m p r . 7 r X e i ; I n f . ■ x X i l v ; P a r t . n X ' s t a v .
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§ 9 7 . ]
9 9
O N T R A C T E D
P U R E V E R B S .
M I D D L E .
I m p e r f e c t — c o n t i n u e d .
C h a r .
T t f x ( d * O t ) l f } - 0
T i f t ( a - o i ) y - f t t 9 o v
r t i ' ( a - o t ) < { > ~ ( j 9 o v
r t f i ( a - o i ) ( j j - ( r 9 e
C h a r .
C h a r . :
o .
< p t \ ( t - o t ) o 7 ~ o
< f > t \ Q - o t ) o i - r Q
( p i \ ( t - u i ) a i - n e 9 o v
( p i \ ( k - O l ) 6 t - V T O
f i t a 9 ( o - o i } o i - n t i v
/ i f < x 0 ( o - o / ) o , - / i £ 0 o v
f t i ( r O ( o - o ) o i - ( T 9 7 ) V
f u c 6 ( o - o < ) o t - i i t 9 a
H i < r 9 ( J ) - o i } o i - a 9 t
T t r t f i j j u a t
t T T f r p a j p d f i T j v ^ d )
r i f i r j f f o f x a i
t 7 T t < p l \ l ) f l 7 } V
( f > i k i ) ( T O f i a i
i . f i t f i i ( r 9 t o f i n v
i t p i X r j f f a j X T j v
i u u r Q i i H f & u i i v
t u ? / f r o j U f i
i r e < f > t \ 7 } < J o f J , a i
f i f f . i i ( r t ) i o f T o f i ( t i
P A S S I V E
F u t u r e I .
r i \ x r \ 9 i \ n o \ n n , t p t o p a O j i a o f i c u t p i \ r } 9 i } a o f i a L
j j n r j Q u j Q l ) f f o f x a i
0 t X r / - r l o g , r ' t a , T ( o v f i i a 9 a j - r t o c , r t a ,
T t o v .
I m p f .
I n d .
t V X f o v ,
£ 7 r \ e i f , i i r X t i ,
i i r X t o / i t v ,
i n - X i i r f ,
l i r X e o v .
O p t .
v X k o i f i i .
M i d .
P r .
I n d .
u - X e o / x a i , j r X e t j ,
n X t i r a i ,
i r \ ( 6 f i t 9 o v ,
T r \ t t o 9 o v ,
& c .
l u f i n . i r \ e l o 9 a i ; P a r t .
n - X t r f / t t v o c ; I m p f .
t 7 r
\ i i f i r ) v .
2 . T h e v e r b
f e w ,
J J i W ,
u s u a l l y u n d e r g o e s
c o n t r a c t i o n i n a l l
f o r m s ,
e s p e c i a l l y
i n c o m p o u n d s a s t o d o v v ,
r o v d o v v r o g , S i a S u v n a i ,
K a r i S o v v .
3 .
S e v e r a l
v e r b s
d e v i a t e , i n c o n t r a c t i o n , f r o m t h e
g e n e r a l r u l e s ,
a )
a t a n d a u
a r e
c o n t r a c t e d
i n t o n
a n d
y ( i n s t e a d
o f
a
a n d q )
i n S ( a - w ) « ,
I
l i v e ,
S y j ,
f ,
y r o v ,
y r t
I n f .
S i j v
I m p r .
? i j
I m p f .
t ? « r ,
t j r o j > ,
i / r i y r ,
i j r e . — 7 r t i v ( a - i a ) u i , I h u n g e r , I n f . j r t i v i j v , & c . — ( a - w ) w , / t h i r s t ,
£ u | / y f ,
& C , I n f .
l u p r j v .
— K ) » ( a - w ) ( i ,
/ s c r a t c h ,
I n f .
m ' j j v . — < x / u ( « - « ) w , /
H
2
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1 0 0
[ c h a p . v n .
N T H E V K R B .
s t r o k e ,
I n f .
o f i i j v . — ^ ( d - w ) w ,
I
r u b , i f / i f v .
—
x p ( - 0 ) « t y >
%
u s e i X P V i
X p i j r a i , x p r j a O a i . S o a i r o x p u i f i a i ,
I
h a v e e n o u g h , d i r o x p ^ o - O a i
—
a V o x p i J
( s h o r t e n e d f r .
d i r o x p y ) ,
i t i s s u f f i c i e n t , I n f . d i r o x p i j v , I m p f .
d i r t x p n .
—
X p ( a - u > ) i o , J g i v e
a n
o r a c l e , x p p > X P V -
b ) o o a n d o e a r e c o n t r a c t e d i n t o u > ( i n s t e a d o f o v ) , a n d o \ i i n t o < f
( i n
s t e a d o f o l ) , i n p i y ( ^ - w ) w , I c o n g e a l ; I n f . p i y d v ; P a r t , p i y w v r o c a n d
p i y u i a a
C o n j . p t y ( p g ,
p ' y < f ,
& C .
I m p f . I p p i y t a v O p t . p i y q j ' i j v .
4 . W i t h r e g a r d t o t h e u s e
o f
t h e A t t i c f o r m
o f
t h e O p t a t i v e , t h e f o l
l o w i n g i s t o b e o b s e r v e d — t h e p l u r a l o f t h i s f o r m i s t h e l e a s t u s u a l ,
e s p e c i a l l y
i n t h e v e r b s e n d i n g i n e u
a n d 6 w , b u t
i n t h o s e
i n
d m m o r e
f r e
q u e n t i n
t h e s i n g u l a r , o n t h e
c o n t r a r y ,
t h e
f o r m
i n
0 1 1 7 V
i s b y
f a r
m o r e
c u s t o m a r y ,
i n
v e r b s
i n
e m
a n d
6 m ,
t h a n
t h e r e g u l a r
o n e ,
a n d
i n
t h o s e
i n
d m a l m o s t e x c l u s i v e l y u s e d .
5 . T h e v e r b X o i m , / w a s h , a l t h o u g h p r o p e r l y n o t a c o n t r a c t e d o n e ,
s u f f e r s
c o n t r a c t i o n
i n t h e i m p e r f e c t a c t i v e ,
a n d
i n t h e
p r e s e n t a n d i m
p e r f e c t
m i d d l e ,
i n
a l l
t h e
f o r m s
i n t h e e n d i n g
o f w h i c h t h e r e i s
e o r
o
a s
t X o v
i n s t e a d o f
t X o v e , t X o v f i t v i n s t e a d
o f
i X o i o / i t v , M i d .
X o u / u u ,
X d t i ,
X o B r a i ,
& c . I m p r . X o S I n f . X o v o B c u I m p f . i X o i p n v , i X o v , i X o v r o , & c , a c c o r d i n g
t o a s t e m , A O E .
R e m a r k . U p o n t h e a l t e r a t i o n
a n d
r e m o v a l
o f
t h e a c c e n t
i n c o n t r a c -
§ 9 8 . C o n t r a c t e d V e r b s w h i c h r e t a i n t h e s h o r t C h a r a c t e r i s t i c
V o w e l i n t h e F o r m a t i o n
o f
t h e i r T e n s e s ,
c o n t r a r y t o
t h e
R u l e .
1 .
A s
i n
s e v e r a l u n c o n t r a c t e d p u r e v e r b s , t h e s h o r t
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c
v o w e l i s
r e t a i n e d
i n t h e t e n s e - f o r m a t i o n ,
c o n t r a r y
t o t h e
r u l e
( §
9 4 . ) ,
s o
t h i s
t a k e s p l a c e i n s e v e r a l c o n t r a c t e d o n e s a l s o . M o s t o f t h e s e v e r b s
t a k e a i n t h e
p e r f e c t
m i d d l e o r
p a s s i v e , a n d i n
t h e
a o r i s t
I . p a s s i v e ,
a n d
t h e
t e n s e s d e r i v e d f r o m t h e s e t w o
w h i c h
i s i n t i m a t e d
i n
e a c h c a s e
b y
t h e p h r a s e p a s s , w i t h a .
T h e y
a r e t h e f o l l o w i n g —
t i o n ,
s e e
§ 1 2 ,
2 .
a ) d m
( a ) .
y i X d a ,
I
l a u g h ,
P .
y t X u ' f f o ^ a i
( a ) ,
A o r .
i y e X d a a .
P a s s ,
w i t h
i X d m
( u s u a l l y i X a i v m ) ,
I
d r i v e ,
F . f X < 3 A .
i } X d < r a ,
& c .
f i X d w , 1 c r u s h , Q X d a m ( a ) , & c . P a s s ,
w i t h
a .
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§
9 8 - ]
1 0 1
O N T E A C T E D P U E E V E E B S .
c X a o t , I b r e a k , i c k d a i o ( a ) , & c . P a s s , w i t h a .
^ a X a w , I r e l a x ,
x a X a o u i
( a ) , & c . P a s s ,
w i t h
a .
S a p d i o
( u s u a l l y
S a p , d Z , t » ) ,
d o m o ,
I
t a m e ,
A o r .
I S d p d a a .
i r e p d w ,
I c a r r y o v e r , I s e l l ,
F . i r i p d a u t ( a ) , A o r . e i r e p a o a
( b u t i r e p a w , I g e t
o v e r , i n t r a n s . , F .
w e p d a m
( d ) ,
A o r .
i v i p a a a ) .
a i r d u , I d r a w ,
o i r a a i a ( a ) ,
& c . P a s s , w i t h
a .
a % a o j ,
I
r e l a x ,
I o p e n , a x d a o i ( a ) , & c .
*
b )
k m .
i x i o p a t , I h e a l ,
d x e a o p a i ,
J j i e e a d f i n v P f . t j t t o p u u .
a \ k u > , I g r i n d , I p o u n d , F . d X w , P f . M . o r P . d \ i ] \ f < t p a i ( § 8 9 . ) .
d p i c s t i i ,
I
s a t i s f y ,
F .
d p i c k o a ,
& c .
P a s s ,
w i t h
a
( a l s o
t o
s a t i s f y ) .
c p k t o , I v o m i t ,
F .
i j i i a u , & c ,
P f . A . i / i r i f i t K a , P f . M . o r
P . i p i } p < ? p a i
( § 8 9 . ) .
? £ w , / b o i l
( i n t r a n s . ) .
P a s s , w i t h
a . —
J e w , I
s h a v e .
P a s s , w i t h a .
r t X i w , /
f i n i s h , F . r e \ t 5 .
P a s s , w i t h
a .
—
r o k w , I
t r e m b l e .
c ) 6 u l .
d p o i i > , I p l o u g h , F . d p o a i o ,
A .
f / p o a a , P f .
M .
o r P . d p r j p o p a i ( $ 8 9 . ) , A o r . P .
r j p o B r i v .
R e t n a r k .
T h e
f o l l o w i n g
h a v e
t h e
l o n g
v o w e l
i n
s o m e
t e n s e s ,
a n d
t h e
s h o r t i n o t h e r s
—
t t l v i u ,
1
p r a i s e , F . a l v k a i i t , A o r . p v t r a , P f . p v « a , A o r .
P .
j i m B i i v b u t
P f .
M . o r
P .
j i v r / p a i .
r a p i u ) , I t a k e , A o r . P .
j j p e f l i j v e l s e w h e r e
a l p r j o w , p p q i c a , f j p t i p a t .
y a p t u , 1 m a r r y , F . y a / t w , A o r . i y t i p a , P f . y c y a / j i j i c a , A o r . P . t y a p i j d r i v ( /
u > < w f a i r a / o r w i f e ) ,
h ' . i i ) , I b i n d , d i j a u i , i f i n o a , { I n o & f L n v ; b u t S i d t i c a , S t S i p m , i l i B n v , F .
P e r f .
i j f f i j -
a o p m , w h i c h
s u p p l i e s
t h e p l a c e o f t h e u n - A t t i c B i O q a o f u u .
K o X t u ) ,
I
c a l l ,
F .
k c l X w ,
A o r .
i
K a X s a a ,
P f .
j C E f r X q j c a ,
P f .
P .
K t V X i j p z t ,
l a m
c a l l e d ; F . P f .
K a c X f j a o f u u , I
s h a l l
b e
c a l l e d , A o r .
P .
e k X i / S i j i ' , F .
M .
K a X o f y i a i ,
A o r . i x a K e a d p r i v .
w o f l l w , / d e s i r e , o l d
A t t .
v o Q i a o p a t ,
l i r 6 8 i o a
e l s e w h e r e
i r o d q o t t i , i V 6 0 > j < r a ,
P f .
T T f i r o O j j K a , P f . M .
o r P .
v ? n 6 9 i ) p . a i ,
A o r . P . < V o 0 E < r 0 i ) V .
n o v i t a , l a b o r o , F . i r o v ^ f f u , & c .
( J f a o o a r ) ; i r o v i o w
( I
s h a l l
f e e l p a i n ) P f .
j r f 7 r o i / j j i c a i n
b o t h s i g n i f i c a t i o n s .
H
3
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1 0 2
[ c h a p . V I I .
N
T H E
V K E B .
§
9 9 .
P a r a d i g m s .
A C T I V E .
T e n s e s .
C h a r . : a ( I d r a w ) .
C h a r . e
( / f i n i s h ) . C h a r . o ( I
p l o u g h ) .
P r e s e n t
< 7 7 r ( d - w ) u i
t a n ( a - o v ) u ) v
r c \ ( e - w ) u i
d p ( 6 - w ) < S
I m p e r f e c t l r t \ ( e - o v ) o v v T ; p ( o - o i ' ) o w
P e r f e c t T t r i X t K a f l p o K a
P l u p e r f e c t t a n a K e L v f a . )
I r e r t X i i c t i v
r j p o K t i v
F u t u r e
f f j r a f f w ( a ) r t X i o
a p o a t o
A o r i s t t a i r a a a i H X t a a
■ q p o a a
P A S S I V E .
A o r i s t
V e r b a l a d j e c t i v e s a i r a - a - r ' t o s ,
r k a ,
r t o v
I r t X k - a - Q n v
■ q p o B r i v
R e m a r k 1 . U p o n t h e f o r m a t i o n o f t h e p e r f e c t a n d a o r i s t w i t h a , s e e §
9 5 .
u p o n t h e o m i s s i o n o f a i n a p r \ p o p . a i , f i p o B r j v , J 9 4 . a n d
u p o n
t h e A t t i c r e
d u p l i c a t i o n i n a p - i j p o p a i , §
8 9 ,
a . T h e f u r t h e r i n f l e x i o n o f t a i r a - a - p a i ,
i a T r a . - a - p . t i v , T i r i X t - a - p . a . 1 ,
i r i T t X t - a - p n v ,
i s l i k e t h a t o f
K t s i X i v - a - f i a i ,
i k i k i -
X i v - a - p . r \ v ( $ 9 5 . ) .
R e m a r k 2 . U p o n t h e A t t i c f u t u r e ( j t X i a a = T e X t S , T t X t i g , & c , T i X i a o p a i
=
T t X o v p c u ,
r e X e T ,
& c ) ,
s e e
§ 8 3 .
R e m a r k 3 . T w o c o n t r a c t
v e r b s
t a k e a
i n
t h e p a s s i v e , t h o u g h t h e y
l e n g t h e n t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c
v o w e l
i n t h e f o r m a t i o n o f t h e
t e n s e s ,
v i z .
X o o i ,
I
h e a p ,
x t i a w , P f . M i d . o r
P a s s .
R i x m a p a i , A o r .
P .
i x & a d r i v ; a n d
x p d w , I g i v e a n o r a c l e ,
F .
x p n o u , P f . M i d . o r
P a s s , i c i x p n a / i a i ,
A o r . i x p i j a f y v .
X p a . o p . a i , I m e , F . x p v < > ^ < > h a s i n t h e P e r f . K t y p n p a i , b u t i n t h e A o r .
e x p > i a 9 t i v , O n t h e c o n t r a r y , i X a i a , a l v i m ,
a l p i w ,
d e w , a n d a p o w , d o n o t
t a k e
a , a l t h o u g h t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c v o w e l r e m a i n s s h o r t i n t h e p e r f e c t m i d d l e
o r p a s s i v e ,
a n d
i n t h e
a o r i s t p a s s i v e . S e e
§
9 8 .
I I . I m p u r e
V e r b s .
§
1 0 0 . G e n e r a l R e m a r k s . — P u r e
a n d i m p u r e
S t e m . —
T h e m e .
1 . I m p u r e
v e r b s ,
i .
e .
t h o s e w h o s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c i s a c o n s o
n a n t , u n d e r g o m a n y c h a n g e s i n t h e i r s t e m p a r t l y i n t h e c o u r s e
o f t h e i r t e n s e - f o r m a t i o n . T h e s t e m o f t h e v e r b e x p e r i e n c e s
a .
E i t h e r a
s t r e n g t h e n i n g b y
a c o n s o n a n t ,
a s : t v t t - t - c o ,
s t e m :
T T I I
K P d £ - a ,
s t e m :
K P A r ;
b . O r a l e n g t h e n i n g o f t h e v o w e l o f t h e s t e m ,
a s
f f > e v y - a ,
s t e m
4 > T r
s t e m
A A ©
t ^ k - o o , s t e m
T A K
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§ 1 0 0 . ]
1 0 3
M P T J K E V E R B S .
§
9 9 .
P a r a d i g m s .
M E O D L E .
C h a r . a .
C h a r . t . C h a r . o .
T i X ( i ~ o ) o v ~ f i a t
t r t X ( i - 6 ) o v - p 7 j v
t a i r a - t r - f i a i
T t T e X t - a - j x a t
d p - i j p o p a i
d p - r ) p 6 f i r ) v
d p o - a o p a i
V P 0 d , i r , v
I r e r e X i - a - p i t j v
t r i r a a o f i a i ( a )
k t n r a a d f n j v
T t X o v f i a t
P A S S I V E .
i T e X t a d / i r i v
F u t .
a n a - a - O
i / i o / i o i
T t X e - a - Q r j f f o f i a t
d p o O i j n o p a i
r A e - r r - T f o c u f i o - T u g
c .
O r
a c h a n g e
o f
t h e v o w e l o f t h e s t e m
i n
t h e
t e n s e s ,
w h i c h t h e G e r m a n s c a l l u m l a u t u n g , a s : K k h r r - c o , i - K X d - 7 r - r j v ( a ) ,
i c i - K k o f y - a a s i n E n g l i s h s t e a l , s t o l e , s t o l e n ; r i n g , r a n g , r u n g .
2 . I n
v e r b s
w h i c h
t h u s
a l t e r t h e s t e m
i n t h e i r
t e n s e - f o r m
a t i o n w e d i s t i n g u i s h
t w o d i f f e r e n t
s t e m s t h e
o r i g i n a l , s i m p l e
o n e
;
a n d
t h e
f u l l ,
s t r e n g t h e n e d
o n e
a n d
w e
c a l l
t h e
f o r m e r
t h e
p u r e ,
t h e
l a t t e r
t h e i m p u r e , s t e m . T h e p r e s e n t
a n d i m
p e r f e c t
o f t h e s e
v e r b s
c o n t a i n t h e i m p u r e t h e s e c o n d t e n s e s
( w h e n
s u c h a r e f o r m e d ) , a n d e s p e c i a l l y
t h e
a o r i s t I I . ,
t h e p u r e
;
t h e r e m a i n i n g
t e n s e s , e i t h e r
t h e
p u r e
o r t h e
i m p u r e ;
a s
P r e s .
t v t t - t - w , I s t r i k e . A o r . I I . P a s . i - r v T r ( v ) - r ] v . F . r v ^ r a i
( r w r - a a t ) .
P r e s . X s I t t - q ) , 1 l e a v e . A o r . I I . P a s . s - X l i r - o v . F . \ f i ' i | r ( u
( X s i T r - c r a ) .
3 . F o r e v e r y f o r m o f t h e v e r b w h i c h c o u l d
n o t
h a v e b e e n
f o r m e d
f r o m
t h a t
o f t h e p r e s e n t ,
a s
i t s s t e m d o e s n o t c o r r e
s p o n d t o
t h a t
o f t h e e x i s t i n g p r e s e n t , w e l a y d o w n
a n o t h e r
f o r m
o f
t h e p r e s e n t
( m o s t l y
o n e
t h a t
i s a s s u m e d
m e r e l y f o r
t h e
s a k e o f t h e f o r m a t i o n ) ,
a n d
c a l l i t a t h e m e ( O i f i d ) ,
w h i c h
w e
r e p r e s e n t i n c a p i t a l l e t t e r s , t o d i s t i n g u i s h i t f r o m t h e p r e s e n t -
f o r m
i n a c t u a l
u s e
t h u s ,
e .
g . ,
< / > e v y a }
i s
t h e
f o r m
o f
t h e
p r e
s e n t i n a c t u a l u s e , < J > T r f l t h e p r e s e n t - f o r m m e r e l y a s s u m e d
f o r t h e f o r m a t i o n o f t h e
a o r i s t
I I . ,
o r
t h e t h e m e .
H 4
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1 0 4
[ c h a p .
V I I .
N T H E V E K B .
§
1 0 1 .
S t r e n g t h e n i n g
o f
t h e
S t e m .
1 .
T h e
s t r e n g t h e n i n g
o f t h e
s t e m b y
c o n s o n a n t s c o n s i s t s
i n
s t r e n g t h e n i n g
t h e s i m p l e
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c
c o n s o n a n t
o f
t h e
s t e m b y a n o t h e r c o n s o n a n t
a s
t v t t t c o , I s t r i k e , A o r . I I . P . s - r x r r r { y y t ) v
T t l c r a c o , I a r r a n g e , — — i - r d y ( a ) - r j v .
2 .
T h e
s t e m
s t r e n g t h e n e d
i n
t h i s m a n n e r i s p r e s e r v e d
o n l y i n t h e p r e s e n t a n d i m p e r f e c t ; i n a l l t h e o t h e r t e n s e s ,
t h e
s t r e n g t h e n i n g i s l o s t , a n d
t h e
s i m p l e
s t e m
a g a i n a p
p e a r s ;
a s :
P r . t v t t t c o ,
I m p f . s T i n r T o v , A o r . I I .
P a s .
E T V T r r j v ,
F u t . T i n j r c o
( t v t t o - c o ) .
3 . T h e s t r e n g t h e n i n g
o f
t h e
s t e m b y l e n g t h e n i n g i t s
v o w e l
c o n s i s t s
i n l e n g t h e n i n g t h e
s h o r t
s t e m - v o w e l , w h i c h a p p e a r s
i n
t h e a o r i s t I L a n d , i n t h e c a s e
o f l i q u i d v e r b s
i n t h e
f u t u r e ;
t h u s :
a b e c o m e s
i n
m u t e
v e r b s , a s :
( t - \ a [ 9 - o v )
a
—
a t
—
l i q u i d
—
—
( 0
a
v - o j )
< p a i v u > .
t
—
e i —
— —
— ( p O t p - o ) $ 9 e l p w .
i — e i — m u t e — — ( t - X t j r - o v ) X e t 7 r < D .
— I — m . a u d i . — — ( i - r p c / 3 ( i ) - q > > )
7 - p i ' ^ w ( Z ) .
v
—
v
— —
—
—
Q - < p p v y ( y ) - t ] v ) < j > p v y u > ( J v ) .
V —
t v —
— — — ( t - t y v y - o v )
^ f u y w .
§
1 0 2 . C h a n g e o f
t h e
S t e m - V o w e l .
1 . T h e c h a n g e o f t h e s t e m - v o w e l
( §
1 0 0 ,
1 ,
c . ) t a k e s
p l a c e
o n l y
i n
t h e
i n f l e x i o n o f
t h e
s e c o n d t e n s e s , w i t h
t h e
e x c e p t i o n
o f a
f e w
f o r m s o f t h e
p e r f e c t
I .
2 . M o s t
m u t e ,
a s w e l l
a s
l i q u i d , v e r b s , w i t h
a s t e m
o f o n e
s y l l a b l e , a n d s a s t h e s t e m - v o w e l , h a v e t h i s v o w e l c h a n g e d i n
t h e a o r i s t
I I .
r p i i t - w , I t u r n , A . I I . P . t - r p d i r - o v ; o r t X X - w , I s e n d , A . I I . P . l - < r r a X ( a ) - i ; v ;
r p e i p a j ,
I
n o u r i s h ,
A .
I I .
P .
i - r p a $
( a ) - t ) v ;
< j > 9 i i p - t o ,
I
d e s t r o y ,
A .
I I .
P .
6 - 0 0 o p ( a ) - j v b u t n o t t h o s e
w h o s e
s t e m c o n s i s t s o f m o r e t h a n o n e
s y l l a b l e , a s : d y y e X X w , I a n n o u n c e , A . I I . P .
r j y y i X t i v .
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§ 1 0 3 . ]
1 0 5
M P U K E V E R B S .
R e m a r k 1 . T h e
c h a n g e o f
t h e
s t e m - v o w e l
£ i s o m i t t e d i n t h e
a o r i s t I I .
o f s o m e v e r b s a s t h e e n d i n g
o f
t h e a o r i s t p a s s i v e
d o e s
n o t
a d m i t
o f
a n
e x c h a n g e
w i t h
t h e
i m p e r f e c t ,
t h u s
f i X s i n o ,
I
s e e ,
I m p f .
f - / 3 X e x - o v ,
A . I I
P .
i - / 3 \ e i r - n v .
3 . L i q u i d v e r b s w i t h
a
s t e m o f o n e s y l l a b l e , a n d s a s
t h e
s t e m - v o w e l , h a v e
i t
c h a n g e d
i n t o a ,
n o t o n l y
i n
t h e a o r i s t I I . ,
b u t
a l s o
i n
t h e p e r f e c t I . a c t i v e , p e r f e c t m i d d l e o r p a s s i v e , a n d
a o r i s t
I . p a s s i v e a s
o r e X X w ,
/ s e n d ,
F .
< s t i \ - G > , P f . i - a r a k - K a i - o r a X - f i a i , A . P . l - a r a X - B t i v .
B u t n o t t h o s e w h o s e s t e m i s o f m o r e t h a n o n e s y l l a b l e
a s
» j y y « X i m ,
f r .
d y y f X X u .
C o m p a r e
N o .
2 .
4 . M u t e a n d l i q u i d
v e r b s
w h i c h
h a v e
s i n
t h e
l a s t
s y l l a b l e
o f t h e s t e m , a n d l i q u i d v e r b s w h i c h h a v e s i i n t h a t
s y l l a b l e ,
c h a n g e t h e m i n t o o i n
t h e
p e r f e c t I I . , w h i l e m u t e v e r b s w h i c h
h a v e s i i n t h a t s y l l a b l e , c h a n g e i t i n t o o i ; a s :
r p i f i o , I n o u r i s h , r i r p o f a l i p u i , I f l a y , S e l o p a
\ t t 7 C ( o ,
I
l e a v e ,
X t X o n r a a - K i ' i p u i , I s o w , i t n r o p a
5 .
T h e
f o l l o w i n g
c h a n g e
t h e i r
s t e m - v o w e l
i n t o o i n
t h e
p e r f e c t
I . ,
c o n t r a r y t o
t h e r u l e
i c X s i r r w , I s t e a l ,
P f .
I . k I k X o a b u t
P f .
M . o r P . K t K \ e p . f i a i ( a l s o K C K K a n n a i )
X c y w ,
I
c o l l e c t ,
P f .
I .
a v v t i X o x a , i l c t X o ^ a ; b u t P f .
M .
o r
P .
a v v t i X e y / i a t .
T t n i r u ) , I
s e n d ,
P f . I . i r e i r o p . < p a ;
b u t
P f . M . o r P . j r E 7 r « ^ a t .
r p s j r a i ,
I ( u r n , P f . I . r i r p o i p a ( l i k e t h e
P f . I I .
o f
T p ' o p t o ,
I n o u r i s h ) .
6 . T h e f o l l o w i n g d i s s y l l a b i c m u t e v e r b s w i t h s a s t h e
s t e m -
v o w e l
c h a n g e
i t
i n t o
a
i n t h e
p e r f e c t
m i d d l e
o r
p a s s i v e ,
l i k e
l i q u i d
v e r b s o f t h e
s a m e
k i n d ,
b u t
n o t
i n
t h e
a o r i s t
I .
p a s s i v e ,
a s i s
t h e
c a s e
w i t h t h e
l i q u i d v e r b s
o r p i ( p u > . I
t u r n ,
P f .
M .
o r
P . i a T p a p . p . a i , b u t A .
I . P .
i t j T p t < p 0 t ) v .
r p i T u ,
I
t u r n
—
T k r p a p . / i a i
— — l r p t < p d r j v .
T p i < p u > , I n o u r i s h —
T s B p a / x f i a i
—
— t B p i c p d r / v .
§ 1 0 3 .
R e m a r k s u p o n t h e F o r m a t i o n o f t h e
s e c o n d
T e n s e s .
A l l
s e c o n d
t e n s e s a r e d i s t i n g u i s h e d f r o m t h e
f i r s t
t e n s e s —
p a r t l y , b y b e i n g w i t h o u t t h e t e n s e - c h a r a c t e r i s t i c , a n d h e n c e
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1 0 6
[ c h a p . v n .
N
T H E
V E R B .
a t t a c h i n g t h e p e r s o n a l e n d i n g s ( p v , o p v q v , t j v , r / o - o / M u , a , a n d
e i v )
i m m e d i a t e l y
o n t o t h e p u r e
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c
o f t h e v e r b ; —
p a r t l y ,
b y
b e i n g
f o r m e d f r o m
t h e
p u r e
v e r b a l
s t e m ,
a s
X s L i r a
s - T u i r - o v ,
< p s v y a > e - c p i - y - o v
;
—
a n d p a r t l y ,
b y
c h a n g i n g
t h e
v o w e l
o f t h e
v e r b a l s t e m , a s c r r p s c p c o , e - a r p d < p { a ) - 7 ] v ,
a r p a t p -
■ ^ a o f i a t , ; b u t i - c r r p s < p - 0 r ] v .
R e m a r k
1 . T h e
p e r f e c t I I .
d o e s
n o t a l w a y s r e t a i n
t h e
s h o r t
v o w e l
o f
t h e
s t e m ,
b u t l e n g t h e n s i t i n
m a n y
v e r b s , v i z . a i n t o
a n d ,
a f t e r p o r
a v o w e l , i n t o a a s
K p a Z u ,
I
c r y
o u t
A .
I I .
l - K p d y - o v
P .
I I .
K t - r p d y a
B a X K u i , I b l o o m F u t . O a X - H
—
T t - O t j k - a
S o i r i f p i K a , v i f r i v a , X t X j j S o ,
f r . ( j i p i a a m ( < S P I K ) , I
a m r o u g h ,
I s h u d d e r
f a i v m
( 4 > A N , a ) , I s h o w i p t i y t a ( # T T , 1 f l e e ; X ? j 0 w ( X a v Q d v t a , A A O , a ) ,
I a m h i d .
R e m a r k
2 . - I n t h o s e v e r b s i n w h i c h t h e a o r i s t I I . a c t i v e e i t h e r w o u l d
n o t
a t
a l l
d i f f e r
f r o m
t h e
i m p e r f e c t ,
o r o n l y i n t h e
q u a n t i t y o f
t h e
s t e m -
v o w e l , t h e a o r i s t I I . a c t i v e i s n o t f o u n d t h e a o r i s t I I . p a s s i v e , h o w e v e r , i s
u s e d ,
b e c a u s e t h i s h a s a
d i f f e r e n t e n d i n g f r o m
t h e i m p e r f e c t
a s
y p d f w Q i ) , I m p f . i i y p a t p o v ,
A o r . I I .
A .
w a n t i n g ,
A o r .
I I .
P . i y p d t j > i j v ( a ) .
A . M u t e
V e e b s .
§
1 0 4 .
C l a s s i f i c a t i o n .
M u t e v e r b s , l i k e
t h e
m u t e l e t t e r s ,
a r e d i v i d e d i n t o
t h r e e
c l a s s e s ,
a c c o r d i n g t o
t h e f u n d a m e n t a l
s o u n d o f t h e i r c h a r a c
t e r i s t i c
;
i n
e a c h
o f
t h e s e
c l a s s e s
w e
d i s t i n g u i s h
t h e
v e r b s
w i t h a p u r e
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c
i n t h e p r e s e n t
a n d i m p e r f e c t , a n d
t h o s e w i t h
a n
i m p u r e
o n e
( § 1 0 0 , 2 . ) .
a .
V e r b s w h o s e
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c
i s a P - s o u n d ( w , f } , < p p u r e
;
i m p u r e )
a s
a . P u r e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c :
i r i f i T r - w , I s e n d ,
T p l f 3 - c o ,
I r u b ,
y p d < p - a ) ,
I
w r i t e .
/ 3 .
I m p u r e
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c : t u t t t - w ,
I
s t r i k e
( p u r e
c h a
r a c t e r i s t i c , 7 r p u r e
s t e m T T I I ) , f i X d - n r - a i , I i n j u r e ( / 3 ,
B A A B ) , p i i r r - a i ,
I t h r o w
( d > , ' P K E > >
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§ 1 0 5 . ] . M U T E I M P U R E
V E R B S . 1 0 7
b . V e r b a w h o s e
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c i s
a
K - s o u n d ( k , 7 , ^
p u r e
a a o r A t t .
t t
i m p u r e ) a s
a .
P u r e
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c :
i r \ s t c - a > , I
p l a i t , a r y - w ,
I l e a d ,
t s v x - o ) , I f o r m .
y S . I m p u r e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c < p p u r a - a > , A t t . ( p p l - T r - m ,
1
s h u d d e r ( p u r e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c , k p u r e s t e m , < I > P I K ) , T c u r c r -
a > , A t t . T a T T - c a ,
I
a r r a n g e ( 7 , T A r ) , f t r j c r c r - c Q ,
A t t .
/ S j j t t - w ,
I c o u g h
B H X ) .
c .
V e r b s w h o s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c i s
a T - s o u n d
( t ,
B ,
0 p u r e £
i m p u r e )
;
a s
a .
P u r e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c
a v v r - a ,
I c o m p l e t e ,
a S - a ,
I
s i n g , v e l B - m , I p e r s u a d e .
j S . I m p u r e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c : < p p d % - c o ,
I s a g
( p u r e c h a
r a c t e r i s t i c , 8 p u r e s t e m , < E > P A A ) .
§ 1 0 5 . O b s e r v a t i o n s .
1 .
S o m e
i n
a a i a ,
r r w ,
h a v e ,
n o t a
K - s o u n d
b u t ,
a
T - s o u n d
f o r t h e i r
p u r e
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c
a s a p f i o r r o ) ,
I j o i n
t o g e t h e r ,
F .
- 6 a o >
i p t a a m , r r i a ,
I
r o w
i r a o o i a , I s p r i n k l e ; T t X a o a t a , I f o r m
i r r i a a w ,
I p o u n d .
T h e v e r b v a a a m ,
I c r a m , I p r e s s
t o g e t h e r , f l u c t u a t e s b e t w e e n b o t h
f o r m a t i o n s : F . v a t i a , & c ,
P f .
M i d . o r P a s s , v k v a o p a i , v e r b . a d j .
v a a r o g .
2 . T h e
f o l l o w i n g v e r b s i n
£ w , w h i c h f o r t h e m o s t
p a r t
e x p r e s s a c r y o r
s o u n d , h a v e , n o t a T - s o u n d b u t , a K - s o u n d ( u s u a l l y y )
f o r
t h e i r p u r e
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c
< u a ? w ,
I g r o a n , F . a l a l i a r i X a X d £ w , / s h o u t
; k o i ? w ,
I s q u e a k ,
I
g r u n t
( a s
a
p i g ) ,
F .
K o i ^ u
t p a Z u ,
I
c r y
o u t
;
n p i i ^ i a ,
I
c r o a k
;
p a a r i Z u ) ,
I
w h i p 6 S a Z u > , I b i t e ; o l / i w Z w , I l a m e n t ( F . £ a » a n d £ o / j < u )
o X o X i ? a > ,
I h o w l ;
p v a r d Z u ) ,
I t u g ;
a r a t i a a n d
a r a X a l u i , I
d r o p
;
a r i v a Z o ) , I
g r o a n ;
o T n p t S u , 1
m a k e f i r m
a r i Z , i o ,
I p r i c k a v p i f a , I
p i p e ,
I w h i s t l e ;
o Q a Z t o ( A t t .
a ^ a n u ) ,
I s l a u g h t e r ;
a < j > v ( , < a ,
I
b u b b l e ;
r p i ' i u , I c h i r p ( p X v l o i , I b u b b l e
u p .
3 . T h e
f o l l o w i n g
i n
? w
f l u c t u a t e b e t w e e n
b o t h f o r m a t i o n s
f i a a T a l w ,
I
c a r r y , F .
a o i o ,
& c , A o r . P . t f t a o T a x O r i v . — v v a r a l t o ,
1
w i n k ,
I s l e e p ,
F . a a i a
a n d a £ w . — w a i f a , J p l a y , F . 7 r a i £ o i i / i r u ( } 1 1 6 ,
3 . )
a n d i r a i X o p a i , A o r .
i i r a i a a , P f . M i d . o r P a s s .
m T r a u r f i a i .
4 .
T h e
f o l l o w i n g
i n
? w
h a v e
y y
f o r t h e i r
p u r e
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c
i c X a f w ,
/
c r y o u t ,
P f .
I I . d - K X a y y - a ,
F .
n X a y i w ,
A o r . i n X a y g a .
—
i r X d £ w , / w a n d e r ,
F . n X a y % u > ,
& c ,
A o r .
P .
l i r X d y x Q i v . — a a X i r l W , I
t r u m p e t , F . o a X i r i y Z . ( o ,
& c
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1 0 8
[ c h a p . v n .
N
T H E
V E K B .
§ 1 0 6 . T e n s e - F o r m a t i o n .
1 . M u t e
v e r b s
f o r m t h e f u t u r e a n d a o r i s t
I .
a c t i v e a n d m i d
d l e w i t h t h e
t e n s e - c h a r a c t e r i s t i c c ; a n d
t h e p e t f e c t
a n d p l u p e r
f e c t I . a c t i v e ■ w i t h
t h e
a s p i r a t e d
e n d i n g s
- a , - e l v , i f
t h e c h a r a c
t e r i s t i c
i s a
P -
o r a
K - s o u n d , b u t w i t h
t h e e n d i n g s - i c a ,
- k s i v ,
i f
i t i s a T - s o u n d . T h e
T - s o u n d ,
h o w e v e r , i s o m i t t e d
b e f o r e
t h e
k , a n d
i s c h a n g e d
i n t o a - b e f o r e p a n d t , i n
t h e p e r f e c t
m i d d l e o r
p a s s i v e , w h i c h a f a l l s a w a y b e f o r e t h a t o f t h e p e r s o n a l e n d i n g s
a s i r s i d a ) ,
I
p e r s u a d e ,
i r h r i i a f i a i ,
a r a c
< f > p d £ a > ,
I
s a y , i r i < f > p a -
a - f i a i ,
c r r a t b u t
2 .
p . i r h r e i - a a i . T h e v o w e l s a , t ,
v , i n
v e r b s
w i t h a
T - s o u n d a s t h e i r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c , a r e s h o r t b e f o r e e n d
i n g s w i t h t h e t e n s e - c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a a n d k - k s i v ) ;
a s
< p p d £ a > ,
< p p d a c o ( a ) ,
e c p p a a a , i r t y p a i c a i f K c u x a a , I f o r m ,
F .
7 r \ a -
< r < » ( a ) v o f i i f y o , I t h i n k , A . e v o u u r a k \ v £ o > , I w a s h , F . k K v -
< r c o ( y ) , c
2 .
T h e
a l t e r a t i o n s
w h i c h
t h e
m u t e s
u n d e r g o
i n
c o n s e q u e n c e
o f t h e
a d d i t i o n
o f t h e
t e r m i n a t i o n s b e g i n n i n g
w i t h < r , 6 , f i , o r
V , a n d t h e a s p i r a t e d e n d i n g s - a , - e l v , p r o c e e d f r o m w h a t h a s
b e e n d i s c u s s e d
a b o v e
( § 8 . ) i n r e f e r e n c e t o
t h e
c h a n g e o f c o n
s o n a n t s .
R e m a r k 1 . I f / t g o e s b e f o r e a P - s o u n d a s t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c , a s e . g . i n
■ x i p T r - i a o n e
/ i
i s d r o p p e d i n t h e p e r f e c t
m i d d l e
o r p a s s i v e t h u s
i r $ p i r < j ,
I
s e n d ,
T T t — T n u - j i a i ( i n s t e a d o f i r i - i r t i x i r - j i a i , ■ K t — n i ^ f i - n m ) K a / i i r r - b ) , I
b e n d ,
x i - K a j i - n a i
( i n s t e a d
o f
i c i - i c a p i r r - f t a i ,
K e - K a p i x - i i a i ) .
I n
t h e
s a m e
m a n n e r ,
i f
t w o y ' s
c o m e
t o s t a n d b e f o r e o n e o f t h e m i s d r o p p e d
a s
a < p t y y - u > , I l a c e , i - a < j > i y - f i a i .
R e m a r k 2 . T h e v e r b s w h o s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c
i s
a T - s o u n d d o n o t f o r m
t h e
a o r i s t I I .
i n t h e
o r d i n a r y
d i a l e c t s .
R e m a r k 3 . T h e t e r m i n a t i o n s b e g i n n i n g w i t h a 8 , a f t e r a m u t e i m m e
d i a t e l y
p r e c e d i n g ,
l o s e
t h e
a , a n d
t h e
m u t e i s t h e n c h a n g e d
i n t o
a n
a s p i
r a t e o n a c c o u n t o f t h e f o l l o w i n g 9 a s K i i c p v i p d a i i n s t e a d o f « K p i t y 0 a e ,
T m r \ s \ B a t
i n s t e a d
o f T c n r \ i ' i 9 a i .
R e m a r k
4 .
T h e t h i r d
p e r s o n
p l u r a l p e r f e c t a n d p l u p e r f e c t m i d d l e
o r
p a s s i v e , w h i c h p r o p e r l y e n d s i n - v r a i a n d - v t o , a s w e h a v e s e e n i n t h e
p u r e
v e r b s , c a n n o t b e f o r m e d i n t h i s w a y i n i m p u r e
v e r b s
( w h e t h e r m u t e
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§ 1 0 7 . ]
1 0 9
U T E I M P U R E V E R B S .
o r
l i q u i d ) , o n a c c o u n t
o f
t h e
c o n c u r r e n c e o f
s o
m a n y
c o n s o n a n t s . H e n c e
t h i s p e r s o n i s u s u a l l y
e x p r e s s e d
b y a p e r i p h r a s i s , c o n s i s t i n g o f t h e p l u r a l o f
t h e
p a r t i c i p l e p e r f e c t ,
a n d
t h e
t h i r d
p e r s o n
p l u r a l
p r e s e n t
a n d
i m p e r f e c t
o f
t h e v e r b
e l v a i
( U o i ( v ) , s u n t , r j o a v , e r a n f ) s o m e t i m e s ,
h o w e v e r ,
t h e v i s
e x c l u d e d , a n d
a n
a p u t
i n
i t s p l a c e ,
w h i c h
i s a s p i r a t e d a f t e r a P - o r K -
s o u n d b u t u n a s p i r a t e d a f t e r a T - s o u n d a s
r p i f l w ,
I
r u b , H - r p t p - p a i 3 . p e r s . r i r p i i p a T a i
( i n s t e a d o f
r t r p i j S i r a i ) ,
P l p f .
t T i T p t t p a r o
t t X e k i o ,
J
p l a i t , - K i - n X i y - f i a i
— • 7 r t i r \ s x a T a l ( i n s t e a d o f
i r ' f K X t K V T a i )
r d a a m , 1
a r r a n g e ,
T i - T a y - p a t — r t r a x a r a i ( i n s t e a d o f T t T a y v r a i )
O K i v a Z , o > , 1 p r e p a r e ,
i - G K i v a t j - i i a i
— i f f K i v a S a r a i ( i n s t e a d o f t O K i v u S v T a i )
X i o p ' i Z w ,
I
s e p a r a t e ,
K t - x & p w u a i
—
K e x ^ p i S a r a t ( i n s t e a d
o f
K f x & p i S v r a t )
P A R A D I G M S O F T H E M U T E V E R B S .
§
1 0 7 .
a .
V e r b s
w h o s e
R o o t
i s
a
P - s o u n d
( / 9 ,
i r , < f > ) .
a ) P u r e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c
/ 8 ,
i r ,
( F u t . ^ r < u ) .
r p i / 3 i u ( I ) ,
I
r u b .
A C T I V E .
I n d . 7 - p i / 3 ( i ) - w , C o n j .
r p i / 3 ( 7 ) - « , I m p .
T p l f i - e , I n f .
T p i ) S ( j ) - u v ,
P a r t . r p i ' / 3 ( 7 ) - w v
I n d . i r p ' i f i o v , O p t . r p i ' / 3 ( l ) - o i / «
I n d . ( r t - r p l f i - a ) r t - r p ' o p - a , C o n j . i - £ - r p i ' < f > ( 7 ) - w , I m p . n o t u s e d
I n f .
T t - T p i Q - e v a i , P a r t .
T e - r p u p - w Q
I n d . ( i - 7 - i - r p i ' / 3 ( 7 ) - £ i > > ) i - T t - r p i i p ( t ) - u v , O p t . r t - r p i i p ( l ) - o i f i i
I n d . ( j p i j i - a u i ) r p i - ^ u i , O p t . r p i i p o i p i , I n f . r p i i p t i v , P a r t , r p i ^ w v
I n d .
f - T - p i i ^ - o r , C o n j . r p i t p u i ,
O p t . r p i ' i f w / i i ,
I m p . r p i t f / o v ,
I n f .
T p l t p a t , P a r t . T p t y a q
P r e s .
I m p f .
P e r f .
P l p f .
F u t .
A o r .
I .
M I D D L E .
P r e s .
I m p f .
I n d . r p / / 3 ( 7 ) - o p ; a i , C o n j . T p i f i ( T ) - u p n t , I m p . r p i ' / 3 ( 7 ) - o u
I n f . T p i j } ( l ) - t a G a i ,
P a r t . T p ' i j 3 - 6 p . i v o s
I n d .
i - r p l f i - n p q v ,
O p t .
T p t $ - o i p i } v
P e r f .
I n d .
3 . 1
2
3
1
2
1 ) .
( r t - r p i / 3 - / t n f )
T E - r p i p - f i a l
T t - T p u j j a i
r i - r p i - n - T a i
T t - r p i p - p t O o v
r ' t ' T p i i p - Q o v
T t - r p i ( p - 9 o v
r i - T p i f i - f i t 6 a
T i - r p t < p - 9 e
T t - T p i p - p ' t v o i t l i r l ( v )
o r r i - T p l Q - a r a i
I m p e r a t .
( r t - r p 7 / 3 - ( T o )
T t - T p v f y o
T t - T p t f } } - 9 u ]
T i - T p i t p - Q o v
T l - T P l t y - 9 l i t V
T t - T p t < p ' 9 t
T i - T p t < p - 9 w a a v
o r r t - T p i i p - 9 u i v
I n f i n i t i v e s .
( r t - r p t j 3 - 0 « i )
T £ - r p i 0 - ( ? c u
P a r t .
r t - T p i p ' i x k v o Q o v j
C o n j .
T l - T p i p - l > l t V O £ t o
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1 1 0
O N
T H E V E R B . [ c h a p .
V I I .
M i d d l e — c o n t i n u e d .
S i n g u l a r .
D u a l . P l u r a l .
l - r e - T p i p - p n v
l - T t - T p l p - p t 9 o v l - T E - r p l p - p t 9 a
l - r i - T p t i p o
l - r k - r p u p - B o v
l - r i - T p i $ - 9 t
i - T t - T p i i r - r o l - T E ~ r p i f - 9 i ] V T t - r p i p - p i v o i
1
P l p f . 2
3
r \ < s a v
O p t .
T E - r p i p - p ' t v o q
t i n *
F u t .
A o r .
I .
I n d .
T p i \ p o / j i a i ,
O p t . r p t ^ o i f i T j V f I n f .
r p t y e a Q a i , P a r t ,
r p t i p o p t v o g
I n d . i - T p i \ p d p . r i v , C o n j . r p t i p u i p m , O p t . T p i \ p m p t ] v , I m p . r p t y a t ,
F u t . m .
I n f .
T p i f y a a O a i ,
P a r t ,
T p t ^ a p e v o g
I n d . r t - r p t y o f i a t ,
O p t .
T e - T p i ^ o i / i r i v ,
I n f . T i - r p i y p i a B a i , P a r t .
T E - T p V ^ J O p t V O Q
P A S S I V E .
A o r . I .
F u t I .
A o r .
n .
F u t . n .
I n d .
( i - T p ' t f i - Q r ) v ) i - T p t y - B q v , C o n j . r p u p - 6 a i ,
O p t .
T p u j > - 8 i i r i v ,
I n f . T p i ^ > 9 j v a i , I m p . r p i ' 0 - 0 q r i , P a r t . r p i < p - 9 t t g
I n d .
r p i $ - 9 r j < ? o p a i , O p t . r p i < p - 8 t i o o t p n v , I n f . r p i < p - 9 i i a i a 9 a i ,
P a r t .
r p i 0 - 0 f / < 7 < Y i € j / o c
I n d . l - 7 - p i ' | 3 ( r ) - ) j i ' , C o n j . r p i f i - u i , O p t .
T p i f i - t i r ) v ,
I m p . r p < / 3 ( I ) - i ) 0 i ,
I n f .
r p X f i - i j v a i , P a r t . T p t j 3 - € t g
I n d . T p X j 3 - t ) a o p a i , O p t .
r p X j i - j i a o i p n v ,
I n f .
T p X j 3 - j < r e < i 6 a i ,
P a r t .
V e r b . a d j . ( r p i f i - r o s ) r p i j r - r o c , 6 v
T p i v - H o g ,
s o , k o v .
r p T / 3 - i j f f o / x f v o c
§
1 0 8 .
/ S )
I m p u r e
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c :
7 t t i n
t h e
P r e s e n t a n d
I m p e r f e c t
( P u t . - A / r t o ) .
A c t i v e .
M i d d l e .
P a s s i v e .
P r e s e n t
I m p f .
P e r f e c t I .
P l u p f . I .
P e r f . n .
P l p f . I I .
F u t .
A o r . I .
F u t .
I I I .
K O T T T l t )
t - K O T T T - O V
i a i
i n v
( i c k - K O - T r - a ) K E - K O t f t - a
k s - k o t t - u ( H o r n . )
K E - K O p - p a
l - K E - K 6 p - p . l t
( l i k e
r i - T p i p p a i )
v
( l i k e l - T i - T p i p p n v )
L - K E - K O T T - U V
t - i e o i / z a
K o t p o p a i
t - K o t y a p n v
A o r .
I . l - K o t p - Q n v
F u t .
I . K O f - B r i a o p a i
A o r .
I I .
l - i c o n - - i | v
F u t .
I I .
K o i r - / ) < T O / i a «
V e r b . a d j .
K 0 7 r - r 6 c ,
^ ,
6 v
K o i r - H o g ,
r s a , r « o v
K E - K O i p O p a l
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§ 1 0 9 , ]
I l l
U T E I M P U R E V E R B S .
S o K a f i i r - r - i t i , I b e n d , F u t . i c d / r ^ w , A o r . f - c a p ^ w , P e r f . M i d . o r P a s 9 .
K t - K a / i - f i a i ( i n s t e a d o £ K i - K a f i p - f i a i ) , J 1 0 6 . R e m .
1 .
S .
1
h - r l C U / I U ,
I m p e r .
l u f i n .
D . 1
2
3
K £ K « / r . / / 0
K i K C l f l i p Q l i l
K t K a n < p 9 a i
I n d . 2
3
P a r t .
K S K a f i f i i v o g ,
o v
P . 1
K t K a f u p Q o v
K € K a f t ^ i t 9 a
K e K a p t p O e
3
K a c a f i i p G u i o a v o r
z a c a f i t p Q u i v
V e r b . a d j . k c i h i t t o s ,
6 v
« a / » 7 r T 6 o c , 7 - i a , r e o v
§ 1 0 9 . b . V e r b s w h o s e C h a r a c t e r i s t i c i s a K - s o u n d ( y ,
k ,
a )
P u r e
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c
y ,
/ 8 )
I m p u r e
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c i n
t h e
k , x - P r e s e n t a n d I m p e r f e c t a a ,
A t t . T T , m o r e r a r e l y £ 1
i r X k - w , 1 p l a n t , P u t . - J w .
- w , A t t .
r a r
r w , I
a r r a n g e .
a a o
A c t i v e .
M i d d l e . A c t i v e .
M i d d l e .
P r e s .
E m p f .
P e r f .
t t X c k - u )
t - i r X t K - o v
( i r £ - 7 r X e i c - a )
i r X i i c - O f t a i
£ - 7 r X £ K - O ^ I 7 / l >
i - r a o t s - o v
( r k - T a y - a )
l - T a f f f f - o f i t j v
7 T £ - 7 r \ £ X - a
£ - 7 T £ - 7 r X £ ^ £ t l /
( 7 T £ - n - X £ i c - / j a i )
? r £ - 7 r X f y - / i a i
r e - r a y - j u a t
i - T t - r d y - f A i j v
l p f .
F u t .
A o r .
£ - 7 T f - 7 r X E 7 ' - / J t y J >
1 - T l - T C t x - t l V
f . m .
( t t X e k - o - w ) 7 t X e 2 ; w
f - 7 r X £ { a
7 r X £ ? o / i a i
i - 7 r X f J ; a ^ i j » >
7 r f - 7 r X f 5 o ^ n i
( r a y - < x w ) r a £ w
I ' T a ^ d j i i p '
T E - r d Z o u n t
A o r . L ( i - T T \ ' t K - V t ) v ) i - w \ s \ - 9 r ) v
F u t . L T r X t x - d l i i r o / x a i
A o r . I I . £ - 7 r \ a K - ) ) v a n d i - w X t K - n v
F u t .
H .
T r X a K - i ' j T O f i a t
P a s s i v e .
( i - T a . y - 9 n v ) i - r a x - 8 > ) V
r a x - Q ^ a o f i a t
i . - r a y ~ i ] v
r a y - 7 \ a o ] i a i
V e r b . a d j .
7 t X ( k t 6 c ,
6 % n X t K r i o e , H a , r
o v
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1 1 2 [ c h a p . v n .N T H E V E R B .
I n f l e x i o n
o f
t h e P e r f e c t M i d d l e o r P a s s i v e .
r a a a u , I a r r a n g e , a n d o < p i y y u > ( j j
1 0 6 .
R e m . 1 ) , I l a c e .
2
3
D .
1
2
3
P . 1
2
3
I m p e r a t i v e .
t a i p i y Z o
I n d .
T E T a y p a i
T e r a K a t
T E T a K T C U
r i r a y f i e O o v
T t r a x O o v
r k r a x ^ o v
T Z T a y i i E v o i
t i T t f t t y f i a t
e a f i y Z a t
t ( T < p t y K T a t
£ < T ( f > i y f i E 9 o v
e < T < p t y x O o v
i < T $ t y X & 0 V
e f f t p i y f i t Q a
t < T $ i y x 9 t
l c r < p t y f i e v o t
r i r a x Q o v
r t r a x d e
T t r a x Q w a a v
o r
T i T & x O t o v
k a Q i y x Q v v
t a < p t y x S i
k a t p i y x Q w a a v
o r
t G < j > i y x Q o * v
I n f .
r e r a x Q a t , i o < p i y x 9 a t P a r t . T t r a y p t v o s , k a Q t y p i v o g
§ 1 1 0 . c . V e r b s w h o s e C h a r a c t e r i s t i c i s a T - s o u n d ( $ , r , 8 ) .
a )
P u r e
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c
8 , / 3 )
I m p u r e
c h a r ,
i n
P r e s .
a n d
r , 0 . I m p f . £ m o r e r a r e l y e r a .
x p t i S - u ) , I d e c e i v e F u t u r e — < t o j . < f > p a ? - w , I s a y .
A c t i v e .
M i d d l e .
A c t i v e . M l D D L E .
P r e s .
I m p f .
P e r f .
\ p t v d - o f i a i j
t ~ \ p £ v S - 6 f j . r j v
( t - i ^ E v d - f i a i )
e - < P p a Z - o v
i r k - c p p a - K a
( p p d Z - o f i a t ,
t - t y p a Z - o f i r j v
( i r i - i p p a d - f i a t )
7 r £ - 0 p a r r - f i a t
l - 7 r e ~ r p p d ( 7 - f i T } v
( j P p d . S ' f f o f i a i )
( t - 4 > e v d - i c a )
t - l p E V - K O .
i - y p £ V - K £ L V
l p f .
F u t .
E - 7 T E - < f > p a ( a ) ~ K H V
( < J > p a S - 0 ( i ) )
^ E V - f J l O
4 / £ V - ( T O f J , a i
i - T p E V - f f d f l T J V
< P p d ( j z ) ~ ( T < a
l - * p p a - < m
< p p d - ( T O f i a t .
E - < p p a - ( j d p , 7 j p
7 r t - t p p d - ( J O f i a i
A o r .
I .
F .
I I I .
P a s s i v e .
A o r . I .
F u t . I .
( J - \ ^ E v d ~ 9 i j v ^ i - y p E V ( j - 9 r j v
\ p £ V ( T - 9 7 l ( S O p . a i
( k - < P p d § - 9 r i v ) £ - t p p d < T - 9 t ) v
< p p a < T - 9 i ] ( T 0 f i a t
V e r b . a d j . ( $ e v £ - T e o £ ) ^ e v e r - r l o c , r e a , t ' e o v t p p a f f - H o g
I n f l e x i o n
o f
t h e
P e r f e c t M i d d l e o r P a s s i v e .
D .
I n d . t y t v a - f i a i
t y e y - v a t
E t ^ E V d ' T a i
l ^ E V < 7 ~ p . E 9 0 V
E ^ E V - f s 9 o V
v ^ e v - c 9 o v
h ^ E V < 7 - f J L E 9 a
t y E V f f - f l E V O l u < T t ( v )
I m p e r a t i v e .
f y t v - t r o
£ l \ / £ 6 - ( T d ( a
t ) p E V - ( j 9 0 V
v \ > e v - < j 9 o ) v
I n f i n i t i v e .
i - ^ E v - a 9 a t
P a r t i c i p l e .
E - - t y £ V < J - p k v O £ ) O V
t y E v - a O a x r a v
o r
t y t i i - t r B t a v
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§ 1 1 1 . ]
1 1 3
I Q U I D I M P U R E V E R B S .
B . L i q u i d V e r b s .
§
1 1 1 .
T e n s e - F o r m a t i o n .
1 . L i q u i d
v e r b s ,
i . e . v e r b s w h o s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c i s o n e o f
t h e l i q u i d s o u n d s , \ , / * ,
v ,
p , f o r m
t h e
f u t u r e a c t i v e a n d m i d d l e ,
a n d t h e a o r i s t I .
a c t i v e
a n d m i d d l e , w i t h o u t t h e t e n s e - c h a r a c t e r
i s t i c a , b u t
t h e
p e r f e c t
w i t h
t h e t e n s e - c h a r a c t e r i s t i c k ; a s
a < p d \ X c o
( s t e m , 2 < I > A A ) ,
F .
a < p a \ - a > ,
A .
I .
I - o - ^ X - a , P f .
s - o - < p a X - K a .
R e m a r k
1 .
T h e
f u t u r e - e n d i n g s o f
l i q u i d
v e r b s ,
- o v f i a i
( a r i s i n g
f r o m - l a - i d , - i a o f t m ) , a r e i n f l e c t e d l i k e t h e
p r e s e n t a c t i v e
a n d
m i d d l e
o f
t h e
c o n t r a c t e d v e r b s i n
w ;
a s ^ i X - o i ^ a i . —
T h e
f u t u r e I I I . i s
w a n t i n g i n l i q u i d v e r b s .
2 . T h e p r e s e n t o f t h e s e v e r b s , w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f a f e w
w h o s e s t e m - v o w e l
i s
e ,
r e c e i v e s a s t r e n g t h e n i n g ,
w h i c h
c o n s i s t s
—
e i t h e r i n
t h e d o u b l i n g o f t h e
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c X ,
— o r t h e i n s e r
t i o n o f t h e l i q u i d v
a f t e r
t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c , — o r i n l e n g t h e n i n g
t h e s t e m - v o w e l ,
a s
i n t h e c a s e o f
a l l
t h o s e i n I v a i l ) , v v e o ( y ) ,
v p a > ( y ) , — o r
c h a n g i n g
i t i n t o
a
d i p h t h o n g ; e . g . a - ( p d \ - X - a > ,
T z f i - v - a j , K p M t ) - ( o , a / i v v { v ) - o ) , k t s I v - o ) , ( p a i v - c o ( s t e m s
2 < I > A A ,
T E M , K P I N ( i ) , A M T N ( t 5 ) , K T E N , * A N ) ; b u t , n & v - o ,
v i p . - a s .
3 . A l l t h e
t e n s e s
a r e
f o r m e d
f r o m t h e
p u r e
s t e m ,
b u t
i n
s u c h a m a n n e r , t h a t t h e v o w e l o f t h e l a s t s y l l a b l e o f t h e s t e m
i s
l e n g t h e n e d
i n
t h e
a o r i s t
I .
a c t i v e
a n d
m i d d l e
a s
o - < f > a W - a >
( 2 < I > A A ) , F u t . a < p a \ - c o , A o r . I I . P . s - o - < p d \ - y v , P e r f . I . s - c r c p a X -
k o , A o r . I . A . i - < j < p r j \ - a .
4 . A l l l i q u i d v e r b s a r e d i v i d e d i n t o f o u r c l a s s e s , a c c o r d i n g
t o
t h e r a d i c a l
v o w e l o f
t h e
f u t u r e a , s , I , a n d v . I n
t h e
a o r i s t
«
i s
l e n g t h e n e d
i n t o r j , s
i n t o s i , I i n t o
t , a n d
v
i n t o v . T h u s
I . C l a s s ,
w i t h
a i n t h e F u t u r e .
P r e s e n t . F u t u r e . A o r i s t .
K c t f i v - u ) ,
I
w o r k
K a n - o i j t a i w a n t i n g
T t K n a i p - i D ,
I l i m i t T C K f i a p - Z l - r t K f i q p - a
0 a i v - w , I
s h o w
0 a v - ( 3
f ^ i j v
a
I
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1 1 4
[ c h a p . v n .
N
T H E
V E R B .
I I .
C l a s s ,
w i t h £ i n t h e F u t u r e . •
( i t v - i d ,
I r e m a i n
p t v w
l - p u v - a
a y y t X k - u ) ,
I
a n n o u n c e a y y e \ - < 2
f / y y t i X - a
T E p V - W , I c u t
T t f l - U > w a n t i n g
v i f i - u i , I d i v i d e
v t / i - i S i - v e i p - a
t / « i ' p - w , I d e s i r e
i p . i p - u > ' i - p u p - a
H I .
C l a s s , w i t h l i n t h e F u t u r e .
n ' X X - w ,
I
p u l l
r i X - w e - r t X - a
r p i V - w , I s e p a r a t e
K p X v - d 3
i - K p i v - a
r V . C l a s s , w i t h v i n t h e F u t u r e .
( T u ' p ( t j ) - ( u , / d r a g
G U p - l H
i - o v p - a
a p v v f j t y - w ,
I
k e e p
o f f
d p v v - o i
f i p v v - a
R e m a r k 2 . O f t h e v e r b s i n t h e f i r s t c l a s s , t h e f o l l o w i n g i n - a i v o i t a k e
a ,
n o t i n t h e
A o r i s t h x v a i v u ,
I m a k e l e a n ( l a x d v a ,
t a x d v a t ) , t e p t e U v u ,
I g a i n ( i n i p l a v a , i c i p H d v a i ) , k o i X o u w , I e x c a v a t e ( i K o C X a v a , K o i X d v a i ) , X e v -
K a i v u ) , I
m a k e w h i t e ,
b p y a i v u i , I m a k e
a n g r y , T r t i r a i v i a ,
I m a k e r i p e
t o g e t h e r
w i t h a l l i n - p a i v u , a s i r e p a i v u , I f i n i s h , F . w t p a v i i , A o r . i i r i p a v a , I n f .
T r t p d v a t
( e x c e p t T i T p a i v i o ,
I b o r e ,
e r i r p i i v a , r t r p i i v a t ) a n d
a l l
i n
— t a t V w ,
a s
T i a l v u ,
I
m a k e
f a t , i i r i a v a , i r i d v a i
( e x c e p t
p i a l v u ) , J p o l l u t e ,
p i r j v a i ) .
5 .
T h e
p e r f e c t
I .
a c t i v e
o f
v e r b s
w i t h
t h e
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c
v ,
o u g h t
p r o p e r l y t o
e n d i n
- y i c a
a s
/ j , £ / j , i a r f - / c a
( f r .
f u a i v w ,
I
p o l l u t e , i n s t e a d o f f i e - f j , i a v - K a ) . B u t t h i s f o r m
i s
f o u n d o n l y
i n t h e
l a t e r w r i t e r s .
G o o d
w r i t e r s
e n d e a v o u r
t o
a v o i d t h i s , —
e i t h e r b y e x c l u d i n g t h e v ,
a s
i n K s p B a w a ) , P f .
K s i c s p S a i c a ,
—
o r
b y e m p l o y i n g t h e f o r m o f t h e p e r f e c t I I . i n t h e
s e n s e
o f t h e
p e r f e c t
I . ,
a s i n k t s C i k o .
I k i l l ,
P e r f .
I I . s / c r o v a , —
o r
b y n o t
f o r m i n g i t a t a l l , — o r f o r m i n g i t f r o m
a
n e w t h e m e , a s e . g .
i n
f j J v w , P f . f x s f i s v r j K a , f r .
M E N E 1 2 .
6 . T h e f o l l o w i n g
t h r e e
v e r b s
w i t h
t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c v , e x
c l u d e t h e v , n o t o n l y
i n
t h e p e r f e c t a n d p l u p e r f e c t a c t i v e ,
b u t
a l s o i n t h e p e r f e c t a n d p l u p e r f e c t m i d d l e o r p a s s i v e , a n d a o r i s t
I . p a s s i v e ; a s :
K p i v u i ,
I s e p a r a t e x k i c p X i e a K & K p i p a t l K p i Q i ) v ( i )
k X i ' v w , / b e n d K E x X f c a t c e i c X T p a t E K X i O r j v Q )
i r X i v t a I
w a s h j r t j r X w a
• x i i r X v p . a i l 7 r X v 8 r i v ( y )
7 .
U p o n t h e f o r m a t i o n o f
t h e
p e r f e c t m i d d l e o r p a s s i v e ,
t h e
f o l l o w i n g
i s w o r t h y o f r e m a r k : —
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§
I I * . ]
1 1 5
I Q U I D I M P U R E V E R B S .
a ) W h e n a d f o l l o w s a l i q u i d , t h e < r f a l l s o u t ( § 1 0 6 , R e
m a r k
3 . ) ; a s y y y i X O a i ( i n s t e a d o f r f f ^ i X - a O a i ) , T r e f y a v d a t , .
5 ) I n
v e r b s
i n
a l v c a
a n d
v v a > ( y ) , t h e
v
g e n e r a l l y
f a l l s
o u t
b e f o r e
t h e
t e r m i n a t i o n s b e g i n n i n g w i t h a n d c r
i s
i n s e r t e d t o
s t r e n g t h e n t h e
s y l l a b l e ,
a s : < j > a i v - ( o , i r s - c f r a - a - f i a t , , T r s c j ) d - c r - / j , s 6 a ;
b u t , i n s o m e v e r b s o f t h i s k i n d , t h e v
i s
a s s i m i l a t e d t o t h e f o l
l o w i n g
f i ,
a s
7 r a p e t ; v v - a ) ,
I
i n c i t e ,
i r a p d i g v / i / i a i ;
a u r y y i M o , 1
s h a m e , y a ^ y f i f i a t , I n f . - v v 6 a i .
8 .
I n t h e p e r f e c t I I . , w h i c h i s f o r m e d b y o n l y a f e w
v e r b s ,
t h e
s h o r t
s t e m - v o w e l
i s
l e n g t h e n e d
b e f o r e
t h e
e n d i n g
a ,
a s
i n
t h e a o r i s t I . a c t i v e , e x c e p t i n t h e v e r b s w i t h
e i n
t h e f u t u r e ,
w h i c h
c h a n g e
i t
i n t o o
( §
1 0 2 , 3 . ) a s
< p a ( v - m , A .
I . s - < f > 7 j v - a ,
P f . I I . i r d - < j ) T ) v - a a v r e t p - t o ,
I
s o w , F u t . a i r s p - a , P f . I I . s -
c n r o p - a .
§ 1 1 2 .
P a r a d i g m s
o f
t h e
L i q u i d
V e r b s .
d y y k X X a , I
a n n o u n c e .
A C T I V E .
P r e s e n t
I m p f .
P e r f . L
P l p f .
I .
P e r f . I I .
F u t u r e
A o r .
I .
A o r .
H .
I n d . a y y i X X - w ,
C o n j . a y y f X X w ,
I m p .
a y y f X X f , I n f .
d y y e X X e i v ,
P a r t . d y y e X X u t v .
I n d . r / y y f X X - o i ' ,
O p t .
d y y s X X o i f i i .
I n d .
r j y y e X - i c a , C o n j . i j y y t X i c w , I m p . n o t
u s e d . I n f .
r j y y t X i c t v a t ,
P a r t .
J i y y t X i c w g .
I n d .
r i y y t \ - K n v ,
O p t .
j / y y e X - K o i j u i
l o p - a ,
p e r i i ,
f r . ( p t i i i p w ,
p e r d o ,
P l p f . - r p 9 6 p - i t v .
I n d .
O p t . d y y i X o i f i i
d y y t X o l g
d y y e X o l
d y y i X o t T o v
d y y t X o i r r j V
d y y t X o T j i t v
d y y t X o i r t
d y y t X o i t v
I n f .
d y y e X u r ,
P a r t .
d y y t X w v ,
t v a a ,
o v v .
I n d .
f j y y t C X a ,
C o n j .
( i y y e i X w ,
O p t .
d y y t i X a i f i t ,
I m p .
d y y t i X o v ,
I n f . d y y & l X a t , P a r t . d y y t i X a c .
I n d .
i / y y t X - o v , C o n j . d y y t X w , O p t . d y y i X o i / i i , I m p . a y y t X e ,
I n f . d y y e X e i v , P a r t . a y y f X w v ,
o i i a a ,
6 v .
a y y e . \ - w
a y y e X - ^ Q
a y y e X - e l
a y y t X - i i r o v
d y y e X - t i r o v
d y y e X - o v / x e v
d y y t X - u r e
a y y e \ - o v a i ( v j
o r
d y y t X o i r j v
— d y y e X o i y g
— d y y t X o i r }
—
d y y t X o i r i T o v
— d y y e X o i i j T T j v
— d y y e X o i r j f i e v
—
d y y t X o i t ) T t
—
d y y t X o l t v
I 2
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1 1 6
[ c h a p . t o .
N
T H E V E R B .
M I D D L E .
P r e s .
I m p f .
I n d . d y y s X X - o ; u a < ,
C o n j . d y y t X X u i f i a i , I m p .
d y y I X X o u ,
I n f .
a y y i W t a B a i ,
P a r t .
d y y t X K o / i i v o Q .
I n d . f / y y i W - o f i t i v , O p t . d y y ( X X o / f i > j v .
I n d i c a t i v e .
■ i i y y t X - i i a i
i i y y t X - < r a i
f / y y s X - r a i
r i y y i X - f i i O o v
f i y y t X - 9 o v
7 ) y y k X - 9 o v
r i y y k X - i i t 9 a
7 j y y e X ' 9 e
I m p e r a t i v e . I n f i n i t i v e .
r ) y y k X - 9 a i
. 1
2
3
i j y y e X - f f o
) } y y e X - ( ? w
P a r t i c i p l e .
r j y y i X - i i i v o g
P e r f e c t
D .
1
2
3
■ t } y y e X - 9 o v
l ) y y k X ~ 9 o ) V
•
C o n j u n c t i v e .
r j y y t X / t i v o g
£ >
P . 1
2
3
y y y t X - B e
r t y y e X - 9 i * H T a v
P l p f .
j / y y t ' X - / c ? j v , s o , — t o ,
— p i 9 o v ,
- 9 o v ,
f l j j v ,
- j i t d a ,
- 9 e ,
i j y y f X / t E j / o i
T r / y y t X - p e v o i
t i a i ( v )
D r
r / y y k X B u i v
I n d i c a t i v e .
a y y t X - o v f i a i
d y y t X - f j
o r
—
t i
d y y t X - f i r a i
d y y i X ' O V f i t 9 o v
d y y t X - i i a 9 o v
d y y e X - t i a 9 o v
d y y t X - o v / i t 8 a
d y y t X - e i o 9 i
a y y t X - o v v r a t
O p t a t i v e . I n f i n i t i v e .
d y y e X - e l < r 9 a t
.
1
d y y e X - o i f l t j v
2
3
d y y t X - o i o
P a r t i c i p l e .
d y y t X - o v p i v o g
y y e X - o C r o
F u t u r e
D .
1
d y y t X - o t p l O o v
2
3
d y y t X - o t a d o v
d y y e X - o i a B t j v
P .
1
d y y e X - o i p t d a
2
3
d y y i X - o l a B e
A o r . I .
A o r .
n .
I n d .
j j y y e i X - d / i / j l ' ,
C o n j . d y y t t X - w / x a i ,
O p t .
d y y f c A - a i ' / i j j v ,
I m p . d y y f i X - a f , I n f . a y y e i k - a v Q a i , P a r t .
d y y n X - d f i t v o g
d y y e X - o 7 v r o
I n d . f / y y t \ - n f i T ] V , C o n j .
d y y i X - w p a i , O p t .
d y y t X - o t f t j / v ,
I m p . a y y f X - o r ; ,
I n f . d y y « X - £ a 0 a i ,
P a r t .
d y y f X ^ O f i e v o g
A o r . L
F u t .
L
A o r .
I I .
F u t .
n .
I n d . i / y y e X - e i / v , C o n j . d y y i X - B d , O p t . d y y e X - O f i i / v , I m p . d y -
y i X - 8 ? ] T i , I n f . d y y e X - 0 i j v a i , P a r t . d y y f X - 0 t / c
P A S S I V E .
I n d . d y y e X - B r i a o / i m ,
O p t .
d y y t X - B i j a o i f i r j v , I n f . d y y t X - 9 T ) a e o 9 a i ,
P a r t .
d y y t X - Q i i < r o f i e v o c
I n d . > } y y e X - i / j > , C o n j .
a ' y y t X - w ,
O p t .
d y y t X - e i ' i j r , I m p . d y y t X -
7 } 6 i , I n f . a y y f X - q v a t , P a r t . a y y t X - t i g
I n d .
d y y e X - q o - o ^ a i , & c ,
l i k e t h e F u t . I . P .
V e r b . a d j .
d y y f X - r f o c , r s c r ,
r « o v
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§ 1 1 3 . ]
1 1 7
I Q U I D I M P U R E
V E K B S .
§ 1 1 3 . S h o r t e r
P a r a d i g m s
a r r a n g e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e S t e m -
V o w e l
o f
t h e
F u t u r e .
a . W i t h a i n
t h e
F u t u r e .
a < p d \ \ i o , f a l l o ; ( p a i v u , I s h o w , M i d . I a p p e a r .
A c t i v e .
M i d d l e . A c t i v e .
M i d d l e .
P r e s .
I m p e r f .
P e r f . I .
P l p f .
L
P e r f .
n .
P l p f . H .
F u t .
A o r . L
t T < p a \ \ - o >
f - c r 0 a \ X - o v
f f t p a W ' O f i a i
l - a t p a W - o f j i r j v
i ' t j t y a k - i i a i
t f t a i v - u i
t ~ < j i a i v - o v
( n t - t p a y - K c t )
^ k - i r e ' i p d y - K t i v )
i r i - t p r i v - a , I
i - T T t - < p y v - € t v t
f d v - u i
i - ( j i t ) V - a
Q a i v - o f u u
l - o < j > d \ - K t i v
o t p a k - w , t i g , l i
w a n t i n g
w a n t i n g
a p p e a r
a p p e a r e d
i j t a v - o v f l a l
t - t f t r j T - a f i i j v
A o r . I .
F u t . I .
A o r . I I .
F u t . n .
i - o < p a k - B t ) v
o < p a \ - 6 i ) < r o p a t
P a s s i v e .
i - t p a v - B t i v
a ^ a K ' r i a o i u u
( p a v - t q a o f x a i
l - < p d v ( a ) - t ] v
V e r b .
a d j .
a t f y a X - H o t ,
r ' t a ,
r i o v
< f > a v - T k o £ .
I n f l e x i o n o f t h e P e r f e c t M i d d l e o r P a s s i v e o f
f a i v - a , I s h o w % r i p a i v - t » , / d r y
;
a n d
r e i v - u ,
J s t r e t c h .
S . 1
i r i - f a v - i i a i
i r i - ^ a v - a a t
• j r t - i p a v - T a i
i r t - < p d < r - [ u 9 o v
r k - T a - n a i
2
3
t - Z r i p a v - a a i H - r a - a a t
l - t h p a v - T a t
r t - r d - r a i
D . 1
2
3
t - K r j p d f i - f i ( 6 o v
T t - T a ( a ) - i i i 9 o v
L a d .
7 T £ - 0 a v - 0 O V
i - b ' i p a v - Q o v T t - T a - o 9 o v
T r k - i p a v - 9 o v
i - & l p a v - 9 o v
T t - T a - o 9 o v
P . 1
2
3
T r t - f d a - f i e O a
l - ^ T j p d f i ~ f i t 8 a
T i - r d ( a ) - f i i 9 a
T r e - t p a v - O e
l - % r ) p a v - 8 B
T i - T a - a 9 t
7 r t - < p a ( x - f i i v o i u a i ( v )
i - ^ T j p a f i - f i k v o i a V i ( y ) T ' t - T a - v r a i
S . 2
3
( 7 r t - < f > a v - < r o )
i r t - $ d v - 9 i a
i r k - i p a v - O u v
T T i - f y a v - O u v
i r i - f a v - B e
m - ( f i a v S o > a a v 0 1
w t - < p i v - 9 t t i v
( i - Z i l p a v - a o )
t - £ i j p d v - 9 t o
i - Z , r i p a v - Q o v
i - K r ) p d v - 9 u > v
l - K v p a v - 9 e
l - S r i p d v - S w a a v o r
i - K i ] p d v - 9 m >
T i - r a - a o
r 6 - r d - a ( ? a j
H - T a - a 9 o v
T i - r d - a 9 u > v
T t - r a - o 9 i
T i - r a - a B u i a a v
O r
T t - T d - a 9 u > v
D .
2
I m p . 3
P . 2
3
I n f i n i t i v e
• j r t * p a v - Q a t
l - £ t ) p d v - 9 a i
r f r d - o Q a t
P a r t i c i p l e
l - S , r i p a i i - j i i v o Q
T t - r a - f i t v o e
i 3
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1 1 8
[ c h a p .
V I I .
N
T H E
V E l l l i .
§
1 1 4 .
b . W i t h
e i n
t h e
F u t u r e .
' t f u i p - i o
( I o n .
a n d
p o e t . ) ,
I
d e s i r e ;
a n d
a r t X X - u i ,
I
s e n d .
A c t i v e .
M i d d l e .
A c t i v e .
M e d d l e .
P r e s e n t
I m p e r f .
P e r f . L
P l p f . I .
P e r f .
I I .
P l p f .
n .
F u t u r e
A o r . I .
i p i i p - m
i p e i p - o v
' l f i i p ~ K a
i f l t i p - o p . c n
i p e t p - o p t j v
' l / i t p - f i a i
i p i p - i i r t v
a r & X X - o )
t r r t X X - o p a i
t - C T T t X X - O V
l - t T T t X X - O f J L T J V
I p i p - K U V
t - o r a X - K a
l - a r a X - K t i v
i - t p S o p - a ( f r . t p 9 i i p - o > )
i - f B o p - u v , I
h a d
p e n
e - a r a X - p a i
k - U T a X - p r j v
I h a v e p e r i s h e d
s h e d
i p e p ~ i b
' i f i i t p - a
i p . t p - o v p . a i
\ p t i p - a p r \ v
a r t k - S )
i - a r t i X - a
c r r t X - o v p a
( • a r r e i \ - d u t ] V
P a s s i v e .
A o r . I .
F u t . I .
\ p M p - 9 i \ v
i p i p - 9 i ) f f o p , a i
i - c r T t S \ - 9 r ] V
a T a X - 9 r \ d o p a i
A o r . I I . i - < r r a \ ( a ) - r ] v
{ T T a X - i j c r o p a i
V e r b .
a d j .
i p t p - r o t , o v \ p t p - T t o Q , r i a ,
r ' t o v
o r a X - r e o g
R e m a r k .
T h e i n f l e x i o n
o f t h e p e r f e c t
m i d d l e
o r p a s s i v e i s l i k e t h a t
o f
^ y y t X - p a t .
§ 1 1 5 . c . W i t h t a n d v i n t h e F u t u r e .
a ) r i X X - u i , I p u l l ; a v p w ( v ) - i » , I d r a w ; p o X v n ( y ) - w , I s o i l .
P r e s e n t
T l X X - t o
( r y p ( u ) - w
p o X v p ( v ) - h >
H X X - o p a i o v p ( y ) ' O p . a i
p t o X v v ( v ) - o p a i
P e r f e c t
T € - r i X - K a o ' s - a v p - K a
( ^ p i t - p o X v y - K a )
T t - T i X - p t a i
a k - a v p - p a i p t - l x o X v a - p a i
F u t u r e
r x X - w
a v p - < S
p o X v v - u i
r l X - o v p a i o v p - o v p t a i
p o X v v - o v p a i
A o r . I .
t - T i X - a
t - a v p - a l - p . 6 X v v - a
l - T l X - 6 . p i \ V
i - a v p - a p t i v
i - p o X v v - a p r ) V
A o r .
I .
P .
i - T l X - 9 t ) V
l - a v p - 9 r } v l - p o X v v - 9 r j v
A o r . I I . P .
n \ - 9 r i a o p a i o ~ v p - 6 r j ( r o p a i
f i o X w - B r / o o p a i
A o r .
U .
a n d F u t .
I I . P .
£ - < r u p ( i i ) - i j v ( r v p - i i a o p a i
V e r b . a d j . n X - r o f , 6 v , T i X - r h e ,
T e a ,
r i o v a v p - r i o q p L o X w - r k o q .
R e m a r k 1 .
T h e i n f l e x i o n o f t h e
p e r f e c t
m i d d l e o r p a s s i v e ,
r i - T i X - p a t ,
o i - o v p - f i a i , i s l i k e t h a t
o f
i j y y e X - p a i t h a t
o f
p i t - p o X v o - p a t , l i k e t h a t
o f
i r i -
< p a a - p a i ; a n d t h a t o f y a x v p - p a t ( f r . a i o \ v v u , I s h a m e ) , l i k e t h a t o f
l - $ r i p a j i - p . a t .
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§ 1 1 6 . ] P E C U L I A K I T I E S I N F O B M A T I O N . 1 1 9
b ) c \ l v ( l ) - u , I
b e n d ;
j r X v t > ( y ) - * > , I w a s h ; w i t h v
f a l l i n g
o u t ( $ 1 1 1 , 6 . ) .
A c t i v e .
M i d d l e .
A c t i v e .
M i d d l e .
P r e s .
P e r f .
F u t .
A o r . I .
7 r X w ( i i ) - a <
7 r E - 7 r X u - i c £ i
i r X C v - w
e - 7 r X v i > - a
K f - i c X t - i c n
i c X t v - w
K t - K \ l - ' f i a i
r r i - T r X v - f i a i
T r X v v - o v / j t a i
l - T r X v v ^ a f i i j v
k X X v * O V I U U
A o r . I . e ~ K \ i Q ^ ' 9 r j v P . I . K X X ' O y t r o f t a i
A o r . I I .
I - k X i v Q ^ - t j v
F . I I .
K X t v - T j a o p a t
P a s s i v e .
i - 7 r X i ( ( i ; ) - f l i j » <
i r X u - f l i j r o / i a t
V e r b . a d j . k \ i - - 6 c , 6 v r X i - r e o c , r i a , r i o v t t \ v - t 6 s
i r X v - r i o g .
R e m a r k 2 .
T h e
i n f l e x i o n o f t h e p e r f e c t m i d d l e o r p a s s i v e , i c e - i c X l - f i a t
a n d m - n X i - p a t , i s
l i k e
t h a t o f
H - r u - p a i ,
a n d
a g r e e s
w i t h t h a t o f p u r e
v e r b s .
§ 1 1 6 . S p e c i a l P e c u l i a r i t i e s i n t h e F o r m a t i o n o f s e v e r a l V e r b s
b o t h
P u r e
a n d
I m p u r e .
1 .
V e r y m a n y
a c t i v e v e r b s h a v e
t h e
f u t u r e i n
t h e
m i d d l e
f o r m
a s a K o v w ,
I h e a r , F .
a K O v a o f i a i , A o r . f f K o v c r a a - T r a v -
r d a ,
I
m e e t , F . a i r a v r r j a o f i a i , A o r . a T r i j v r r j a - a a - i r o X a v a ,
I
e n j o y , F .
a - T r o X a v o - o j u i i , A o r .
a i r s X a v a a , & c .
C o m p a r e
§ 1 4 4 .
2 .
T h e
f o l l o w i n g t w o
v e r b s
i n d a > o r a t a > t a k e a v i n
t h e
f u t u r e
a n d a o r i s t —
K a i a > , A t t . K a a s { a ) ( w i t h o u t
c o n t r a c t i o n ) , I
b u r n , F . K a v a o ) ,
A . s i c a v a a . P f .
/ c s K a v i c a ,
P f .
M i d .
o r P a s s . / c ^ K a v f u u . A o r .
I . P . S K a v d r i v . V e r b a d j .
K a v a r e o s ,
i c a v c r r o s .
K X a i c o ,
A t t .
/ c X a a j ( a )
( w i t h o u t
c o n t r a c t i o n ) , i w > e < ? j t > .
S e e
N o . 3 .
3 . T h e f o l l o w i n g f i v e v e r b s i n i a > 6 i a > , v i a , i r X j a , i r v i ( o , a n d
p i r n ,
t a k e s v
i n t h e f u t u r e
a n d
a o r i s t . I n a d d i t i o n
t o
t h i s , i t
s h o u l d
b e
o b s e r v e d t h a t t h e
f i r s t
f o u r ,
t o g e t h e r
w i t h
t h e c u s
t o m a r y
f o r m i n a o / x a i , h a v e a l s o a n o t h e r i n c r o v f i a i .
T h i s
c i r c u m f l e x e d f o r m o f t h e
f u t u r e
i s
c a l l e d
t h e D o r i c
f u t u r e .
I
4
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1 2 0
[ c h a p .
v i i .
N
T H E V E K B .
B e s i d e s t h e s e f o u r j u s t m e n t i o n e d , t h e v e r b s
K ~ h a i < o , T r a L t y a ,
v r f o r r a ) ,
a n d < f > s v y a ) , a l s o h a v e t h i s f o r m .
O i - u i , I r u n ,
F . d e v a o i p a i a n d
B t v a o p a i .
v k - i o , I
s w i m ,
F . v t v o o v p a i a n d
v t v a o p a t ,
A . i v t v o a .
i r X i ' i a ,
I s a i l ,
F .
7 r \ e w o C / i o i a n d r c X i v a o p a i , A , i i r X t v a a , P f . M . o r P .
T r i i r X t v a p a i , A . P . t i r \ e v a 9 i ] v .
p i - w ,
I
f l o w , F .
p e v a o p a i ,
A . i p p c v a a .
I n s t e a d
o f
t h e s e f o r m s , h o w e v e r ,
t h e A t t i c s u s e
F ,
p i f t o o p a i , A . I p p v y v f y ) , a n d P f .
i p p v t ] K a ( v ) .
X f - w ,
- T ^ o a r , d i f f e r s f r o m
t h e f o r e g o i n g , F .
x ^ i
A . i \ i a ,
P f . i c t x i K a ,
F . M . x t o p . a . i , A . M . i x t a p r i v ,
P f .
M . o r P . K i x v p a i , A . P . t x « ' 0 ) j v ( u ) .
k \ < h - u ,
A t t .
K k a u i ( a )
( w i t h o u t
c o n t r a c t i o n ) ,
T
w e e p ,
F .
K X a v a o i p a i
a n d
i c X a v o - o p a i , A .
t i c X a v c r a .
V e r b .
a d j .
e A i r v e r f O C a n d
K X a v o r o g .
t j t i v y - w , I
f l e e , F .
< p t v £ o v p a i
a n d Q t v Z o p a i ,
A . t t p v y o v , P f . i r e t y t v y a .
i r a i Z - w , I
j o k e ,
J s p o r t , F .
T r a i Z . o v p . a i
a n d i r a i $ o p a i , A , t i r a i a a , P f . M . o r
P . 7 r £ T r a i o - p . a i .
w l n r - a , I f a l l ( s t e m I I E T ) ,
F .
T r e m v p a t . S e e $ 1 2 3 .
4 .
T h e
f o l l o w i n g p u r e v e r b s , a n d
i m p u r e
o n e s w h i c h
f o l l o w t h e a n a l o g y o f p u r e v e r b s i n t h e f o r m a t i o n o f t h e i r
t e n s e s
b y
t a k i n g
a n
£
a s
a
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c ,
h a v e
a
d i s t i n c t
f o r m
f o r t h e C o n j u n c t i v e p e r f e c t , a n d O p t a t i v e p l u p e r f e c t
m i d d l e
o r
p a s s i v e
K r d - o p a i ,
I
a c q u i r e ,
P f .
c e / c r i j / i a t ,
I p o s s e s s ,
C o n j .
m c r i i p a u ,
f ,
t j r a i .
P l p f .
i K t K T > i p t ] v ,
I
p o s s e s s e d ,
O p t . K t K T y p r j v , K t K T r j o , K C K T y r o , o r K i K T i f p r i v ,
( U K A ) , I
r e m i n d .
S e e $ 1 2 2 ,
1 2 .
x a X i w , I
c a l l , P f .
K e K X n p a t ,
I
a m
c a l l e d . P l p f . i i c t K X i i p q v , O p t .
K i K X y p t j v ,
j j o ,
p r o .
§ 1 1 7 .
S y n c o p e a n d
M e t a t h e s i s .
L S o m e f e w v e r b s o m i t t h e
s t e m - v o w e l i n
s o m e f o r m s ,
w h e n i t s t a n d s b e t w e e n t w o c o n s o n a n t s . T h i s o m i s s i o n
o f
t h e
v o w e l
i s
c a l l e d
s y n c o p e .
T h u s ,
e .
g .
:
e y e l p t o , I a w a k e n . A . r e g u l a r l y T j y s i p a . P f . I . e y i j y e p i c a . P f .
I I . i y p r j y o p a , I a w a k e . P l p f . I I . e y p r j y o p e i v , I a w o k e .
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§ 1 1 8 . ]
1 2 1
N O M A L O U S
V E K B S .
M i d .
A . ? j y p o f i t j v ,
I
a w o k e . — - r r s T o y M i , I f l y . F u t . i r r q a o f i a i .
A o r . e m o f i r i v , T r r s a d a i .
2 . B y m e t a t h e s i s , w e u n d e r s t a n d t h e t r a n s p o s i t i o n o f a
v o w e l
a n d
a
l i q u i d . T h u s , e .
g . :
8 a X \ m ,
I
t h r o w . F u t . / 3 a \ w . A o r .
t p d K o v .
B A A : P f . P e p k r j K a .
P f . M i d .
o r
P a s s . j 3 £ 0 \ r j j t a t . A o r . P f . l f i X ^ r ) v .
F u t .
P a s s .
f i X y O r j c r o / M i i . F u t . I I I . ^ e p K r i c r o f m i .
•
S a / u i ^ o ) ,
I
t a m e
( A A M ) .
F u t . h a f i d a o s { a ) . A o r . i S d / j x i a a ,
P f . & £ 8 / j , r j K a . P e r f . M i d .
o r
P a s s .
B e B / j , r j f i a i . A o r .
P a s s .
e S f i t f d r j v ,
e S d f i r j V .
K o X i o s , I c a l l ( § 9 8 , R e m a r k ) . P e r f . K E i e X i j i c a . — K a / j w a .
S e e § 1 1 9 .
a - K e X K o ) ,
& k s X s ( o ,
I d r y . P e r f .
e c r / c X i j K a .
F u t . c r i c K t f o - O f i a i . .
§
1 1 8 .
A n o m a l o u s
V e r b s .
1 .
W e
c a l l e v e r y v e r b i r r e g u l a r , w h i c h h a s a t e n s e - f o r m a
t i o n d e v i a t i n g f r o m
t h e
s t e m
o f t h e p r e s e n t ,
a s w e l l
a s e v e r y
o n e w h i c h
d o e s n o t t a k e t h e c u s t o m a r y p e r s o n a l e n d i n g s .
S t i l l , w e r e c k o n a l l
t h o s e
w h i c h ,
i n t h e p r e s e n t , u n d e r g o
o n e
o f t h e c h a n g e s m e n t i o n e d i n § § 1 0 1 . a n d 1 0 2 . , a m o n g t h e
r e g u l a r v e r b s . .
2 .
A l l
a n o m a l i e s f a l l u n d e r t w o g e n e r a l h e a d s , v i z .
a ) A n o m a l i e s i n t h e s t e m ,
b )
A n o m a l i e s i n t h e
p e r s o n a l
e n d i n g s .
V e r b s , m o r e o v e r ,
w h i c h
a r e
i r r e g u l a r i n
t h e
p e r s o n a l e n d
i n g s , e . g . t h e v e r b s i n f i t , a r e l i k e w i s e i r r e g u l a r i n t h e s t e m .
3 . A p a r t i c u l a r a n o m a l y c o n s i s t s i n t h i s ,
t h a t
m a n y
v e r b s
h a v e
m a d e
u p
t h e i r
t e n s e - f o r m a t i o n
o u t
o f v e r b s
h a v i n g
d i f
f e r e n t r o o t s , w h i c h
a r e
c o n n e c t e d
t o g e t h e r o n l y
b y t h e i r s i g
n i f i c a t i o n a s < j > i p c o ,
I
b e a r , o ' t ' c r w ,
1 s h a l l
b e a r , r j v e y i c o v , I b o r e .
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1 2 2
[ c h a p .
v n .N
T H E
V E R B .
R e m a r k . A l l f o r m s
a s s u m e d
m e r e l y f o r t h e
s a k e o f
t h e f o r m a t i o n a r e
d e n o t e d b y c a p i t a l
l e t t e r s .
— M i d . d e n o t e s t h a t t h e v e r b f o r m s t h e
f u t u r e
a n d
a o r i s t
m i d d l e .
—
D .
M .
( i .
e .
d e p o n e n t
m i d d l e )
a n d
D .
P .
( i . e . d e p o n e n t p a s s i v e ) s i g n i f y t h a t a v e r b h a s n o t t h e a c t i v e f o r m a n d
s u c h a v e r b i s
c a l l e d
D e p o n e n t M i d d l e , i f i t f o r m s i t s a o r i s t w i t h a m i d d l e
f o r m a n d D e p o n e n t
P a s s i v e ,
i f
i t
f o r m s i t w i t h a p a s s i v e
f o r m . W h e n
/ u
s t a n d s
i n
a p a r e n t h e s i s ,
i t
d e n o t e s
t h a t
t h e
p r e c e d i n g
f o r m f o l l o w s t h e
a n a l o g y o f a c o n j u g a t i o n i n f u w h i c h
i s h e r e a f t e r
t o b e d i s c u s s e d . S e e
§
1 4 2 .
A . A n o m a l o u s
V e r b s
i n f l .
§ 1 1 9 . I .
V e r b s
w h o s e p u r e S t e m i s s t r e n g t h e n e d , i n t h e
P r e s e n t
a n d I m p e r f e c t ,
b y
t h e I n s e r t i o n o f a v
b e f o r e
t h e
E n d i n g .
P r e l i m i n a r y R e m a r k . H a i v w h a s t h e s t e m - v o w e l a l e n g t h
e n e d
i n t o
a t , i X a v v c o , i n t o a v .
1 . / 3 c u V a > , I w a l k , I
g o
( B A ) .
P u t . f t r j a - o f i a i .
P e r f . / 3 e / 3 r j K a .
A o r . I I . i f r n v ( j m § 1 4 2 . ) . P a s s , i n c o m p o u n d s
P e r f .
- n - a p a -
f i e f i a f i a i . A o r . • 7 r a p s / 3 d 0 r ] v ( a ) .
2 . i X a v v c o ,
I
d r i v e . F u t . s \ d c r a ) ( a ) , A i t . e \ a > ,
a s ,
a , I n f .
i \ a v ( § 8 3 . ) . A o r . r f k a a a . P e r f . e X r j K a i c a . P e r f . M i d . o r P a s s .
e k r ) \ a p , a i . A o r . P a s s . r j \ d 0 i ) v ( a ) — ( a ,
i n
t h e f o r m a t i o n o f t h e
t e n s e s ,
§ 9 8 ,
a . ) —
M i d .
3 .
i r u > < o ( T ) , . I
d r i n k .
P u t .
i r i o i m i .
A o r .
h v i o v ,
I m p r .
i r W i
( §
1 4 2 . ) ( P o e t .
7 r t V ) ,
I n f .
m s l v , P a .
t t u o v . H O . P e r f .
i r h r a i c a .
P e r f . M i d . o r P a s s . T r h r o f i a i . A o r . h r o d r j v .
4 .
T i V w ( t ) ,
I
e x p i a t e ,
I
p a y . F u t .
r l c r a > ( T ) . A o r . s r l c r a ,
P f .
A c t . r h - i K a . P e r f . M i d .
o r
P a s s .
T i r c a f i a i .
A o r . P a s s .
s t L < j 0 t ) v .
M i d .
T L v o / u , a t ,
I
t a k e v e n g e a n c e o n ,
I p u n i s h ,
T / f c r o / i a t ( t ) , i r i a d -
f i r j v .
5 .
( f > 0 d v c o ,
I
a n t i c i p a t e ,
F u t .
( f > 0 r j < T O f x a i ,
m o r e
r a r e l y
( f > 0 d c r a > .
A o r .
A o r . I I . £ < p 0 r ) V a n d
e < p 0 d M v
( j u
§ 1 4 2 . ) .
P e r f .
s < f > 0 d / c a .
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§ 1 2 1 . ]
1 2 3
N O M A L O U S V E R B S I N i l .
W i t h t h e s e a r e r a n k e d t h r e e
v e r b s w h o s e p u r e s t e m
e n d s
i n
a c o n s o n a n t —
B a K v c o ,
I
b i t e . A o r . I I .
e B a / c o v .
F u t .
B r f g o / i a i . P e r f .
B s & r ) x . a .
P e r f . M i d .
o r P a s s .
S i B r i y f i a i .
A o r . P a s s . i S f y d r i v .
K a y a j w , I e x e r t
m y s e l f ,
I w e a r y m y s e l f , I a m w e a r y , I w o r k
h a r d .
A o r .
s / c a f i o v .
F u t .
x a / A o v f i a i . P e r f . K ^ K / j - r j / c a
( § 1 1 7 ,
2 . ) .
T £ j j , v ( o , I c u t ,
I
d i v i d e ,
I
l a y w a s t e . F u t . t s / u o .
A o r .
I t e / m w .
P e r f .
r h f i r j K a . P e r f . M i d . o r P a s s ,
r d r f i r i f i a i .
A o r . P a s s .
t T f i ^ f f r j v .
F u t .
I I I .
T S T j i r j c r o f i a i
( §
1 1 7 ,
2 . ) .
—
M i d .
§ 1 2 0 .
I I . V e r b s
w h o s e p u r e
S t e m
i s
s t r e n g t h e n e d , i n t h e P r e
s e n t a n d
I m p e r f e c t , b y
t h e I n s e r t i o n
o f
t h e S y l l a b l e v s
b e f o r e t h e E n d i n g .
1 .
f i v - v e - o i ) ,
I
f i l l
u p ,
I
s t o p
u p .
F u t .
f i v c r a > ( y ) .
A o r .
s / 3 v o - a .
P e r f . M i d . o r P a s s . j 3 £ f i v o - f i a i , a n d A o r .
P a s s . i f i v o - 0 T ) v ( §
5 9 . ) .
2 .
a . ( f > i K - v s - o f i a i , I c o m e . F u t . S u f > l £ o f J U u . A o r .
a x j j i K o f i r j v ,
a < f > u c £ o - 6 a i . P e r f . a < f > l y f i a i , I n f . c u p i y O a i . P l p f . d c f r l y f i r j v ,
d ( f > l ^ o , & c .
3 .
v T T L c r ' ^ - v t - ^ i f i a i , I
p r o m i s e .
A o r .
v i r s o - ^ - o f i r i v ,
I m p .
w o -
< r ^ o v
b u t
F u t . v T r o o y T j a o f i a i .
P e r f .
x m i o - y ^ i m i . S o d f i i n c r -
■ X y o v f i c u o r a f n r f y o / j u i i , I w e a r , I h a v e o n ( f r . d f i T r f y w , I w r a p
r o u n d .
F u t . a f i < f > ^ ( 0 ,
A o r . r u i i r i u ^ o v ,
d / i C T r o a ^ s l v ) . F u t .
a / j , ( f > e -
£ o f i a i . A o r . r j f V T r i a x p f i T j v a n d r j f n r e a - ' x p / j . r j v ( § 9 1 , 1 . ) .
§ 1 2 1 .
I I I .
F e r S s w h o s e
p u r e S t e m
i s s t r e n g t h e n e d ,
i n t h e
P r e s e n t a n d
I m p e r f e c t ,
b y t h e I n s e r t i o n o f t h e S y l l a b l e a v ,
m o r e r a r e l y a i v ,
b e f o r e
t h e E n d i n g .
A l l v e r b s o f t h i s k i n d f o r m t h e i r t e n s e s f r o m a t h r e e f o l d
s t e m
—
t h e p r e s e n t
a n d
i m p e r f e c t f r o m t h e
s t r e n g t h e n e d o n e
—
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1 2 4
[ c h a p . v i i .
N
T H E
V E E B .
t h e
a o r i s t I I . f r o m
t h e p u r e
o n e —
t h e
f u t u r e ,
t h e
p e r f e c t , a n d
p l u p e r f e c t f r o m
a
t h i r d ,
w h i c h
c o n s i s t s o f t h e p u r e s t e m a n d
a n
a n n e x e d
e ,
w h i c h
i n i n f l e x i o n
b e c o m e s
7 7 .
a . a v
o r
a w
i s
a f f i x e d w i t h o u t a n y c h a n g e .
1 . a l a - 6 - d v - o f i a t ,
I p e r c e i v e , I
o b s e r v e .
A o r . r j o - 6 - 6 / j , r j v , a l -
a d i c r O c u .
P e r f . y a - O r j / u i i . F u t . a l o - d t f a o f i a i .
2 .
d f i a p j d v m , I
e r r .
A o r . t f f i a p r o v .
F u t .
d y M p r r r \ o - o y M L .
P f .
f ) i J L d p T t ) K a .
3 .
a T r e j ^ d d v o f i a i ,
I
b e c o m e
h a t e d ,
I
a m
h a t e f u l .
A o r .
d i r q -
y d o f i / r j v . F u t . d i r s ^ O r j a o f u u , P e r f . d i r T f y 6 r ) f i a i , I a m h a t e d .
4 . a v ^ d v u s , I i n c r e a s e , I a u g m e n t .
F u t . a v % r i < r a s .
A o r .
r j v ^ r j -
c r a . P e r f . r j i f r j i c a . M i d . a n d P a s s . I g r o w . P e r f .
r j v ^ r j f i a i . F u t .
a v f ; t f < T O f i a i . A o r .
r j v t p j O r j v .
5 .
f S X a a r d v a } ,
I s p r o u t .
A o r . i p K a a r o v . F u t . ( S k a c r r t f o - a ) .
P e r f . e f i X d c r T r j i c a a n d / 3 s f 3 \ A u T r ] K a ( § 8 8 , 2 . ) .
6 . S a p 8 d v a > ,
I
s l e e p . A o r .
e h a p 8 o v .
F u t . h a p O r j a o f i a i . P e r f .
7 . o X u r d a v a ) , I g l i d e . A o r . a > \ u r 0 o v .
F u t .
o X i c r O r j a a ) . P e r f .
8 . 6 o ~ < p p a b v o [ i a i , I s m e l l . A o r . d x r c p p o f i r j v .
F u t .
o a t y p t f o - o f i a i .
9 . d c p X i o - i c d v c o ,
I a m
l i a b l e ,
I
d e s e r v e . ( T h e d o u b l e
s t r e n g t h
e n i n g t a v r a n d a v s h o u l d
b e
o b s e r v e d . ) A o r .
a x p X o v .
F u t .
6 < p \ r j o - a ) . P e r f . a x p \ 7 ] K a . P e r f . M i d . o r P a s s . a x f i X r j f m i .
b . a v i s a f f i x e d w i t h t l i e i n s e r t i o n o f t h e n a s a l s o u n d v ,
b e f o r e
t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c c o n s o n a n t
o f
t h e p u r e
s t e m . T h e
s h o r t v o w e l
i n
t h e m i d d l e o f t h e p u r e s t e m i s c h a n g e d i n t o a l o n g
o n e
i n
i n f l e x i o n .
—
E x c e p t / x a v d a v o s .
— T h e v , b e f o r e a
P - s o u n d , i s
c h a n g e d i n t o f i , a n d b e f o r e a K - s o u n d , i n t o 7 .
1 0 . 6 i f f y d v a > , I t o u c h . A o r .
s O u y o v . F u t . 6
1 ^ 0
f i a t .
1 1 . T t f v y x d v a ) , I o b t a i n
b y
l o t . A o r . s K d ^ o v . F u t . X r j g o / u u .
P e r f . s i X i y x a . P e r f .
M i d .
o r P a s s . s i \ t ] y / M u
( §
8 8 , 4 . ) .
A o r .
P a s s .
i \ r ) - ) ( d r ) v .
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§ 1 2 2 . ]
A N O M A L O U S
V E R B S I N S I .
1 2 . \ a f i / 3 d v a > , I
t a k e . A o r .
i X a j S o v , I m p . X a f i i . F u t . X t f i f r o -
f i a i .
P e r f .
e t k r j f y a . P e r f .
M i d . o r P a s s . s i X r j f i f i a i ( §
8 1 ,
4 . ) .
A o r . P a s s . i \ t f < f i d T ) v . A o r .
M i d .
i \ a f i 6 / i i ] v .
1 3 . X a v # a p » ( s e l d o m X r j O w ) , I a m c o n c e a l e d . A o r . s \ d 6 o v .
P u t . \ ? j c r a > . P e r f . X s \ 7 } 6 a , I a m
c o n c e a l e d .
M i d . I f o r g e t .
P u t .
X r j a o i m i . P e r f .
X t X r j f f f i e u .
A o r . i X a O S f i r j v .
1 4 . f i a v d d v w ,
I
l e a r n .
A o r .
e f j u d O o v . P u t .
/ u i 6 > ] a o f i a i .
P e r f .
1 5 .
i r w O d v o f i a i ,
I i n q u i r e ,
I l e a r n b y i n q u i r y .
A o r .
h r v O o -
f i r j v .
P e r f .
i r ^ T r v o - f t a i ,
i r s t t v a a i ,
& c .
F u t .
i r s v a o / j , a i .
V e r b ,
a d j . t t s v < 7 t 6 s , i r s v c r r i o s .
1 6 .
T v y x a v a ) ,
I h i t
( a m a r k ) ,
I
o b t a i n ( w . g e n . ) ,
I
h a p p e n .
A o r .
h i r y p v .
F u t .
r e v f j o / j u u
( T E T X - ) .
P e r f .
r s T v ^ r j K a
( T T X E - ) .
§ 1 2 2 . I V . F e r & s w h o s e p u r e S t e m i s s t r e n g t h e n e d , i n t h e
P r e s e n t
a n d
I m p e r f e c t ,
b y
t h e
A d d i t i o n
o f
t h e
t w o
C o n s o
n a n t s g k
o r
t h e S y l l a b l e
u t k .
S k
i s a d d e d
w h e n
t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f t h e
s t e m
i s a v o w e l ,
a n d h t k ,
w h e n a
c o n s o n a n t .
M o s t o f t h e v e r b s
w h o s e
p u r e
s t e m
e n d s
i n
a
c o n s o n a n t , f o r m
t h e
f u t u r e , & c , a c c o r d i n g t o
t h e a n a l o g y o f p u r e v e r b s ,
a s
e v p - i o - K t o , F u t . e v p t f o - a ( ' E T P E ) .
S o m e
o f
t h e s e t a k e , i n
a d d i t i o n
t o t h i s ,
a
r e d u p l i c a t i o n , w h i c h
c o n s i s t s
i n
t h e
r e p e t i t i o n
o f t h e
f i r s t
c o n s o n a n t
o f
t h e
r o o t
w i t h t h e v o w e l v .
1 . a K - u T K - o f i a i , I a m c a u g h t o r
t a k e n
( o f a t o w n ) . I m p f .
r f K i a K O f i r f v .
— ( A A O - ) F u t . a X c b c r o f i a i .
A o r .
r / \ o > v
a n d
s d \ a ) v ( d ) ( / a t
§ 1 4 2 , 9 . ) ,
I w a s
c a u g h t .
P e r f .
r f k w i c a
a n d
e d -
X < B K a ( a ) ,
I
h a v e b e e n c a u g h t .
A u g m . §
8 7 ,
6 .
T h e
a c t i v e i s
s u p p l i e d
b y
a i p s l v ( § 1 2 6 ,
1 . )
i n t h e s i g n i f i c a t i o n , t o t a k e , t o
o b t a i n .
2 . d v a X l c T K m , I s p e n d , I w a s t e . I m p f . d v r f k u r i c o v . F u t . d v c b -
X d x T c o .
A o r . d v r j \ a > c r a a n d
d v d \ w a a ( a ) ,
K a r r j v a K w a a . P e r f .
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1 2 6 Ο Ν Τ Η Ε Υ Ε Β Β . Γ Ο Η Α Ρ . ν π .
ά ν ή Χ ω κ α α η ά ά ν ά \ ω ι ς α ( α ) .
Ρ Θ Γ £
Μ ί ( 1 .
Ο Γ Ρ α δ δ . ά ν η λ ω μ α ι
α η ά
ά ν ά \ ω μ α ι ( ά ) .
Α Ο Γ . α ν α λ ώ θ η ν .
3 .
α ρ έ σ κ ω ,
Ι
ρ ΐ β α ε β .
Γ ι ι ί .
α ρ έ σ ω .
Α Ο Γ .
η ρ ε σ α .
Ρ β ι ί .
Μ ί α .
Ο Γ Ρ & 8 8 . ή ρ ε σ μ α ι .
Α Ο Γ .
Ρ 3 δ 8 .
ή ρ έ σ θ η ν . —
Μ ί α .
4 . γ η ρ ά σ κ ω ( Ο Γ
' γ η ρ ά ω ) ,
Ι φ τ ο ι ο
ο ί α ,
Γ ι ι ί . γ η ρ ά σ ο μ α ι . Α Ο Γ .
ρ γ ή ρ ά σ α ,
Ι η ί .
γ η ρ α σ α ι .
Ρ β ι ί . γ ε γ ή ρ α κ α .
5 . γ ι γ ν ώ σ κ ω ,
Ι & η ο ι ο .
( Γ Ν Ο - ) Γ ι ι ί . γ ν ώ σ ο μ α ι . Α Ο Γ . ε γ ν & Φ
( / « § 1 4 2 . ) . Ρ β Γ £ . ' έ ^ ν ω κ α . Ρ β Γ ί . Μ ί α .
Ο Γ
Ρ α δ β . ε γ ν ω σ μ α ι .
( §
9 5 . )
ν β Γ Ο . 8 x 1 ] .
γ ν ω σ τ ό ς , γ ν ω σ τ ε ο ε .
6 .
Β ι Β ρ ά σ κ ω ,
Ι
η ι η
α ι ν α ι /
( ν ^ η β Ά γ
ΐ η
ο ο π ι ρ ο δ . ,
3 3
ά τ τ ο δ . ,
Ι « δ . , δ ί α δ . ) . Γ ι ι ί . δ ρ ά σ ο μ α ι . Ρ Θ Γ £ . δ έ Β ρ ά κ α . Α ο ΐ ' . έ Β ρ ά ν ( μ ι
§
1 4 2 ,
1 . ) .
7 . ε υ ρ ί σ κ ω , Ι β η ά . Α Ο Γ . ε υ ρ ο ν , Ι ι η ρ Γ . ε ύ ρ ε .
—
( Έ Τ Ρ Ε - )
Γ α ί .
ε υ ρ ή σ ω .
Ρ Ο Γ £ . ε ν ρ η κ α . Ρ β Γ ί . Μ ί α . Ο Γ Ρ α δ 9 . ε ν ρ - η μ α ι .
Α Ο Γ . Ρ α β 8 . ε ν ρ έ θ η ν . Α Ο Γ . Μ ί α . ε ΰ ρ ό μ η ν . Υ β Γ ΐ » . α ά ) . ε ΰ ρ ε τ ό ς .
8 . η β ά σ κ ω , Ι Ι ε ο ο η ΐ ΰ π ι α η ΐ ι / . Α Ο Γ . ή β η σ α { ή β ά ω , Ι α η ι
ι / ο υ η φ ,
1 ) ΐ ι ί
ά ν η β ά ω ,
1 1 > € ΰ ο τ η β φ ο Η τ ι φ
α φ α ί η ) .
9 .
θ ν ή σ κ ω ,
υ β τ ι α ί ΐ ^
α π ο θ ν ή σ κ ω ,
Ι
ά ϊ β .
( Θ Α Ν )
Α Ο Γ .
ά τ τ £ -
θ α ν ο ν . Γ α ί .
ά τ τ ο θ α ν ο ΰ μ α ι . Ρ β ΐ ' Γ . τ έ θ ν η κ α , & ο .
Γ ι ι ί .
I I I .
τ ε -
θ ν ή ξ ω ο ( 1 Α ί ί ί ο α η ά τ ε θ ν ή ξ ω μ α ι , 1 8 Ϊ ι α Ι Ι
Ι β
ά β α ά .
1 0 . θ ρ ώ σ κ ω , Ι Ι β α ρ . Α Ο Γ . ε θ ο ρ ο ν . Γ ι ι ί .
θ ο ρ ο ΰ μ α ι .
Ρ β ι ί .
1 1 . ί \ ά σ κ ο μ α ί , Ι ρ τ ο ρ ϊ ϋ α ί β . Γ . ί \ ά σ ο μ α ι ( ά ) . Α Ο Γ . ΐ λ α σ ά μ η ν .
1 2 .
μ ι μ ν ή σ κ ω
( Μ Ν Α - ) , Ι
Γ β π ι ί η ά . Γ α ί . μ ν ή σ ω .
Α Ο Γ .
έ / ϋ Λ ί ? -
ί τ α .
Ρ ο ι ί .
Μ ί α .
μ έ μ ν η μ α ι ,
τ η ΐ ΐ η ί η ί ,
Ι
τ β τ η β η ι Ι ι β Γ ,
Ι
α τ ή
ι η ΐ η ά -
/ η ΐ ( Κ ε ά υ ρ ί . § 8 8 , Ε β ι η .
1 . ) ,
Ο ο ^ . μ ε μ ν ώ μ α ι , $ , ή τ α ι ( § 1 1 6 ,
4 . ) , Ι η ι ρ Γ . μ έ μ ν η σ ο . Ρ Ι ρ ί . έ μ ε μ ν η μ η ν , Ι Γ ί τ η β Ώ ΐ ύ β Γ β ά , Ο ρ ί . / ^ ε -
μ ν ή μ η ν , τ / ο , γ τ ο , Ο Γ μ ε μ ν ω μ η ν ,
ω ό ,
ω τ ο ( §
1 1 6 ,
4 . ) . Γ ι ι ί . I I I .
μ ε μ ν η σ ο μ α ι , Ι
Β ΐ ι α ί ΐ Ι β
τ η ί η ά / ι ι ΐ . Α Ο Γ .
ε μ ν ή σ θ η ν .
Γ α ί . μ ν η σ -
θ ή σ ο μ α ι .
1 3 .
π ά σ - χ ω ( α π β ί η ^ ή - ο ι η
τ τ ά θ σ κ ω ) ,
Ι τ β ΰ β ϊ ν β α η ί π ι ρ Γ β 8 Β Ϊ ο η ,
Ι
α υ / β Γ . Α Ο Γ . έ ' τ τ α ^ ο τ / . — ( Π Ε Ν Θ - ) . Γ ι ι ί . π ε ί σ ο μ α ι , ( § 8 ,
7 . ) .
Ρ ο ι ί .
τ τ έ τ τ ο ν θ α .
—
Υ β Λ .
0 ( 1 ) ·
τ τ ο ^ τ ό ϊ .
1 4 .
- π ν π ί σ κ ω ,
Ι
$ ί υ β
ί ο ά η η ΐ ι . Γ υ ί . ν ί σ ω ( Γ ) . Α Ο Γ . ε τ τ ϊ σ α .
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§ 1 2 3 . ] Α Ν Ο Μ Α Ι Λ > ϋ 8 Υ Ε Κ Β 8 Ι Ν
Ω .
1 2 7
1 5 . τ η π ρ ά σ κ ω ,
Ι
Β β ΐ ΐ ( Ρ η ί .
α η ά
Α Ο Γ . β χ ρ Γ β β Β β α
ΐ η
1 α η § α α § 6
\ ) γ
ά π ο Β ώ σ ο μ α ι , ά τ τ έ Β ο μ η ν ) .
Ρ β ι · ί .
τ τ έ τ τ ρ ά κ α . Ρ β Γ ί .
Μ ί α .
Ο Γ
Ρ α β 9 .
π έ τ τ ρ ά μ α ι
( Ι η ί .
τ τ ε π ρ ά σ θ α ι } .
Α Ο Γ .
ε τ τ ρ ά θ η ν ( α ) .
Ι Ί ι ί . I I I .
π ε π ρ ά σ ο μ α ι
ί η
ί η β 8 Ϊ § η ί β ο α ί ί ο η
ο £
ί η β β ί ι η ρ ί β
Ε Ί ι ί .
( τ τ ρ α θ ή σ ο μ α ί ) .
1 6 . σ τ ε ρ ί σ κ ω ,
Ι
ά β ρ τ ί υ β ,
Ι δ β τ β α ν β . Ρ Ί ι ί . σ τ ε ρ ή σ ω . Α Ο Γ .
ε σ τ έ ρ η σ α . Μ ί α .
ά π α
Ρ & 8 3 .
σ τ ε ρ ί σ κ ο μ α ί , σ τ ε ρ ο ύ μ α ι ,
ρ τ ί ν ο τ .
Ε Ί ι ί .
σ τ ε ρ ή σ ο μ α ι . Ρ β τ ί .
έ σ τ ε ρ η μ α ι . Α Ο Γ . έ σ τ ε ρ ή θ η ν .
1 7 .
τ ι τ ρ ώ σ κ ω , Ι ΐ ο ο ι ι η ά . Γ ι α ί .
τ ρ ώ σ ω .
Α Ο Γ .
έ τ ρ ω σ α .
Ρ β Γ ί .
Μ ί α .
Ο Γ
Ρ α β 8 .
τ ί τ ρ ω μ α ι .
Α Ο Γ .
ε τ ρ ώ θ η ν .
Ρ Ί ι ί .
τ ρ ω θ ή σ ο μ α ι ,
& η ά
τ ρ ώ σ ο μ α ι .
1 8 .
φ ά σ κ ω ,
Ι
Μ ι ι Τ ι , Ι
α , Β Β β τ ί
( Ι η ά ί ο . η ο ί
υ δ ο ο ΐ ) . Ι ι η ρ £ . ϊ φ α σ -
κ ο ν .
Γ ι ι ί . φ ή σ ω .
Α Ο Γ .
ε φ η σ α .
1 9 . - χ ά σ κ ω , Ι
ο ρ β η
τ η ι / τ η ο ι ι ί Η .
( Χ Α Ν - ) Α Ο Γ .
ε χ ά ν ο ν .
Ε υ ί .
• χ α ν ο ΰ μ α ι .
ΐ β τ ί .
κ έ γ τ ) ν α , Ι β ί α η ά ο ρ β η , Ι $ α ρ ε .
Α ι δ ά σ κ ω ,
Ι
Ι β α ο Λ , Γ β ί α ί η β Λ 6
Κ - δ ο ι ι η ά ί η Λ β ί ο Γ Π ί Β ΐ ϊ ο η
ο ί
ΐ ί 8
1 β η δ β 8 Ρ . δ ι δ ά ξ ω ,
Α . ί δ ί δ α ξ α , Ρ ί .
δ ί δ ί δ α χ α ,
Α . Ρ .
ΐ δ ι δ ό χ θ ΐ ) / . —
Μ Η .
§ 1 2 3 . V . Υ ε τ ί ε ν ο Ι ι ο $ β ρ η τ έ
8 ( β τ η Ϊ 8
ε ϊ τ β η φ ί Η β η β ά , α ί ΐ Η β
Β β σ ί η η ί η ^ , ύ ι / ί / ι β Α ά ά ί ί ϊ ο η
ο ^ α Ι ΐ β ά υ ρ ί ί ο α ϋ ο η .
Τ Η ί β
Γ β ί ΐ υ ρ ί ΐ ο α ί ΐ ο η ο ο η β ί β ΐ β ί η ί η β
Γ β ρ β ί ί ί ΐ ο η ο ί
ί η β
β ι · 8 ί
ο ο η β ο η α η ί ,
ο ί
ΐ Η β
β ί β η ι
ϊ η
ο ο η μ ι η ο ί ί ο η
· ν ν ΐ ( ; η
ί η β
ν ο ^ ? β 1
ι .
Ι ί .
Γ β η ι α ΐ η β ί η
ί η β ί ο Γ η ι α Ι ί ο η ο ί
ΐ ΐ ι β ί ο η β ε β ,
ί η α
ί β \ ν ν β Λ β
ο η ΐ ^ .
Τ ο
ΐ Η ί β ο ί ΐ 8 8
1 ) β 1 ο η § ,
β . < / .
( ί η δ ί β α ά ο ί γ ι / γ ί ν ο μ α ι ) ,
Ι ύ β ο ο η ι β .
( Γ Ε Ν - )
Α Ο Γ .
Ρ β Γ ί . γ ε ^ / έ υ η μ α ι ,
Ι
Η α υ β
ύ β ο ο τ η β ,
Ο Γ
γ ε γ ο ν α \ ν ΐ ί ι
α ,
ρ Γ β δ β η ί 8 Ϊ § η ΐ β θ ί ΐ ί ί ο η , Ι α τ ή . Ρ η ί . γ ε ν η σ ο μ α ι .
• π ί τ π ω ( ΐ η β ί β ί κ ΐ ο ί τ τ ι τ τ ε τ ω ) , Ι / α ΐ ΐ , Ι η ι ρ Γ . τ τ ΐ τ τ τ ε . ( Π Ε Τ - )
Ε α ί .
π ε σ ο ν μ α ι
( §
1 1 6 ,
3 . ) .
Α Ο Γ .
ε τ τ ε σ ο ν .
Ρ β ΐ ' ί .
π έ π τ ω κ α
α η
ί ι τ β ^ ι ι Ι α Γ
ο η α η § ο ο ί ί η β τ α ο ϋ ο α ΐ ν ο \ ν β 1 .
Τ ο
ί ΐ ι ί β ο 1 β « 3 Ι ι ε ί ο η » α ί β ο β ο ι η β ο ί Ο Ι α δ δ I V . , ω
γ ι γ ν
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1 2 8
Ο Ν
Ϊ Η Ε
Υ Ε Κ Β . [ Ο Η Α Ρ . ν π .
§ 1 2 4 . V I . Υ β τ ΐ > Β ι ο Μ ο Η Ι ι α ν β ΐ Η β ρ ι ι τ β 8 ί β τ η ί η Ι ΐ ι ε
Ρ τ β β β η ί
α η ά
Ι η ι ρ β τ / ε ο ί ,
1 > η ί
ί η
ί ΐ ι β
τ α η α ί η ί η ^ Τ β η ε β β
$ η ρ ρ θ 8 β
α
8 ί β π ι
ΐ ϋ ΐ ΐ Η ε α β Ι ί ι β
Ο / ι α , Γ α ο ί β Γ Ϊ β ύ α .
Τ ΐ β . £ Ϊ 3 ο ΐ ι α η ς β ά ί η ΐ ο η
ί η
ϊ η ή β χ ϊ ο η . Ε χ ο ο ρ ί ΐ ο η δ ά χ θ ο μ α ι α η Λ μ ά
χ ο μ α ι .
1 . ά \ ε ξ ω , Ι ι ο α τ ά ο ^ .
Ε Ί ι ί . ά λ ε ξ ή σ ω .
Μ ΐ < 1 . Ι ΐ ο α τ ά ο ΐ ^
η ι · ι / $ β Ι / .
Ε α ί .
ά λ ε ξ ή σ ο μ α ι .
Α Ο Γ .
η λ ε ξ ά μ η ν
( ί τ . Ά Λ Ε Κ Ω ) .
2 . ά χ θ ο μ α ι , Ι
α τ ή ά ί β ρ Ι β α , Β β ά . Ρ η ί .
ά χ θ ε σ ο μ α ι .
Α Ο Γ .
η
σ θ η ν .
Ρ α ί .
ά χ θ ε σ θ ή σ ο μ α ι ,
ο ί
ί ΐ ι β
β α ι η β
π ι β £ ΐ η ϊ η §
8 , 8
ά χ θ ε
σ ο μ α ι .
3 . β ό σ κ ω , Ι / ε β ά . Ρ ι α ί .
β ο σ κ ή σ ω .
Α Ο Γ . έ β ό σ κ η σ α . Μ ί α .
Ι / β β ά , ΐ η ί Γ α η β .
4 . β ο ύ λ ο μ α ι , Ι
ι ο ί β Η
( 2 ρ β Γ β .
β ο ύ λ ε ι ,
§ 8 2 , 2 . ) . Ε υ ί . β ο ν \ ή -
σ ο μ α ι . Ρ β Γ ί * . β ε β ο υ λ , η μ α ι . Α Ο Γ . έ β ο υ λ ή θ η ν α η ά
ή β ο ϋ λ .
Α ι ι § π ι .
§ 8 5 ,
Κ β ι τ ι α Λ .
5 . δ έ ω , / ι ν α η ί , ι ί δ υ α ί ΐ γ ί π ι ρ β Γ δ . δ « , ΐ ί ΐ
η β ο ε β ε α τ · ) /
ο τ η β ε ά / η ΐ ,
Ο ο ^ .
δ έ » ? ,
Ρ α Γ ί .
δ έ ο ν , Ι η ί .
Β ε ΐ ν .
Ι ι η ρ £ .
έ ' δ ε ι ,
Ο ρ ί . Β ε ο ι .
Γ ι ι ί .
δ ε ? ; σ ί ΐ . Α Ο Γ . ε δ έ ι ; σ ε ( ν ) . Μ ί α . δ έ ο μ α ι , Ι η β β ά . Ε α ί . δ ε ή σ ο μ α ι .
Α Ο Γ . έ δ ε ή θ η ν .
6 . Ι ^ έ λ ω α , η ι ΐ 0 έ λ ω , / κ ; ζ * Λ .
Ι ι η ρ ί .
ή θ ε \ ο ν α η ά ε θ ε \ ο ν . Ε α ί .
έ θ ε λ ή σ ω α η ( 1
θ ε \ ή σ ω , Α Ο Γ . ή θ ε \ η σ α α η ά . έ θ έ λ η σ α .
7 . ε ί ' λ ω , Ι ρ ι · € 8 5 , Ι β ΐ ι α ί ί η . Ρ ι ι ί . ε ΐ λ ? ; σ ω . Ρ β ι ί . Μ ί α . Ο Γ
δ .
ε ΐ λ , η μ α ι .
Α Ο Γ .
Ρ α β 8 .
ε Ι Κ ή θ η ν .
8 .
Έ Ι Ρ Ο Μ Α Ι .
Α Ο Γ . ή ρ ό μ η ν , Ι α ε ί ι β ά , έ ρ ε σ θ α ι , ε ρ ω μ α ι ,
έ ρ ο ί μ η ν , ε ρ ο ΰ ,
έ ρ ό μ ε ν ο ϊ .
Ρ ι ι ί . έ ρ ή σ ο μ α ι . Τ η β ο ί Η β Γ ί β η δ β 3 3 Τ 6
β ι ι ρ ρ ί ΐ β ά 1 > 7 έ ρ ω τ α ν .
9 . ε ρ ρ ω ,
Ι
( / ο / ο τ ί Η . Ε α ί . ε ρ ρ ή σ ω .
Α Ο Γ . ή ρ ρ η σ α .
1 0 . ε ί / δ ω , ι ΐ δ ΐ ι α ί ΐ ^ κ α θ ε ύ δ ω , Ι ζ ί β β ρ .
Ε ι ι ί .
κ α θ ε υ δ ή σ ω . Α τ ι § π ι .
§
9 1 ,
3 .
1 1 .
έ χ ω ,
Ι
Η α υ β ,
Ι ΐ ι ο ΐ ά .
Ι τ α ρ ΐ . ε ΐ χ ρ ν
( §
8 7 ,
3 . ) .
Α Ο Γ .
ε σ χ ο ν ,
Ι η £ .
σ χ ε ΐ ν ,
Ι η ι ρ . σ χ ε ' ϊ , π α ρ ά σ χ ε ι
( μ ι
§ 1 4 2 . ) , Ο ο η ^ .
σ χ ώ ,
^ ϊ ,
π α ρ ά σ χ ω ,
π α ρ ά σ χ ε ι ,
& ο .
Ο ρ ί . σ χ ρ ί η ν ( μ ι ) , Ρ η , Γ ί . σ γ ώ ν .
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§
1 2 4 . ]
Α Ν Ο Μ Α 1 Ο Ι Ι 8 Υ Ε Κ Β 8 Ι Ν Ω . 1 2 9
έ ξ ω α η χ ΐ α χ ή σ ω .
Ρ β Γ ί .
ε σ χ η κ α . Α Ο Γ . Μ Μ . έ σ χ ό μ η ν , Ο ο ι ΐ ) .
σ χ ω μ α ι , Ο ρ ί .
σ χ ρ ί μ η ν , Ι η α ρ . σ χ ρ ΰ ,
τ τ α ρ ά σ χ ρ υ , Ι η ί . σ χ ε σ θ α ι ,
τ τ α ρ α σ χ ί σ θ α ι ,
Ρ α τ ί .
σ χ ό μ ε ν ο ε .
Ρ υ ί . σ χ ή σ ο μ α ι .
Ρ β Γ ί .
Μ ί α .
Ο Γ Ρ α § 8 , ε σ χ η μ α ι .
Α Ο Γ .
Ρ α 8 8 . έ σ χ ε θ η ν . Υ ε Λ .
α ά ) .
ε / ί τ ό ϊ
α η ά
σ χ ε τ ό ϊ .
1 2 .
έ ' λ | τ ω , Ι ί ο ϊ ΐ . Ε α ί . έ ψ · ή σ ω .
Υ β Λ .
α ι ΐ ) . Ι φ ^ ό ϊ Ο Γ
1 3 . κ α θ ί ζ ω ,
Ι ί β ί , Ι
$ ί ί .
Ι η ι ρ ί .
έ κ ά θ ί ξ ο ν , ο \ ά Α ΐ ί .
κ α θ ϊ ζ ο ν .
Γ α ί . Λ α ^ ί ώ .
Α Ο Γ .
ε κ ά θ ί σ α ( ο Μ
Α ί ί .
κ ά θ ι σ α ) ( § 9 1 , 3 . ) .
Ρ β Γ ί Ι
κ ε κ ά θ ι κ α .
Μ ί α . / β ι ί . Ρ η ί . κ α θ ι ζ ή σ ο μ α ι . Α Ο Γ . έ κ α θ ι σ ά μ η ν , 1
ρ ϊ α ΰ € ά / ο τ τ η ι / ί β ΐ ^ , Ι Ί ι α ά ρ ΐ α ο ε ά . Β ι ι ί κ α θ ί ζ ο μ α ι ,
Ι
β ί ί . Ι η ι ρ ί .
ε κ α θ ε ζ ό μ η ν .
Έ υ Λ . κ α θ ε δ ο ν μ α ι .
1 4 .
κ λ α ί ω , Ι ι ο β ε ρ , Α ί ί . κ λ ά ω ( ά ) · ϊ ν ΐ ί 1 ι ο ι ι ί ο ο η ί Γ Ο , ο ί ΐ ο η . Ε ι ι ί .
κ \ α ύ σ ο μ α ί £ ΐ η ( 1 - σ ο ΰ μ α ι ( § 1 1 6 , 3 . ) , ι η ο Γ β Γ δ , Γ β Ι ^ κ λ α ί ή σ ω Ο Γ
κ λ , α ή σ ω . Α Ο Γ . έ κ λ α υ σ α .
Ρ β Γ ί . κ ε κ λ α υ μ α ι Ά π α κ ε κ λ , α ν σ μ α ι .
—
Μ ί α . .
— Υ ε Λ .
& ά ) .
κ λ α υ σ τ ό ε
α η ά κ λ α υ τ ό ί , κ λ α υ σ τ ε ο ε .
1 5 .
μ ά χ ο μ α ι , Ι ΰ ο η ΐ β π ά . Γ υ ί . μ α χ ρ ΰ μ α ι
( ϊ η β ί ε α ί ΐ ο £ μ α γ ε -
σ ο μ α ΐ ) .
Α Ο Γ .
ε μ α χ ε σ ά μ η ν .
Ρ β Γ ί .
μ ε μ ά χ η μ α ι .
Υ ε Λ .
3 , ά ) .
μ ά γ ε -
τ έ ο ϊ α η ( 1 μ α χ η τ ε ο ϊ .
1 6 . μ , έ λ λ ω ,
Ι ί Μ η λ ,
Ι ί η ί β η ά , Ι ΐ ΐ ΐ & ί ΐ α ί ΐ , Ι ι ε η ο ε Ι ά β ί α ι / .
Ι ι η ρ ί .
ε μ ε \ \ ο ν
Ά α ά
ή μ έ λ λ ο ν . Ρ ι ι ί .
μ έ λ λ η σ ω . Α Ο Γ . έ μ ε λ λ η σ α . Α υ ^ ι η .
§
8 5 .
Κ β π ι .
1 7 .
μ έ λ ε ι
μ ο ί τ ι ν ο ε , ο ι ΐ Γ ( Β τ η ϊ ί ι ί β ί ί α ΐ ί ^ ι ι ί ά ( β β ΐ ά ο ι η ρ β Γ β ο η α
μ ε λ ω ) . Ρ υ ί . μ ε λ , ή σ ε υ . Α Ο Γ .
έ μ ε λ η σ ε ( ν ) .
Ρ β Γ ί .
μ ε μ ε λ η κ ε ( ν ) .
Μ ϋ
μ ε λ ο μ α ι
Ί ΐ Β \ ΐ Ά \ Ι γ
ε τ τ ι μ ε λ ο μ α ι · ,
Ά τ ι α
ν β ΐ γ
ο ί ί β η
α ΐ κ ο
ε π ι μ ε -
\ ο ΰ μ α ι . Ι Ί ι ί . έ τ τ ι , μ ε \ ή σ ο μ α ι ( β ο ι η β ί ΐ ι η Θ β έ τ τ ι μ ε ' λ η θ ή σ ο μ α ι ) .
Α Ο Γ . ε τ τ ε μ ε λ η θ - η ν .
1 8 . / ^ ύ ζ ω , Ι Β Η ο λ . Ρ α ί . μ ν ζ ή σ ω , & ο .
1 9 .
δ ξ ω , Ι Β π ι Λ Ι . Ϊ Ί ι ί , ο ξ τ ^ σ ω . Α Ο Γ .
ω ζ η σ α .
Ρ β Γ ί . ό ' δ ω δ α
α , ρ τ β β ο η ί
8 Ϊ § η ί £ ο α ί ΐ ο η . ( Α ί ί .
Γ β ά α ρ ί .
§ 8 9 . )
2 0 . ο ί ο μ α ι , Ι
ί Η Μ , I I .
Ρ β Γ 8 . ο ί ' ε ί ( § 8 2 ,
2 . ) .
Ι τ α ρ ί . ω ό μ η ν
ω / ί τ ; ν .
Ι Ί ΐ ί .
ο ί ή σ ο μ α ι . Α Ο Γ . φ η θ η ν ,
ο ί η θ η ν α ι .
Α υ § ι η .
§ 8 7 , 1 .
Κ
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1 3 0 Ο Ν Τ Η Ε Υ Ε Κ Β . [ Ο Η Α Ρ .
ν π .
2 1 . ο ί - χ ρ μ α ι , Ι α τ ή φ ο η β $ Ό τ ί 1 ι , α ΐ η . Ι π ι ρ ί . ω χ ό μ η ν , Ι ι ο β η ί
/ υ τ ΐ ΐ ι . Ε ι ι ί . ο ί χ ή σ ο μ α ι . Ρ Ο Γ £ ω χ η μ α ι , ί η Ο Γ ά ί π α τ ^ · 1 α η § ι ΐ 3 β β
ο η 1 ) τ
0 8
α
ο ο η α ρ ο ι ι ι κ ί ,
α δ
π α ρ ώ χ η μ α ι .
2 2 . ο φ ε ί λ ω , / α τ ή η η ά β τ
ο ύ ΐ ΐ ^ α ί ΐ ο ι ι , Ι
ο Η ί / Ι ι ί , ά ώ ε ο . Ρ ι ι ί .
ο φ ε ϊ λ , ή σ ω . Α Ο Γ . ω φ ε ί \ η σ α . Α Ο Γ .
I I .
ω φ έ λ ο ν , ε ϊ , ε ( ν ) ( 1 . α η ά
2 . ρ Ι υ Γ α
η ο ί ι ι β ε ά ) ΐ η ε χ ρ Γ β Β β ΐ ο η β ο £ ά β Β ί Γ ε
υ , ί ί η α π ι .
2 3 . π ε τ ο μ α ι ,
Ι β ΐ ] · Γ ι ι ί . τ τ τ ή σ ο μ α ι , .
Α Ο Γ . ε π τ ό μ η ν ,
π τ ε σ θ α ι ,
ε τ π η ν α η ά ε π τ ά μ η ν ( μ ι § 1 4 2 , 2 . ) . Ρ β ι ΐ . π ε π ό τ η μ α ι .
2 4 . χ α ί ρ ω , Ι
Γ € ) ο ϊ ο β .
Ρ α ί . γ α ι ρ ή σ ω . Α Ο Γ .
έ χ ά ρ η ν
( μ ι § 1 4 2 ,
8 . ) . Ρ Ο Γ £ . κ ε χ ά ρ η κ α , Ι ΐ ι α υ β Γ β ] θ ΐ ΰ β ά , α η ά
κ ε χ ά ρ η μ α ι ,
Ι α π ι π -
] θ ί ο β ά .
η ^ Ι ΐ ι ο δ β ν β Λ 3 η ι α 7 1 ) β ο ΐ α δ δ β ά δ β ν β Γ α Η ς η ϊ Λ ν β Λ 3 ,
1 ι , 1 ι ο \ τ β ν β Γ , ί ο η η Λ β ί ι ι Ι α Γ β
α η ά
α ο Γ Ϊ δ ί
Γ ο ^ υ ί α ι τ ί /
ε . £ . μ ί ν ω ,
Ι τ ε τ η α ί η ,
Ρ ί .
μ ι μ ί ν η κ α ,
ο Λ β Γ ί τ ί δ β Γ Θ § Ι ΐ 1 α Γ ν έ μ ω , Ι ά ί ν ί ά β , Ι ά ί ί ΐ η ύ ν ί β , Ι α ΐ ΐ ο ΐ , Ρ . ν ι μ ω
& η ά
ν ε μ ο ν μ α ι , Α . ί ν ι ι μ α , ΐ ί . ν ι ν ί μ η κ α , Α .
Ρ . ί ν ε μ ή θ η ν ( ί ε ΐ ι ί ο ι η
ί ν ε μ ί θ η ν ) ,
Ρ ί . Μ . Ο Γ Ρ . ν ι ν ί μ η μ α ι . —
Μ ί α .
§ 1 2 5 . V I I . Υ β τ ΐ Β
ί ο
ΐ ϋ ΐ ι ο ί β
ρ η τ β
8 ΐ β τ η α η ε ί ί α ά ά β ά ί η ί ΐ ι β
Ρ τ β ί β η ί α ι ι ά Ι τ η ρ ε τ / β ο ί .
1 . Ύ α μ έ ω , Ι τ η α , Γ Γ ΐ / ( β α ί ά Ι » ^ α π ι α η ) . Ρ β Γ ί . γ ε γ ά μ ή κ α , β ι ι ί
Ρ υ ί .
> γ α μ ω .
Α Ο Γ .
ϊ < γ η μ α ,
γ η μ α ι .
Μ ΐ ( 1 .
< γ α μ ο ν μ α ι
( \ ν .
ά α ί , ) ,
ί
α τ ή
• π ι α τ τ ΐ β ά ( δ α ί ά
1 ) ^ α λ ν ο π ι α η , η ν ί ο ) .
Ρ Ί ι ί . γ α μ ο ΰ μ α ι . Α Ο Γ .
ε η η μ ά μ η ν .
Ρ α 8 8 . Μ Ι π ι α ί ή π ι ο η ϊ η τ η ά ι ι ο ο τ .
Α Ο Γ . έ γ α μ ή θ η ν ,
& ο .
2 . γ η θ έ ω , τ ΐ 8 ΐ ι α 1 1 ) Γ Ρ ο Γ ί . γ ε γ η ^ α , Ι τ ^ ο ϊ ο β . Ρ υ ί . γ η θ ή σ ω .
3 . δ ο κ έ ω , Ι α ρ ρ β α τ , ν ί ά β ο τ , Ι Ι ΐ ι ί η ΐ ι . Γ Ί ι ί . δ ό ^ ω .
Α Ο Γ .
ε δ ο ξ α .
Ρ ο ι ί . Ρ α δ δ . δ ^ δ ο γ / Α Λ ί , υ ζ ί Μ ί « Μ # Ζ . Α Ο Γ . Ρ α β δ . έ Β ό χ θ η ν .
4 .
μ α ρ τ υ ρ ά ω ,
Ι
ύ β α τ
Ι β ε ΐ ί τ η ο π ι / .
Ρ α ί .
μ α ρ τ υ ρ ή σ ω ,
& ο .
Β υ ί
Η , α ρ τ ύ ρ ο μ α ι ζ ί ί ) , Ο β ρ . Μ ί α .
/
ο α ? /
ί ο
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§ 1 2 6 . ] Α Ν Ο Μ Α Ι , Ο υ θ Τ Ε Ε Β 8
Ι Ν
Ω . 1 3 1
5 . ξ υ ρ έ ω , Ι Β Η β α τ . Μ ί α . ξ ύ ρ ο μ α ι . Α Ο Γ . ε ξ υ ρ ά μ η ν , 1 > α ί
έ ξ ύ ρ η μ α ι .
6 .
ω θ έ ω ,
Ι
ρ υ , ^ Η .
Ι π ι ρ ί .
έ ώ θ ο υ ν .
Ρ α ί .
ώ σ ω
α η ά
ω θ ή σ ω .
Α Ο Γ .
ε ω σ α , ω σ β κ .
Ρ β Γ ί .
' ί ω κ α .
Ρ β Γ ί .
Μ ί < 3 .
Ο Γ
Ρ & 8 8 .
ε ω σ μ α ι .
Α Ο Γ .
έ ώ σ θ η ν . Α υ £ π ι . § 8 7 , 4 . — Μ ί α . .
§ 1 2 6 . V I I I . ν β τ ί α ι ο Η ο & β Τ β π 8 β $ α τ β ά β τ ΐ ν β ά β Γ ο τ η
Κ ο ο ΐ 8
ο ο η η β β ί β ά
ο η ΐ ι /
ί η 8 ϊ £ / η ί / ί ο α ϋ ο η .
1 .
α ί ρ ε ω , Ι ί α ί ι β , Ι τ β ο & ί ν β ,
β .
< ) .
α ί ο ^ η .
Ρ Ί ι ί . α ί ρ ή σ ω .
Α Ο Γ .
( ί τ .
Έ Λ - )
ε ί λ ο ν ,
ε λ ε ΐ ν .
Α Ο Γ . Ρ α 8 8 .
ή ρ έ θ η ν .
Ρ 3 8 8 .
α ί ρ ε θ ή σ ο μ α ι ( §
9 8 . ) . Μ ί α . ί ο
ο Η ο ο Β ί .
Γ υ ί . α ί ρ ή σ ο μ α ι .
Α Ο Γ . ε ί λ ό μ η ν .
—
Α ι ι § ι η . § 8 7 , 3 .
—
Υ ε Λ . α ό ] . α ι ρ ε τ ο ί ,
τ έ ο ε .
2 .
ε ρ γ ο μ α ι ,
1
( / ο ,
Ι
ο ο τ η β .
( Τ ΐ ι β
ο ί Ι ι β Γ
ι η ο ο ά β
& η ( 1
ρ 3 Γ ί ΐ ο ΐ -
ρ ΐ α ΐ δ
α , Γ β Ι ι ο Γ Γ ο ^ ν β ά ί τ ο ι η ε Ί μ ί , ί ΐ ι η β έ ρ χ ο μ α ι , ϊ ω , ϊ θ ι , ί ί ν α ι ,
Ι ώ ν . )
Ι π ι ρ ί . ή ρ χ ό μ η ν α η ά
ρ έ ω
ο ν $ α ( § 1 3 7 . ) , Ο ρ ί . ϊ ο ι μ ι . Γ υ ί . ε Ι μ ι , Τ
Λ α . 1 1 0 ο ( ή ξ ω , Ι 8 ΐ ι α Ι Ι Ι β
α ο τ η ε ) .
— ( Έ Λ Ε Τ Θ - ) Ρ β Γ ί . Ι λ ^ -
λ ν 0 α .
Α Ο Γ .
? ι \ θ ο ν , ε \ θ ω , ϊ \ θ ο ψ ί ,
ε \ θ έ ,
ε \ θ ε ί ν , ε λ θ ώ ν .
Υ β Λ .
δ α ] ,
ε λ , ε υ σ τ έ ο ν .
3 . ε σ θ ί ω , Ι β α ί .
Ι ι η ρ ί . η σ θ ι ο ν .
Ϊ Ί ι ί .
έ π ο μ α ι ,
Ρ β Γ ί . ε Β ή Β ο κ α .
Α Ο Γ . ( £ Γ . Φ Α Γ - ) ε φ α ι γ ο ν , φ α γ ε ΐ ν . Ρ β Γ ί . Μ ί α .
Ο Γ Ρ α β β .
ε δ ^ δ ε -
σ μ α ι .
Α Ο Γ .
Ρ α 8 8 . ή ΰ έ σ θ η υ . Υ β Λ . α φ . ε δ ε σ τ ό ί .
4 . ό μ ά ω ,
/ ί ί ί .
Ι π ι ρ ί . έ ώ ρ ω ν .
Ρ β Γ ί .
έ ώ ρ ά κ α . ( Α υ § π ι . § 8 7 ,
6 . ) Α Ο Γ . ( ί τ .
Ί Δ - )
ε ι δ ο ν , ι δ ώ , Ϊ Β ο ι μ ι ,
Ι Β ί , ί δ ε ϊ ν , 1 8 ω ν . ( Ι Τ ρ ο η
Α β Ρ β Γ ί . I I .
ο ΐ Β α , Ι Τ ι η ο ι υ , β β β
§ 1 4 3 . ) Γ ι ι ί . ( £ Γ .
Ό Π - )
Ο ψ · ο -
μ α ι ( 2 . ρ β Γ β .
ο · ψ · ε ί
§
8 2 , 2 . ) . Μ ί α .
Ο Γ
Ρ β , δ β .
ό ρ ώ μ α ι .
Ρ β Γ ί . Μ ϊ ( 1 .
Ο Γ Ρ & 8 8 . ε ώ ρ ά μ α ι Ο Γ ω μ μ α ι , ω ψ - α ι , & ο . , Ι η ί . ω φ θ α ι .
Α Ο Γ .
Μ ί α . ε ί Β ό μ η ν ,
Ι Β ε σ θ α ι , ί δ ο ΰ
( α η ά
ΐ η ί ΐ ι β δ ί ^ η ΐ β ο α ί ί ο η ο ί
β ο ο ί ,
ΐ δ ο ΰ ) ,
& 8
&
β ί η ι ρ ί β ,
ρ ο β ί ΐ ο
ο η ΐ 7 .
Α Ο Γ .
Ρ α 8 8 .
ω φ θ η ν ,
ο φ θ ή ν α ι ,
Ρ α ΐ . δ φ θ ή σ ο μ α ι . — Υ β Λ . α Δ ) . ο ρ α τ ο ί α η ά
δ τ τ τ ό ε .
κ 2
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1 3 2 Ο Ν Τ Η Ε Υ Ε Κ Β . [ Ο Η Α Ρ .
ν π .
5 . τ ρ έ χ ω , Ι
η ι η . ( Δ Ρ Ε Μ - )
Γ ι ι ί .
δ ρ α μ α ν μ α ι .
Α Ο Γ . ε δ ρ ά -
μ ο ν . Ρ ο Γ ί . δ ε δ ρ ά μ η κ α . Ρ ε ι ί .
Μ ί α . Ο Γ Ρ α 8 8 .
δ ε δ ρ ά μ η μ α ι .
6 . φ έ ρ ω , Ι 1 > β α τ . ( Ό Ι - ) Γ η ί .
ο ί σ ω .
— ( ' Ε Γ Κ ) Λ Ο Γ . Ι .
η ν ε ^ γ κ α α η < 1 Α Ο Γ .
I I .
ή ν ε γ κ ο ν , Ο ρ ί . ε ν έ γ κ α ι μ ι ,
ε ι ε ,
» η ά ο ι μ ι , ο ι ,
Ι η £ . ί ν ε γ κ ε ΐ ν , Ρ α Γ ί . ε ν ε < γ κ ώ ν ,
Ι π ι ρ . ε ν ε γ κ ε , ά τ ω ,
& ο . ( Έ Ν Ε Κ - )
Ρ β Γ ί .
ε ν ή ν ο - χ α .
Ρ ο ν ί .
Μ ί ( 1 . Ο Γ
Ρ α , 8 8 . ε ν ή ν ε γ μ α ι ( - γ ζ α ι · ,
- γ « τ ο Μ
ο ΐ ' ε ν ή ν ε κ τ α ι ) . Α Ο Γ .
Μ ί ( 1 .
ή ν ε γ κ ά μ η ν ,
ί ν ε η κ α ι , α σ θ α ι , ά μ ε ν ο ε .
Α Ο Γ . Ρ α δ β .
η ν ε - χ θ η ν . Γ υ ί . ε ν ε χ θ ή σ ο μ α ι α η ά ο ί σ θ ή σ ο μ α ι ϊ
—
ν ε Λ . η , ( ^ .
ο ί σ τ ό ί ,
ο ί σ τ έ ο ς . — Μ ί α .
7 . φ τ ; / Α ί ( § 1 3 5 , 8 . ) , Ι $ α ι / . Ι τ η ρ ί . ε φ η ν , · ν ν ΐ ί ι Α ο π β ί ω β α η -
1 η § ,
α ί δ ο
φ ά ν α ι
α η ά
φ ά ϊ .
( Έ Π - )
Α Ο Γ .
Ι .
ε ί π α ,
ε ΐ π α ε ,
ε ί π α τ ε ,
Ι π ι ρ Γ .
ε ί τ τ ο ν , ε ί τ τ ά τ ω , Ι η ί . ε ΐ π α ι . Α Ο Γ . I I . ε ι π ο ν , ε ι π ώ , ε ϊ π ο ι μ ι ,
ε ί π ε ( ΐ η ο ο η ι ρ ο δ ί ί ϊ ο η π ρ ό ε ι π ε ) , ε ι π ε ί ν , ε ι π ώ ν . Ρ Γ Ο Π Ι ί Η β Ε ρ ϊ ο
Ρ Γ β β . ε ΐ ρ ω Ε α ί . έ ρ ώ . Ρ β Γ ί . ε ϊ ρ η κ α . Ρ Θ Γ £ . Μ ί α . Ο Γ Ρ α β δ .
ε ϊ ρ η μ α ι .
Ε α ί . I I I .
ε ί ρ ή σ ο μ α ι . Ρ Γ Ο Π Ι
' Ρ Ε -
Α Ο Γ .
Ρ α β β . ε ρ ρ ή -
θ η ν , ρ η θ η ν α ι , ρ η θ ε ί ϊ . Γ υ ί . Ρ & 8 8 . ρ η θ ή σ ο μ α ι .
—
Μ ί α .
ο η ΐ ^ ·
ϊ η
ο ο ι η ρ ο δ ΐ ί ΐ ο η .
Ρ α ί . ά π ε ρ ο ΰ μ α ι ,
α η ά
Α Ο Γ . Ι .
ά τ τ ε ί π α σ θ α ι ,
ί ο
ι / ,
ί ο
ά β ί ρ α ί τ ,
Ι ί ΐ ί ε
α τ τ ε ι π ε ί ν .
—
ν β Γ ΐ ) .
& ά ) .
ρ η τ ο ί ,
ρ η τ ε ο ί .
Β . Υ Ε Ε Β 8 Ι Ν Μ Ι .
§ 1 2 7 . ϋ ο η ) ΐ ι $ α ϋ ο η ο / Υ β τ δ ί ί η μ ι .
1 .
Τ Η ε
ο ΐ ι ΐ ε ί
ρ ο ο υ 1 ΐ α Γ Ϊ ί 7
ο ί
ΐ ΐ ι β ο ο η ] υ § α ί ΐ ο η ΐ η
μ ι
ΐ δ ,
ί ΐ ι α ί
ί ΐ ι ε ν ε Λ 9 Λ ν Ι ι ί ο Η ί ο ΐ ί ο λ ν ί ί Ι ι & ν ε ( ϊ ί Ι ϊ ε Γ ε η ί ρ ο Γ β ο η α ε η ( 1 ί η § 8 £ Γ Ο Π Ι
ί ΐ ι ο δ ε ο £ ί Κ β ο ο η ] υ § α Ι ΐ ο η ί η ω , ί η ί η ε ρ Γ ε β ε η ί α η ά ί ι η ρ ε Γ £ ε ο ί ,
α η ά Β ο π ι ε ί η ί Η β α ο π β ί I I . α ο ί ΐ ν ε α η ά η ι ί ( 1 ( 1 1 β α ί β ο α η ά η α ν ε
η ο η ι ο ά α ΐ ν ο \ ν ε ί η ί η β β ε ί β η ε ε β . Τ Η β £ ο π η » ί ί ο η ο £ α ΐ ΐ ί α β
ο ί . Η ε Γ
ΐ ε η β ε 8
ο £
Λ ε β ε
ν ε Α β
α § Γ ε ε 3
\ ν ί ί 1 ι
ΐ η α ί
ο £
ν ε Λ 8
ί η
ω ,
ε χ -
£ ε \ ν
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§
1 2 8 . ]
Υ Ε Β Β Β
Ι Ν
Μ Ι .
1 3 3
2 . δ ο ι η β ν ε Γ ο β ΐ η μ ι , - ν ν η ΐ ο ΐ ι η α ν ε Ά
δ ί β η ι
ο £ ο η ε 8 } Ί 1 & ο 1 ε ,
ί ί ύ ί β
α
Γ β ά υ ρ ί ί ο α ί ί ο η
ΐ η
ί ΐ ι ο
ρ Γ ε β ε η ί
α η ά
ί η τ ρ β ι ί β ο ί
( §
1 2 3 . ) ,
\ ν η ί ο η Ϊ 8 ΐ ΐ ι ι ι β ε ί Γ ο ο ί ε ά . Ι £ ί Ι ΐ Θ
β ί ε η ι
1 > ε § ΐ η 8 Λ ν ΐ ΐ ΐ ι α β ϊ ι η ρ ί ε
ο ο η δ ο η α η ί ,
Ο Γ η , π τ α ί ε
- ν ν ϊ ί ΐ ι
α
Ι ί φ ΐ ΐ ά , ί Η β β ρ β ΐ
ο ο η δ ο η α η ί
ο ί ί ΐ ι β
β ί ε ι η Ϊ 8 Γ β ρ ε α ί ο ά τ ν ΐ ί ΐ ι ι 1 > ι ι ί ϊ ί
ΐ ΐ ι β β ί β π ι
1 ) 6 § ί η 8
Λ ν ί ΐ ΐ ι σ τ ,
τ τ τ ,
Ο Γ α η
α β ρ ί Γ α ΐ β ά ν ο \ ν β 1 ,
α η
ι ν τ ' ι ύ ι ί Η β
τ ο ι ι ^ η 1 > Γ β £ ΐ ί 1 ι ΐ η ^
ί β
Ι ι β ί ο Γ β
Λ β β ί β η ι
α β α ,
8 ΐ ι Ι ) 8 ί ΐ Ι ι ι ΐ 6 .
Τ η ε Γ β
& Γ β
ο η ΐ γ
Ά
£ ο \ ν ν β
3 3
2 Τ Α
' ί - σ τ η - μ ι ,
Ι ρ ΐ α ο β . Δ Ο ί ί - ί ω - μ ι ,
Θ Ε
τ ί - θ η - μ ι ,
Ι « 1 . Έ
' ί - η - μ ι , 1 8 β Π ΐ Ι .
Χ Ρ Α
κ ί - χ ρ η - μ ι ,
Ι ΐ ε η ά ,
§ 1 2 8 . € Ι α 8 8 Ϊ β € α ί ί ο η ο /
Υ ε Λ ε
ΐ η μ ι .
Τ η β
ν ε Λ δ ΐ η μ ι
α Γ β
ά ί ν ί ά β ά . ί η ί ο
ΐ \ ν ο
^ β η β Γ α Ι ο ΐ α δ β β β —
Ι . Β υ ο ί ι 0 8 , ) ο ί η ί Η ο ρ ο Γ β ο η α Ι β η < 1 ϊ η § 8
ί η α η ι β ά ΐ Ε ΐ ί β Ι ^
ο η ί ο ί η β
β ί β π ι - ν ο ^ ε ΐ . Τ η β β ί β π ι ο £ ν ε Λ β
ο £ ί Μ 8
ο ί α β β ε η ά β
α .
Ι η
η , & 3 ' ί - α τ η - μ ι , Ι ρ Ι α € β , δ ί ο η ι 2 Τ Α -
ϊ . — £ — τ ί - θ η - μ ι , Ι Μ Ϊ — Θ Ε
ΰ .
—
ο
—
Ι ί - ί ω - μ ι , Ι β ί υ ε
—
Δ Ο
ά . — — ι ΐ - μ ι , Ι & 0 — Ί
I I .
δ ι ι ο η £ 1 8
α ά ά
ί ΐ ι β β ^ Π α ο Ι β ν ν ϋ
Ο Γ
ν ϋ ί ο Λ β ΐ Γ 8 ί β ι η ,
α η ά
ί η β η α ί ί α ο η
ί ΐ ι ο
ρ β Γ β ο η α β η ά ί η § 8
ί ο
ΐ η ΐ β
8 7 Π α ο 1 ο . Τ ΐ ι β δ ί ε π ι
ο £
ν ε Γ
0 8
ο £ ί 1 ι ΐ 8
ο ί α β β
ε η ά β
Α .
Ι η
ο η ε ο £
ί ΐ ι β
ί Η τ ε β
ν ο · ν ν ε ΐ 8 , α , ε , Ό ,
α η ά ί α ΐ ί ε β
ν ν ν .
α .
Ι η
α ,
α . 8
α κ ι ΐ ά - ν ν υ - μ ι ,
Ι
β ο α Ι ί β Γ ,
8 ί β ι η
2 Κ Ε Δ Α -
Ι > . — Ε — κ ο ρ ί - ν ν ΰ - μ ι ,
Ι
« α ϋ α ί β — Κ Ο Ρ Ε
Ο . — ο — σ τ ρ ώ - ν ν ν - μ ι , Ι β ρ Γ β α ά ο Η ΐ — Σ Τ Ρ Ο -
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1 3 4 Ο Ν Τ Η Ε Υ Ε Β Β . [ Ο Η Α Ρ .
V I I .
Β . Ι η α ο ο η β ο η ι ι η ί , α η ά ί α ι β 8 ν ϋ .
α . Ι η
Ά
π ι α ί β , α β :
£ ί ί κ - ΐ ' ϋ - μ ι , / « Λ ο ι ο , Β ί β η α
Δ Ε Ι Κ -
4 .
Ι η
α
Ι ϋ μ ι ΐ ι ΐ ,
& 3
ό μ - ν ϋ - μ ι ,
Ι
β ι ο β α Γ
—
' Ο Μ -
Κ & η α τ ί ι . Ο Γ
Λ β
3 β ο ο η < 1 ο ί α β β , ο η ΐ ν
Λ β ν β Λ σ β ί · ν ν ν · μ > ,
1
φ κ η ο / ι , Γ ι · υ ι ι ι
Λ β Γ Ο Ο
2 Β Ε - , ί ο π η β
Λ β
& Ο Γ Ϊ 3 1
I I .
ν ί ζ . ί σ β η ν .
§
1 2 9 . Τ ί ι ε
Μ ο ά α ΐ
1 .
Τ ΐ ι β
Ι ι κ ϋ ο α ί ΐ ν β ο £
ΐ ΐ ι β
ρ Γ β β β ι ι ί ,
ΐ ι η ρ β Γ £ β ο 1 ; ,
α η ά
I I . Ι ι α δ η ο ι η ο ά α ΐ ν ο \ ν ε 1 , α η ά ί ΐ ι β ρ β Γ β ο η α Ι β η ( ϋ η § 8 3 Γ β ο ο η β ε -
( ρ ε η ί ΐ ^ ^ ο ^ η ^ ( I
ί ι η α ί θ ά ί α ί β ΐ ^ ·
ο η
ί ο Λ β
ν ε Λ α Ι
β ί β ι η 2 &
ι Ό τ α - μ ί ν 1 - τ ί - θ ί - μ ι ν ί - δ ο - μ ι ν
2 .
Τ Η β
Ο ο η ) υ η ο Ι ϊ ν β
Ι ι α β
ί ΐ ι β
ι η ο ά α ΐ
ν ο τ ν β ΐ β
ω
α η ά
η ,
Ι ϋ ί β
ν ο Γ Ϊ ) 8 ΐ η ω ,
1 ) ΐ ι ί ύ ι β γ Ι ι ί ε η ο ΐ
- ν ν ί ί ΐ ι ί ΐ ι β
ο ΐ 8 τ α ο ί 6 Γ Ϊ 8 ί ΐ ο ν ο \ ν β ϊ η ΐ ο
ο η β β ο υ τ ι ά ΐ η ο ο η β β ^ ι ι ε η ο β
ο £
λ ν ί π ο ΐ ι , ί ΐ ι β £ ο 1 ο ν ΐ ι ι § ά β ν ΐ Β ί ΐ ο η β
£ Γ Ο Π Ι
ΐ ΐ ι β
ο ο ^ υ ^ ο , ί ΐ ο η ί α
ω ,
α β
ί α τ
Ο 8
Γ ε ^ α π ί β
ο ο η ί Γ α ο ί ί ο η ,
α Γ β
ί ο
1 ) 6
ο β β β Γ ν β ί ϊ , ν ΐ ζ .
ά η
α η < 1
ά ρ
α Γ β
ο ΐ ι α π ^ ε ά
ί η ΐ ο ή α η Λ ρ ( η ο ί ,
α 8
ί η ο ο η ί Γ α ο ί β ά ν β Γ ΐ ) 8 ί η ά ω ,
ϊ η ΐ ο ά ί ί ι κ ί ) ό φ Ϊ 3 ( . Ί ) ι π ι μ ; < ; ι Ι ϊ ι ι ΐ ο φ ( η ο ί ; , : ΐ ί ΐ η ο ο η ί π ι ο ί δ ϊ η ό ω , ΐ η ί ο ο ι )
Η :
Ί - σ τ ά - ω
=
ί - σ Γ ω ί - σ τ ά - } / ς
=
ί - σ τ ή ς ι - σ τ ά - η - τ α ι
=
ί - ο τ ^ Γ α ί
σ τ ά - ω
=
σ τ ι α σ τ ά - $ ς =
σ τ η ς
Γ ί - θ ε - ω =
Τ ί - θ ώ Γ ί - θ ί - ^ / ς
· = = τ ι - θ φ ς τ ι - θ έ - ω - μ α ι
= »
τ ι - θ ώ - / * α ι
ί ί - ί ό - ω
=
Γ ί - Γ ώ
ί ι - ί ό - τ ; ς
= : ί ι - ί ^ ς ί ί - ί ό - ρ = £ ί - δ ψ
Τ ί ι ε
Ο ο η ] ν ι η ο ί ϊ ν θ ο ί 1 ) ο ί α & ο π 8 ί 9 ΐ η Λ β ρ α β β ί ν β ο £ 3 . 1 1 ν β Λ β ί ο 1 ο ν τ 8 ί η ΐ β
Γ ο Γ ί η & ί ϊ ο η ο £ Λ β
Ο ο η ] α η ο Ι ΐ ν β ο ί
' ί σ τ η μ ι α η ά τ ί θ η μ ι
α »
τ ν ψ θ ω , - ρ ς , - ρ ,
& 0 . ,
τ ν π - ώ , $ ς , ρ ,
ί τ . τ ί π τ ω ,
σ τ α - θ ώ
& · . ' ί σ τ η μ ι
Κ ε η ι α Γ ί ι 1 . Τ η β
Ο ο ^ υ η ο ί ί ν β
ο ί τ β Λ β ΐ η
ν / « ά ο β δ
η ο ί
ά ΐ ί Γ β Γ ί τ ο η ι
Λ β
ί ' ο π η α ΐ ϊ ο η
ΐ η
ύ ω » 5 Ι ι ι κ ν ΰ ω ,
—
ι ' ρ ς , & 0 .
3 .
Τ Η ε Ο ρ ί α ί ΐ ν β
ο £
ί ΐ ι β ΐ Γ η ρ ε ι - Γ ε ο ί
α η ά ϋ ο π β ί Ι ι α δ ι ,
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1 3 0 . ]
1 3 5
Ε Ε Β 8 Ι Ν Μ Ι .
Ϊ 8
^ ί η ε ά ί η ι η ι ε ά ί ί ΐ ί ε ΐ ^ ο η
Ι ο
Λ β ο ΐ ι α κ ι ο ί ε π δ ί ΐ ο
ν ο ν τ ε ί ,
α η ( 1
ί ο π η β
α ( Ι ϊ ρ ΐ ι ί ΐ ι ο η ^ Λ ν ί ΐ ΐ ι ϊ ί ; α β
Α ο ΐ ί ν β . Α ο ΐ ΐ ν β . Ί Μ ί ι Ι ι Ι Ι ο .
Ο ] ι ' , Ι η ΐ > Γ . Ί - σ τ α - ί - η ν
= ι - σ τ α ί - η ν
Α .
Π . σ τ α ί - η ν
Ι η ι ρ Γ . 1 - σ τ α ί - μ η ν
— — τ ι - β ί - ί - η ν = τ ι - β ι ί - η ν — β ι ί - η ν — τ ι - β ά - μ η ν
— — ί ι - ΐ ο - ί - η ν
=
Ι ι - £ ο ί - η ν — ί ο ί - η ν — δ ι - Ι ο ί - μ η ν
Τ Η β Ο ρ Ι α Ι ί ν β - Γ ο Γ Γ η α ί ί ο η ο ί ν β Λ β ί η Ε ( τ ί θ η μ ί ) \ 3 Γ ο ΐ ί ο τ τ ε ά ϊ η ΐ Η β
Ο ρ ί β ΐ ί ν β
ρ 8 5 8 Ϊ ν β
θ £
Ι ΐ Ο ΐ Ι ΐ Λ Ο Ι Ϊ 5 1 3 ο ί » 1 1
Τ β Λ δ
8 3 σ τ α - θ ε ί - η ν , τ υ φ - θ ί ί - η ΐ ' ,
τ ν τ τ - ΐ ί - η ν .
Κ ε π ι α τ ί ι 2 . Τ Η β Ο ρ ί α ί ΐ ν β
π η ρ ε τ ί β ο ί
ο ί ν ε Λ β ί η ν μ ι ί ο ΐ ί ο π β Λ β
ί ο π η -
» 1 ί ο η ϊ η ω ,
Ι & β
Λ β Ο ο ^ ι ι η ο ΐ ϊ ν ο ρ Γ β δ β η ί 8 5
§ 1 3 0 . Ρ β Γ Β ο η α Ι
Ε η ά ί η ( / 3 ,
1 . Γ Ο Γ ί Η β α ο ί ί ν β ,
Ι Ι ι ο Γ β
α Γ β
ί ΐ ι β
ί ο ΐ ΐ ο ν ν ί η » ρ β Γ δ ο η α
ί ο π η β
α ,
Γ Ο Γ
Λ β Ι η ά ί ο Β , ΐ ΐ ν β ρ Γ ο β β η ί
8 ί η § υ 1 * Γ
1
μ < ·
- σ τ η - μ ι
2
ς
- σ π | - ς
3
σ ι Ο ) - σ Γ ί ϊ - σ ι ( ι > )
ϋ ι ι α ΐ 2
τ ο ν
- σ τ α - Γ ο ν
3 τ ο ν
- σ Γ ί ί - Γ Ο ϊ /
Ρ Ι ΐ Ι Γ & Ι
1
μ ι ν
- σ τ ά - μ ε ν
2 τ ι - σ τ α - τ ϊ
3
( Χ ) ]
' ϊ - σ Γ α - ι τ ι - σ Γ α - ι / < τ ί ( ϊ > )
Τ η β β η ά ϊ η ^ ο ί Λ β
3 .
ρ ε Γ δ ο η ρ Ι ι ΐ Γ & Ι ν σ ι ( ν ) ν τ β δ
ο ΐ ι α η ^ ε ά
ϊ η ί ο ά σ ι ( ν ) ,
α η ά
ο ο η ί Γ & ο ί β ί τ τ ί Λ ί ΐ ι ε
ί ο Γ ε ^ ο ϊ η ^
8 ί ε ι η - ν ο \ ν ο 1 ο ί Ι ΐ ι ο ν ο Λ . Τ ΐ ι ε
Α ΐ ΐ ί ο
ι ΐ ϊ & ΐ ε ο ί , Η ο τ ν ε ν ε ι - , & 1 1 ο \ τ 3 1 1 ι Ϊ 8 ο ο η ΐ ρ α ο ί ΐ ο η ο η \ γ
ΐ η
Λ β ο α β β ο ί τ ο ο ί β ε η ί ΐ ϊ η ^
ϊ η α Ι η ι ΐ 3
ή 1 ,
' ί - β τ α - ν α ι ( · ο ι η ι . · 8
( ί - α τ ά - ά σ ι )
ι - σ τ ά σ ι
— τ ί - β ί - ν σ ι —
π - β ε ϊ σ ί
Α ί ί . τ ι - θ έ - ά σ ι
— ί ί - ί ο - ν σ ι — ί ι - ί ο ϋ σ ι — ί ι - ί ό - ό σ ι
— Ι ι ί κ ν υ - ν α ι — ί ί ί κ ν ϋ σ ι — ί ί ί κ ν ύ - ό ι τ ι
ύ .
Τ Ι ΐ Θ
ρ ε Γ β ο η α ε η ( ϋ η § 8
ο £ Ι ΐ ι ε Ο ο ^ α η ο ΐ ϊ ν ο ρ Γ ε β ε η ί
α η ά
I I .
( Ι ο η ο ί
ά ΐ ί Γ β Γ
£ Γ Ο Π Ι
ΐ Η ο β ε
ο £ ί ΐ ι ε ο ο η ΐ π ^ α ΐ ί ο η ί η ω .
κ
4
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1 3 6
Ο Ν Τ Η Ε
Υ Ε Κ Β .
€ .
Ρ Ο Γ
Λ ο
Ι η ί ΐ ί ο β ί ϊ ν β
ΐ ι η ρ β ι · ί ο ο Ι ;
8 . η < 1 Ε ο π δ ΐ I I .
8 ί η δ ν ι 1 α Γ ΐ
ν
Ι ι π ρ ί .
' ΐ - σ τ η - ν ε - τ ί - θ η ν
2
ί
ΐ . σ τ η , ς ί - τ ί - θ η ς
9
-
' ί - σ τ η έ - τ ί - β η
Ο ι ι α ΐ
9
τ ο ν
Α Ο Γ . I I .
ε - σ τ η - τ ο ν ε - θ ε - τ υ ν
9
τ η ν
ί - σ τ ή - τ η ν
1 - θ ί - τ η ν
Ρ Ι ϋ Γ & Ι
1
μ ε ν
ε - σ τ η - μ ε ν ε - β ε - μ ί ν
3
τ ε
ε - σ τ η - τ ε
ί - θ ε - τ ε
3
σ α ν
ε - σ τ η - σ α ν ί - β ε - σ α ν
8 ο Ι ΐ ι β Ι η ϋ ο & ί ϊ ν β ρ α δ δ ί ν ο ο £ Ι ι ο ί ΐ ι α ο η δ ί δ ο ί α ΐ ΐ ν β Λ δ 1 - τ ύ φ θ - η ν , ί τ υ π -
η ν , ί - σ τ ά - θ η ν , η ς , η , ή τ α ν , ή τ η ν , η μ ε ν , η τ ε , ή σ α ν , β χ & ο ΐ ΐ ν Ι ΐ ΐ ί β ε σ τ η ν .
ά .
Τ ΐ ι β
ρ β Γ β ο η α Ι β η ( 1 ί η § 8 ο £ ί Η β Ο ρ ί α ΐ ί ν β
ί ΐ ϊ ΐ ρ β Γ ί β ο ί
α η ά
α ο π β ΐ
I I . ,
\ ν ϊ ί ι ί ΐ ι β β χ ο β ρ ί ΐ ο η
ο ί
ί Κ β 1 . ρ β Γ β ο η
β ΐ η ^ ι ι Ι & Γ , ά ϋ ϊ β ι ·
ί τ ο ι η ί ΐ ι ο δ β ο £ ί Κ β
Μ β ί ο π ο α ΐ
ί β η 8 β 3 Ι η ι ϋ ο Β , ί ΐ ν β ,
ϊ η
ί Η β ο ο η ) ΐ ι § α -
Ι , ϊ ο η
ί α ω , ο ι Λ γ ΐ η
1 ) β ί η § ρ Γ ο ο β ά β ά ί ι γ α η η ; 3 θ
σ τ α ί - η ν ι - σ τ α ί - η ν
θ ε ί - η ν τ ι - θ ε ί - η ν δ ο ί - η ν δ ι - δ ο ί - η ν ,
1 .
Ι η
ί Η β
ά ι ι & Ι
α η ι ΐ
ρ Ι υ Γ α Ι
ο ί
ΰ ι β
Ο ρ ί α ί ϊ ν β
ϊ η ι ρ β Γ Γ β ο ί ,
ΐ ΐ ι β
η
Ί
6 χ ο 1 ι ΐ ( 1 β < 1 ,
α η ά
ί ΐ ι β β η ά ί η ^ ο ί
Λ β
3 . ρ β Γ δ ο η ρ Ι ι ΐ Γ β
ή σ α ν
Ϊ 5 ο ο η -
ϊ η ΐ ο
ε ν α δ
τ ι θ ε ί - η μ ε ν = τ ι θ ε ΐ μ ΐ ν ί σ τ α ί - η τ έ = ι σ τ ά ΐ τ ε
τ ί θ ε ί - η σ α ν
=
τ ι θ ε ΐ ε ν
δ ί δ ο ί - η σ α ν =
δ ι δ ο ι ε ν
Τ Η Ϊ 8 Ι ι ο ΐ ί ΐ β § ο ο ά ο ί Λ β Ο ρ ί α ΐ ϊ ν β
ρ α 8 3 ΐ ν θ α ο π β ί δ
ο ί & 1 1
ν β Λ β α β
τ ν φ β ε ί η μ ε ν ,
τ ν π ε ί η μ ε ν =
τ υ φ θ ε ϊ μ ε ν , τ ν π ι ί μ ε ν ( β χ ί ΐ ο ί ^ Ι ϋ β τ ι θ ε ί η ν * ) .
Ο η
ΐ ΐ ι β
ΐ η Λ β
Ο ρ ί α ί ϊ ν β α ο π β ΐ
Π · & ο ί ϊ ν β ο ί ί ΐ ι ο
ν β Λ δ
' ί σ τ η μ ι , τ ί θ η μ ι ,
δ ί ί ω μ ι ,
Λ ο Γ ί β η β ι Ι
& Γ Π 1 3
Β , Γ β ν β Γ 7 Γ ο τ β , τ τ ί Λ Λ β
β χ ο β ρ ί ΐ ο η
ο ί Ι , Ι ΐ Θ 3 .
ρ Ι ι ί Γ α Ι .
β .
Ι Ό Γ
ί Ι ΐ Θ Ι π ι ρ β Γ α ί ΐ ν ε ρ Γ ε β β η ί ο χ ι ά α ο ι ί β ί I I .
8 ί η § υ 1 ι ΐ Γ 2
0 1 £ ί * σ τ α - θ ι )
( π ' - β ε - β ι )
( δ ί - ί ο - β ι )
3
τ ω ϊ - σ τ ά - τ ω
τ ι - θ ε - τ ω
δ ί - δ ό - τ ω
ϋ ι ι & 1 2
τ ο ν
Ί - σ τ α - τ ο ν
τ ί - θ ε - τ ο ν
δ ί ~ £ ο - τ ο ν
&
τ ω ν
ί - σ τ ά - τ ω ν
Τ ί - θ ε - τ ω ν
δ ι - δ ό - τ ω ν
Ρ 1 ι ΐ Γ & 1
2
Τ Ι Ί - σ τ α - τ ε
τ ί - β ε - τ ι
δ ί - ΐ ο - τ ε
8 τ ω σ α ν
' ι - σ τ ά - τ ω σ α ν
τ ι - θ ε - τ ω σ α ν δ ι - δ ό - τ ω σ α ν
Ο Γ
ι * σ τ ά ν τ ω ν
τ ι - 6 ' ε ν τ ω ν δ ι · * δ ό ν τ ω ν
2 . Τ Η ο 2 . ρ β Γ δ ο η δ ΐ η ^ υ Ι α Γ Ι ι η ρ β Γ α Ι ΐ ν β ρ Γ β δ β η Ι ί ΐ η - ο τ ν β ο δ Γ
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§ 1 3 0 . ] Υ Ε Κ Β 8 Ι Ν
Μ Ι .
1 3 7
β η < ϋ η £ θ ι , & η ά , Ι ο ι η α ί ι β υ ρ ί ο Γ ϊ ΐ , Λ β δ ΐ ι ο ι - ί ο Η ω - α ο ί β π δ ϋ ο
ν ο · « Γ β 1
Ϊ 8 1 β η § Λ -
β η β ά ν ϊ ζ . , α ϊ η ί ο η , ε ϊ η ί ο α , ο ϊ η ΐ ο ο ν , ν ί η ί ο ν ,
ϊ - σ Γ α - θ ι
β β ο ο ι η β β
' ί - σ τ η
τ ί - θ ε - θ ι
β β ο ο ι η β δ
π ' - θ ί ΐ
Ι ί - ΐ ο - β ι
—
Ι ί - ΐ ο ν
Ι ί ί κ - ν ί - θ ι
—
ί ι ί κ ν ϋ
Τ ΐ ι β β η ι ΐ ϊ η » θ ι ΐ δ τ β ί α ί η β ο ί } ) γ ν β Γ 7 ί β \ τ ν β Λ β ϊ η Λ β ρ ρ β δ β η ί .
Ι η
Λ θ
α Ο Γ Ϊ δ Ι I I . ο ί τ ί θ η μ ι , ' ί η μ ι , β η ά δ ί ί ω μ ι ϊ ί
1 3
ο ΐ ι α η ^ ε ά ΐ η ΐ ο ς ,
Λ ΐ 1 8
θ ί - θ ι 1 > θ -
ο ο ι η β δ
θ ί ς , ' ί - θ ι
=
? < ; , ί ό - θ ι
=
ί ό ^ ; 1 ) υ ί ϊ η ΐ Η β α ο Γ Ϊ δ Ι Π . ο ί ' ί σ τ η μ ι Λ Ϊ 3 β η ά ϊ η §
Ϊ 8
Γ β ί α ϊ η β ί ΐ ,
Λ ι ΐ 3 σ τ ή - θ ι
& η ά , ϊ η
Λ Θ 8 Μ η β
ν τ Ά γ ,
ϊ η Ι ι ο ΐ ΐ ι α ο Γ Ϊ β Ι β ρ & β δ ϊ ν β ο Γ
α ΐ ΐ ν β Λ δ ,
3 3
τ ν π η - θ ι , π α ι δ ί ύ θ η - τ ι ( ϊ η β ί β α ά ο Γ π α ι ί ι ΰ θ η - θ ι , § 8 , Κ β ι η α Γ ί ι 5 . ) .
Ι η
ο ο ι η ρ ο β ί ί ϊ ο η ,
ί ΐ ι β ο η ά ϊ η ^ ή θ ί ϊ η σ τ ή θ ι η ι α ^ 1 > β
β Ι ι ο Γ ί β η ε ά
ΐ η ΐ ο ό Ε 8
ά τ τ ό σ τ ά .
/ . Τ ΐ ι β ε η ά ΐ η § ο £
Ι ΐ ΐ 6
Ι η £ η ί ί ί ν 6 ρ Γ β β β η ί α η ά α ο π β ί I I . ΐ β
ν α ι . Τ ΐ ι ΐ β ί β α ί Β χ β ά ί ο ί ΐ ι β β Ι ι Ο Γ ΐ ; ο Κ α Γ α ο ί β π 5 ί ΐ ο ν ο · ν ν ε 1 , ϊ η ί ΐ ι β
ρ Γ β Β β η ί ,
ϋ ι ι ί ί ο ί ΐ ι β Ι β η ^ ΐ ΐ ι β η β ά
( α
ϊ η ΐ ο
η ,
ε ΐ η ί ο ε ι , ο ϊ η ί ο
ο υ ) ,
ΐ η ΐ Κ β α ο τ ί β ί Π .
Ρ Γ 6 3 . Ί - σ τ ά ( α ) - ν α ι τ ι - θ ί - ν α ι ί ι - ΐ ό - ν α ι ί ( ΐ κ - ν ύ ( ν ) - ν α ι
Α . I I .
σ τ ή - ν α ι
θ ι ϊ - ν α ι δ ο ν - ν α ι
Τ ΐ ι β
Ι η δ η ϊ ΐ ί ν β ο £ ί ΐ ι β ρ α 8 δ ί ν β
α ο Γ Ϊ δ ί
ο ί α ΐ ΐ ν ε Λ β Ϊ 3 Ι ϋ β
σ τ ή ν α ι
« $
τ ν ι τ ή - ν α ι , β ο ν \ ε ν θ ή - ν α ι ,
ρ .
Τ Η β ο η ύ ί η § 8 ο £ ί Η β
Ρ α Γ ί ί ο ΐ ρ Ι ε
ρ Γ β β ε η ί α η < 1 α ο ή β ΐ ; I I .
α τ έ
ν τ ϊ , ν τ σ α , ν τ ,
\ ν ι ΐ ο 1 ι
ι ι η ΐ ί β λ ν ί ί ΐ ι
ί ΐ ι ε
ο Ι ι α Γ α ο ί β π δ Ι ί ο
ν ο λ ν ε ΐ
Η ^ ο ο Γ ί ϋ η ^ ί ο ί Η β ο ι ΐ Β ί ο ι η ί ΐ ΐ ' ^ τ ι ι ΐ β β
Ί - σ τ ά - ν τ ς = ί - σ τ ά ς ( α ) , ί - σ τ α σ α , ί - σ Γ Ο ν ( α ) < ό ς , σ τ α σ α , ό τ α ν
τ ι - θ ί - ν τ ς
=
Τ ί - θ ι ί ς , ί ΐ σ α , ε ν θ ι ί ς , θ ί ϊ σ ο , Θ Ι ν
ί ι - ί ό - ν τ ς = Ι ι - ί ο ύ ς , ο ΰ σ α , ό ν
Ι ο ύ ς ,
Ι ο ϋ α α , ί ό ν
δ ε ι κ - ν ν - ν τ ς =
δ ε ι κ - ν ν ς ζ ν ) ,
ί σ α , ν ν
Τ Η β
Ρ α Γ ί ϊ ο ϊ ρ Ι θ
ο ί
β ο Λ
ρ α β β ί ν β
α ο ώ ί β
ο ί
& 1 1
ν β Λ β
ί ο ΐ ί ο ι τ β
τ ι θ ε ί ς
Ο Γ
θ ι ί ς 3 . 3 τ υ π - ( ί ς , ε ϊ σ α , ε ν / 3 ο ι > λ ε υ θ - £ ΐ ' ς .
2 .
Τ Η β
ρ β Γ δ ο η α ο η ( 1 ΐ η § 8 ο ί
ί Η θ
π ι ϊ ά ά ΐ β
β η ί ί Γ β ΐ 7
α § Γ β β
\ ν ί ί ι
ί Η θ 8 β ο £
ί ΐ ι β
ν β Λ β
ΐ ι ι ω , 1 > υ . ί , ί η ί ΐ ι β
2 .
ρ β Γ β ο η β ΐ η § α 1 α Γ
Ι η ά ϊ ο α -
ί ϊ ν β ρ Γ β β β η ί ί ΐ η ά ϊ ι η ρ β Γ ί β ο ί , α η < 1 ί ΐ ι β ρ Γ β β ε η ί
Ι π ι ρ β Γ α Ι ί ν β ,
ί ΐ ι β
ρ ε Γ θ ο η α Ι ε η ά ΐ η ^ δ ΐ η τ α & η γ
0 & 8 6 8
Γ θ ί α ΐ η ί Κ β ί Γ ί α ΐ ΐ ί ο π η ( σ α ι
α η ά
σ ο ) β β β ί ΐ ι β ρ α ι · α ά ϊ § π ΐ 8 .
Β & η α τ λ
3 .
ϊ ΐ ι β
δ ΐ η ^ υ Ι β Γ
ί ι η ρ Θ Γ Γ β ο Ι
β ο ΐ ΐ ν β
ο ί τ ί θ η μ ι
& η ά
ί ί ί ω / ι ι
Ϊ 3
§ β η β -
ί ο π η β ά ί ι - ο ι η Τ Ι Θ Ε Ω & η < 1
Δ Ι Δ Ο Ω
- ν τ ί Λ Λ β ο α β ί ο π ι α τ ^ ο ο η ί Γ α ο ί ί ο η β .
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1 3 8
[ c h a p . v n .N T H E
V E R B .
I n v e r b s
i n
v p i t h e c o - e x i s t i n g f o r m s i n v i a ( y ) a r e u s e d , f o r t h e w h o l e
p r e s e n t , a n d g e n e r a l l y
f o r t h e
i m p e r f e c t ,
e s p e c i a l l y
f o r
t h e
3 . p e r s o n
p l u r a l I n d i c a t i v e ,
a n d
t h e
P a r t i c i p l e
a n d
e x c l u s i v e l y
f o r
t h e
C o n j u n c t i v e
p r e s e n t , a n d
O p t a t i v e i m p e r f e c t a s I v S t i K v v w , o f i v v w ,
o v f i f i i y v v w ,
a s w e l l
a s
i v S t i i c v v i i i ,
o / i v u / j i ,
a v / t f i i y v v i u .
T E N S E - F O K M A T I O X .
§ 1 3 1 .
I . F i r s t
C l a s s
o f V e r b s i n
f U .
1 . I n
t h e f o r m a t i o n
o f
t h e
t e n s e s o f
t h e
w h o l e a c t i v e ,
a s
w e l l a s o f t h e f u t u r e a n d a o r i s t I . m i d d l e , t h e s h o r t c h a r a c
t e r i s t i c v o w e l , a , e ,
o ,
i s
l e n g t h e n e d
v i z . a i n t o r j , s i n t o
i )
a n d
( i n t h e
p e r f e c t
a c t i v e o f t L Q ^ i
a n d v y / u )
i n t o s t , o i n t o
c o
;
b u t
i t
i s
r e t a i n e d
i n
t h e
o t h e r
t e n s e s
o f t h e m i d d l e ,
a n d
a l l
t h e t e n s e s o f t h e p a s s i v e , w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f t h e
p e r f e c t
a n d p l u p e r f e c t o f r l O r j / i i a n d i t j j i i , w h i c h h a v e t h e s i o f t h e
p e r f e c t
a c t i v e ( r e ' d e u e a , T i Q s i f i a i ,
e t i c a , s I / m l i ) .
2 .
T h e
a o r i s t I . a c t i v e a n d
m i d d l e
o f
T i O i j f i i , f y f u ,
a n d
S l S c o / a i
h a s
k
( n o t < r )
f o r
i t s
t e n s e - c h a r a c t e r i s t i c
e - d r j - K - a ,
T j - K - a , s - B c o - K - a .
B u t
t h e
f o r m s
o f
t h e
a o r i s t I . a c t i v e , s f f i j K a , r ^ i c a ,
a n d
e S m i c a , a r e u s e d o n l y i n t h e I n d i c a t i v e , a n d p r i n c i p a l l y i n t h e
s i n g u l a r
o n l y
; i n
t h e
o t h e r p e r s o n s , a s
w e l l
a s
t h e
o t h e r
M o o d s a n d t h e P a r t i c i p i a l s , t h e f o r m s o f t h e a o r i s t I I . a r e
g e n e r a l l y u s e d . S o , a l s o , t h o s e o f t h e a o r i s t I I . m i d d l e
w e r e u s e d i n s t e a d o f t h o s e o f
t h e a o r i s t
I . m i d d l e o f T i d r j / u ,
i r j f i i ,
a n d B i & o o f u .
O n t h e c o n t r a r y , t h e I n d i c a t i v e f o r m s
o f
t h e
s i n g u l a r
a o r i s t I I .
o f
T t ' 0 » / / u ,
f t y u ,
a n d
B l S c o f u
( e O r j v ,
f y ,
a n d s B t o v ) w e r e
n o t
a t a l l u s e d .
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§ 1 3 2 . ]
1 3 9
E R B S I N M I .
3 . T h e v e r b
l a - r r j / i i
f o r m s t h e a o r l s t I . a c t i v e
a n d
m i d d l e ,
l i k e
v e r b s
i n
< o ,
w i t h
t h e
t e n s e - c h a r a c t e r i s t i c
a
s - a r r j - a - a ,
i - a v r i - e r - d / i r j v . T h e a o r i s t
I I . m i d d l e s < r r d p . r f v i s
n o t
a t a l l
u s e d . B u t s o m e
o t h e r
v e r b s
f o r m
i t
a s
h r r a f i i ) v , h r p i r
d f i r ) v .
R e m a r k 1 .
T h e
a o r i s t I I .
a n d f u t u r e
I I .
p a s s i v e a r e w a n t i n g i n
t h e s e
v e r b s , a s
w e l l
a s t h e f u t u r e I I I . ,
e x c e p t
i n
l o r q / u
i a r i f e u , o l d A t t i o , a n d
t f f r i i Z o i i a t .
R e m a r k
2 .
W i t h
r e g a r d t o
s i g n i f i c a t i o n ,
t h e
f o l l o w i n g i s t o b e o b
s e r v e d
r e s p e c t i n g
t h e
v e r b
i ' < r r > ; / «
t h e
p r e s e n t ,
i m p e r f e c t ,
f u t u r e ,
a n d
a o r i s t
I .
a c t i v e h a v e t h e t r a n s i t i v e s i g n i f i c a t i o n , t o p l a c e ; o n t h e c o n
t r a r y , t h e a o r i s t I I . , t h e p e r f e c t a n d p l u p e r f e c t a c t i v e , a n d f u t u r e H I .
h a v e t h e
r e f l e c t i v e
o r
i n t r a n s i t i v e s i g n i f i c a t i o n , t o p l a c e
o n e ' s
s e l f ,
t o
s t a n d ;
t h u s
t a T t ) v , I
p l a c e d m y s e l f
o r
s t o o d ; ' i a r n K a ,
I h a v e p l a c e d
m y s e l f , I s t a n d ,
s t o ; i a r r i K t i v , s t d b a m e f f r i j f w , e o T T j i o p a i , s t d b o ( a ^ e t r r i j j w , / s h a l l f a l l o f f )
T h e
m i d d l e
s i g n i f i e s e i t h e r t o p l a c e f o r o n e ' s
s e l f
o r h a v e e r e c t e d , o r p l a c e
o n e ' s s e l f , c o n s i s t e r e , o r
h a v e
o n e ' s s e l f p l a c e d , e . b e p l a c e d .
§ 1 3 2 . I T . S e c o n d
C l a s s o f V e r b s i n
f U .
T h e f o r m a t i o n o f
t h e
t e n s e s o f
t h e s e c o n d
c l a s s
( § 1 2 8 . )
i n v o l v e s
n o
d i f f i c u l t y .
A f t e r
t h r o w i n g
o f f
t h e
e n d i n g
v w f i i
a n d w / u ,
a l l
t e n s e s
a r e f o r m e d f r o m t h e s t e m . T h e v e r b s
i n
o , w h i c h h a v e
t h i s l e n g t h e n e d i n t o
t o
i n
t h e
p r e s e n t , r e t a i n
t h e < b t h r o u g h a l l t h e t e n s e s a s c r r p d o - i m i - f i i , ^ o - w v - f j i i , p m -
w v - p , i , y a t - v w - i i L ,
F u t .
< r r p a > - c r a > ,
& c .
B u t v e r b s
w h o s e
s t e m
e n d s
i n
a l i q u i d , t a k e a
t h e m e e n d i n g i n
a
v o w e l
i n t h e f o r m a
t i o n o f s o m e o f t h e i r t e n s e s ; a s B / i - w - f i i , A o r . w / t - o - a a f r .
' O M O & > . T h e a o r i s t I I . a n d
f u t u r e
I I . p a s s i v e a r e f o u n d
o n l y i n a f e w v e r b s a s % e v y - w - f i i .
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§ 1 3 3 . P a r a d i g m s o f
3
p - i
A C T I V E .
S . l
2
3
D . 1
2
3
P . 1
2
3
D .
P .
X - O T T J - Q
X - o t j i - o i ( v )
X - t r r a - T o v
X - t x r d - T o v
t - a r d - ' f i i e v
X - v r d - r s
( f r .
l o r d - a m )
6 E ,
p u t .
S . 2
3
D . 2
3
P .
2
r - i r r w
i - O T f j
l - o r i j - T o v
t - a r i j - T o v
( f r .
l a r a B i )
i - ( T T a ( a ) - T t a
X - G T a - T O V
i - O T a ( a ) - T i j > v
X - a r d - T i
t - ( r r a ( a ) - r t o t r a v
a n d i - a r a v T t o v
T i - O r i - p i
r i - 9 i \ - q
T l - 0 I ) - ( X t ( v )
r i - O e - r o v
T t - 9 t - T 0 V
T i - 9 i - p t v
r i - 9 t - T 6
r i - 9 t - a m ( v )
& n - 9 i t m ( y )
A O ,
g w e .
A E I K ,
s h o w .
T i - 0 &
n - 9 y
T l - 9 r \ - T O V
T l - 9 r j - T O V
T i - e i j - r e
T t - 9 u i - 1 J t ( v )
f i i - d o - r o v
d i ~ 3 o - T o v
S i - S o - f t i v
d i - S o - r t
d i - S o - d m ( v )
S . 1
2
D .
i - f r r d ( a ) - v a t
a f ( a ) , G t . d v T o g
t - f f T T J - V
' l - < J T r j
X - v r a - T o v
t ~ < r r d ( a ) - T r j v
X - t T T a - f t e v
7 - o r a - r c
r i - 9 u
( f r . H 9 e 9 t )
T i - 9 k - T ( a
T l - Q t - T O V
T l - d k - T O J V
T l - Q k - T l i M J d V
a n d T i - Q k w h i v
r i - d k - v a t
T t - d d g ,
£ t ( r a , k v
G . E V T O Q
6 1 - d t p s
S i - d o v
( f r . d i d o Q t )
S i - 5 6 - r u )
d i - d o - r o v
d t - S 6
- T t o t r a v
& 8 i - 8 6 v t w v
( - H - 9 o v v
i - r i - 9 u
i - T l - 0 l - T O V
i - T l - 9 i - T t \ V
c - H - 9 t - / i e v
h - T l - Q t - T t
k - T i - Q t - t r a v
S i - d o v g , o v a a ,
6 v t
G r . O V T O Q
S t t K - V V - f U \ )
S e i K - v v - r o v
S u K - V V - T O V
B t i i c - v v - f i t v
S e i K - v { ( v ) - d < n ( v )
& c .
S e i K - v v
( f r . d e i i c v v d t )
S U K - V V - ' T O V
S e i K - i r f i - T i o f f a v
^ ( w ) ,
G r .
V V T O Q 2 ) f
i - d i - S o v v
e - S t - S o v c
k - S l - S o - T O V
s - S i - d o - T C
t - d t - d o - f f a v
e - d e t K - v v v
I S f t K - V V - T O V
i - B s t i c - v v - f i e v
i - S t t K - v v - t r a v
i m p i .
t d u K w o v , v i t , v e ( v ) . S e e § 1 3 0 . R e m a r k 3 .
S o
a l s o i n t h e
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V e r b s i n f i t .
M I D D L E .
2 T A ,
p l a c e .
6 E ,
p u t .
A O ,
g i v e .
A E I K ,
s h o w .
X - a r a - f i a i
T i - 9 i - n < u
i i - t o - f u u d t U - v v - f i a t
X - c r r d - f f a i r l - 9 t - a a i a n d r i - 9 y
d u K - v u - a a i
X - a r d - T a i
t I - 9 i - t o i
f i i - S o ' T a i
f i e t K - v i j - T a i
i ~ t 7 T a ( a ) - f i £ 6 o v
T i - 9 k - f i t 9 o v
S i - f i o - f t t B o v
f t u K - v v t v ^ ' j i t B o v
X - f T r a - a S o v
r l - 9 i - o 9 o v
5 1 - S o - f f B o v S t i K - v v - o 8 u v
X - t r r a - a 9 o v
T t - 9 t - o 9 o v
S i - S o - o B o v S e i K - v v - a B u v
T i - 9 i - / i t 9 a
l i - d 6 - / i ( B a
d t i i c - v v ( v ) - ) i t 8 a
X - o r a - o O e
r i - 9 i - o 8 e
S i - S o - o B e S c i K - v v - t r B t
X - o r a - V T a t T i - 9 i - v T a t
I t - S o - v r a i
S t i K - v v - v r a t
1 - a T b j - f i a i 3 )
T L ' 9 w - f i a i
8 e u c v v - ( t } [ i c a
i - a r p n - 9 y
f c u c v v - y
i - V T i j - T a i
T t - 9 i ) - T a i
& c .
1 - O T W - / K 0 O J '
T l - 9 l i ) - f l ( 9 o V S i - S h i - f i e d o p
i - f f T i j - ( r 9 o v
T i - 9 r j - < r 9 o v
S i - l w - a B o v
i - o r r j - a B o v
T i - 8 r j - o 9 o v
S i - f i t o - f f B o v
i - a r t a - i x t B a
T L - 9 i o - f i f 9 a
S t - S w - f i e B a
U o T > j - a 8 c
T t - 9 r j - < r 9 i S i - d < S - ( r 8 e
l - O T U - V T a i T i - 9 i o - v r a i
l i - S u i - V T a i
' i - a r a - a o a n d
n - B e - a o a n d 5 i - 5 o - < r o a n d
S t i K - v v - a o
X - a r t i i
r i - 9 o v
t - f f r a - ( T 0 6 > T i - 9 e - a 9 t o
S e u c - v v - f f B u )
X - f f r a - < r 9 o v
t ' i - 9 & - o 9 o v
S L - S o - t r B o v
S s L K - V V - f f B o V
i - o r a - a 9 o i v
T i - 9 e - o 9 u i v S f S o - a B u i v S i i K - v v - a B i o v
X - a r a - o Q t
T i - 9 e < r 9 e
S i - d o - a 8 t
S i l x - v v - a B t
\ - r r T a - a 9 u a a v a n d
T i - 8 t - a 9 a o a v
a n d S i - S o - o B u i t r a v a n d
f o i K - v v - o B w a a v a n d
\ - a r a - a 9 i a v
T i - B i - a B i a v
S i - S 6 - a 0 w v d i i K - v v - a 6 o i v
X - a r a - a 9 a i
T i - 9 t - a 9 a i S i - S o - a B m
S i t K - v v - o t i q i
i - a r a ( a ) - n t v o £ ,
T t - 9 e - f i s v o e ,
o v
d i - d i - p t v o g ,
o v
o v
V > o v
l - r i - 9 ' t - j i r \ v
k - S i - 8 6 ' H T j v
i - S u K - v v ( y ) - ) i r i v
X - m a - c o
a n d i - T i - 9 t - a o a n d
l - S i - S o - o o a n d
1 - B t ' i K - v v - a o
X - I 7 T U 1 l - H - 9 o v
l - S i - l o v
T - f f r a - r o t - T l - 9 t - T O
l - S l - S o - T O 1 - d l t K - V V - T O
i - a T a ( j i ) - i i t 9 o v i - r i - 9 t - f i t 9 o v
i - S i - S o - p t B o v l - S e i K - v i f t i ' ) - j i c B o v
X - g t c i * u 9 o v i - T l - 9 i - t s 9 o V
t - f i i - S o - ^ o v
i - f i e i K - v v - a B o v
i - a r d - t j B r j v l - T i - 9 k ~ ( r 8 j ] v
e - d i - d o - a B t j v
i - f c i K - v v - o 8 t i v
l - O T a ( a ) - f i i 8 a
l - T i - 9 e - / i t 9 a
t - t i L ' d v - f i t B a
i - $ t i K - v v ( i ? ) - j i t B a
X - t r r a - a B e
i - T i - 9 e - o 9 t
i - S i - B o - o B i
i - S t i K - v v - a B e
X - O T C t - V T O
l - T l - 9 l - V T O
i - f i i - f i o - v r o
1 - S e ' l K - V V - V T O
2 )
c o m m o n l y
l c w v v ( y ) - o > v , o v a a , o v .
§ 1 3 0 .
R e m a r k
3 .
3 ) U p o n
t h e
a n o m a l o u s
a c c e n t u a t i o n
o f
k m a T a / i a i ,
& c ,
s e e
}
1 3 4 ,
1 .
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1 4 2
[ c h a p . v t l
N T H E
V E R B .
A C T I V E — c o n t i n u e d .
8
o
S . l
2
3
D .
1
2
3
P . 1
2
3
E T A ,
p l a c e .
i - a r a i - i j
l - f f T a i - T o v
i - t r r a i - r t j v
i - < r r a i - p e v
i - ( r r a i - T t
i - a r a i - e v
1 )
e E ,
j t w t f .
T t - O t t - I J V
r t - Q e i - T j g
t i - O e i - t o v
1 )
T t r - B t l - T f f V
T L - B e X - f i e v
r t - O e l - r e
T l - Q t i - t V
A O ,
g i v e .
B t - d o i - t j s
S t - S o t - T J
S l - S o i - T O V
1 )
S t - d o i - r t j v
S t - d o t - r e
A E I K ,
s h o w .
S e i k v v ( v ) ~ o i q
& c .
S . 1
2
3
D . 1
2
3
P . 1
2
3
S .
1
2
3
D . 1
2
3
P . 1
2
3
D .
1 - v T t i - v , I s t o o d
t - a r r j ~ Q
t - a r r \
e - a r r j - r o v
i - t J T r \ - T y \ v
l ~ U T i \ - t s a v
Q - 9 r , - v )
t - 9 e - r o v
t - 9 e - r r j v
t - 9 e - f i e v
e - 9 e - t e
d ^
5
f f r w
2 )
( T T t o - f X t V
( T T 7 J - T E
f j r c a - r \ v
v t a i - t )
( r r a i - T j T o v 3 )
( T T C t l - r } T T ] V
a r a t - i j f i t v
( j T a ' i - r \ T E
9 &
2 )
9 j
9 r j - r o v
9 r j - T O v
9 w - f l £ V
9 i } - T e
9 u t - a i ( y )
9 e ' i - t i v
9 e ' i - t i q
9 t i - T ) T O V 3 )
9 e t - r j r t i v
9 e i - T } [ 1 £ V
9 e t - r j T £
9 e i - e v
( e - B w - p )
( t - o V )
t - S o - f i e v
E - d o - T E
w a n t i n s ;
S & 2 )
C U J - T O V
f i l Z - T O V
d d S - f i E V
S o t - T J V
d o t - J J
S o i - r j r o v 3 )
S o t - r } T i j v
S o i - r j f i E V
S o ' t - r j T E
S o t - E V
1 ) S e e $ 1 3 0 . R e m a r k 1 .
2 )
T h e
c o m p o u n d s
a s
a - r r o o T u ,
I k Q i S ,
S i a d w ,
h a v e
t h e
s a m e
a c c e n t u a t i o n
a s
t h e s i m p l e s a s c n r o o T u i a i , t i c f l ^ r o v , S i a S i J f i t v .
3 ) S e e
§ 1 3 0 .
R e m a r k
1 .
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§ 1 3 3 . ] V E R B S I N M I .
1 4 3
M I D D L E — c o n t i n u e d .
S T A ,
p l a c e .
6 E , p u t .
A O ,
g i v e .
A E I K , s h o w .
i - < T T a l - p n v 4 )
T i - 9 o i - p t i v 5 )
n - 9 o i - o
i i - $ o i - p r i v
i - o T a i - o
S i S o i - o
d e i K V v ( v ) - o t o
i - O T a i - r o
T l - 9 o X - T O
l i - d o i - r o
& c .
\ - O T a x - p i t 9 o v
T i - 9 o t - i u 9 o v
S i - S o i - / i t 9 o v
l - a r a i - o G o v
T i - 9 o i ~ c 9 o v
S t - S o i - a 9 o v
T i - 9 o i - f f 9 n v
d i - 8 o i - a 9 t ] v
I ' f f r a i - f i e B a
i - r j r a i - n 9 t
T i ' 9 o i ' f i t 9 a
8 t - f i o i - n t 9 a
T i - 9 o i - t j 9 t
8 t - 8 o i - < T 9 £
$ l - 8 6 i - V T O
' U T a i ' V T O T I - 9 6 1 - V T O
( i - o r d - p t i v
i s
n o t
f o u n d ; b u t :
i - 9 i - j i n v
i - 8 6 - f i r i v
i - 9 o v
( f r . ? 0 £ < r o ) ( S o v ( f r . l o o m )
i - T r p i a - f i r ] v )
l - 9 t - T O E - S o - T O
i - 9 ' i - f i ( 9 o v
l - $ 6 - f i f 9 o v
t - 8 o - a 9 o v
w a n t i n g
i - 9 e - < r 9 o v
i - 9 i - o 9 n v
i - 9 k - f i t 9 a
l - S 6 - p . i 9 a
i - l o - a 9 c
- 9 e - < r 9 e
£ - 9 t - V T O
i - S o - V T O
( o r w - ^ a i i s n o t
9 ( a - / t a i 6 )
S w - p a i 6 )
f o u n d b u t
i r p i - w / i a i )
H
9 r j - r a i
S d S - r a t
9 t o - f i e 9 o v
S ( o - f x t 9 o v
9 r j - o 9 o v
d t S - t r O o v
9 i j - ( r 9 o v
9 ( I > - f i t 9 a
9 i j - a 9 e
S w - t r O e
d u > - v T a i
( 2 - v r a i
( a r a i - p r i v
i s
n o t
f o u n d
b u t
O o i - j i r i v
7 )
S o t - f x r j v
7 )
9 o l - o
S o i - o
i r p i a i j x n v ,
a i o ,
a i r o , & C . )
9 o i - r o
$ o T - r o
9 o t - f i e 9 o v
S o t - f i s Q o v
9 o i - a 9 o v
S o i - a B o v
9 o i - o 9 t ) v
S o i ~ a 9 r j v
•
9 o i - i i i 9 a
d o i - f i e Q a
9 o l - o 9 e
S o i - a O e
9 o i - v t o
S o i - V T O
4 ) U p o n t h e a c c e n t u a t i o n
i n
l i r i a r a i a , & c „
s e e
1 3 4 , 2 .
5 )
S e e
§
1 3 4 ,
2 .
6 ) I n c o m p o s i t i o n , l v 0 u p . m , y , i j r m , & C . ,
a n o Q i S p m ,
y , i j r a i , & c , i x i i S f U U ,
■ j > , c u r a t , & c . ,
d i c o l u f i a i ,
£ ,
w r a i
& c . 7 ) S e e § 1 3 4 ,
2 .
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1 4 4
[ c h a p ,
t o .
N
T H E
V E R B .
A C T I V E — c o n t i n u e d .
T e n s e s .
M o o d s .
N u m b e r s .
P e r s o n s .
J I T
A ,
p l a c e .
B E ,
p u t .
A O ,
g i v e .
A E I K ,
s h o w .
S . 2
3
O T r j - 9 l 1 )
9 s g ( f r . S i f t )
2 )
S 6 g
( f r .
S 6 9 i ) 2 )
8 6 - T e
a
9 t - T ( 0
Q t - T O V
9 t - T U ) V
( r r r i - T U )
H
D . 2
3
a r i j - T O v
3
M
< T T l ) - r t 0 V
H
P . 2
3
n r r f - T t
2
C T t j - T l O f f a V & B ' t - r i a a a v a n d d o - r u H T a v a n d
a
i —
a r d v r u i v
H
O T t j - v a i
Q t i - v a i
A
I
o r d g
( a ) ,
a < r a ,
a v
G r . a v r o f
9 e i g ,
l i a a ,
i v
d o v e ,
d o v a a f
b v
B
G r .
8 ' l V T O Q
G .
S o V T O Q
A o b ..
e - 9 n - K a
f o r
t h e
d u a l
a
c a t i v e ,
a n d t
a n d
P a r t i c i p
( § 1 3 1 , 2 . ) .
H - £ a i - K a
n d
p l u r a l I n d i -
l e o t h e r M o o d s
l a l s ,
a o r i s t
I I .
t - S u i Z a
N
X
t - f f r i j - i c a 3 )
s t o .
r e - 0 £ i - i c a
S s - S u > - K a
S e - ^ u x a
&
i
i - a r r j - K t i v &
i - d t - S J i t - K e i v
F . I I I .
t - a r r i Z i U ) o l d
A t t .
w a n t i n g w a n t i n g
w a n t i n g
P A S S I V E .
A O E I S T I .
£ - o r a ( a ) - 0 i ) ) > { - r t - f t j v 4 )
e - d o - B r j v
i - S t t X ~ 6 n v
1 )
A n d i n c o m p o s i t i o n
w a p d < T T n 9 i , i r a p a a r d
a i r 6 < r r t ] 9 i ,
d v o B T a
( § 1 3 0 .
R e m a r k 2 . ) .
2 )
I n
c o m p o s i t i o n i r t p W t g , t v Q i g a v 6 S o g , e i c f i o g p l u r . T r t p i O t r t , e x S o r e .
3 ) S e e § 1 3 4 , 3 .
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§
1 3 3 . ]
1 4 5
E R B S
I N M I .
M I D D L E - — c o n t i n u e d .
2 T A ,
p l a c e .
6 E , p v t .
A O , g i v e . A E I K , s h o w .
( a r a - a o
a n d
a r i a a r e
n o t
f o u n d ; b u t :
i r p i a a o o r
9 o i ( f r . 6 6 < T 0 )
5 )
S o i ( f r .
J o t r o )
5 )
9 t - < r 6 u
9 t - a 9 o v
9 k - t r 9 u i v
d 6 - o 9 u t
S 6 ~ t r 9 o v
S 6 - o 9 b t v
0 E - < T 0 E
l o - a 9 c
•
9 k - a 9 i n a a v a n d
9 t - a 9 w v
8 6 - a 9 ( o ( r a v
a n d
S 6 - a 0 u v
( a r a - a B a i ) i t p i -
a a O a i
9 i - < j Q a i
l o - a 9 m
( f f r a - / i £ V O s ) 7 r p t -
a j i t v o Q
9 ' i - p . l V O Q , O V
S o - f i t v o s ,
n , o v
( T T - q - f f o f i a i
9 i i - a o f i a i S u ) - f f o f i a i
I t i Z o p a i
i - a T J i - o a p r i v Q - 9 7 j ' K d - f j L r j v
f o r
t h e s e t h e
A t t
H .
m i d d l e ,
§
1 3
( i - S w - K a - f i r j v )
i c s
u s e d t h e a o r i s t
1 , 2 .
t - S t t Z a f i t ) v
i - a T a - f i c a T £ - 9 e t - f t a i
S e - S o - p a t
S t - S e i y / i a i
l - T t - 9 n - f i t ) v l - S t - l 6 - p . i ] v
I S i - S e i y f i t j v
i - a T i i X o f i a i
w a n t i n g
w a n t i n g
w a n t i n g
P A S S I V E .
F u t u r e I .
B T a - Q r i a o p a i
T f 9 > ' i < r o i i a i 4 )
S i i X - 9 t i < j < > i i a i
4 ) t T t S n v a n d 7 - £ 0 i ; ( x o / j a i i n s t e a d o f I 9 t 9 > ) v a n d e t e q a o f i a i , s e e § 8 ,
5 ) I n
c o m p o s i t i o n n a r a B o v , a m B o v ,
m p i S o v , a v 6 S o v b u t
i v B u v
t i s B o v , v p o d o v , M o v ( §
8 4 .
K e m a r k 2 . ) .
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1 4 6
[ c h a p .
v n .N T H E
V E R B .
§
1 3 4 . R e m a r k s
o n - t h e
P a r a d i g m s .
1 .
T h e
v e r b s
S v v a f i a t , I c a n , i i r i t r r a / i a t y I
k n o w ,
K p e / i a f m t , 2 h a n g , a n d
i r p i a o i a t , t o b u y , h a v e a n a c c e n t u a t i o n
d i f f e r i n g f r o m t h a t
o f ' h r a f i a i , i n
t h e
C o n j u n c t i v e
p r e s e n t ,
a n d O p t a t i v e i m p e r f e c t , v i z . : C o n j .
t i v v t o f t a i ,
l i r i < T T U > i i a i ,
i j r a i ,
n r i Q o v , n o B f ,
t a v r a i O p t . $ v v a ' i p r } v ,
l m a r a i u . r ) V ,
a t o ,
a i r e ,
a i o B o v , a i a d e ,
a i v r o
s o a l s o , o v a t f t r j v , a t o , a t r o . ( §
1 3 5 ,
4 . )
2 .
T h e
m i d d l e O p t a t i v e - f o r m s o f t h e
i m p e r f e c t
a n d a o r i s t I I .
i n
o t
T i 8 o i i i n v ,
S o t p n v , a r e p r e f e r r e d t o t h o s e i n
f t
r t B i i / i n v , t l o , t i r o ,
& c ,
B e i f i r i v ,
e T o ,
t i r o , & c . I n c o m p o s i t i o n , t h e a c c e n t r e m a i n s a s i n t h e s i m p l e v e r b s ,
t h u s i v B o i i i r i v ( i v 6 t i ) i > ] v ) , I v B o t o Q v B t l o ) ,
& c .
T h i s i s
a l s o
t r u e w i t h
r e s p e c t t o t h e
c o m p o u n d s o f
d o i / i r / v
a s
d i a d o l / i n v ,
d i a S o l o ,
& c .
3 . T h e p e r f e c t a n d p l u p e r f e c t t o - r t j i c a , f o r i / n a v ( n o t
t l a r i i K u v )
f o r m t h e
d u a l
a n d p l u r a l i m m e d i a t e l y f r o m
t h e
s t e m , v i z .
i - a r a - r o v ,
' i - o - r a - p e v ,
e - v r a - r t , t - c r r a f f ( ( v ) P I p f .
' i - a r a - r o v , d r i j v , t - t j r a - f u v ,
E - o r a - r t , E - o r a - o a v
e < r r a v a t ( a )
i s r e g u l a r l y
u s e d
i n s t e a d o f
i a r r i K k v a i .
T h e P a r t i c i p l e
a p p e a r s
i n t h e f o r m l a r t a g ,
S a a , w g ,
G r . d r o g ,
w a n e ,
a s w e l l a s i c r r n n u g , v i a , 6 g , G .
o r o g ,
v l a g .
4 .
T h e
f o r m s
o f
t h e i m p e r f e c t
M O o v v ,
t i g ,
a ,
i d l S o w ,
o v g , o v ,
a r e
f o r m e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e c o n j u g a t i o n i n k m a n d 6 < o . T h e o t h e r
f o r m s
i r i f f i i v ,
n g , n , i S i S u i v , t a g , w ,
a r e
n o t u s e d . ( § 1 3 0 . K e m . 3 . )
S u r v e y o f
V e r b s
i n
M I .
I . V e r b s i n f u w h i c h j o i n t h e P e r s o n a l
E n d i n g s
i m m e d i a t e l y
o n t o t h e
S t e m - V o w e l .
§ 1 3 5 . V e r b s i n a ( Z - t r r q - f u ,
2 T A - .
1 . i c l - x p T j - f i i ,
I l e n d ,
I l e t
o u t
( X P A - ) ,
K V ) ( p a v a i . F u t .
X p r \ -
< r a > ,
& C .
M i d .
t o
b o r r o w .
F u t .
x p r j a o f i a i .
( A o r .
e x p r j t r a p r j v
i s n o t u s e d b y t h e A t t i c s i n t h i s s e n s e . ) T o t h e s a m e s t e m
b e l o n g
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§ 1 3 5 . ]
1 4 7
E R B S I N M I .
2 . X P V >
o p o r t e t
( r o o t X P A - a n d X P E - ) , C o n j . X P V > I n f .
X p r j v a i ,
P a r t ,
( t o )
y p s w v .
I m p f .
s ^ p r j v
o r
' x p r j v ,
O p t .
x p s i r )
( f r .
X P E - ) a n d ,
3 .
a n b ~ j ( p 7 ] ,
i t
i s
s u f f i c i e n t ,
s u f f i c i t , f o r m e d r e g u l a r l y
f r o m
X P A X 1
a T r o y p a x T W , I n f .
a t r o j ^ v .
I m p f . a i r i - ^ p r ) . A o r .
a i r i ^ p r j a s i v ) , & c . M i d . a i r o ^ p w y i u i , I h a v e e n o u g h , a i r o j ^ r j -
a 6 a i , i s l i k e ■ x p d o / u u .
4 . h v i v r i n i , I
b e n e f i t ( ' O N A ) , o v i v a v a i . I m p f .
A c t . w a n t i n g .
F u t . 6 v r j ( r a > , A o r . t o v r j c r a .
M i d .
o v i v a f i a i , I
I i a v e
a d v a n t a g e .
F u t .
o v r j a - o f M U .
A o r .
I I .
{ b v i j f i r j v , r ) < T o , r j T O ,
& c . ,
I m p e r .
o v T j a o ,
P a r t , o v r j f i e v o s ,
O p t . o v a i f i t j v ,
a i o ,
a v r o ( § 1 3 4 , 1 . ) ,
I n f .
o v a a O a i .
A o r . P a s s . w v r j O r i v
i n s t e a d o f
m v r \ ) i t \ v .
T h e o t h e r
f o r m s a r e s u p p l i e d
b y
a x f r s k s i v .
5 .
7 T i ' - / i - 7 r \ ? 7 - / 4 t , J ( I I A A - ) ,
T T i f n r X d v a i .
I m p f .
i T r { / j , 7 r \ r ] v .
F u t . 7 r \ ? ; ( r e o . A o r . h r X r j c r a .
M i d .
i r L f i / i r k a i x a i , t r L i x i r K a a O a i .
I m p f . s T r i , / j L T r \ d f i r j v . P e r f . M i d . o r P a s s . v i i f K ^ a i i a t , . A o r .
P a s s .
£ i r \ t f ( r 0 r } v .
—
M i d .
T h e / j i n t h e r e d u p l i c a t i o n o f t h i s a n d t h e f o l l o w i n g v e r b , f a l l s a w a y i f
a
n
c o m e s
b e f o r e
t h e
r e d u p l i c a t i o n ,
i n c o m p o s i t i o n a s i f u r i i r X a ^ a i ,
b u t
i v e i r i f i i r X d f i r j v .
6 . i r i / j , 7 r p r j f j L i , I b u r n , t r a n s i t i v e , e x a c t l y l i k e T r t / n r X T j / u .
7 .
T A H - M I ,
I
b e a r . P r e s .
a n d
I m p f . w a n t i n g ( i n s t e a d o f
t h e s e ,
m r o i x h w , a v s ^ o / j , a i ) . A o r . e f K q v ,
r X a v r j v ,
r X f j O i , r X d s .
F u t .
r X t f c r o f i a i .
P e r f .
r h X ^ K a
( u p o n
t h e
f o r m s
T i r X a f i s v ,
& c ,
( s e e
§ 1 3 4 ,
3 . ) .
8 . < f y r j - f i h
1
s a y ( s t e m < E > A - ) h a s t h e f o l l o w i n g f o r m a t i o n .
P r e s e n t .
A C T I V E .
I m p e r f e c t .
S . 1
< t w l * )
M s
S . 1
2
3
t f r j v
2
3
< p i j a i { v )
t y m , u s u a l l y e i p q a d a
I n d i e .
D . 2 $ C L T & V
I n d i e .
D .
2
3
t t y a T O V
l ( p d r r i v ( a )
Q a r o v
t p a / i e v
( p a r e
P .
1
2
3
P .
1
2
3
i t p a r t
i f a a a v
V 2
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1 4 8
[ c h a p .
v i r .
N
T H E
V E R B .
P r e s e n t .
I m p e r f e c t .
C o n j .
p u , < p y g ,
< / > ■ $ ,
p r j r o v , f w p t v ,
O p t .
f j L i v
a n d
Q a i p s v ,
0 a t ^ r € ,
I m p e r . 0 a 0 t
o r
0 d 0 t ( d ) , 0 a r w ( a ) ,
^ a r o v ( a ) , 0 d r w i ' ( d ) ,
a n d 0 a i r £ , < p a u v
F u t .
A o r .
I n f i n .
P a r t .
( 6 a e , 0 d < r a ,
< p a v , G . f a v r o q ,
f a c i n g
M I D D L E .
P e r f . I m p e r . v K j i a a Q t o , l e t
i t
b e
s a i d .
V e r b .
a d j . ( p a r o g , f a r i o g .
I n c o m p o s i t i o n ,
a s d v n ' 0 > ; / « ,
o i f u p n i i i , d v r i i p r i g , a i j i f y g ,
a v r i f n o i ,
a v j i -
t y n a i , & c .
b u t C o n j . a v n t y i Z , a v r u p y g ,
& c .
R e m a r k 1 . I n
t h e
2 . p e r s o n
< p y g ,
b o t h
t h e
a c c e n t u a t i o n a n d
t h e
s u b
s c r i b e d
a r e
c o n t r a r y
t o
a l l a n a l o g y . U p o n
t h e i n c l i n a t i o n
o f
t h e a c c e n t
o f t h i s
v e r b
i n t h e
I n d i c a t i v e
p r e s e n t
( e x c e p t
< P y e ) , s e e §
1 5 .
R e m a r k 2 .
T h i s v e r b h a s a
d o u b l e s i g n i f i c a t i o n
a )
t o
s a y , i n
g e n e r a l
b ) t o a f f i r m ( a i o ~ ) ,
t o a s s e r t ,
t o a d v a n c e , t o a s s e n t , & c .
T h e f u t u r e
f r i u t a ,
h o w e v e r ,
h a s
o n l y
t h e
l a t t e r
s i g n i f i c a t i o n ,
t h e
f o r m e r
w a s
e x p r e s s e d
b y
X i J - w , I p i i . T h e i m p e r f e c t
* § n v ,
w i t h
f a v a i a n d
f a g ,
i s u s e d a o r i s t i c a l l y .
T h e
f o l l o w i n g
d e p o n e n t s s h o u l d b e a d d e d
1 . d y a f i a i , I a d m i r e .
I m p f .
r j y d f i T j v . A o r . r p / d a 6 r ) v . F u t .
a / y d c r o f j . a i .
2 .
h v v a f i c u , I c a n ,
h v v a c r a i ,
& c . ,
C o n j . S v v c o f i a t . ( § 1 3 4 ,
1 . ) ,
I m p r .
S v v a c r o , I n f . S u v a c r 6 a i , P a r t . S v v d f t s v o s . I m p f .
i S w d -
f w j v a n d r j h w . , i S v v a , & C . , O p t . h x / v a i f j u q v ,
Z v v a i o
( § 1 3 4 ,
1 . ) .
P u t .
h v i n j a o i x a t .
A o r .
h h v v r ) Q i ] v
a n d
r $ .
a n d
s h w d a O r j v
( §
8 5 .
R e m . ) . P e r f .
h e h v v q f i a t , .
V e r b . a d j . S v v a T o s , p o s s i b l e a n d
p o w e r f u l .
3 .
s i r i a r a i x a i ,
I
k n o w ,
s T r i a r a a a i ,
& c . , C o n j . h r u r r w f t a i
( §
1 3 4 ,
1 . ) ,
I m p r . h r i e r T W ,
& c .
I m p f .
r j i r u r r d p v q v , r j i r l a r a i ,
& c ,
O p t . S T r u r r a L y i / r j v , s i r l c r r a i o ( § 1 3 4 , 1 . ) . F u t .
h r i c r r q c r o j j . a i , .
A o r .
r f r r u 7 T r \ d r \ v . V e r b . a d j .
h r u r r T j r o s .
4 . s p a f i a i ,
I
l o v e ,
i p d c o
i s
u s e d
f o r
i t ,
i n
p r o s e ,
i n
t h e
P r e s .
a n d
I m p f . A o r . ■ q p d a O ^ v , a m a v i . F u t .
s p a c r d r j c r o f i a i ,
a m a b o .
5 .
K p s f u t f u i i , I h a n g , p e n d e . o . O o n i . K o i i u n a a i ( § 1 3 4 ,
1 . ) .
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§ 1 3 6 . ]
V E R B S I N
M I . 1 4 9
I m p f .
s K p s f i d f i r j v , O p t . K p s f i a i f i r j v , a i o ,
a i r o
( § 1 3 4 , 1 . ) .
A o r .
S K p s f i d a d ' q v . F u t . K p s f i r j a - o / j x t i , p e n d e b o .
6 .
i r p l a a Q a i ^
t o
b u y ,
h r p i d f i T j v ,
d e f e c t i v e .
A o r .
M i d .
h r p i d -
f i r j v , w h i c h t h e A t t i c s u s e d i n s t e a d o f t h e A o r . o f w v i o f u u :
i c o v r j a d f i T j v ( § 8 7 ,
4 . ) , n o t u s e d b y
t h e m ; C o n j . i r p U o p , a i
( 1 3 4 , 1 . ) , O p t . ■ K p i a i f j . r j V , a i o ,
a v r o ( § 1 3 4 , 1 . ) , I m p r . i r p t a a o
o r
i r p l a > , P a r t ,
j r p i d f i s v o s .
§ 1 3 6 . V e r b s i n s ( T i - 6 y - / M , © E - ) .
1 . Z - i j - f i i ( s t e m ' E - ) , I s e n d . M a n y f o r m s o f t h i s v e r b a r e
f o u n d o n l y i n c o m p o s i t i o n .
A C T I V E .
P r e s .
I n d .
i r / f u , ' i r j e ,
0 7 < r t ( v )
' U t o v ;
' U f i f v , u r t , t r t f f t ( j ' ) o r U ~ i o i ( v )
C o n j .
i d , l y e , i f j ; i i j r o v ; t & ) i t v , i i j r t , i w a i ( v ) a < p i u ,
d ^ i f j c , & c .
I m p e r .
( i ' f f l i )
h i ,
i e r a i ,
& c .
I n f .
U v a i .
P a r t ,
i « c ,
i f l i r a ,
i i v
I m p f .
I n d . w v v ( f r . ' I E Q ) , a < p i o v v o r r ) i p i o v v ( s e l d o m V e i v ) , V t i s , t ' t t ; T f r o r ,
t s r » / v
X e ^ i e v , f c r f , V c f f a i * . O p t .
i t
i ' i / v
P e r f . t
K a .
P l p f .
t i ' i c f i i ' . F u t . ? / ( T w .
A .
I . f / K a ( § 1 3 1 , 2 . )
A . H .
I n d . S i n g , i s
s u p p l i e d b y
A o r . I . 1 3 1 ,
2 . ) ;
D . t i r o r , t l r j j v ;
P . t l f i i v , K a O t T f i t v , t i r e , a v t i T t ,
u a a v ,
a Q t Z u a v .
C o n j .
d ^ w ,
y C i
& 0 . O p t .
e f y v , t f y c , t T ? 7 f i r o v ,
e f r i j v
f f y t t i ' ,
J r t ,
e l e v .
I m p e r .
f c ,
a 0 t f ,
s r w s V o j ' , e r w i > e r e , ' i r i a a a v a n d t V r w i ' .
I n f .
e l v a i ,
a < j > t i v a i .
P a r t , e t c , e i < 7 « , f r ,
G . e v r o c ,
f f o i / c ,
« 0 f
v t o c .
M I D D L E .
P r e s .
I n d .
T f / i m ,
T c ( r a ( ,
f r r a t ,
& c .
C o n j .
t u i f i a i ,
a f i w f i a i ,
i y ,
c c t p t y ,
& c .
I m p e r . f r i x o
o r
T o n . I n f . l e a d a i , P a r t ,
i e / i f v o f , o v
I m p f .
A T I L
i & l i r j v , ' U o o , & c . O p t .
i o i f L j j v
( l e t f i q v ) , i o l o , c u p i o t o , S e c .
P e r f . i i i m i , f i t d t i / i c u . I n f . t i a S a i , f u f e i o S a i . P l p f . i 1 i n r } v , i l a o , d f t i a o , & c ,
F u t . r i a o f m i .
A o r .
I . r / i c r i / i i j v
o n l y
i n t h e
I n d . a n d t h a t v e r y s e l d o m .
I n d . i X f L t i v C o n j . t i i f i a i , d ( p w / j . a i , d $ y ,
f i r m ,
d f i j T a i
e l a o ,
d i p i i o o O p t . w p o o i p r i v ,
o i o ,
o l r o , o t f u B a , & C .
t i r o , d i p e X r o I m p e r . o t > ,
e o f l w , & c .
f ? j u £ 9 a ,
& c .
I n f . M a t . P a r t . t ' l U f v o f ,
o v
A o r .
I . i X 8 r \ v ,
P a r t .
i B i t g .
P u t .
I S r i a o f i a t .
V e r b .
a d j .
e r o c ,
t r l o c
( a ^ t r o f )
P A S S I V E .
R e m a r k . U p o n t h e a u g m e n t o f
a < j > i t i i i i , s e e
$ 9 1 , 3 .
L 3
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1 5 0
[ c h a p ,
v nN T H E V E R B .
§
1 3 7 .
T Z t / i i
( s t e m
' E 2 - ) , I a m ; a n d E t / x t ( s t e m ' - ) , I g o .
P r e s e n t .
I n d i c a t i v e ,
f
i f i t , I a m
e l
C o n j u n c t i v e .
I n d i c a t i v e .
I g o
C o n j u n c t i v e .
S .
1
Z i
S .
1
2
3
i u
2
3
f t
e l
i y t
I o t I ( v )
i a r o v
i
e l o i ( y )
D . 2
r y r o v
r y r o v
u t j i e v
D . 2
3
i r o v
i q r o v
l i j r o v
t f f T O V
I r o v
P . 1
t o p h v
P . 1
i f i e f
l I D f U V
2
3
I t f T S f l T S
2
3
i r e
i t j T e
t l o t ( v )
l a a i ( v )
M d l ( v )
I m p e r a t i v e .
l o 9 i
I n f i n i t i v e .
t l v a i
I m p e r a t i v e .
I n f i n i t i v e .
S .
2
3
S .
2
3
i e v a i
D .
2
3
t O T h t
t d T O V
t O T U t V
P a r t i c i p l e .
t Z v , o v a a , o v
D . 2
3
I T U ) , i r p o g L r u }
i r o v
P a r t i c i p l e .
i ' w j > , i o v a a
l o v
G e n .
o v T o g ,
G r . I O V T 0 Q ,
P . 2
3
t a r e
o v a i j Q
P . 2
3
i n
i o v a t j g
i T U o a v
o r
m o r e r a r e l y
( s t i l l m o r e
o v t w v )
i a r t t i v
r a r e l y
i o v r u v
I m p e r f e c t .
S . 1
2
3
D . 2
P . 1
2
I n d i c a t i v e .
T
i \ v
r \ t j Q a
t j v
r f T o v
o r
7 ] < 7 T O V
r / r r i v
o r
i j o T t j v
r j j i e v
r \ r e
o r
i j e r r e
r j a a v
O p t a t i v e .
e i i j v
t h i s
e h )
e h } T o v
e h ' l T T j v
e i r i f i e v ( e l f i e v ^
e t r j T e ( f t )
e i r j a a v
a n d
t i e v
S . 1
3
D . 2
8
P . 1
2
3
I n d i c a t i v e .
f i e t v o f
? a , I w e n t
y e i Q
o r
y e i a Q a
y e i r o v o r
y r o v
y e i r t j v o r
y r i j v
y e i / i e v o r
r j p . e v
y e i r e o r
y r e
r j e f f a v
O p t a t i v e .
l o i f i i
o r
i o i r i v
l o t c
t o t
f o i r o v
l o i r r / v
i o i p e v
w i r e
o i e v
F u t . t n o f i a t ,
e f f y
o r
e f f e i , t f f T c u , & c ,
O p t . I t j o i f i r j v ,
I .
e v e o Q a t ,
P . i a o f i e v o g
U p o n
t h e
s i g n i f i c a t i o n o f
t h e
p r e s e n t ,
s e e R e m a r k 3 .
b e l o w
R e m a r k 1 . U p o n t h e i n c l i n a t i o n o f t h e p r e s e n t o f d p i , I a m ( e x c e p t
t h e 2 .
p e r s o n
f l ) , s e e
J 1 5 . I n c o m p o u n d s ,
t h e a c c e n t
r e s t s
u p o n t h e
p r e p o s i t i o n a s
f a r
a s t h e g e n e r a l r u l e s o f a c c e n t u a t i o n a l l o w a s T r d p e t / i t ,
■ j z a p e i ,
n a p e r i T i ,
& C ,
I m p e r .
7 r a p i < r f l i ;
b u t
i r a p r \ v ,
o n
a c c o u n t o f
t h e
s y l l a b i c
a u g m e n t ;
i r a p ' e o r a i
o n
a c c o u n t
o f t h e e
w h i c h
h a s
f a l l e n
a w a y
( i r a p e o e r a i ) w a p e i v a i a s
a n
I n f i n i t i v e
w i t h t h e
e n d i n g v a i
i r a p S > ,
y e , y ,
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§
1 3 8 . ]
1 5 1
E R B S I N M I .
& c ,
o n a c c o u n t
o f t h e
c o n t r a c t i o n
i r a p w v ,
G .
o v r o g a c c o r d i n g
t o § 8 4 .
K e r n . 2 .
R e m a r k
2 .
T h e
c o m p o u n d s o f e t / j t , e o , f o l l o w t h e s a m e r u l e s a s t h o s e
o f t l p i , s u m ; h e n c e m a n y f o r m s o f t h e c o m p o u n d s o f b o t h v e r b s a r e a l i k e
a s T r a p t i f i i y i r a p u
a n d
T r a p u a i
( 3 . s i n g u l a r o f c i / u a n d p l u r a l
o f f i / i Q
b u t
I n f . T r a p ' u v a i , P a r t , T r a p i a v .
R e m a r k 3 .
T h e p r e s e n t
o f
c T / i i ,
e o ,
p r i n c i p a l l y
i n
t h e
I n d i c a t i v e , b u t
a l s o i n t h e I n f i n i t i v e a n d P a r t i c i p l e , h a s t h e
s i g n i f i c a t i o n
o f t h e f u t u r e ,
i n t h e A t t i c d i a l e c t I s h a l l g o o r c o m e . H e n c e , t h e p r e s e n t i s s u p p l i e d
b y I p x o p c u ( § 1 2 6 ,
2 . ) .
§ 1 3 8 . I I . V e r b s i n f i t w h i c h a f f i x t h e P e r s o n a l E n d i n g s , a f t e r
t h e
A d d i t i o n o f
t h e
S y l l a b l e
w v o r v v t o t h e S t e m - V o w e l .
T e n s e - F o r m a t i o n o f V e r b s
w h o s e S t e m e n d s i n a ,
t ,
o , a n d t h o s e w h o s e R o o t e n d s
i n a L i q u i d .
A . V e r b s w i t h a S t e m e n d i n g i n a , c ,
o .
V o i c e .
T e n s e .
a . s t e m i n a . b . s t e m i n « .
c . s t e m i n o ( w ) .
P r e s e n t
V K t S d - V V V - f i l *
K O p ' t - V V V - m *
b - K O p & - V V V ~ V
*
K t - K O p l - K O .
i - K t - K O p ' k - K H V
o r p w - v v v - f i L *
I m p f .
e - G K t $ a - v v v - v *
i ' f f K s d a - K a
{ . - ( T K e S d ( a ) - K E t v
G K t $ d ( a ) - < j w
A t t . o k e B & j - f a ,
i - G T p h ) - V V V - V
*
P e r f e c t
i - a r p w - K a
l - a r p i i i - K t i v
c t i v e P l u p f .
F u t u r e
A t t . K O p t D , - f t £ ,
- £ l
C T p O ) - ( J U )
A o r i s t
i - K o p e - a a
i - a r p b ) - < j a
P r e s e n t
I m p f .
G K t S d - v v v - f i a i
l - f f K t d a - v v v ^ v ^ -
K o p k . - v v v - p . a i
( T T p t o - V V V - f l C l t
l - ( r r p w - w v ( i ) ) -
f i T J V
f i r j v
K t - K o p e - a - f i a t
i - K E - K O p s - a - f i r i v
f i r j v
E - o r p w - f i a i
E - < j r p d j ~ p , i } v
i d d l e
P e r f e c t
P l u p f .
F u t u r e
A o r i s t
F u t . m .
t - G K e S a - a - f i a t
t - a R e d d - f f - f i t j v
K O p k - G - O f i a i
1 - K O p t - f f - d f l l J V
K i - K o p k - a - O f i a t
P a s s i v e
A o r i s t
F u t u r e
l - G K i 8 d - G - 9 r i v
( T K B d a - G - O r j f f o -
f t a t
E - K o p e - ( T - 9 r j v
K o p E - o - ' O r j a o f i a i
l - o r p w - O r j v
o T p t i i - 9 i ) < T O f i a t
*
A n d < T K £ $ a - V V V l O ) i - ( T K £ 8 a - V V V O V K O p t - V V V W , l - K O p k - W V O V O T j O W - W l S w ,
V e r b .
a d j . ( T K e S a - G - T O Q
0 K 6 d a - ( X - T E O Q
K O p i - O - T O Q
K O p f - < T - T £ O Q
( T T p t O - T V Q
< T T p ( O - T E 0 £
i - ( T T p ( b , - v v v o v ( y a l w a y s s h o r t ) .
L 4
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1 5 2
O N
T H E
V E R B .
[ c h a p , v i l
B . V e r b s w i t h a S t e m e n d i n g i n a C o n s o n a n t .
P r e s e n t
o X - X i > - / u * p e r d o o \ - \ v - f i a i O f i - v v - f i a i
I m p f .
P e r f e c t L
w X - X i - v *
( i X - c i X t - e a
( ' O A E
p e r e o
i t \ - \ v ( v ) - f i r ] v
0 ) , p e r d i d i ,
W f i - V V - V *
6 [ i - b > f i o - < r - p a i
P e r f .
1 1 .
P l u p f .
I .
P l u p f . H .
F u t u r e
A o r i s t I .
§ 8 9 .
o X - w X - a r , p e r i l
i X - i u X s - z c c i x , p e n
S \ - u \ - u v , p e r i e r
< 5 X - < 3 , e i j
< 3 X s - < r a
( O M O Q )
§ 8 9 .
l i d e r a m
a m
< 5 / i - W / i O - K £ l V
6 p - < i > i i 6 - o - n i ] i i
o k - o v f i a t i
f t
A .
I I . i A - o j i r ] v
o / i - o v f i a i , t i
d ) f l O - f f O f l I J V
*
A n d
t S X X u - w ,
< Z \ \ v - o v
—
o f i v i - m ,
w / i v v - o v
( u
e v e r y w h e r e ) .
A . I . P a s s . i ) f
F . I .
P a s s , b p
w - 9 r ] v
R e m a r k . O W v / i i a r i s e s b y a s s i m i l a t i o n f r o m
S K - v v - f i i .
F o r
a n
e x a m p l e
o f a s t e m e n d i n g i n a
m u t e ,
s e e S u k v v i x i a b o v e ,
a m o n g
t h e p a r a d i g m s ,
$
1 3 3 .
T h e P a r t i c i p l e p e r f e c t , m i d d l e
o r p a s s i v e , o f
o p v v f t i i s
d f n o f i o o -
p i v o Q .
T h e o t h e r
f o r m s o f
t h e p e r f e c t a n d p l u p e r f e c t ,
a s w e l l
a s t h e
a o r i s t
I . p a s s i v e , a r e u s u a l l y w i t h o u t t h e a
a m o n g
t h e A t t i c s a s f y i d / j o r a i ,
i f U O f l O T O ,
S u r v e y o p
V e r b s
b e l o n g i n g t o t h e s e T w o
C l a s s e s .
T h e
s t e m
e n d s
§ 1 3 9 . A . I n
a
v o w e l a n d t a k e s - w v .
a ) I n a .
1 . K s p d - w v - f u ,
I m i x .
F u t .
K s p a a a > ( a ) , A t t . i c e p S ) .
A o r .
t t d p a a a . P e r f . n i i c p a i c a . P e r f . M i d . o r P a s s , / c d / c p a f i a t . A o r .
P a s s . i i c p d 6 r ] v { a ) ,
a l s o
e K S p d c r d r j v . — M i d .
2 . K p s p ^ - w v - j i i , 1 h a n g , t r a n s i t i v e l y . F u t . - a o w ( a ) , A t t .
K p s f i S ) . A o r .
s K p i f i a t r a .
M i d .
o r
P a s s . K p s p A v w / u u ,
I
h a n g m y
s e l f o r
a m
h a n g e d
( b u t
K p e / j , a / x a i ,
I h a n g , i n t r a n s . §
1 3 5 ,
5 . ) .
F u t .
P a s s .
K p E i x a a O r j o o i u u . A o r . i K p s f j u u r B r j v , I t e a s h a n g e d
o r I
h u n g ,
i n t r a n s .
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§ 1 3 9 . ]
1 5 3
E U B S
I N M L
3 . T T S T t i - w v - f i i ,
I
s p r e a d
o u t ,
I o p e n . F u t . i r s r a a a > { a ) , A t t .
7 T S T 0 ) . P e r f . M i d . o r P a s s , i r h n a p M u A o r . P a s s , h i r s r a o - d r j v .
4 . a / c s S d - w v - i x i , I s c a t t e r . P u t . a K s B d o - a > ( a ) , A t t . c v e s S w .
P e r f . M i d . o r
P a s s .
i c r / c i S a c r u a i . A o r . P a s s . e o - K s B d a 0 T j v .
b )
I n
s .
1 . s - v v v - f j , i , I c l o t h e ,
i n
p r o s e d p , < p i l w v p , i . I m p e r f . w i t h o u t
a u g m .
F u t .
d / K p i s a e o , A t t . a / i < p i & . A o r . r j f u p i e o - a . P e r f . M i d .
o r
P a s s .
r j / j , ( f > i s a f i a i ,
i j f u p l e a a i , q f t < p U o T a i , & c , I n f .
r / f M p U a O a t .
F u t .
M i d .
d f j . < p t s a o / j , a i .
—
A u g m .
§
9 1 ,
3 .
2 . £ g - w v - / i i , I b o i l , t r a n s . F u t . £ & r a > . A o r . s ^ e o - o .
P e r f .
M i d . o r
P a s s , s ^ s o - f i a i .
A o r .
P a s s .
V ^ i a Q i p . — o n t h e
c o n t r a r y ,
u s u a l l y i n t r a n s . )
3 .
K o p i - v v v - y . i ,
I s a t i a t e . F u t . K o p s a m , A t t . « o / 3 w . A o r .
« c o -
p f c r a . P e r f . M i d . o r
P a s s , / c e / c o p s o - f i a i .
'
A o r . P a s s . E K o p i a O r j v .
— M i d .
4 .
a - ^ i - v v v - f i i , I q u e n c h .
F u t .
< r / 3 i o - a > . A o r . I .
i o - f i z a a ,
1
q u e n c h e d . A o r . I I . i a $ r ) v , I w e n t o u t , o r / w a s e x t i n g u i s h e d .
P e r f .
s o - ^ r j K a ,
I a m g o n e o u t , o r q u e n c h e d . P e r f . M i d .
o r
P a s s . E o - f t e o - f i a i . A o r .
P a s s .
s a ^ e a 6 r ] v . B e s i d e s
t h i s
v e r b ,
t h e r e i s n o o t h e r
i n
v w / i i w i t h a n A o r . I I .
5 . a r o p ^ - w v - f i i , , I s p r e a d f o r t h ; s h o r t e n e d , o T o p w / u . F u t .
o T o p i o - c o ,
A t t .
a T o p S ) . A o r . s a r o p s c r a .
T h e
r e m a i n i n g
t e n s e s
f r o m
a r p r n v v v f i i : s a r p c o f i a i , e a r p w d v v ,
( r r p o n o s .
S e e
§ 1 3 8 ,
A ,
c .
c )
I n o , w h i c h , h o w e v e r , i s l e n g t h e n e d
i n t o
a > .
1 .
% c o - w v - f j . i ,
I g i r d . F u t . f a j o w . A o r . i f y o a a . P e r f . M i d .
o r
P a s s . i t f o c j i a L
( § 9 5 . ) . — M i d .
2 . p d n - w v - f u , I s t r e n g t h e n . F u t . p m a w . A o r . t p p a s c r a . P e r f .
M i d . o r P a s s , e p p w f i a t . I m p r . s p p c o a o , v a l e .
I n f .
e p p G x r O a i .
A o r .
P a s s , s p p t o a f f r j v ( § 9 5 . )
3 .
< r r p o > - v v v - f U ,
I
s p r e a d
f o r t h .
F u t .
a r p o i f f o ) .
A o r .
e c r r p a ) -
a a , & c , s e e a r o p s p p v / i i .
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1 5 4 [ c h a p . V I I .
N T H E V E R B .
4 . ^ p x o - w v - f i i ,
/ c o l o u r .
F u t .
x p w r a . A o r .
s x p a t r a .
P e r f .
M i d . o r P a s s . K e x p o o / u u .
§ 1 4 0 . B . T h e s t e m
e n d s
i n
a c o n s o n a n t
a n d t a k e s - v v
w - f t . § 1 3 3 . ) .
1 . w y - w - f t i , I b r e a k .
P u t .
a g o o . A o r . g ' a ^ a , I n f . a | f a t
P e r f . I I .
e a r / a ,
I a m b r o k e n . A o r . P a s s . s d r / T ] v ( a ) .
A u g m .
§
8 7 ,
4 .
—
M i d .
2 .
e p y - v v - / u
o r s i p y c o ,
I
s h u t i n . P u t .
e i p ^ a .
A o r . e t p f j a .
( b u t s i p y c o , d p % a > , e l p % a , I s h u t o u t . )
3 . % e v y - v v - f i i ,
I j o i n .
F u t . £ e v £ < B . A o r .
s £ e v t j a . P e r f . M i d .
o r
P a s s , s ^ s v y p a i . A o r .
P a s s .
i ^ e v ^ O i j v , e ^ v y r j v f i i ) .
4 . p , v y - v v - / j , i , I m i x . F u t . / u ' £ & > . A o r . e / x t ^ a ,
p u g a i .
P e r f ,
f j j f i i ^ a . P e r f . M i d . o r P a s s , t i s L u y / u u . A o r .
P a s s .
s p j i % 6 r ] v ,
s / x l r y r ) v ( i ) . F u t . I I I . f i e p i ^ O f i a i .
5 .
o i y - i r i i - f i i
o r
o t < y a > ,
i n
p r o s e
d v o t r / w f u ,
a v o l r / m ,
I
o p e n .
I m p f .
d v d c o y o v .
F u t .
d v o l f j c o . A o r . d v i q i ^ a , a v o i g a i . P e r f . I .
a v s a r ^ a ,
I
h a v e o p e n e d . P e r f . I I . d v ^ q y y a ,
I
s t a n d o p e n , f o r
w h i c h
t h e
A t t i c s
u s e d v i a y p a i .
A o r . P a s s . d v s w ^ Q r p ) , a v o t -
y S r f v a i .
A u g m .
§
8 7 ,
6 .
6 .
6 p , 6 p y - v v - / u ,
I
w i p e o f f .
F u t .
h p L p ^ w . A o r .
c b / A o p g a .
— M i d .
7 .
o p - v v - L u ,
I
s t i r
u p .
F u t .
S p a m .
A o r .
w p a a .
M i d .
o p w -
/ t a t , / r o w s e
m y s e l f ,
I r i s e .
F u t .
o p o v p u u . A o r .
m p o / i r j v .
8 . i r ^ y - v v - f M i , I f a s t e n . F u t . i r r f e w . A o r . s i n j ^ a . P e r f . I .
i r s i r r f x a . P e r f . I I . i r s i r T f y a , I s t a n d f a s t . M i d . T n f y i w p a i , I
c o n t i n u e
t o s t i c k . P e r f . T r e i r r j y p a i , ,
I s t a n d f a s t .
A o r . P a s s .
t i r d y r } v { a ) .
—
M i d .
9 . p r f j - v v - p . 1 , I t e a r ,
F u t .
/ ^ f o ) .
A o r . e p p r j ^ a .
P e r f .
I I .
e p p a y y a , I a m t o r n . A o r . I I .
P a s s . s p p d y r ] v ( a ) .
F u t . p a y r j -
a o f i c u .
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§ 1 4 1 . ]
1 5 5
E R B S
I N
M I .
§
1 4 1 . I n f l e x i o n o f
t h e T w o P e r f e c t s , K s t f i a i a n d f j f i a i .
a )
K a / w u
I
l i e
d o w n .
K s l / x a i ,
p r o p e r l y ,
I
h a v e l a i d
m y s e l f , I a m l a i n
d o w n , h e n c e ,
I l i e
d o w n , i s
a p e r f e c t
w i t h o u t r e d u p l i c a t i o n .
P e r f .
I n d . k s i / m u ,
K s l c r a i , K s l r a i ,
x e f y u d a ,
i c e i a r d e ,
K s l v r a i .
C o n j .
K s a / i a i ,
K i r j , K s l r a i , & c .
I m p r . K s i a o , K s l a O c o ,
& c . I n f .
K s l f f d a i . P a r t . K s l f i e v o s .
P l p f . I n d . S K E i f i r / v , s k s u t o ,
s k s i t o ,
3 . P L s k s l v t o .
O p t . K S o L f u r f v ,
K S O i O ,
K S O V T O ,
& C .
P u t . K s l a o f u u .
C o m p o u n d s , d v d t c e i f i a i , K a r a K s i f i a i , / c a r d / c e i o - a i , & c . I n f .
K a r a i c u a d a i .
I m p r . k o t o k s k t o , s j K s u r o .
b ) r H / j L a i , I s i t .
1 . * H / x a t , p r o p e r l y , I
h a v e
s e t m y s e l f , I h a v e b e e n s e t , h e n c e ,
I s i t , i s a p e r f e c t b e l o n g i n g t o t h e p o e t i c a l a c t i v e f o r m o f t h e
a o r i s t ,
e t a - a ,
I
d i d
s e t ,
I
f o u n d e d .
T h e
s t e m
i s
' H A -
( c o m p a r e
f i < r - r a i i n s t e a d o f f j S - r a i [ a c c o r d i n g t o
§
8 , 2 , 7 . ] , a n d t h e
L a t i n s e d - e o ) .
P e r f .
I n d . r j f u u , f j a a i , r j a r a i , r j ( i e 6 a ,
r \ a 0 s ,
■ r \ v r a i .
I m p r . 7 ) a o ,
r \ a O w ,
& c .
I n f . r j a O a i . P a r t ,
r j i i e v o s .
P l p f . t f p T j v , f / v o , r j ( T T O , t f f i s d a , r \ ( T 0 £ , 9 7 1 T O .
2 .
I n s t e a d
o f t h e
s i m p l e v e r b ,
t h e
c o m p o u n d K a d r / f i a i i s
u s e d
i n p r o s e , t h e i n f l e x i o n o f w h i c h v a r i e s f r o m t h a t o f t h e
a b o v e i n
n e v e r
t a k i n g
t h e
a
i n
t h e
3 .
p e r s o n
s i n g u l a r p e r f e c t ;
n o r i n t h e p l u p e r f e c t , u n l e s s i t h a s t h e t e m p o r a l a u g m e n t
P e r f .
K a O i j / M a i ,
K a G r j a a v ,
K a 0 T ) r a i . C o n j .
x d O c o f i a i ,
i c a d y ,
K a 6 r j T a i . I m p r . K a 0 r } o - o . I n f . K a O T j c r G a i . P a r t . K a 0 r \ -
l i e v o s .
P l p f . s i c a 0 r f f i r ) v
a n d
K a O r f f i r j v ,
e / c d O r j a o a n d
K a 6 r j o ~ o , e i c d 0 r ) T O
a n d
K a d r j o - T o .
O p t .
K a O o L f i r j v ,
K a Q o i o ,
K a 0 o i . r o .
R e m a r k . T h e d e f i c i e n t
f o r m s
o f f o a i a r j
s u p p l i e d
b y ' i l t o B a i o r t ? e < r ( ? a c
( p r o s e « r a 0 « £ { < 7 0 a i , < c a f l < ? e f f 9 a i ) .
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1 5 6
[ c h a p , v i lN T H E
V E H B .
§ 1 4 2 . V e r b s
i n e o
w h i c h
f o l l o w
t l i e
A n a l o g y
o f
V e r b s
i n
h i
i n
t h e A o r i s t I I . A c t i v e a n d M i d d l e .
1 . S e v e r a l
v e r b a
w i t h t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c a ,
e ,
o ,
v ,
f o r m a n
a o r i s t I I . a c t i v e a n d m i d d l e a f t e r t h e
a n a l o g y
o f t h e f o r m a
t i o n
i n f i t , i n a s m u c h a s
i t
i s w i t h o u t a m o d a l v o w e l , a n d ,
c o n
s e q u e n t l y , j o i n s t h e p e r s o n a l e n d i n g s i m m e d i a t e l y o n t o t h e
s t e m . A l l t h e o t h e r f o r m s o f t h e s e
v e r b s
f o l l o w t h e f o r m a t i o n
i n a s .
2 .
T h e f o r m a t i o n o f t h i s a o r i s t I I . a c t i v e a g r e e s w i t h t h a t
o f
t h e a o r i s t
I I . a c t i v e o f v e r b s i n / x t , t h r o u g h a l l
t h e M o o d s
a n d
P a r t i c i p i a l s . T h e
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c v o w e l
i s
a l m o s t
u n i v e r
s a l l y l e n g t h e n e d ,
a s
i n s a r r j v , v i z . a i n t o 1 7 ,
e i n t o
r j , o i n t o w ,
1 1 i n t o v a n d r e m a i n s , a s i n i < m \ v , t h r o u g h t h e w h o l e o f
t h e
I n d i c a t i v e ,
I m p e r a t i v e ,
a n d
I n f i n i t i v e .
T h e
I m p e r a t i v e -
e n d i n g r / 0 i
i s
a l s o
s h o r t e n e d i n t o
a i n c o m p o s i t i o n ; a s T r p o f i a
i n s t e a d o f T r p o f i r j O t .
M o o d s a n d
P e r s o n s .
a . c h a r a c . a .
B A - Q , f i a i v w ,
I
w a l k ,
I g o .
b . c h a r a c .
f .
2 B E - S 2 ,
c . c h a r a c . 0 .
T N O - U ,
y l - y V W G K h ) ,
d . c h a r a c . v .
I w r a p
u p .
f i e v v v f i t ,
I
q u e n c h .
I
k n o w .
I n d .
S .
1 i - f i n - v , I
w e n t
i a f i n v , I
w a s
e x t i n g u i s h e d
e y v o i v , I
i S v v , I
d i p p e d
i n , i n t r a n s .
2
3
f - f c
t a f i n
l a ( 5 r ) T O V
k n e w
e y v w Q
t y v t a
i y v u i r o v
.
2
3
e - / 3 i ; - r o i > I S v t o v
i S v a a v
l - ( 3 f ) ' r r i v
l y V W T T J V
P . 1
2
3
t y v u i f i t v
t - ( 3 n - r e
t - f i n - a a v
c y v u i f e
e v p n o a v
c y v u a a v
C o n j . S .
/ J £ i , j 3 p c , / 3 p l )
/ 3 i / r o v
y v S > , y v i f e ,
y v $
1 )
D .
P .
( r ( 3 r j T o v
t x f t i a j i t v ,
i j r f ,
y v i o r o v S v T J T O V
/ % i t i ' , i j r t ,
w o t ( v )
y v i o f i e v , £ > r € ,
< 3 < n ( ) ' )
S v t o f i e v , T J T f ,
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§ H 2 . ] I R R E G U L A R V E R B S . 1 5 7
M o o d s
a n d
P e r s o n s .
a . c h a r a c . a .
B A - Q ,
/ 3 f f t v o > ,
I w a l k , I g o .
b . c h a r a c .
t .
Z B E - Q ,
c . c h a r a c . o .
T N O - Q ,
y i - y v d i f f K W ,
I k n o w .
d .
c h a r a c .
v .
i i - u ,
J
w r a p
u p .
I
q u e n c h .
O p t . S . 1
f i a i n v
a j i t i r i v
o ( 3 t i n
y v o i l j v
y v o i r i e
y v o t r f
3
$ M t ) Q
p a i n
D . 2
3
j i a i T j r o v a n d o f 3 e t t i T o v a n d
y v o i r i r o v a n d
a i r o v
f i a i t i r i j v a n d
H T O V
o X t o v
y v o i t \ T n v
a n d
j 3 t i t i T t ] V a n d
t U T t ] V
e i ' r i j v
a f k i t i / u v
a n d
o i r n v
y v o i ' i j / i t v
a n d
. 1
2
3
j i a i r j f i i v
a n d
j i a l r i T s a n d
a i r e
o f i t i n T t a n d
y v o i t i T t
a n d
O l r t
f i a i e v
y v o T f i *
I m p r .
S .
/ 3 i j 9 t , j j ™ 2 )
j O j r o v , i j r u v
[ 3 r ) T u t f f a v a n d
< t / 3 i j 0 ( , j j r w
2 )
y v w f l i , ( i r w 2 )
. 2 )
D .
P .
2
a f i r j T O V ,
r \ T t i > v
a f i r j r e
y v u t r o v ,
( o r ( O V
y v w r f i
f i v r o v ,
V T i o i > ( y )
l i r e
3
< T / 3 t ) T u > < m v
a n d
y v w r w f f a i ' a n d
h v T w a a v { i f ) &
y V Q V T U l V
I n f i n i t i v e
o f H j v a i
y v w v a i
i v v a i
P a r t i c i p l e
/ 3 a e ( a ) , a o - a ,
< j | 3 e i ' c ,
e Z o a ,
G .
o & i v T o g
y v o v C f o v f f a y
6 v
S i g ( v ) ,
v o a ,
G .
U v t o c
1 )
C o m p o u n d s ,
a s : a v a f i S i ,
i v a f i f j e ,
& C . d 7 i w / 3 w ; d i a y v u i ; a v a U u i .
» » ( 4 ) .
G .
( i a v r o Q
G .
y v o v T o e
2 )
C o m p o u n d s ,
a s : a v d ( 3 t ) 6 i ,
a v a p a , a v i f i t f r i a w o a ^ e i l i d y v u i d i ;
a v a f i v Q i .
R e m a r k . T h e O p t a t i v e
f o r m
$ v r i v ( v ) i n s t e a d o f i v i t i v
i s
n o t f o u n d i n
t h e
A t t i c
d i a l e c t .
T h e
a o r i s t
I L
m i d d l e
i s
f o u n d ,
i n
o r d i n a r y
l a n g u a g e ,
o n l y i n a f e w v e r b s a s i r h o f i m ( § 1 2 4 , 2 3 ) , T r p i a a B a t ,
t o
b u y
( §
1 8 5 . ) .
B e s i d e s t h e v e r b s a l r e a d y g i v e n , a f e w o t h e r s f o l l o w t h i s
f o r m a t i o n
a s
1 . h ( Z p a o ~ K ( o , I r u n a w a y ( §
1 2 2 , 6 . ) . A o r . ( A P A - ) s S p d v ,
a s ,
a , d f i s v , a r e , d a a v . C o n j . B p S ) , S p a s , S p a , B p a r o v , S p w p . e v ,
S p a r e , B p & c r t ( y ) . O p t . B p a l r j v . I m p r .
B p a d i ,
d r t o . I n f . B p d v a i .
P a r t .
B p d s ( a ) ,
a c r a , d v .
2 . w h o f u u , I f l y ( § 1 2 4 , 2 3 . ) . A o r . ( I I T A - ) s V t t j v . I n f .
m i j v a i . P a r t . T r r d s ( d ) .
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1 5 8
[ c h a p . V I I .
N
T H E
V E R B .
3 .
o t c A A g j
o r a K s \ s c o , I d r y . A o r . I I . ( 2 K A A - ) s c r i e X i j v , I
w i t h e r , i n t r a n s . I n f . a K k r j v a u
O p t .
( T i c K a L r j v .
4 .
< p 0 d - v a ) , 1
g e t b e f o r e ( §
1 1 9 ,
5 . ) . A o r .
I I .
e < p 0 r j v , < f > 0 r j v a i ,
^ > 6 d s { a ) , < p 0 o ) , ( p d a t i j v .
5 .
S t S a o v o a , / t e a c h ( B i B c u t k o / j u i i , I l e a r n ) ( § 1 2 2 , R e m . ) .
A o r . I I . ( A A E - ) i S d r j v , / l e a r n t ;
b u t , A o r .
I .
i S l & a f c , I
t a u g h t .
6 . K a i c o ,
I
b u r n ,
t r a n s . ( §
1 1 6 , 2 . ) .
A o r .
I I . ( K A E - )
s K a r j v ,
I b u r n t , i n t r a n s . b u t , A o r . I . e t c e t e r a , t r a n s .
7 .
p £ a > ,
I
f l o w
( § 1 1 6 ,
3 . ) .
A o r .
( ' P T E - )
i p p v q v ,
I
f l o w e d .
8 .
x a V Q , >
I
r e j o i c e ( §
1 2 4 , 2 4 . ) . A o r . ( X A P E - )
e x d p r j v .
9 .
a X u T / c o f i a i , A o r . ( ' A A O - ) r j k w v , A t t . e d \ a > v ( 5 )
( §
1 2 2 ,
• ) •
1 0 .
/ 3 i o t o ,
J f e e .
A o r
I I .
l / 3 i W .
C o n j .
y S t a i , q > s ,
a > ,
& c .
O p t . f t i q y r j v ( n o t f t i o t r j v ,
l i k e
y v o f y v ,
t o
d i s t i n g u i s h i t f r o m t h e
O p t . I m p f .
f i i o i r j v ) . I n f . f i i w v a i . P a r t ,
f i i o v s , t h e
c a s e s o f t h i s
a r e
s u p p l i e d
b y
t h o s e
o f t h e
A o r .
I .
f i i w a a s .
S o
a v e f i u o v ,
I
r e v i v e d , f r o m a v a f i i a x r t c o f i a i .
—
T h e
p r e s e n t a n d i m p e r f e c t a r e
l i t t l e
u s e d b y t h e A t t i c s , i n s t e a d o f t h e s e t h e y e m p l o y £ « ,
w h i c h , o n t h e o t h e r
h a n d , b o r r o w s
t h e r e m a i n i n g t e n s e s f r o m
/ 3 t o o ) , t h u s P r e s . £ w . I m p f . s % a > v ( § 9 7 , 3 . ) . F u t . f i u o a o / i a i .
A o r .
e j S u o v . P e r f .
/ 3 s / 3 ( W a . P e r f . P a s s .
f t e f i k o T a i .
P a r t
y 3 e / 3 t < » / i i v o y .
1 1 . < j > v o ) , I b r i n g f o r t h . A o r . I I . e ^ C v , I a r o s e , < f > v v a i , < j > v f ,
C o n j .
< £ w » .
( O p t .
i s
w a n t i n g
i n o r d i n a r y
l a n g u a g e . )
B u t
A o r . I . e < f > v c r a , 1 b r o u g h t
f o r t h .
F u t . ( p v c r a > ( y ) , I s h a l l
b r i n g
f o r t h . T h e P e r f . i r t y v i c a , I
h a v e
a r i s e n o r b e c o m e , I a m . A l s o
M i d . P r e s . ( p v o / x a i .
F u t .
< p v a o i u u ( y ) .
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§ 1 4 4 . ]
1 5 9
R R E G U L A R
V E R B S .
§ 1 4 3 .
O Z S a
( s t e m ' E I A , v i d e o ) ,
I k n o w .
P e r f e c t .
I n d i c a t i v e .
s .
1
o i S a
a
o l a Q a
8
o U f ( v )
D .
l a r o v ,
U J T O V
P .
1
l a / t i v
2
W T t
3
C o n j u n c t i v e .
t i t i j j c
l i l r j r o v ,
t j r o v
t i S w f i e v
t i d i j r e
I m p e r a t i v e .
u r d i
l O T O V , l U T U I V
I a n
i t r r w a a v
I n f i n i t i v e .
t i ' c i v a i
P a r t i c i p l e .
l i S w c . , v i a , 6 q
P l u p e r f e c t .
i l n d . l
2
3
S . p & i v 1 ) D .
P .
f i S u u i v
■ p S a e a n d p J t u r f l a
p j f i r o v y S u r e
y l u y d t i r n v p t W a v
O p t .
S . t l S t i n v , 1 7 c D . t i d f h f T O V y
t j t i j v ,
P . ( t f k i T j f i e v , r j r e , f i d u e v .
F u t . i i a o f i a i , I s h a l l k n o w o r
e x p e r i e n c e .
C o m p o u n d o f
o l t i a
a i v o i l a , I
a m c o n s c i o u s
t o m y s e l f ,
I n f .
c v v t t S s v a i ,
I m p r .
a i v i o Q i ,
C o n j .
o v v u t i w ,
& c .
1 ) A t t i c , 1 . f S j ) , 2 . y S q o O a , 3 . f W i j
§ 1 4 4 . D e p o n e n t s ( § 1 1 8 . R e m . ) a n d A c t i v e V e r b s w i t h a
M i d d l e F u t u r e
F o r m .
a . C a t a l o g u e o f t h e D e p o n e n t s M i d d l e m o s t
i n
U s e .
A y i D v i ^ o / i a i , I c o n t e n d .
a ( « £ o / x < u ,
I i l l - t r e a t .
a l v i T r o p a t , I
s p e a k
i n
r i d d l e s .
a i o B a v o p a i , I
p e r c e i v e ,
a l r i a o f i a t ,
I
a c c u s e .
a x i O f i a i , I h e a l .
d i e p o a o / i a t , I
h e a r
a x p o p o X i i o u a i ,
I h u r l
w e a p o n s f r o m a d i s
t a n c e o r a n e l e v a
t i o n .
a b X o f t a t , I l e a p .
d v a ^ u l i a K o f t a i ,
I r e v i v e .
a v a K o i v o o p a t , I
c o m
m u n i c a t e w i t h .
a i r t x S a v o / i a t , I a m
h a t e d .
a T v u X o y t o / i a i ,
I a p o l o
g i z e ,
a p a o f x a i , I p l o u g h ,
a a i r d ^ o f t a i ,
I
g r e e t .
a Q u c v t o p a i , I c o m e .
/ 3 i a ? o j « a t , I f o r c e .
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1 6 0
[ c h a p . V I I .
N
T H E
V E R B .
y i y v o / i a i ,
I b e c o m e ,
i i ^ i o o f i a i , i w e l c o m e .
U x ° l l a l t
I
r e c e i v e .
S i a c t K i v o p a i , I r o u s e .
S w p i o p a i , I p r e s e n t .
l y t t X t v o p a i ,
I r o u s e .
I v r i X X o p a i ,
I
c o m m i s
s i o n .
i i r u c t X t v o p a i , I r o u s e .
I p y d Z e i t m , I w o r k .
e v x o u a i , J w i s h .
r i y t o p a i ,
I
p r e c e d e .
B t d o p a i ,
I
b e h o l d .
i d o p a i , I h e e d .
i X d m c o p a i , I
a p p e a s e .
i i r n d Z f i p a i , I r i d e .
l a x v p l Z o p a i , I e x e r t
m y s t r e n g t h .
K a v x a o f i a i , I b o a s t .
K o i v o X o y i o n a i , I
c o m
m u n i c a t e w i t h .
K r d o f i a i , I o b t a i n .
X t ] ' i £ 6 u a i , I
l a y
w a s t e .
X o y i Z o p x u , I c o n s i d e r .
X v p . a i v o p . a i ,
I i l l - t r e a t .
X i a j i d o p a i ,
I i n s u l t .
p a v r e t i o p a i , I p r o p h e s y ,
p a p r v p o p a i ,
I c a l l
t o
w i t n e s s ,
p a x o f i a i , I f i g h t ,
p i p j p o p a i ,
I
b l a m e ,
p r j x a v d o p a t , I c o n t r i v e ,
p i p k o p a t , I
i m i t a t e .
p v B s o p a i ,
J s p e a k .
p v O o X o y i o p a i ,
I r e l a t e .
f i v K a o f i a i , I
b e l l o w .
Z v X i v o u a i , I f e t c h w o o d .
Z v X ' i Z , o p a i , I
f e t c k
w o o d .
o S v p o f i a t , I
m o u r n .
o i t o v i £ o f i a i 9 J o b s e r v e
t h e f l i g h t o f b i r d s .
b X o f y v p o p a t ,
I l a m e n t ,
o p x s o p a t , I d a n c e ,
o a i p p a i v o p a i , I s m e l l .
T r a p a i r k o p a i , I
b e g .
i r a p a x e X t v o p a t , 1 r o u s e .
i r a p a p v B i o p a i ,
I
c o m f o r t .
i r a f > p 7 ) O i a £ o p j x t , I s p e a k
f r e e l y ,
i r k r o p a i , I f l y .
■ K p a y p a r i v o p a i ,
I a m
o c c u p i e d .
i r p o o i p . i a Z o p . a i , I m a k e a
p r e l u d e .
i r p o Q a o i Z o p A i ,
I
p r e
t e n d .
i r v v S a v o p a t ,
I
l e a r n
b y
i n q u i r y .
o i f i o p a i ,
I
h o n o u r .
o K t i r r o p t i i , I c o n s i d e r .
O T a 0 p . a o p . a i ,
I w e i g h .
f f T o x a % o p . a i ,
I a i m .
o r p a T t v o p a t , I g o t o
b a t t l e .
f f r p a r o i r e d s v o p a i , I e n
c a m p .
T t K p a i p o p a i ,
I
f i x , l i m i t .
T i t e r a i v o p a i , I
f a b r i c a t e .
T t x v a o p . a i , I d e v i s e ,
v i r t o ' x v a o p . a i , I p r o m i s e ,
i m o i c p i v o p a i , I
i n t e r p r e t .
t p t ' t S o p j x i , I s p a r e .
Q B t y y o p a i ,
I
s p e a k .
< p i k o < p p o v k o p . a i , I r e c e i v e
i n a f r i e n d l y w a y .
X a p g o p a i , I g r a t i f y .
X p a o p a i ,
I u s e .
i i v s o p a t ,
I b u y .
b .
C a t a l o g u e o f t h e D e p o n e n t s
P a s s i v e
m o s t
i n
U s e .
A y a p a t , I a d m i r e . S t a v o s o p a i , I t h i n k . t v X a f i s o p a i , I t a k e h e e d ,
a t d e o p a t , J
r e v e r e . l i v a p a i ,
I
c a n .
y d o p a i , I
r e j o i c e .
a p A X d o p a i , I c o n t e n d . i v a v T i 6 o p a i , I a m a g a i n s t . K p t p a p a i , I
h a n g ,
d p v s o p a i ,
I d e n y . I v B v p i o p a t , I
t a k e
t o p v o d r r o p a i , 1 l o a t h e .
d x < > o p . a i , 1 a m
d i s p l e a s e d .
h e a r t .
o i o p a i ,
I t h i n k .
j i o i X o p a i ,
1
w i s h .
i v v o e o p a i , 1 t h i n k . i r p o B v p k o p a t , I a m i n -
f i p v x a o p a i ,
2 r o a r . l i r i p t X k o p a i ,
1 c a r e
f o r .
d i n e d .
S i o p a i , I n e e d . i T n v o k o p a i , I t h i n k u p o n . Q i X o T t p i o p a i , l a m a m -
S i a X i y o p a t ,
I
c o n v e r s e .
t m a r a p a t ,
I
k n o w .
b i t i o u s .
R e m a r k .
A i X i Z o p a t , I
l o d g e , a n d X o i d o p s o p a i , 1 s c o l d , h a v e
t h e i r a o r i .
b o t h
w i t h a
p a s s i v e
a n d a
m i d d l e
f o r m .
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§ 1 4 4 . ]
1 6 1
R R E G U L A R
V E R B S .
c .
C a t a l o g u e o f
t h e
A c t i v e V e r b s , w i t h
a M i d d l e
F u t u r e F o r m , m o s t
i n U s e .
' A y v o e i a ,
I
k n o w
n o t .
i r a i v i w ,
1
p r a i s e .
w a a x i a ,
I
s u f f e r .
a S i a , I s i n g .
i m o p K e t o , I s w e a r f a l s e l y . ■ a - i j S d u i , I l e a p .
a K o i w , I h e a r .
i a B i i a ,
I e a t .
i r i v o ) , I
d r i n k .
d p a p r d v i a , 1 m i s s .
B a v i m Z , u > ,
I a d m i r e .
n * i 7 r r w ,
I f a l l .
d i r a v r d w , I m e e t .
B i n ) , I r u n .
n - X e w , I s a i l .
d i r o X a i u ,
I e n j o y .
B n p d u ) , — p t i w , I h u n t . n v k u i , I U o i B .
a p i r a Z i a ,
I s n a t c h .
B t y y d v u , I
t o u c h . w v i y n ) ,
I c h o k e .
p a S i Z i a , I
w a l k .
B v t i O K i a ,
I
d i e .
i r o B i v , I d e s i r e .
( 3 a ' i v o > ,
I w a l k . 0 j O ( £ < T K ( i j , I l e a p . p i t a , I f l o w .
/ 3 i 6 u > ,
J
l i v e .
K a p v t o ,
I
l a b o u r .
a i y d t u ,
J
a m
s i l e n t .
/ 3 o a w , I
c r y o u t . c X a t u ,
I
w e e p .
a u a v a t i ) , I
a m
s i l e n t .
y t X d m ,
I l a u g h .
K X i i r r i D , I s t e a l . m c u m r w ,
I j e s t .
y n p u a K o p a i ,
I g r o w o l d . K o X a ? a > , / p u n i s h .
a i r o v S A X i a ,
I a m
e a r n e s t .
y i y v b J O K i i ) , I k n o w . X a y x d v w , I o b t a i n .
a v p i r r o ) , I b l o w ( t h e
f l u t e )
S w e v u ,
I
b i t e . \ a p . f 3 d v u > , 1
t a k e .
r u r a l , I b e g e t .
t i a p B a v u , I s l e e p . i m v O d p w , I l e a r n . r p s x u . ; I r u n .
S i i a a i ,
t o f e a r .
o l S a , I k n o w .
r p i i y u i ,
I g n a w .
d i S p a < r K < o , I r u n a w a y . o t f w Z o , I
l a m e n t .
0 £ v y a > , I f l e e .
f o w l ™ ,
I
p u r s u e .
o f i w / u ,
I
s w e a r .
i p B d v u ) ,
I
g e t b e f o r e .
l y x u / u a Z u i , I p r a i s e . 6 p d u > , I s e e . x d o K w , I g a p e .
t l f i i , I a m .
n a i l t a , I
p l a y .
X < » p « u > , I c o n t a i n .
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1 6 2
S Y N T A X .
C H A P .
L
O N T H E P R I N C I P A L E L E M E N T S O F
T H E
S I M P L E S E N T E N C E .
§ 1 4 5 . N a t u r e o f
a S e n t e n c e .
— S u b j e c t . — P r e d i c a t e .
1 . S y n t a x i s t h e d o c t r i n e o f t h e s e n t e n c e .
A
s e n t e n c e i s
t h e e x p r e s s i o n
o f
a
t h o u g h t
i n
w o r d s
;
a s
t o
p o S o v
O d X X e i ,
6
a v d p c o T r o s
O v r j T o s s a r i v , t o k o X o v p o B o v
d d X k s i
i f r m
t o v i r a -
r p b s i c r j i r c p . I n e v e r y t h o u g h t
o r
p r o p o s i t i o n t h e r e m u s t n e
c e s s a r i l y b e t w o n o t i o n s o r i d e a s r e l a t e d t o o n e a n o t h e r a n d
c o m b i n e d i n t o o n e w h o l e ,
v i z . t h e n o t i o n o f
a n a c t i o n , a n d
t h e
n o t i o n o f
a n
o b j e c t
i n w h o m
t h e a c t i o n i s
p e r c e i v e d .
T h e
f o r m e r
w e
c a l l t h e p r e d i c a t e ; t h e
l a t t e r ,
t h e s u b j e c t .
2 .
L a n g u a g e
e x p r e s s e s
t h e
r e l a t i o n
o f
i d e a s ,
p a r t l y
b y
i n
f l e x i o n , a s :
t o p o B o v
6 a \ \ - g i ,
6
< r r p a T i a > r r } s f i d ^ - s r a i , o l
c r r p a -
• n w r a i
p M % - o
V T a i ;
a n d p a r t l y b y s e p a r a t e w o r d s , a s
t h e
t r e e
i s
g r e e n , 6
a v O p a n r o s O v r y r o s
i c m v .
3 . T h e s u b j e c t i s e i t h e r — a ) a s u b s t a n t i v e ; o r — / S ) a s u b
s t a n t i v e - p r o n o u n
o r
n u m e r a l ;
o r
— 7 ) a n a d j e c t i v e
o r
p a r t i c i p l e
u s e d a s
a
s u b s t a n t i v e o r — S ) a n a d v e r b i n v e s t e d w i t h t h e
f o r c e o f
a
s u b s t a n t i v e b y m e a n s
o f a n
a r t i c l e p r e f i x e d ;
o r — s )
a
p r e p o s i t i o n i n c o n n e x i o n
w i t h
i t s c a s e ; o r
—
£ ) a n i n f i n i t i v e
m o o d
o r ,
l a s t l y , — r f ) e v e r y w o r d , e v e r y l e t t e r , e v e r y s y l l a b l e ,
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§
1 4 5 . ]
1 6 3
A T U R E O F A
S E N T E N C E .
e v e r y c o m b i n a t i o n o f w o r d s m a y b e c o n c e i v e d o f
a s
a n e u t e r
s u b s t a n t i v e ,
a n d h e n c e
m a y a p p e a r
a s
a s u b j e c t ,
u s u a l l y i n
c o n n e x i o n
w i t h t h e n e u t e r
f o r m
o f
t h e
a r t i c l e .
T o p 6 S o v
d d X X e i .
— ' E y
u
y p a Q t o . — T p t i g r i X Q o v . — ' O a o t p o c
t i j S a l f M o v
e a r i v . —
O i
i r a X a i d v d p e i o i
r / a a v , —
0 1 i n i t i X n d S n v K a X w g I p a x ^ o c L v r o .
—
T o
S i d d f f K e i v K a k o v i f f n v . — T 6 e l
o 6 v $ e o f W Q l a r t v .
4 . T h e s u b j e c t s t a n d s i n t h e n o m i n a t i v e .
R e m a r k
1 .
I n i n d e f i n i t e a n d d i s t r i b u t i v e e x p r e s s i o n s o f n u m b e r , t h e
s u b j e c t i s e x p r e s s e d
b y
a p r e p o s i t i o n w i t h i t s c a s e a s t l s r i r r a p a g
j j X f f o v
8 0 x a f f U a o T o v s , s i n g u l i , c a r d I B v n , s i n g u l a g e n t e s .
R e m a r k
2 .
T h e
s u b j e c t ,
i n
t h e f o l l o w i n g
c a s e s ,
i s
n o t e x p r e s s e d
b y
a
s e p a r a t e w o r d
a .
W h e n
t h e s u b j e c t i s a p e r s o n a l p r o n o u n , i t
i s
n o t s e p a r a t e l y e x
p r e s s e d , u n l e s s i t i s r e q u i r e d t o b e b r o u g h t f o r w a r d w i t h
p a r t i c u l a r
e m p h a s i s a s y p d f u ) ,
y p d i p e i g , y p d t p e t .
b . W h e n t h e
i d e a e x p r e s s e d
b y
t h e v e r b
o f
t h e
p r e d i c a t e , i s o f
s u c h a
k i n d
t h a t i t
i s n o t a d a p t e d t o e v e r y s u b j e c t , b u t o n l y t o s o m e p a r t i c u l a r
o n e , a n d , i n a c e r t a i n d e g r e e , i n c l u d e s t h e n o t i o n o f t h i s s u b j e c t i n i t s e l f
a s
i i r e i
o i
n o X e f j u o t
d v q X d o v ,
k t c y p v K t
( s c . 6
K T j p v K )
r o X g E X X r j a i i r a p a o K t v d '
a a a B a i .
S o
a l s o
a n f u i l v e i
t j ?
a d X i r i y y i ,
i e a X m y i t v ,
S C .
b d a X m y K T r i g .
T h e
f o l l o w i n g a r e t o b e
t h u s
e x p l a i n e d ' i n , v l f e i , / 3 p o i
r q ,
d a r p d i r r u , s c .
6 % t i g .
c .
W h e n
t h e s u b j e c t i s e a s i l y s u p p l i e d
f r o m
t h e c o n n e x i o n t h u = , i n
e x p r e s s i o n s l i k e p o o l , X l y o v m , & c , t h e s u b j e c t a v B p i n w o i i s r e g u l a r l y
o m i t t e d , a s b e i n g s e l f - e v i d e n t .
R e m a r k 3 .
T h e
i n d e f i n i t e p r o n o u n ,
o n e ,
t h e y , ( F r e n c h , o n G e r m a n ,
m a n , ' )
i s
e x p r e s s e d
i n G r e e k
b y r i c ,
o r t h e 3 .
p e r s o n
p l u r a l , a s X t y o u c r i ,
$ a a i
o r b y t h e 3 . s i n g u l a r
p a s s i v e , a s
X i y c r a t o r p e r s o n a l l y
X e y o p a i ,
d i c o r ; o r
b y
t h e 2 . p e r s o n
s i n g u l a r ,
p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t h e o p t a t i v e w i t h d v ,
a s t p a i r i s
a v , d i c a s ,
o n e m a y s a y .
5 .
T h e p r e d i c a t e
i s e i t h e r
— a ) a
v e r b , a s
t o p 6 8 o v
O a K X e i
o r —
a n a d j e c t i v e ,
s u b s t a n t i v e ,
n u m e r a l , o r
p r o n o u n , i n c o n
j u n c t i o n w i t h A v a l , w h i c h , i n t h i s r e l a t i o n , i s u s u a l l y c a l l e d a
c o p u l a o r p a r t i c l e o f
a f f i r m a t i o n ,
s i n c e
i t c o m b i n e s t h e a d j e c
t i v e o r
s u b s t a n t i v e w i t h t h e s u b j e c t
i n t o o n e w h o l e t h o u g h t ,
a s t o p o S o v
k o X o v
i o r i v . —
K . v p o s
r j v
f i a a i k e v s .
—
2 t >
r / a - Q a
w d v T c o v
i r p & r o s .
—
O i
a v S p s s
T j t r a v
r p s l s .
—
T o w t o
t o
w p a r / f i d
i a r i
T o S e .
M 2
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1 G 4
E L E M E N T S
O F
T H E S I M P L E
S E N T E N C E .
[ c h a p , l
R e m a r k 4 . W e m u s t d i s t i n g u i s h i l v a i , w h e n u s e d t o e x p r e s s a d e f i n i t e
i d e a , s u c h
a s e . g .
t h a t o f
e x i s t i n g ,
a b i d i n g ,
& c . ( a s :
t a n 6 t 6 g ) , f r o m
t h e
s a m e
w o r d
u s e d
m e r e l y a s a
c o p u l a . I n
t h e
f o r m e r s i g n i f i c a t i o n i t
m a y
b e j o i n e d w i t h a n a d v e r b a s
6
Z w r p a r i j c r p >
d t i
a v p r o l g
v i o i g
K a X u g ,
K a K u > e t a r t y , i t i s
w e l l ,
i l l , & c .
§ 1 4 6 . O n C o n c o r d .
1 .
T h e v e r b a g r e e s w i t h t h e s u b j e c t
i n
p e r s o n
a n d n u m b e r ;
— t h e p r e d i c a t i v e
o r
a t t r i b u t i v e
a d j e c t i v e
( o r
a d j e c t i v e - p a r t i c i
p i a l ,
p r o n o u n , o r n u m e r a l ) , a n d t h e p r e d i c a t i v e s u b s t a n t i v e , o r
s u b s t a n t i v e s t a n d i n g i n a p p o s i t i o n ( i f i t d e n o t e s
a
l i v i n g b e i n g ) ,
—
a g r e e w i t h
i t i n g e n d e r , n u m b e r ,
a n d
c a s e ( n o m i n a t i v e ) .
' E y w
y p a t p w , a i l y p d t y t i g , o v r o g y p d t p t t . —
' O
d v O p u t w o g
B v n r d g t a r t v .
— ' H
a p e r y K a X y
i o r i v . —
T o i r p d y f i a
a i a \ p b v i a r t v .
— O t E A X j j j ' t c
T r o X t f u K U T a r o t
r \ a a v .
—
' O
i c a X b g
i r a i g ,
a o i p r j
y v v r j ,
r b
p i K p b v
r ' t K v o v .
—
H L v p o g
r \ v
^ a a i X t v g .
— T 6 p . v p i g i j v ( l a a i X t i a . — K v p o g b j 3 a a i \ t i g , T 6 p . v p i g j i d a i X t i a ,
2 . A s a d o u b l e n o m i n a t i v e ( v i z . t h e n o m i n a t i v e o f t h e
s u b
j e c t , a n d t h a t o f t h e p r e d i c a t e )
s t a n d s i n c o n n e x i o n
w i t h e i p a i ,
w h e n a c o p u l a s o t h e f o l l o w i n g v e r b s a l s o , w h i c h e x p r e s s
n o c o m p l e t e p r e d i c a t i v e
i d e a ,
a r e c o n n e c t e d w i t h a d o u b l e
n o m i n a t i v e
m r d p ^ s i v , t o b e a t h a n d ; / v y v e a r O a i , , t o b e c o m e ;
< f } v v a t ,
t o
a r i s e
;
a v g d v s c r f f a i ,
t o
( / r o w
;
f i e v s i v ,
t o
r e m a i n
;
K a r a -
c r T p j v a i ( f r . K a 0 l a r r ) f u ) , t o
s t a n d ; B o / c e i v ,
e o a c e v a i , a n d
< p a i v s a 6 a i ,
t o
a p p e a r ; S r j k o v a d a i , t o s h o w o n e ' s s e l f ; K a X e i a d a i , o v o f i a Q -
c r O a i
a n d
~ X j y s a O a i , t o b e c a l l e d ; a / c o v s w ,
t o
b e i n
r e p u t e , t o b e
c a l l e d ( a u d i r e )
a i p s c a B a i ,
w r r o h s i K w c r O a i , K p l v s a O a i , t o
b e
c h o s e n
s o m e t h i n g ;
v o f i i & a O a i , t o
b e c o n s i d e r e d s o m e t h i n g
;
a n d
o t h e r v e r b s o f t h i s n a t u r e .
' O
K v p o g
t y t
v t r o
/ S a a i X t v g
t U v
T t t p a w v .
—
A i d
r o i r w v
b
i > i X n r i r o g
i j u i r i B t i
I t i y a g .
—
' A X K i f i t d H n g y p ' t O i i a r p a r n y o g .
—
' A v r i i p i X i o v ( c a t U v u v v v v t o X a n t
£
c a t
S t o l e
i \ 0 p o i d i c o v o v a i v
( a u d i u n f ) .
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§ H 7 . ]
1 6 5
O N C O R D .
R e m a r k . S o m e o f t h e s e
v e r b s a r e a l s o
c o n n e c t e d
w i t h a d v e r b s ,
b u t
t h e y t h e n e x p r e s s a c o m p l e t e p r e d i c a t e a s t o d v B o s K a X H g a v ^ a v e r a i .
T h e v e r b s y i y v e a B a i a n d i p v v a i p a r t i c u l a r l y ,
a r e
t h u s
c o n n e c t e d
w i t h
t h e
a d v e r b s
& ' x a > X w P ' e >
' « * f t e y y f e , u \ i g
a s r o i e , ' A B n v a i i D V O T p a r n y o l Q
i y l y v o v r o
l i x a
a i
y v u i p . a i ,
t h e v i e w s o f t h e A t h e n i a n g e n e r a l s w e r e
d i v i d e d ;
t o . w p d y f u t r a o i i r w i r i f v i c t v ,
t h e a f f a i r s
a r e
o f s u c h
a
n a t u r e .
§
1 4 7 . E x c e p t i o n s t o
t h e
g e n e r a l R u l e s o f
C o n c o r d .
*
a ) T h e f o r m o f t h e p r e d i c a t e f r e q u e n t l y c o r r e s p o n d s , n o t
t o t h e g r a m m a t i c a l f o r m
o f
t h e s u b j e c t , b u t t o i t s m e a n i n g
( c o n s t r u c t i o K a r a a v v s a w o r a d
i n t e l l e c t u m ) .
T b T r \ r j & 0 £ t T r e f l o r j d i j t r a v . — ' O v r p a r o Q d i r ' t f i a i v o v . — T 6 a r p a T o i r e d o v d v e \ & -
p o v v .
—
T 6
f X t i p a K t o v t a r t
K a X o g .
—
T 6
y v v a ' i K i o v t e r n
K a X i / .
b ) I f t h e s u b j e c t i s t o b e r e p r e s e n t e d ,
n o t
a s a d e f i n i t e o b
j e c t , b u t a s
a g e n e r a l n o t i o n , t h e p r e d i c a t i v e a d j e c t i v e i s
p u t
i n
t h e n e u t e r s i n g u l a r , w i t h o u t a n y r e g a r d t o t h e g e n d e r
a n d
n u m b e r o f t h e s u b j e c t . I n E n g l i s h , w e g e n e r a l l y j o i n t h e
i n d e f i n i t e w o r d s o m e t h i n g t o t h e a d j e c t i v e , o r t h e s u b s t a n t i v e s
t h i n g , b e i n g .
O w e
d y a B b v
t t o X v k o
i p a v i a '
t i e
K o i p a v o s
f i r ™ .
—
A l
u t T a f 3 o \ a l
X u t t i j -
p o v .
—
* H f i o v a p x i a i c p d r i u t o v .
R e m a r k 1 . I f
t h e p r e d i c a t e
i s
e x p r e s s e d
b y a
d e m o n s t r a t i v e
p r o n o u n ,
t h i s
a g r e e s w i t h i t s s u b j e c t i n c a s e , g e n d e r , a n d n u m b e r , a s i n L a t i n a s
o ^ t o q i a n v 6
d v i j p . — a v r n i o t i
^ n y r j K a i a p x *
n d v r w v r S i v k o k u v . —
t o v t o
i o n
t o
a v d o Q . T h e G r e e k s ,
h o w e v e r , v e r y
o f t e n p u t
t h e d e m o n s t r a t i v e
i n t h e n e u t e r s i n g u l a r , b o t h
w h e n i t s t a n d s
a s t h e s u b j e c t ,
a n d w h e n a s
t h e p r e d i c a t e ; a s ; t o v t o i a n v S i K a i o a i v n . — t o v t o l a r i T r n y f i K a i
a p x v
y € v k ( T £ ( t t g .
c ) V e r b a l a d j e c t i v e s
i n
r o s
a n d r i o s
o f t e n s t a n d i n t h e
n e u t e r p l u r a l w h e n t h e y a r e u s e d i m p e r s o n a l l y , l i k e
t h e
L a t i n g e r u n d .
M 3
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1 6 6
E L E M E N T S O F T H E S I M f L E S E N T E N C E . [ c h a p .
\ U a r a t o r t
r o i c 0 i X o i f , o n e
s h o u l d t r u s t
f r i e n d s ,
i n s t e a d o f m o r o n
t o r t . S o
a l s o
w h e n
t h e s u b j e c t
i s
e x p r e s s e d
b y
a n
i n f i n i t i v e
m o o d
o r
a
w h o l e
s e n t e n c e ;
w h e r e
w e i n E n g l i s h
m a k e
u s e
o f
t h e p r o n o u n i t .
T r j v
n n r p u j p i v i j v i i o l p a v d S v v a r d
l a r i v d m x p v y t i v
c a t
B t i f . — A q X a ,
o n S t i ' i v a
y k r i v a t ' t f i u i v
f i a o i k k a y t v i o d a i .
d )
T h e
s u b j e c t i n 4 h e n e u t e r p l u r a l i s
c o n n e c t e d
w i t h
t h e
v e r b i n t h e
s i n g u l a r .
T i t £ < 3 a
r p e x ' —
T d i r o a . y n a . r a i a r i K a X d . — K a x o v a v S p o g i w p a 6 v > ) < n v o i i c
R e m a r k
2 . W h e n t h e s u b j e c t i n t h e n e u t e r p l u r a l d e n o t e s a
p e r s o n
o r l i v i n g b e i n g , t h e v e r b i s o f t e n p u t i n t h e p l u r a l t o
r e n d e r
t h e p e r
s o n a l i t y m o r e p r o m i n e n t a s
r d r t ' X i j
( t h e m a g i s t r a c y ,
t h e
m a g i s t r a t e s )
r o i i g o r p a r u o r a c i X i m p t y a v . T h i s t a k e s
p l a c e ,
a l s o , i f t h e n o t i o n o f i n
d i v i d u a l i t y o r
p l u r a l i t y i s t o b e
m a d e
p a r t i c u l a r l y
p r o m i n e n t a s
i p a v i p a
y t r a v i t m ) x o > p o i i v r i i ) V K a i
X i r m o v
K a l a v O p w m o v
i X p r l
m y X X a .
e ) T h e s u b j e c t i n
t h e
d u a l
i s v e r y
o f t e n c o n n e c t e d
w i t h
t h e
p r e d i c a t e
i n t h e p l u r a L
A l i o d v S p e i p a x i o a v r o .
—
' A S t \ < p C t S v o r j a a v K a X o i .
R e m a r k
3 . T h e
d u a l i s n o t a l w a y s
u s e d
w h e n t w o o b j e c t s
a r e
s p o k e n
o f , b u t
o n l y w h e n t h e y a r e
e i t h e r t w o
t h i n g s
c o n n e c t e d t o g e t h e r
b y
n a t u r e , a s m > S e , % f i p ( , w r t o r s u c h a s a r e c o n s i d e r e d a s s t a n d i n g i n a
c l o s e a n d m u t u a l r e l a t i o n
t o
e a c h o t h e r , e . g .
a d t X Q w ,
t w o
b r o t h e r s .
R e m a r k 4 . W h e n a f e m i n i n e s u b s t a n t i v e i n t h e d u a l i s c o n n e c t e d
w i t h
a n
a d j e c t i v e
a s
a n
a t t r i b u t i v e ,
t h i s
l a t t e r
i s
p u t
i n
t h e
m a s c u l i n e
d u a l
a s
d / . 0 < i > r w
7 t o X e e .
—
r t a y v v a x K i .
—
a f i i p u t
r o v r w r u i
t ' l / i e p a .
—
r o i v
y t v e a e o i v .
—
r o v r i i t
r a >
r k % v a .
f ) W h e n t h e p r e d i c a t e i s
a
s u p e r l a t i v e , a n d t h i s s t a n d s i n
c o n n e x i o n w i t h a g e n i t i v e , t h e g e n d e r o f t h e
s u p e r l a t i v e
g e n e r a l l y c o n f o r m s
t o
t h a t
o f t h e s u b j e c t ,
a s i n L a t i n ; m o r e
r a r e l y , t o t h a t o f t h e g e n i t i v e .
4 > ( f o v o e
\ a \ t m o r a r 6 g
£ < m
r u i v
v b o t a v .
—
' O
y X i o g
m i v r t a v
X x t f i i r p o r a r o Q
l o r w .
S o l
o m n i u m
r e r u m l u c i d i s s i m u s e s t .
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§ 1 4 7 6 . ]
1 6 7
O N C O R D .
§
1 4 7
b .
C o n c o r d
i n
t h e
C a s e
o f
s e v e r a l
S u b j e c t s .
1 . W h e n
t h e r e a r e
t w o
o r m o r e s u b j e c t s , t h e v e r b
o r
c o p u l a
s t a n d s i n t h e p l u r a l . I f t h e s e s u b j e c t s h a v e o n e g e n d e r o n l y ,
t h e
a d j e c t i v e
t a k e s
t h a t g e n d e r i n
t h e
p l u r a l ; b u t i f t h e y
h a v e d i f f e r e n t
g e n d e r s ,
t h e m a s c u l i n e ,
i n
t h e c a s e o f l i v i n g
b e i n g s , i s p r e f e r r e d t o t h e f e m i n i n e a n d n e u t e r ; a n d t h e
f e m i n i n e t o
t h e
n e u t e r w h i l e , i n
t h e
c a s e o f t h i n g s ,
t h e
a d
j e c t i v e
t a k e s
t h e
f o r m
o f
t h e
n e u t e r
p l u r a l
w i t h o u t
a n y
r e g a r d
t o
t h e i r
g e n d e r .
' O ^ t K i i r i r o Q
K a i
6 ' A X t K a v t i p o g i r o W d
K a i
Q a v p a a r d t p y a a T r e d e i Z a v r o . — ' O
2 t i ) K p a T 7 i Q
K a i b T V K c l t o i v
T \ a a v
a o t p o i . — ' H p - r f T i j p K a i B v y d r i j p i j a a v
K a k a i . — ' H
b p y y K a i d a v v t a i a e t a i K a t c a i .
f O d v i j p
K a i
y v v i ]
d y a d o i f l a w . — ' H y v v i )
K a i
t o .
T i K v a
d y a B a i d a i v .
' Q g
f W f i r a r i p a
r e K a i f i i ] T k p a K a i
d
S e \ t p 0 £ K a i
r ^ v i a v r o v y v v
a i K a a i x f i a \ t i > T O V c .
y t y e v r j f i B V O v g , I S a K p v a t v .
—
' H d y o p d K a i i r p v T a v e i o v
H a p l y
X i B i p
r } O K H ] i i v a
r j v .
—
A i 0 o t
r e
K a i
x X i V G o i
K a i
f
i \ a
K a i
K i p a f i o g
d r a K T i i i Q
t p p i f i f i & v a o v S e v
x p f j f f i f i a i a r i v .
R e m a r k
1 . S o m e t i m e s t h e v e r b a n d a d j e c t i v e c o r r e s p o n d , i n p o i n t o f
f o r m ,
t o t h e
s u b j e c t
w h i c h
s t a n d s n e a r e s t a s < p i \ t i a t 0 i r a r i i p K a i
( i r j T t j p j
a n d
d y a 9 o £
l a n v
b
i r a r i l p
K a i
f i r i r i j p .
2 .
W h e n s e v e r a l s u b j e c t s o f
d i f f e r e n t
p e r s o n s a r e c o n n e c t e d
t o g e t h e r , t h e f i r s t p e r s o n i s p r e f e r r e d t o t h e ,
s e c o n d
a n d t h i r d ,
b u t
t h e
s e c o n d
t o
t h e
t h i r d ;
a n d
t h e
v e r b
i s
p u t
i n
t h e
p l u r a l .
' E y u K a i a i i y p d i p o f i e v , e g o e t t u s c r i b i m u s ; i y u j K a i I k u v o q y p d ^ o f i € v t e g o e t
i l l e s c r i b i m u s a i K a i
I k u v o i
y p a Q t r e , t u e t i l l e
s c r i b i t i s ; i y u >
K a i
I k u v o i
y p d i p o f i t v , a i
K a i
I k u v o i y p d i j i t T i , r ) f i u Q K a i I k u v o i y p d f o / i e v , i / i u g K a i
k K e i v o g y p a Q e r e .
R e m a r k 2 . O f t e n t i m e s , i n
a d d i t i o n
t o o n e s u b j e c t i n t h e n o m i n a t i v e
w h i c h
e x p r e s s e s
t h e n o t i o n o f p l u r a l i t y , w e f i n d o n e o r m o r e e x p r e s s i n g
t h e
s e p a r a t e
p a r t s
o f
w h i c h
t h e
f o r m e r
c o n s i s t s
( a x w a
K a f f ' 6 K o v K a i
p k p o o ) \
a s : o t
a r p a r i u t T a i o i p i v
i \ v a v T i < j i Q r \ a a v r o l e T r o ' h f f i i o i c ,
o l c i
d - i r e f v y o v .
M 4
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1 6 8
E L E M E N T S
O F
T H E S I M P L E S E N T E N C E . [ c h a p . 1
§
1 4 8 .
O n
t h e A r t i c l e .
1 T h e s u b j e c t , a n d , i n d e e d , e v e r y s u b s t a n t i v e , i s c o n n e c t e d
w i t h t h e
a r t i c l e 5 , r ) , t o , t h e , w h e n
t h e s p e a k e r
w i s h e s t o d e
n o t e
a n o b j e c t
a s d e f i n i t e , a n d
t o
d i s t i n g u i s h
i t f r o m
a n o t h e r
o f t h e
s a m e
k i n d . T h e s u b s t a n t i v e w i t h o u t t h e
a r t i c l e
e x
p r e s s e s t h e n o t i o n w i t h o u t a n y l i m i t a t i o n , a s d v 8 p a ) i r o s ,
m a n
;
b u t
t h e s u b s t a n t i v e w i t h t h e
a r t i c l e d i s t i n g u i s h e s
t h e o b j e c t
a s o n e t h a t i s d e f i n e d , a n d r e l a t e d t o t h e v i e w o f t h e
s p e a k e r ,
a s
6 a v O p a y i r o s , i . e . t h e m a n w h o m I s u b m i t t o m y c o n s i d e r
a t i o n ,
a n d
r e g a r d a s
a d i f f e r e n t
b e i n g
f r o m t h e
r e s t o f
m e n . S o
< j > i \ o c r o < l > i a , p h i l o s o p h y , i n g e n e r a l ; r ] < f > t K o o - o c p i a , p h i l o s o p h y , a s
a s e p a r a t e
b r a n c h o f k n o w l e d g e .
2 . H e n c e t h e
a r t i c l e
i s a l s o u s e d t o d e n o t e t h e w h o l e c o m
p a s s o f
t h e
i d e a ,
i n a s m u c h
a s
t h e s p e a k e r
s u b m i t s
a n
o b j e c t
t o
h i s
c o n s i d e r a t i o n ,
a s
t h e
r e p r e s e n t a t i v e
o f
a l l
o t h e r s
o f
t h e
s a m e
k i n d
a s 6 a v B p m i r o s 6 v t j t o s
e a r i v , m a n
( i . e . a l l
m e n ,
o r
t h e c r e a t u r e
m a n )
i s m o r t a l ; r j a v S p l a i c a X r i s o t i v , i . e . a l l t h a t
I c o m p r e h e n d
u n d e r
t h e
i d e a a v Z p l a ; t o
y d X a i a r l v
q S v .
R e m a r k 1 .
T h e
E n g l i s h i n d e f i n i t e a r t i c l e a o r a n h a s a d o u b l e
m e a n
i n g .
I t d e n o t e s e i t h e r a
c l a s s g e n e r a l l y , a s a
m a n , i n w h i c h c a s e t h e
G r e e k s u s e t h e s u b s t a n t i v e a l o n e , a s
a v e p u i r o g o r
i t d e n o t e s
a n
i n d i v i d u a l
o f t h a t c l a s s , l i k e t h e d e f i n i t e a r t i c l e , b u t n o t o n e t h a t i s
d e f i n e d
a n d
d i s t i n g u i s h e d
f r o m
t h e
r e s t ,
i n
w h i c h
c a s e
t h e
G r e e k
l a n
g u a g e f r e q u e n t l y c o n n e c t s t h e s u b s t a n t i v e w i t h t h e i n d e f i n i t e p r o n o u n
r i g a s
& v $ p u > i r 6 e
r i g
( i . e .
a c e r t a i n
o n e o f m e n ,
h o m o q u i d a m )
y w i ]
r i g .
o p v i v
& % t v .
I n
a g e n e r a l w a y ,
r i g
i s
p l a c e d a f t e r
i t s s u b s t a n t i v e a s a n
e n c l i t i c , b u t , i n c o n n e c t e d
d i s c o u r s e ,
i t s o m e t i m e s g o e s
b e f o r e .
3 . W i t h r e g a r d
t o
p r o p e r n a m e s i t s h o u l d b e
o b s e r v e d
t h a t
t h e y g e n e r a l l y o m i t t h e
a r t i c l e ;
a s X w / c p a T y s
e c j y n .
— ' E v i -
K T j c r a v
© r j f i a l o i
A a / c s S a t f i o v l o v s .
—
o t e a O e
f x r y r s
T L s p c r o -
f i \ J T r r 7 ] v i n r s p ~ K e p p o v r j o - o v , f i ^ r s
< f > l \ n n r o v
v r r e p ' A f i t j y n r o K s m s
7 r o \ £ f i ^ a s i v , o r a v i B a a i v
^ / J , d s f i v B s v b s t & v d X K o T p i w v
s < j > i s f i i
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§ H 8 . ]
1 6 9
E T I C L E .
v o v s .
T h e y t a k e
t h e
a r t i c l e , h o w e v e r ,
i f t h e y h a v e
b e e n
p r e
v i o u s l y
m e n t i o n e d
a n d
a r e
a g a i n
a l l u d e d
t o ,
o r ,
e v e n
t h o u g h
n o t
m e n t i o n e d b e f o r e , i f t h e y a r e t o b e d e n o t e d a s
l o n g
k n o w n
a s a i r b
r o d ' i X w o - o v
A i - y e r a t 6 H o p i a s r r j v
, D , p s i 9 v i a v
a p T r c u r a i .
R e m a r k
2 .
E v e n
i n
c o n n e x i o n
w i t h a n a d j e c t i v e ,
p r o p e r n a m e s
g e n e
r a l l y h a v e n o t t h e
a r t i c l e
w i t h t h e m a s c o i p b g S o w c p a n j c ,
t h e w i s e S o c r a t e s .
F u r t h e r , i f a n
a p p o s i t i o n
w i t h t h e a r t i c l e f o l l o w s t h e p r o p e r n a m e , t h e
a r t i c l e i s
g e n e r a l l y
o m i t t e d ; a s :
K p o l c r o f , 6
w A v l w v P a o t X e v g . T h e
n a m e s
o f
r i v e r s
a r e
g e n e r a l l y
p l a c e d ,
a s
a d j e c t i v e s ,
b e t w e e n
t h e
a r t i c l e
a n d t h e w o r d i r o r a u o c a s 6 I I i j M i o e m r a u o e .
4 . W h e n a d j e c t i v e s o r p a r t i c i p l e s a p p e a r a s s u b s t a n t i v e s ,
t h e y
g e n e r a l l y
t a k e t h e
a r t i c l e
( a c c o r d i n g t o
N o .
2 . ) . I n
E n g l i s h , i n s u c h a
c a s e ,
w e e m p l o y ,
e i t h e r
a n a d j e c t i v e u s e d
s u b s t a n t i v e l y , a s , o t
a y a Q o i , t h e
g o o d
;
o r
a s u b s t a n t i v e ,
a s ,
t o
a r y a O o v ,
t h e a d v a n t a g e , 6 X p y a J V , t h e s p e a k e r ; o r
t h e
i n d e f i
n i t e
a r t i c l e ,
a
o r
a n
;
o r
r e s o l v e
t h e
p a r t i c i p l e
b y
w h o ,
w h i c h
( i s , q u i ) . I n G r e e k , t h i s
u s e
o f t h e p a r t i c i p l e i n
a l l
t e n s e s i s
u n c o m m o n l y
f r e q u e n t
a s : 6
T r X s l o - r a a n p s X & v t o
k o i v o v f i s -
y u r r t o v r i f i e o v a ^ i o v r a i , 6 T f X e i c r r a d t ) < f > e \ r ] o ~ a s t o k o i v o v a t j i o v -
r a i , - 6
t t X . a x f r s X t f o - c o v t . k . p . . r .
d g u o O t f o - S T a i .
— r T o X X o u s
e ^ o f i s v t o w e t o I / m o s o - w a y a > v i £ o f i £ v o v s . B u t i f o n l y a p a r t o f
t h e w h o l e i s
t o
b e e x p r e s s e d , t h e a r t i c l e i s o m i t t e d ; a s : i c a i c a
K a l a l o - x p a
e i r p a g e v .
T h e i n f i n i t i v e m o o d a l s o h a s t h e
a r t i c l e
w h e n i t i s
t o
b e
r e g a r d e d a s
a
s u b s t a n t i v e a s t o y p a q b e w .
5 . O t
a X X o t d e n o t e s
t h e r e s t , r ) a \ \ r } ' E X X a y , t h e r e s t o f
G r e e c e . E t c / j o s , a l t e r ,
t a k e s t h e
a r t i c l e
( 6
s r s p o s ) , i n
o r d e r
t o
d e n o t e o n e o f t w o d e f i n i t e p e r s o n s o r t h i n g s ; s o o t s r s p o i ,
t h e
o n e o f t w o p a r t i e s .
I l o X X o t d e n o t e s
m a n y , o t
7 r o X X o t , t h e
m u l t i t u d e , t h e
g e n e r a l
m a s s ( i n
c o n t r a d i s t i n c t i o n
t o p a r t s o f
t h e
w h o l e ) i r X s i o v s ,
p l u r e s , o t w X s i o v s ,
t h e
g r e a t e r p a r t ( i n
c o n
t r a d i s t i n c t i o n t o
t h e
s m a l l e r
p a r t )
;
i r X s i o - r o i ,
p l u r i m i ,
o t
7 r X e t -
o T o t ,
m o s t ( t o d e n o t e a n
e x c e s s
o f n u m b e r ) .
6 . T h e G r e e k l a n g u a g e h a s t h e l i b e r t y o f u s i n g a d v e r b s o f
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1 7 0 E L E M E N T S O F T H E
S I M P L E
S E N T E N C E . [ c h a p . X .
p l a c e a n d
t i m e
( m o r e r a r e l y t h o s e o f q u a l i t y ) , a s a d j e c t i v e s o r
s u b s t a n t i v e s ,
b y
p r e f i x i n g
t h e
a r t i c l e .
I n
l i k e
m a n n e r ,
a
p r e p o s i t i o n
w i t h i t s c a s e m a y b e t r e a t e d a s a n a d j e c t i v e .
' i f a v i a
i r S X i g — 6
f i t r a l i v t 6 x o c —
o i i v B d S t a v B p u n r o i , o r o l I v B d S t
—
6 v v v
$ a < s i K t i ) Q
—
o l w d X a i a o < p o i
a v f p t Q —
o l r d r e
— a v p w v
( s c . i j p k p a )
—
o
d t i
K p a r i i v — o l
i r d v v
r i a v a T p a r u m u i v ,
t h e
b e s t o f
t h e s o l d i e r s
—
d y a v
d / u X e w , t h e t o o
g r e a t
c a r e l e s s n e s s
—
6
i r p b g t o v q n i p a a s
v o X s / t o g
— t v
X t p p o v i i a i f t
r v p a v v ' i s .
7 .
W h e n t h e s u b s t a n t i v e , w h i c h h a s t h e a r t i c l e , i s
c o n
n e c t e d w i t h
a t t r i b u t i v e
l i m i t a t i o n s
o r d e f i n i t i o n s , s u c h a s , e .
g .
a n a d j e c t i v e , a d j e c t i v e - p r o n o u n o r n u m e r a l , s u b s t a n t i v e i n t h e
g e n i t i v e , a d v e r b , o r p r e p o s i t i o n
w i t h i t s c a s e ( N o .
6 . ) ;
t h e
t w o f o l l o w i n g c a s e s m u s t b e d i s t i n g u i s h e d , w i t h
r e g a r d
t o
t h e
p l a c i n g
o f t h e
a r t i c l e
a ) T h e a t t r i b u t i v e i s c o m b i n e d w i t h
i t s
s u b s t a n t i v e i n t o
t h e u n i t y
o f o n e i d e a , a s , t h e g o o d
m a n
= t h e w o r t h y , t h e
w i s e
m a n
=
t h e
s a g e
;
a n d
e x p r e s s e s
a n
o b j e c t
w h i c h
i s
c o n t r a s t e d
w i t h
o t h e r o b j e c t s
o f t h e
s a m e
k i n d b y
m e a n s
o f t h e a n n e x e d
a t t r i b u t i v e .
T h e
a t t r i b u t i v e
t h e n s t a n d s e i t h e r b e t w e e n t h e
a r t i c l e
a n d
t h e s u b s t a n t i v e ,
o r i s p l a c e d
a f t e r t h e
s u b s t a n t i v e
w i t h
t h e a r t i c l e r e p e a t e d .
' O d y a B b s d v r / p o t 6 d v r j p 6 d y a B o Q ( i n
o p p o s i t i o n t o
t h e b a d m a n ) o i
i r X o v a i o i
■ k o X X t c u ,
o r
o l j r o M r a i o l
? r A o u < r i o i i n o p p o s i t i o n t o t h e O t h e r
c i t i z e n s ) ; 6 t u v ' A B r i v a i m v S i j f w g , o r 6 d r j / i o i b t i S v ' k B r f v a i i a v ( i n o p p o
s i t i o n t o a n o t h e r p e o p l e ) o l v v v a v O p t o i r o i ,
o r
o t
d v Q p u > i r o i
o l v v v 6
n p b g
r o i > £
U e p o a g i r 6 k e i w e , o r
6
n o X e f t o g
b
w p o s r o i t H i p a a g .
b )
T h e a t t r i b u t i v e i s n o t c o m b i n e d w i t h i t s s u b s t a n t i v e
i n t o
t h e
u n i t y o f o n e i d e a , b u t r e p r e s e n t e d a s
t h e
p r e d i c a t e o f
a s h o r t e n e d c o o r d i n a t e s e n t e n c e a n d f o r m s a c o n t r a s t , n o t t o
a n o t h e r o b j e c t
o f t h e s a m e k i n d ,
b u t
t o i t s e l f ,
i n a s m u c h
a s i t
i s
i n t i m a t e d
t h a t
t h e
o b j e c t
i s
£ o b e
c o n s i d e r e d
a s p o s s e s s i n g
a
c e r t a i n
q u a l i t y
f o r
i t s e l f , w i t h o u t
r e f e r e n c e
t o
a n o t h e r .
I n
E n g l i s h , i n
s u c h
c a s e s , w e m a k e
u s e
o f
t h e
i n d e f i n i t e a r t i c l e ,
a
o r
a n ,
i n
t h e s i n g u l a r ,
a n d
o m i t t h e
a r t i c l e
a l t o g e t h e r i n t h e
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H 8 . ]
1 7 1
K T I C L E .
p l u r a l . I n t h i s c a s e , t h e a d j e c t i v e , w i t h o u t t h e a r t i c l e , t a k e s
i t s
p l a c e ,
e i t h e r
a f t e r
t h e
a r t i c l e
a n d
t h e
s u b s t a n t i v e ,
o r
b e f o r e
t h e a r t i c l e a n d t h e s u b s t a n t i v e .
' O d v r ] p d y a B o g ,
o r d y a B b g
b d v r i p , a g o o d
m a n
( = d y a B b g u > v , t h e
m a n ,
w h o i s g o o d ; s o f a r a s , b e c a u s e , i f , h e i s g o o d ) . 0 1
d v B p w i r o i
j u a o v a i
r b v a v d p a K a n o v
o r K a K o v
t o v
d v c p a , m e n h a t e a b a d m a n ,
e . h a t e a m a n
s o f a r a s , b e c a u s e , i f , h e i s b a d . ( O n t h e c o n t r a r y , r b v x a i c b v
d v S p a
o r
r b v
d v S p a
t o v K a x b v
t h e b a d
m a n , i n o p p o s i t i o n
t o t h e g o o d h e n c e r o i c
p i v d y a B o v g d v B p i o i r o v g d y a i r u i f j t t v , r o i i g S k K a K o b g i i t o o v p e v . ) ' 0 f i a o i X e v g
r ' l S t w g
x a p i & T a i
r o l e
w o X i r a i g
d y a B o l g ,
g o o d
c i t i z e n s ,
e .
i f ,
o r
b e c a u s e ,
t h e y
a r e g o o d ( o n t h e c o n t r a r y , r o l e d y a B o t g i r o X i r a i g ,
o r
r o l e 7 r o X i ' r a t e
r o l e
d y a B o X g ,
t h e g o o d
c i t i z e n s , i n o p p o s i t i o n t o t h e
b a d
c i t i z e n s ) .
' 0
B t b g
r i ) v i p v x v v K p a r i a r r j v r y
d v B p w i r q i
i v k t y v a i v , a s o u l i n i t s g r e a t e s t
p e r f e c
t i o n .
0 1 v i r o
t o v r ) X i o v
K a r a X a i x i r o p i V O i r d x p & p - a r a p t X a v r t p a e x o v a i v , a
d a r k e r s k i n
( t h e g r e a t e r d a r k n e s s o f
t h e
s k i n i s
t h e c o n s e q u e n c e o f
K a r a X d f i i r e t j B a i
v i r b t o v r ) X i o v ) .
R e m a r k 3 . W h e n a s u b s t a n t i v e w i t h
t h e
a r t i c l e i s
c o n n e c t e d
w i t h
a
g e n i t i v e ,
t h e
a r r a n g e m e n t
s p e c i f i e d
u n d e r
a ) t a k e s
p l a c e ,
o n l y
w h e n
t h e
s u b s t a n t i v e w i t h i t s
g e n i t i v e
f o r m s a
c o n t r a s t
t o
a n o t h e r o b j e c t
o f
t h e
s a m e
k i n d a s b
r i S v
' A B t j v a i w v
S i j / i o g , o r 6 d i j p o g b r t S v ' A B r i v a i m v
( i n
o p p o s i t i o n t o a n o t h e r
p e o p l e ) ;
t h e e m p h a s i s t h e n l i e s
o n
t h e
g e n i t i v e .
O n
t h e c o n t r a r y , t h e g e n i t i v e , w i t h o r w i t h o u t t h e a r t i c l e , i s p l a c e d
e i t h e r
b e f o r e o r
a f t e r
t h e o t h e r s u b s t a n t i v e , w h e n t h i s s u b s t a n t i v e e x p r e s s e s a
p a r t
o f
t h e g e n i t i v e
a n d
t h e e m p h a s i s t h e n l i e s
u p o n
t h e
g o v e r n i n g
s u b
s t a n t i v e
a s 6 S r j p o g t & v K B r \ v a m v , o r r u v ' A B r j v a t o J v 6 S r j f w g , t h e p e o p l e ,
n o t t h e n o b l e s .
W h e n
t h e g e n i t i v e o f t h e
s u b s t a n t i v e - p r o n o u n
i s u s e d
i n s t e a d
o f
t h e
p o s s e s s i v e
p r o n o u n ,
t h e
r e f l e c t i v e
p r o n o u n s h a v e
t h e
p o s i t i o n
m e n t i o n e d
i n
N o .
7 , a ) a s d i p a v T o v i r a r r i p , o r 6 i r a r r i p
6
I p x i v r o v ,
& c .
b u t t h e s i m p l e p e r s o n a l p r o n o u n s p o v , o o v , & c ,
s t a n d
w i t h o u t t h e
a r t i c l e , e i t h e r a f t e r o r
b e f o r e
t h e s u b s t a n t i v e w i t h t h e
a r t i c l e
a s
d
i r a r r i p
y t o v , o r i i o i 6 i r a r r i p ° i r a r r i p a i m , o r a o v d i r a r r i p d i r a r r i p a i i r o v , o r a i i r o v
6 i r a r r i p m y , t h y ,
h i s ( e j u s ) f a t h e r
6 i r a r r i p r ) f u S v , i / i a v ,
a v T < S v ,
o r r ) p . C i v ,
i f i M v ,
a i i r i S v
o
i r a r r i p ,
o u r i y o u r , t h e i r ( e o r u m )
f a t h e r .
I n
t h e s i n g u l a r
a n d
d u a l , t h e e n c l i t i c
f o r m s
a r e a l w a y s u s e d .
R e m a r k 4 . T h e d i s t i n c t i o n b e t w e e n t h e t w o a b o v e - m e n t i o n e d c a s e s
a p p e a r s
v e r y
p l a i n l y
i n i n d e f i n i t e
a d j e c t i v e s
a s
a i c p o e ,
p i a o g ,
l a x a r o g .
I f t h e a r r a n g e m e n t m e n t i o n e d u n d e r a ) t a k e s p l a c e , t h e s u b s t a n t i v e , w i t h
i t s a t t r i b u t i v e ,
f o r m s
a c o n t r a s t t o a n o t h e r
o b j e c t
o f t h e s a m e k i n d a s
V
p i a n
i r o K i g ,
t h e
m i d d l e
t o w n , i n o p p o s i t i o n t o
o t h e r
t o w n s t a x d r n v i j o o g ,
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1 7 2
E L E M E N T S
O F T H E S I M P L E S E N T E N C E . . [ c h a p . I .
t h e o u t e r m o s t
i s l a n d ,
i n o p p o s i t i o n t o o t h e r i s l a n d s i f , o n t h e c o n t r a r y , t h e
a r r a n g e m e n t
m e n t i o n e d
u n d e r
6 )
t a k e s
p l a c e ,
t h e s u b s t a n t i v e
i s
c o n
t r a s t e d w i t h i t s e l f ,
s i n c e
a
m o r e p a r t i c u l a r
d e f i n i t i o n o f i t i s
e x p r e s s e d b y
m e a n s o f
t h e
a t t r i b u t i v e .
I n
E n g l i s h , w e
e x p r e s s t h e s e
a d j e c t i v e s ,
e i t h e r
b y a d v e r b s ,
o r
( a n d i n d e e d u s u a l l y ) b y a s u b s t a n t i v e w i t h
t h e
g e n i t i v e ;
a s i i r i r $ S p e t & x p t p ,
o r l i r ' a i c p q t
t i $ o p t t , u p o n t h e m o u n t a i n a b o v e , a b o v e
u p o n
t h e m o u n t a i n ;
o r u p o n
t h e t o p o f t h e m o u n t a i n ( p r o p e r l y ,
u p o n
t h e
m o u n t a i n
w h e r e
i t i s h i g h e s t ) I v
p S o y r y
i r o A « o r i v
r y
i r o k t i
p i a r i ,
i n t h e
m i d d l e
o f
t h e
c i t y
; v l u x u r y r j j v t ' i a i f , o r v i \ a i p r p l a \ a T y , o n t h e h a r d e r o f
t h e i s l a n d .
R e m a r k
5 .
I n
a
s i m i l a r
m a n n e r ,
t h e
a d j e c t i v e
i w v o c t a k e s t h e
f i r s t
a r r a n g e m e n t w h e n i t e x p r e s s e s a r e a l l y a t t r i b u t i v e d e f i n i t i o n o f i t s s u b
s t a n t i v e , a s 6
i w v o q i r a i t ,
t h e o n l y
s o n ;
b u t
t h e
s e c o n d , w h e n i t i n c l u d e s
a m o r e p a r t i c u l a r d e f i n i t i o n o f t h e p r e d i c a t e , a s 6 i r a i g p . 6 v o g , o r p o v o s
6
i r a i c , T r a i X , n ,
t h e
h o y p l a y s a l o n e ( w i t h o u t
c o m p a n y ) .
8 . W i t h
r e g a r d t o t h e u s e o f t h e a r t i c l e
i n
t h e c o n n e x i o n
o f a
s u b s t a n t i v e
w i t h a n a d j e c t i v e , t h e f o l l o w i n g s h o u l d a l s o
b e
o b s e r v e d :
a ) T h e a r t i c l e i s
j o i n e d
t o a s u b s t a n t i v e
c o n n e c t e d
w i t h a n
a d j e c t i v e - p r o n o u n , i f t h e o b j e c t i s t o b e r e p r e s e n t e d a s a d e f i
n i t e o n e a n d t h e a d j e c t i v e - p r o n o u n t a k e s i t s p l a c e b e t w e e n
t h e a r t i c l e a n d t h e s u b s t a n t i v e ,
a s ,
6 e f i b s i r a r r i p o n t h e c o n
t r a r y , e f w s d S e X ^ o s ,
a b r o t h e r o f m i n e ( u n d e t e r m i n e d w h i c h ) ,
i f i o s i r a i s .
b ) T h e a r t i c l e i s j o i n e d t o a s u b s t a n t i v e c o n n e c t e d w i t h
t o i o v t o s ,
r o w c r h e , t o o - o v t o s ,
i f
t h e
q u a n t i t y
o r
q u a l i t y
d e n o t e d
b y t h e m i s t o b e r e p r e s e n t e d a s a t t a c h i n g , e i t h e r t o a d e f i n i t e
o b j e c t ,
o r
t o t h e w h o l e
c l a s s
o f o b j e c t s p r e v i o u s l y m e n t i o n e d .
T h e a r t i c l e g e n e r a l l y s t a n d s b e f o r e
t h e p r o n o u n a n d t h e s u b
s t a n t i v e ; a s 6 t o i o v t o s d v r ) p O a v f m o r o s
i o r i v , t o .
T o i a x n a
i r p d y / J M T a
K a \ d
i c r r i v . O n t h e c o n t r a r y , t h e a r t i c l e
m u s t
b e
o m i t t e d , i f t h e
o b j e c t
i s
i n d e f i n i t e
( a n y
o n e
o f t h o s e w h i c h
a r e
o f
s u c h a k i n d
o r
s o g r e a t ) ;
a s :
t o i o v t o v
d v S p a
o v k
d v
s i r a i -
v o h j i .
c ) W h e n a s u b s t a n t i v e i s c o n n e c t e d w i t h w a s , i r d v r e s , t h e
f o l l o w i n g c a s e s a r e
t o
b e d i s t i n g u i s h e d
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§ 1 4 8 . ]
1 7 3
A R T I C L E .
a )
W h e n
t h e
n o t i o n
o f t h e s u b s t a n t i v e i s
r e p r e s e n t e d
q u i t e
g e n e r a l l y , t h e a r t i c l e i s n o t u s e d ; a s
i r a s
a v d p a - r r o s , e v e r y
m a n
( i .
e .
e v e r y
o n e ,
t o
w h o m
t h e
i d e a
o f
m a n
a t t a c h e s ) ,
i r a v r s s
a v Q p o m o t , , a l l
m e n .
I n
t h e
s i n g u l a r ,
i r a s h a s t h e n t h e
m e a n
i n g , e v e r y .
/ 3 ) W h e n
t h e s u b s t a n t i v e
c o n n e c t e d
w i t h i r d s , n r a v r e s , i s
t o
b e r e p r e s e n t e d
a s a
w h o l e , i n o p p o s i t i o n
t o i t s s e v e r a l
p a r t s ,
i t
t a k e s t h e a r t i c l e ,
a n d
t h e
a r r a n g e m e n t
m e n t i o n e d
i n
N o . 7 ,
a ) t a k e s p l a c e ; a s 1 7 i r a a a < y r j , t h e w h o l e e a r t h ;
o i
7 r o X i y t u o t
a i r i i c r r s w a v r o v s i r a v r a s n r o X i r a s , a l l t h e
c i t i z e n s w i t h o u t
e x c e p
t i o n . T h i s
u s e
i s m o r e r a r e . T h e
s i n g u l a r i r a s h a s t h e n
t h e
s i g n i f i c a t i o n ,
t h e
w h o l e , a l l .
7 ) W h e n t h e n o t i o n o f t h e w h o l e o r a l l i s t o b e a n n e x e d t o
a d e f i n i t e o b j e c t ( w h i c h i s , t h e r e f o r e , c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e a r t i
c l e ) ,
m e r e l y
a s
a
m o r e
p a r t i c u l a r d e f i n i t i o n , t h e
a r r a n g e m e n t
m e n t i o n e d
i n
N o .
7 ,
b ) i s a d o p t e d a s
o i a r p a T i w r a i e t X o v
t o a r p a T c n r s B o v a i r a v ,
o r a i r a v
t o a r p a r d i r s B o v
;
o i
O T p a T i w r a i
i r d v T S s ,
o r
i r a v r s s
o i
o - T p a T i t b r a t ,
k o X w s
i f i a ^ s a a v r o .
T h i s
4 s
b y f a r t h e m o s t f r e q u e n t u s e o f
i r a s ,
i r a v T e s . I n t h i s w a y t h e
w o r d o X o s
a l s o ,
i n c o n n e x i o n w i t h a s u b s t a n t i v e a n d t h e
a r t i
c l e , i s a l w a y s
u s e d
a s B i a t t j v i r o X i v o \ t ] v , o r B u i o k r j v t t j v
• j r o K i v ( n o t B i A t t j v
o K t j v
i r o K i v ) .
d ) W h e n a
s u b s t a n t i v e
i s
c o n n e c t e d w i t h
s K a c n o s ,
e a c h ,
e v e r y ;
t h e
a r t i c l e
i s o m i t t e d , a s w i t h
i r a s , i n
t h e s i g n i f i c a t i o n
e v e r y ,
i f
t h e
i d e a
o f t h e
s u b s t a n t i v e
i s
r e p r e s e n t e d
q u i t e
g e n e
r a l l y ,
a s K a f f S K a c r r r j v
r / f i f y a v ,
e v e r y
d a y , o n a l l d a y s ; i f ,
o n
t h e c o n t r a r y , t h e i d e a o f t h e s u b s t a n t i v e i s t o b e e x p r e s s e d
w i t h
e m p h a s i s , t h e a r t i c l e i s a n n e x e d t o i t , a n d t h e a r r a n g e
m e n t
m e n t i o n e d u n d e r
N o . 7 ,
i ) i s
a l w a y s
a d o p t e d , a s
K a r a
t t j v f j f i l p a v
e j c a o r r j v , o r ,
u s u a l l y ,
i c a d '
S K c u r r q v t t ) v f i f i s p a v ,
o n
e a c h p a r t i c u l a r d a y .
e )
W h e n
a *
s u b s t a n t i v e
i s
c o n n e c t e d
w i t h
s K a r s p o s ,
e a c h
o f
t h e
t w o , d f u f x o a n d a f i c p o T s p o s ,
b o t h , i t
a l w a y s t a k e s t h e a r t i c l e ,
a n d t h e
a r r a n g e m e n t
m e n t i o n e d i n N o . 7 , b )
i s
e m p l o y e d
a s
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1 7 4
E L E M E N T S
O F
T H E
S I M P L E
S E N T E N C E .
[ c h a p . I .
h r l
t w v
T r X e v p w v
E K a r i p c a v ,
o r h r l s K w r s p a v
t w v
T r X s v p o i v
t o ,
5 ) T a a f i f f i o T i p a , o r a f u p o T E p a T a S r r a ; a f u j x u v t o X v ^ e p o l v , o r r a l v
X e p o l v
a f i c f r o i v .
f ) W h e n a s u b s t a n t i v e i s c o n n e c t e d
w i t h
a
c a r d i n a l
n u m
b e r , t h e a r t i c l e i s o m i t t e d , i f t h e n o t i o n o f t h e s u b s t a n t i v e i s
u n d e f i n e d , a s
T p s i s
a v B p s s
T j X d o v
o n t h e c o n t r a r y , t h e
a r t i c l e
i s
e m p l o y e d
w i t h
t h e
s u b s t a n t i v e
—
a )
i n t h e p o s i t i o n m e n
t i o n e d i n N o . 7 , a ) , i f t h e s u b s t a n t i v e c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e
n u m e r a l i m p l i e s t h e n o t i o n o f a c o m b i n a t i o n , a s : o i
t & v
f i a c r i X E c o v
o i v o y p o i
S c B o a a i ,
t o l s
T p i c r l
B a i c r v X o i s
o ^ o v v r e s
t t ) v
< j > i d \ r ) v ,
i .
e .
w i t h
t h e t h r e e
f i n g e r s
( s p e c i f i e d ) ;
a n d
v e r y f r e
q u e n t l y , i f
i t i m p l i e s
a
r e f e r e n c e t o
a
p r e c e d i n g
s u b s t a n t i v e
( w i t h o u t
a r t i c l e )
c o n n e c t e d w i t h
a
c a r d i n a l n u m b e r ; —
/ 3 ) i n
t h e
p o s i t i o n m e n t i o n e d i n
N o . 7 , b ) , i f t h e n u m b e r
i s
a n n e x e d
t o a d e f i n i t e o b j e c t , m e r e l y a s a m o r e p a r t i c u l a r d e f i n i t i o n ,
a s
E f u v y i a a v T O o i
f i e r a
U s p u c X J o v s o t t X I t u i % £ X i o i ,
o r
% t X w i
o i f A E r a
L T . c n r X l r a i .
• < ? )
F u r t h e r ,
s u b s t a n t i v e s
c o n n e c t e d
w i t h
t h e
d e m o n s t r a
t i v e s , o v t o s , o B s , e k s I v o s ,
a n d
a v T o s , i p s e , a l s o g e n e r a l l y t a k e
t h e
a r t i c l e
b u t i t h a s
o n l y
t h e
p o s i t i o n
m e n t i o n e d i n N o . 7 ,
b ) o v t o s 6
a v r / p ,
o r 6 a v r j p o v t o s ( n o t 6 o v t o s a v q p ) r j B s f )
y v c o f i r j ,
o r
f i y v c o f i r ) t f B s ; e k e i v o s 6
a v r \ p , o r
6 a v r j p i / c e i v o s ; a i / T o s
6 f i a a i X s v s ,
o r
6
f i a a i X E v s
a v T o s ( b u t 6 a v r o s —
i d e m ) .
' R e m a r k 6 . T h e a r t i c l e
i s
o m i t t e d — a ) w h e n t h e p r o n o u n s u p p l i e s t h e
p l a c e
o f
t h e
s u b j e c t ,
a n d
t h e s u b s t a n t i v e
t h a t
o f
t h e
p r e d i c a t e ,
a s
a v r i )
l a r i v d v S p b g d p t r i ) ,
t h i s
i s t h e v i r t u e o f t h e m a n ; t h u s
w e d i s t i n g u i s h
b e t w e e n r o u r y r i p l i S a a r d X t p x p u v r m ,
t h e y h a v e
t h i s t e a c h e r , a n d T o b r t p
S i S . \ p . , t h e y h a v e t h i s m a n a s , o r f o r , a t e a c h e r ;
—
6 ) w h e n t h e s u b s t a n t i v e
i s
a
p r o p e r
n a m e ,
a s o v r o e , t i t i i v o s ,
a v r b c
S u M c p d n j j ,
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§ H 9 . ]
1 7 5
E R B .
§ 1 4 9 .
O n t h e K i n d s
o f V e r b s .
T h e p r e d i c a t e
r e l a t i n g
t o t h e s u b j e c t
a n d
e x p r e s s e d b y
a
v e r b , m a y b e e x p r e s s e d i n - d i f f e r e n t w a y s , a n d h e n c e a r i s e d i f
f e r e n t k i n d s o f v e r b s , w h i c h
l a n g u a g e
d e n o t e s
b y
d i f f e r e n t
f o r m s .
a ) T h e
s u b j e c t
a p p e a r s a s a c t i n g ( a c t i v e f o r m ) a s 6 - i r a l s
y p a c p e i ,
t o
a v d o s O a X k u . T h e a c t i v e f o r m h a s , h o w e v e r , a
d o u b l e m e a n i n g
a ) t h e
t r a n s i t i v e , i f
t h e o b j e c t t o w a r d s w h i c h t h e a c
t i o n
i s
d i r e c t e d ( o b j e c t ) , s t a n d s i n t h e
a c c u s a t i v e , a n d
a c c o r d i n g l y a p p e a r s
a s s u f f e r i n g ; a s t v t t t c o
t o v i r a l h a ,
y p d < p c o
r r j v s t t i o - t o X ^ v . — T r a n s i t i v e v e r b .
/ 3 ) t h e
i n t r a n s i t i v e ,
i f t h e a c t i o n e i t h e r
r e m a i n s
c o n
f i n e d t o t h e s u b j e c t ,
a s t o
a v d o s d d W e i
o r h a s
a n
o b j e c t i n t h e g e n i t i v e o r
d a t i v e ,
o r w i t h a p r e p o s i t i o n , a s
£ T r i 6 v / M b
t t ) s
d p s r r j s ,
% a l p a )
r y
a o c p l a ,
s p ^ o f i a i
s i s r r j v
i r o X i v .
— I n t r a n s i t i v e v e r b .
b ) T h e
s u b j e c t
a p p e a r s a s o n e
w h i c h
p e r f o r m s a n a c t i o n
t h a t c o m e s b a c k u p o n i t s e l f ,
s o t h a t
t h e s u b j e c t
i s a t
t h e s a m e
t i m e t h e o b j e c t a l s o o f t h e a c t i o n
a s
T V T T T O f i a i , I s t r i k e m y
s e l f ; f i o v X e v o f i a i ,
I
a d v i s e m y s e l f = z I d e l i b e r a t e . —
M i d d l e
f o r m ,
M i d d l e o r
R e f l e c t i v e v e r b .
R e m a r k
1 .
W h e n
t h e
r e f l e c t i v e
a c t i o n
o f
t w o
o r
m o r e
s u b j e c t s
i s
d i r e c t e d
t o w a r d s
o n e a n o t h e r ,
i t i s c a l l e d
r e c i p r o c a l ;
t h u s :
r i i t T o v T a i ,
t h e y s t r i k e o n e a n o t h e r S t a K i X i i o v r c u , t h e y e n c o u r a g e o n e a n o t h e r .
c ) L a s t l y , t h e
s u b j e c t
a p p e a r s a s s u f f e r i n g ; a s o l a r p a -
r i S n a i i n r b
r & v
7 t o \ s / j , 1 ( o v i h t a y ^ O r j i r a v , w e r e
p u r s u e d . —
P a s
s i v e f o r m , P a s s i v e v e r b .
R e m a r k 2 . T h e a c t i v e a n d m i d d l e f o r m s a r e c o m p l e t e . F o r t h e
p a s s i v e ,
t h e
G r e e k
l a n g u a g e
h a s
o n l y
t w o
t e n s e s
f o r m e d
t h e
f u t u r e
a n d
t h e a o r i s t . A l l t h e o t h e r f o r m s a r e
d e n o t e d
b y t h e m i d d l e f o r m , i n a s
m u c h a s t h e p a s s i v e w a s r e p r e s e n t e d a s a r e f l e c t i v e a c t i o n .
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1 7 6
E L E M E N T S O F
T H E
S I M P L E S E N T E N C E .
[ c h a p . I .
§ 1 5 0 . R e m a r k s
u p o n t h e
K i n d s o f
V e r b s .
1 .
M a n y A c t i v e
v e r b s , e s p e c i a l l y
s u c h
a s e x p r e s s m o t i o n ,
h a v e a n
i n t r a n s i t i v e
a s w e l l a s a t r a n s i t i v e m e a n i n g ( c o m p a r e
t h e E n g l i s h v e r b s , t o c h a n g e , t o b r e a k ,
t o
m e l t ;
a n d
t h e
L a t i n ,
v e r t e r e ,
m u t a r e , d e c l i n a r e ) , t h u s , e . g . a v a r / s i v ,
t o
d r a w
b a c k ,
r e g r e d i ; S i d y u v , p e r s t a r e ; s X a v v s i v , t o r i d e ; i f i f i a W s i v a n d
e t s P d W s i v , t o f a l l i n ; e / c f t a W e i v , t o s p r i n g
f o r t h
;
a v o K k w u v ,
d e c l i n a r e ;
r p i i r e i v ,
l i k e v e r t e r e ;
< r r p i < p e i v ,
l i k e
m u t a r e ;
e % e i v ,
i n
c o n n e x i o n w i t h a d v e r b s , a s : « 5 , i c a / e m s , t y i - t v , b e n e , m a l e s e
h a b e r e ; r s X s m a v ,
t o e n d , t o d i e ; a n d m a n y o t h e r s .
2 .
S e v e r a l A c t i v e
v e r b s , h a v i n g a t r a n s i t i v e
m e a n i n g ,
a n d
f o r m i n g b o t h
a o r i s t s , h a v e a
t r a n s i t i v e
m e a n i n g i n a o r i s t I . ,
b u t a n i n t r a n s i t i v e i n
a o r i s t I I .
M m ,
I w r a p u p A . I . U v a a , I w r a p p e d
u p
A .
I I . t o w , I
p l u n g e d
i n t o .
w t i ) \ u ,
I
p l a c e
—
l a r n o a ,
I
p l a c e d
—
l a r n v ,
I
s t o o d .
< t > v u i ,
I
b r i n g f o r t h
—
l t f > v a a ,
I b r o u g h t f o r t h
—
t < j t v v , I
a r o s e .
O K t X K w ,
I
d r y — ( ? < r « : i j \ a , p o e t .
I
d r i e d )
— i m X t i v , I
w i t h e r e d .
S o s e v e r a l
A c t i v e s
h a v i n g
a t r a n s i t i v e m e a n i n g , a n d f o r m i n g
b o t h p e r f e c t s , h a v e a t r a n s i t i v e s i g n i f i c a t i o n i n p e r f e c t L ,
b u t a n i n t r a n s i t i v e o n e i n p e r f e c t I I .
l y t i p w , I a w a k e n
P f .
I .
e y r i y t p x a ,
I
h a v e
P f . I L
l y p - q y o p a , I
a m a w a k e -
a w a k e n e d
o W v p i , p e r d o — 6 \ u \ t K a , p e r d i d i — 6 \ < o \ a , p e r i i .
i r u B u ,
I
p e r s u a d e
— i r i i r i u t a , I
h a v e
—
i r i m i B a , I t r u s t ,
p e r s u a d e d
F u r t h e r , s o m e p e r f e c t s I I . , f r o m t r a n s i t i v e
v e r b s
w h i c h
f o r m
n o p e r f e c t L , h a v e
a n
i n t r a n s i t i v e m e a n i n g a r / w / u , I
b r e a k , e a r / a , I a m b r o k e n ; i n j y v v f i i , I f a s t e n , • n - i n r r f / a , I
s t a n d
f a s t ; p r f f W f i i , I t e a r , s p p u r / a , I a m t o r n ; a r f i r w , I m a k e r o t t e n ,
a i a i ) i r a , l a m c o r r u p t ; t t \ k x o ,
I m e l t , e . g . i c e ,
r s r r j K a ,
I
a m
m e l t e d ; ( p a l v t o , I s h o w , i r t y r j v a , I a p p e a r .
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§ 1 5 0 . ]
1 7 7
E R B .
R e m a r k 1 T h e p a s s i v e a X i a K O / i m ,
I a m
t a k e n ,
f o r m s
i t s p e r f e c t a n d
a o r i s t w i t h
a n a c t i v e f o r m e a X w i c o ,
I
h a v e
b e e n t a k e n , i a X u v , I
w a s
t a k e n .
3 .
W i t h
r e g a r d
t o
t h e
s i g n i f i c a t i o n
a n d
u s e
o f t h e
M i d d l e
f o r m , t h e f o l l o w i n g i s t o b e o b s e r v e d :
a ) T h e
M i d d l e
f o r m d e n o t e s , f i r s t ,
a n
a c t i o n w h i c h t h e
s u b j e c t d i r e c t s
i m m e d i a t e l y t o w a r d s
h i m s e l f , w h e r e
i n
E n g l i s h
w e u s e t h e a c t i v e
w i t h
t h e a c c u s a t i v e
o f
t h e
r e f l e c t i v e
p r o
n o u n ; a s :
T V T r T O f i a i . , I
s t r i k e
m y s e l f ,
i n r ^ r d f i r j v ,
I s t r u c k
m y s e l f ,
r v y f r o f i a i , I
s h a l l s t r i k e
m y s e l f . T h i s u s e o f t h e M i d d l e i s
r a r e .
T o
t h i s
h e a d
b e l o n g
t h e
f o l l o w i n g
v e r b s ,
w h i c h
w e
w i l l e x h i b i t i n t h e a o r i s t i c a l f o r m : a m i y u ) , I k e e p f r o m ,
a w o o y i a - d a i , s e a b s t i n e r e ; d i r d y ^ a i
T i v d ,
t o
t h r o t t l e
o r h a n g
a n y o n e , d i r d y 1 ; a a - Q a i ,
t o
h a n g o n e ' s
s e l f ; r v y f r a c r O a i , K o ^ j r a a O a i ,
t o
s t r i k e
o n e ' s s e l f ;
b r i f i a k i a B a i
n v i , t o t h r o w
o n e ' s
s e l f u p o n
a n y
t h i n g
; T r a v a a a O a i , t o
c e a s e
( f r . r r a v a , I c a u s e t o c e a s e )
h s i ^ a a d a i , t o s h o w o n e ' s s e l f ; a n d e s p e c i a l l y v e r b s
w h i c h
e x p r e s s
t h e
a c t i o n
o f
a
s u b j e c t d i r e c t e d
t o w a r d s
h i s
o w n
b o d y
a s
X o v a a c r d a i , v c y f r a a O a i , d X e i y j r a a O a i , y p i a a a Q a u , y v f i v d a a a d a i ,
K a X v y f r a c r d a c , K o c r f i i j a a a d a i ,
e v B v c r a a d a i , e x B v a a a O a i , K e l p a a B a i ,
o ~ T £ t $ > a v u ) c r a c r 8 a i , & c . E x c e p t t h e a b o v e - m e n t i o n e d
a n d
s o m e
o t h e r v e r b s , t h i s r e f l e c t i v e r e l a t i o n i s g e n e r a l l y e x p r e s s e d b y
t h e a c t i v e f o r m w i t h t h e
a c c u s a t i v e
o f t h e r e f l e c t i v e p r o n o u n
a s e r r a i v e l v
e a v r o v , d v a p r d v
e a v r o v , t o h a n g o n e ' s s e l f u p ,
d i r o K p i m r s i v e a v r o v , e O i & i v e a v r o v ,
r r a p e y e w
e a v r o v ,
d i r o X v u v
e a v r o v , t o l o o s e n o n e ' s s e l f , a r r o a f y d r r e i v e a v r o v ,
d n r o i c r e i v u v
e a v r o v . T h e M i d d l e f o r m
h a s
t h e n
t h e s i g n i f i c a t i o n o f t h e
p a s s i v e ,
t h u s e r r a i v e i c r O a i , d w o i c r e i v e a d a i ,
d r r o a ^ i d r r e a O a i ,
l a u d a r i , i n t e r f i c i , j u g u l a r i a h a l i o ; a n d a l s o h a s i t s a o r i s t a n d
f u t u r e w i t h a
p a s s i v e
f o r m .
R e m a r k 2 . I n a l l
t h e
a b o v e m i d d l e v e r b s ,
t h e
a c t i o n i s s u c h a s d o e s
n o t
n e c e s s a r i l y r e q u i r e t o b e d i r e c t e d
t o w a r d s t h e
s u b j e c t f o r I
c a n ,
e . g . ,
j u s t
a s
w e l l
w a s h
a n o t h e r
a s
m y s e l f .
B u t
t h e
a c t i o n
m a y
b e
o f
s u c h
a
k i n d a s t o b e n e c e s s a r i l y d i r e c t e d t o w a r d s t h e s u b j e c t , i n a s m u c h a s t h e
s u b j e c t p e r f o r m i n g t h e a c t i o n m u s t b e c o n s i d e r e d a s a c t u a l l y b o u n d u p
7/23/2019 An Elementary Grammar of the Greek Langu
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1 7 8
E L E M E N T S
O F
T H E S I M P L E S E N T E N C E . | c h a p . L
w i t h
t h e
o b j e c t
e x p e r i e n c i n g t h e a c t i o n .
S i n c e , i n t h i s
c a s e , t h e
s u b j e c t
c o i n c i d e s w i t h
t h e
o b j e c t ,
t h e
m i d d l e f o r m e x p r e s s e s
t h e s i m p l e i d e a o f
a n
i n t r a n s i t i v e
a c t i o n t o
t h i s c l a s s
e s p e c i a l l y
b e l o n g
v e r y
m a n y
v e r b s
w h i c h e x p r e s s a n a c t i o n
o r
p e r c e p t i o n o f
t h e m i n d . O n l y a
v e r y
f e w
v e r b s
o f t h i s k i n d
h a v e
t h e i r
a o r i s t
w i t h a
m i d d l e
f o r m
a s Q v X a Z a a S c u ,
t o g u a r d o n e ' s
s e l f ( < f > v X a Z m r i v a ,
t o
w a t c h
o n e ) , f 3 o v \ t v a a o 6 c u , t o
a d v i s e
o n e ' s
s e l f
= t o d e l i b e r a t e { j 3 o v \ i v a a i r i v a , t o
a d v i s e
a n y o n e ) , y i v a a o S a t , t o
t a s t e
; m o s t o f t h e m ,
o n
t h e c o n t r a r y , w i t h a
p a s s i v e
f o r m t h e f o l l o w i n g ,
h o w e v e r ,
h a v e t h e f u t u r e w i t h a m i d d l e f o r m v i a . d v a p v n r r S i j v a t , d v a / i v i i -
a t a B a i , t o
r e m e m b e r ,
r e c o r d a r i
( d v a p v r j a a i
r i v a , t o r e m i n d a n y o n e )
a i o y v v -
B i j v a t , a i a x v v t i a O a i , t o
b e
a s h a m e d ( a t o x v v a i r i v a , t o s h a m e ) i p o f i n O r f v a i ,
< p o f i t i ( T t o 9 a i ,
t o
b e
i n
f e a r
( t p o f i i j i r a i
r i v a ,
t e r r e r e )
T r o p t v Q i i v a i ,
i r o p t v v i a Q a i ,
p r o f t c i s c i
( j r r o p i v a a i
r i v a , t o c o n v e y a n y o n e
o v e r )
■ K i p a i u i d r j v a i , m p a i w a i a d a i
( i r o r n / i o v ) , t o c r o s s ( v c p a u i a c d r i v a , t r a j i c e r e ) i r X a y x d f j v a i , i r X a y % t < r 9 a i ,
c i r c u m v a g a r i ( w X a y K c u r i v a , t o l e a d a s t r a y ) a v i a Q r j v a i , d v i a a e a B a i , t o a f f l i c t
o n e ' s
s e l f ,
t o g r i e v e
( a v i a a a i
r i v a ,
t o a f f l i c t
a n y
o n e )
f u r t h e r S i d k v Q i i v a i ,
S i a K p i O i j v a i , d i s c e d e r e , a i r a X X a y t j v c u , d b i r e , K O i f i n B i j v a i , t o s l e e p , ( p a v i j v a t ,
a p p a r e r e , i r a y i j v a i , t o c o a g u l a t e , I n a p O T j v a i , t o r a i s e o n e ' s s e l f , a n d m a n y
o t h e r s .
b )
T h e
M i d d l e f o r m
d e n o t e s ,
s e c o n d l y ,
a n
a c t i o n
w h i c h
t h e
s u b j e c t
p e r f o r m s
o n
a n o b j e c t b e l o n g i n g t o h i m , c o n
n e c t e d w i t h h i m , o r s t a n d i n g i n a n y n e a r r e l a t i o n t o h i m . I n
E n g l i s h w e t h e n g e n e r a l l y u s e e i t h e r a p o s s e s s i v e p r o n o u n
o r
a
p r e p o s i t i o n
w i t h a p e r s o n a l p r o n o u n ; a s T w r r o f i a i , E T t A j r d f i r j v
t t ] v
K E < p a \ t f v ,
I
s t r i k e , s t r u c k m y
h e a d
( j i n r r e i v
k .
t h e h e a d
o f
a n o t h e r )
\ o v a a o - 0 a c
t o v s i r d Z a s ,
t o
w a s h o n e ' s
f e e t
( \ o v s i v t .
i t .
o f
a n o t h e r )
d / i r o K p v ^ a a O a i ,
r a
k a v r o v ,
t o
c o n c e a l t h a t
w h i c h
i s
o n e ' s
o w n
; K a T a a T p t y a c r O a i y r j v , s i b i s u b j i c e r e t e r r a m ; d v a p r ^ -
c r a a d a l
T i v a ,
s i b i d e v i n c i r e , t o
m a k e d e p e n d e n t u p o n o n e ' s
s e l f ;
a i r o \ v a a o - 6 a l r i v a , t o
l o o s e n
f o r o n e ' s s e l f , t o r e d e e m ; i r o p L o - a -
a Q a i t i , s i b i a l i q u i d c o m p a r a r e
( i r o p i ^ e i v
r l r i v i ,
a l i i
a l i q u i d
c o m p a r a r e ) K r r j o - a c r O a i ,
i r a p a o - K S v d a a a d a i
r i , s i b i c o m p a r a r e ;
d f i v v a o - 0 a i r o w
T r o X s f i l o v s ,
p r o p u l s a r e
a
s e h o s t e s ; d i r c o a a a d a t
K a i c d ,
a
s e
p r o p u l s a r e
m a l a . T h i s u s e o f t h e
M i d d l e
i s b y f a r
t h e
m o s t
f r e q u e n t .
R e m a r k
3 .
A s
t h e
a c t i v e m a y b e u s e d w n e n
t n e s u b j e c t
d o e s
n o t
h i m s e l f p e r f o r m a n a c t i o n b u t
h a s
i t p e r f o r m e d b y a n o t h e r a s ' X X i
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§ 1 5 0 . ]
1 7 9
E R B .
% a v 8 p o g t i ) v
v o k i v K a r e a K a ^ / a > ,
h a d i t d e s t r o y e d ; s o
a l s o
m a y
t h e
m i d d l e b e
t h u s U s e d , w i t h
t h i s
d i f f e r e n c e ,
h o w e v e r , t h a t
i n
t h e
m i d d l e
t h e a c t i o n
i s
a l w a y s
d r a w n
b a c k
i n
s o m e
w a y
u p o n
t h e s u b j e c t a s 6 i r a r r i p t o v q v d i S a g
i S i S d ^ a r o , w h i c h e i t h e r m e a n s t h e
f a t h e r
i n s t r u c t e d h i s o w n c h i l d r e n , o r ,
i f
i t i s c l e a r f r o m t h e c o n n e x i o n , h a d t h e m i n s t r u c t e d ; K u p a o B m ,
t o
s h a v e
o n e ' s s e l f o r h a v e o n e ' s s e l f s h a v e d ; ' M p y i i o t e a v r u v e U o v a c t r o i n a d j i t v o i
d v i & K j a v
t i g A s X t p o i g ; i r a p a B i a B a i r p d - n e ' C a v ^ t o
s e t
b e f o r e
o n e ' s
s e l f o r
h a v e
s e t b e f o r e o n e ' s s e l f
4 .
F r o m t h e
r e f l e c t i v e s i g n i f i c a t i o n
o f t h e M i d d l e f o r m , t h e
P a s s i v e m e a n i n g o f i t
h a s
b e e n d e v e l o p e d , a c c o r d i n g
t o
w h i c h
t h e s u b j e c t
c a u s e s
a n a c t i o n t o b e d i r e c t e d t o w a r d s
i t s e l f
i n
s u c h a m a n n e r
t h a t
i t a p p e a r s a s t h e s u f f e r i n g o b j e c t a s
f i a c r r i y o v f i a i , f y f i i o v f i a t
( y r r o t w o s ) ,
I r e c e i v e a b l o w , p u n i s h
m e n t ,
c a u s e
m y s e l f t o b e
s t r u c k , p u n i s h e d
= I
a m s t r u c k , p u
n i s h e d ( b y a n y
o n e ) ; ^ K a i r r o f m i , a B i K o v / x a i ,
I
s u f f e r
i n j u r y ,
w r o n g
; 8 i 8 a c r i c o / j , a i , I
h a v e
m y s e l f
i n s t r u c t e d ,
I r e c e i v e
i n s t r u c
t i o n ,
I
l e a r n , h e n c e v t t o t w o s ,
b y
a n y
o n e = d o c e o r a b a l i q u o ;
i r s l B o / m i ,
I
p e r s u a d e
m y s e l f ,
o r
s u f f e r
m y s e l f
t o
b e
p e r s u a d e d ,
m r o n v o s , b y a n y o n e = I a m p e r s u a d e d .
5 .
F o r t w o t e n s e s ,
h o w e v e r , v i z . t h e
f u t u r e
a n d
a o r i s t ,
t h e r e
a r e s e p a r a t e
f o r m s e m p l o y e d t o
e x p r e s s a P a s s i v e
i d e a ,
t h e a o r i s t
o f w h i c h ( s e e R e m . 2 . ) i s u s e d i n s t e a d o f
t h e
M i d d l e
f o r m
i n m a n y r e f l e c t i v e
a n d i n t r a n s i t i v e v e r b s a l l
t h e
o t h e r
t e n s e s a r e
e x p r e s s e d
b y t h e M i d d l e f o r m .
H e n c e
a r i s e s
t h e
f o l l o w i n g
r u l e
t h e
f u t u r e
a n d
a o r i s t
M i d d l e
h a v e
o n l y a r e f l e c t i v e o r i n t r a n s i t i v e
m e a n i n g ,
— n o t a
p a s s i v e
o n e ,
f o r t h i s t h e r e a r e s e p a r a t e f o r m s ( f u t u r e
a n d
a o r i s t P a s
s i v e )
—
a l l t h e
o t h e r t e n s e s
o f t h e
M i d d l e s e r v e a t
t h e s a m e
t i m e t o d e n o t e
t h e P a s s i v e a l s o . T h e
f u t u r e M i d d l e , h o w
e v e r ,
h a s
s o m e t i m e s
a P a s s i v e s i g n i f i c a t i o n
;
a s 6 Z U a t o s
f i s v
w v , S o k & v
S ' s h a i
a S i i c o s ,
f i a c r T i y d o a e T a i ,
a T p e [ S \ d > o - £ T a i ,
h s h r j o s r a i , i K K a v O i j o s r a i , r w < p 0 a X f i a > .
R e m a r k
4 . T h e
a u t h o r
o f
a
p a s s i v e s t a t e i s
g e n e r a l l y e x p r e s s e d b y t h e
p r e p o s i t i o n i t r i
w i t h
t h e
g e n i t i v e
a s
o l a r p a r u i r a i v i r b
t < S v j t o X e ^ i W
i l u i x O > i a a v . I n s t e a d o f t u r d , i r p o g i s
s o m e t i m e s
u s e d w i t h
t h e
g e n i t i v e
N 2
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1 8 0
E L E M E N T S O F T H E S I M P L E S E N T E N C E . [ c h a p . I .
w h e n t h e p o w e r f u l a n d i m m e d i a t e i n f l u e n c e o f
a p e r s o n i s
t o
b e
d e n o t e d
a s
a r i f i a Z t o B a i ,
d S t x t i a S a i
i r p o c
t i v o q
f u r t h e r ,
i r a p d
w i t h
t h e g e n i t i v e i s
u s e d
w h e n
t h e
a u t h o r
i s
t o
b e
e x h i b i t e d
a s
t h e
p e r s o n
f r o m
w h o s e
n e i g h
b o u r h o o d , e n v i r o n s , i n w a r d
o r
o u t w a r d m e a n s ,
t h e a c t i o n
h a s p r o c e e d e d ,
h e n c e e s p e c i a l l y w i t h T r e p m r 6 a i , S i E o o B a t ,
i i f e X t i a O a i , o v X X k y t o D a t , X t y i a & a i ,
m t p a i v e o i a i ,
l i r i f a ' i K v v o B a i ( d e m o n s t r S r i ) a s
6 a y y i X o g
l i r k p t p O t ) i r a p a
j 3 a -
o i A s w f , f i e y i o T T ) t v T V \ i a T o v T t p r £ d v S p i i r a p a 6 t ( * i v S k F o r a i ,
w o X X d
x P V ^ a r a
K v p i p w a p a t w v ( p i X u v e v v t i X i y f i i v a r \ v . I f t h e
p a s s i v e
s t a t e i s c a u s e d , n o t
b y
p e r s o n s ,
b u t t h i n g s , t h e d a t i v e i s
g e n e r a l l y u s e d ( = L a t i n
a b l a t i v e )
a s t t o K i q t t o X X o a q
f f v p i p o p a X g
I m i ^ e T O .
6 .
I t
i s
a
p e c u l i a r i t y
o f t h e
G r e e k
l a n g u a g e
t h a t
t h e
a c
t i v e f o r m , n o t m e r e l y o f t r a n s i t i v e v e r b s w i t h t h e a c c u s a t i v e ,
a 8 i n L a t i n a n d G e r m a n , b u t a l s o o f i n t r a n s i t i v e o n e s w i t h
t h e
g e n i t i v e a n d
d a t i v e , m a y
b e
t u r n e d i n t o t h e
p e r s o n a l
p a s s i v e
f o r m .
< S > $ o v o v f i a i
v t t o
t i v o q , i n v i d e t u r m i h i a b a l i q u o ( f r .
Q O o v t i v
r a n , i n v i d e r e
a l i c u i ) .
— T l i a r i i o p a i ,
a i r i a r o v f i a i
v n o
t i v o q , c r e d i t o r , n o n c r e d i t u r ,
m i h i a b
a l i q u o
( f r . f f i f f r t u f i v ,
a i r i O T i i v t i v i . )
— K a i t i r i f i o v X w o v T t Q ,
c a t
i
i r t f i o v ' K
t v
6 / i s v o i t i i a K o v a i n d v r a
r b v
x p o v o v ( f r . I m f i o v X t v t i v r t v t ) .
—
' A f f c e i r a t
t o
d e l T i p & f i t v o v , d f i t X t l r a i
t o
d r i p a ^ o p i v o v ( f r . d p e X t i v t i v o q ) . — S o :
a p x o p a c , K p a r o v u c u , n a r a t p p o v o v f i a i v t t o t w o s ( f r . d p x c v , K P - i * * r . t i v o q ) .
R e m a r k 5 . D e p o n e n t
v e r b s
( § 1 1 8 . R e m a r k ) a r e
m e r e l y v e r b s
w h i c h
s t a n d o n l y
i n t h e m i d d l e f o r m ,
a n d
h a v e a r e f l e c t i v e o r i n t r a n s i t i v e s i g n i
f i c a t i o n . I n E n g l i s h ,
w e c a n n o t
a l w a y s
r e n d e r
t h e r e f l e c t i v e o r
i n t r a n s
i t i v e s i g n i f i c a t i o n a s / 3 i a ? o u a i , I f o r c e , p r o p e r l y I b r i n g i n t o m y
p o w e r ,
H i x o p a i , I
t a k e , p r o p e r l y , I t a k e
t o
m y s e l f .
R e m a r k
6 .
A s
t h e
r e f l e c t i v e m e a n i n g
o f t e n
c a m e
v e r y
n e a r t h e
p a s s i v e ,
D e p o n e n t s
w e r e f r e q u e n t l y
u s e d
i n
t h a t s e n s e , e s p e c i a l l y i n t h e p e r f e c t
a n d a o r i s t ;
a s : p t p i f i r / p i v o Q ,
a d
i m i t a t i o n e m
e x p r e s s e s ; v i j t Q o v k
t x P V S r i -
o a v , a d h i b i t a s
s u n t . S e v e r a l v e r b s h a v e
t h e
m i d d l e a s w e l l a s
t h e p a s s i v e
m e a n i n g
t h e
p a s s i v e f o r m
h a s t h e n a
p a s s i v e
m e a n i n g ,
e .
g .
i d t Z a p r i r ,
e x c e p t , i i i x Q n v ,
e x c e p t u s
s u m
;
I f i i a a a p n v , c o e g i , I j 3 i d a 9 n v , c o a c t u s s u m
l K T t \ a d f . n v , m i h i c o m p a r a v i ,
e c r i j Q j j v ,
c o m p a r a t u s s u m ( /
a m
g a i n e d ) .
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§
1 5 2 . ]
1 8 1E R B .
§
1 5 1 .
O n
t h e
T e n s e s
a n d
M o o d s
o f
V e r b s .
1 .
N e x t t o t h e
k i n d s
o f
v e r b s ,
w e
d i s t i n g u i s h ,
s e c o n d l y ,
t h e T e n s e s
b y w h i c h
t h e t i m e o f t h e p r e d i c a t e i s e x p r e s s e d ,
i n
a s m u c h a s i t
i s
r e p r e s e n t e d e i t h e r a s
a
p r e s e n t , f u t u r e ,
o r
p a s t , a s
t h e r o s e
b l o o m s ,
w i l l b l o o m ,
b l o o m e d .
2 . T h i r d l y , w e d i s t i n g u i s h i n
v e r b s
t h e M o o d s , b y w h i c h
t h e '
m a n n e r
o f s p e a k i n g i n t h e p r e d i c a t e i s e x p r e s s e d , i n a s m u c h
a s t h e r e l a t i o n o f t h e s u b j e c t t o t h e p r e d i c a t e , i s r e p r e s e n t e d
e i t h e r
a s a
f a c t ,
a
c o n c e p t i o n ,
o r a n
i m m e d i a t e e x p r e s s i o n
o f t h e w i l l . T h e m o o d o f f a c t , a s t h e r o s e b l o o m s , i s c a l l e d
t h e
I n d i c a t i v e
;
t h a t
o f c o n c e p t i o n , a s s h o u l d t h e r o s e b l o o m ,
t h e
C o n j u n c t i v e ; a n d
t h a t o f
i m m e d i a t e
o r
d i r e c t
e x p r e s s i o n
o f t h e w i l l , a s
g i v e ,
t h e I m p e r a t i v e .
§
1 5 2 . A . O n t h e T e n s e s o f V e r b s , i n D e t a i l .
1 . A l l t e n s e s
a r e
d i v i d e d
i n t o t w o
c l a s s e s a c c o r d i n g t o t h e i r
f o r m a n d
s i g n i f i c a t i o n , v i z .
a )
i n t o
P r i n c i p a l t e n s e s ,
w h i c h ,
b o t h i n t h e i n d i c a t i v e a n d c o n j u n c t i v e , a l w a y s d e n o t e a p r e
s e n t o r f u t u r e ;
a n d
b ) i n t o H i s t o r i c a l t e n s e s , w h i c h , i n t h e
i n d i c a t i v e a l w a y s
d e n o t e a
p a s t , i n
t h e
c o n j u n c t i v e ( o p t a t i v e ) ,
s o m e t i m e s
a p a s t a n d
s o m e t i m e s
a p r e s e n t o r
f u t u r e .
2 .
T h e p r i n c i p a l t e n s e s a r e t h e f o l l o w i n g
a . T h e P r e s e n t
a )
i n
t h e
i n d i c a t i v e , a s y p a t p o / i e v ,
s c r i b i m u s
V ) i n
t h e
c o n j u n c t i v e , a s y p a p u t f i i v ,
s c r i b a m u s .
b .
T h e
P e r f e c t
a )
i n
t h e
i n d i c a t i v e ,
a s
y t y p c u j i a f n v ,
s c r i p s i m u s
;
b )
i n
t h e
c o n j u n c t i v e , a s
y t y p d i p u i / u v , s c r i p s e r i m u s .
c . T h e F u t u r e :
i n
t h e
i n d i c a t i v e , a s : y p d \ p o / t t v ,
s c r i b e m u s ,
w e
s h a l l
w r i t e .
N 3
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1 8 2
E L E M E N T S
O F T H E S I M P L E
S E N T E N C E . | c h a p .
t
d T h e F u t u r e P e r f e c t i n
t h e
i n d i c a t i v e , a s j } t j 3 o v \ t v o o f i a i , I s h a l l h a v e
d e l i b e r a t e d
o r
h a v e
b e e n
a d v i s e d .
3 .
T h e h i s t o r i c a l
t e n s e s a r e t h e
f o l l o w i n g
a .
T h e
A o r i s t : a ) i n t h e i n d i c a t i v e , a s
Z y p a f a ,
I w r o t e ;
b ) i n
t h e
o p t a t i v e , a s y p n ^ / a i j u , 1
m i g h t w r i t e
o r
h a v e
w r i t t e n .
b . T h e I m p e r f e c t
a )
i n t h e i n d i c a t i v e ,
a s :
Z y p a i p o v , s c r i b e b a m ; V ) i n
t h e
o p t a t i v e , a s y p d ^ o i f i i , s c r i b e r e m .
c .
T h e
P l u p e r f e c t
a )
i n
t h e i n d i c a t i v e ,
a s
i y t y p d < p t i v , s c r i p s e r a m ;
b )
i n
t h e o p t a t i v e , a s
y t y p a Q o i p i ,
s c r i p s i s s e m .
d .
T h e
o p t a t i v e
o f
t h e
s i m p l e
F u t u r e ,
a s
y p d ^ o i / i i ,
I
s h o u l d
w r i t e ,
a n d
o f t h e F u t u r e P e r f e c t , a s f S t f i o v k t v o o i i i r i v , I s h o u l d
h a v e
d e l i b e r a t e d o r h a v e
b e e n a d v i s e d , w h e n
i n n a r r a t i o n ( a n d
c o n s e q u e n t l y
i n
r e f e r e n c e t o
t h e
p a s t ) ,
t h e
c o n c e p t i o n o f
a f u t u r e
a c t i o n ,
o r
o n e
c o m p l e t e d
a t
a
f u t u r e t i m e , i s t o
b e
e x p r e s s e d a s 6 d y y e X o g i X i y t v ' 6 n o t 7 T o X e / 4 i q i v i K i } a o i t v , t h e m e s s e n g e r s a i d
■ t h a t t h e e n e m i e s w o u l d c o n q u e r ; t X e y e v o r i w d v r a v t t o
t o v
a r p a r r i y o v t v
f i i f i o v X t i o o i T o ,
h e s a i d
t h a t e v e r y t h i n g w o u l d
( h a v e
b e e n = ) b e
w e l l
c o n s i d e r e d b y t h e g e n e r a l .
4 .
T h e
P r e s e n t
( i n
t h e
i n d i c a t i v e )
p l a c e s
t h e
a c t i o n
i n
t h e
t i m e p r e s e n t
t o t h e s p e a k e r . I n
n a r r a t i o n
o f p a s t
e v e n t s ,
t h e
P r e s e n t i s o f t e n u s e d ,
s i n c e i n
t h e
l i v e l i n e s s o f
d e s c r i p t i o n t h e
p a s t i s
r e g a r d e d
a s p r e s e n t .
( H i s t o r i c a l
P r e s e n t . )
T a v r n v r f f t i r d < p p o v / 3 a < n X i i g p . i y a g i r o t c l d v r i I p i i / i a T o g , I n c i S r ) i r v v B d v e r a i
K v p o v i r p o f f t X a v v o v r a . — T H V r i g H p t a p i S u i v v & i Z i r a r o g H o X v d t o p o g , *
E n d i n g
w a i f , o v
£ K T p o i a g l p . o i
i r a r i i p
d i S w o i H p i a p o g t v 8 6 / i o i g T p i f u v .
R e m a r h
1 .
T h e
p r e s e n t ,
c l / u
( e o ) ,
w i t h
i t s
c o m p o u n d s ,
h a s
a
f u t u r e
s i g n i f i c a t i o n i n
t h e
i n d i c a t i v e a n d c o n j u n c t i v e
/
s h a l l
g o ; t h e i n f i n i t i v e
a n d p a r t i c i p l e
p r e s e n t
h a v e
t h e
s i g n i f i c a t i o n
o f
b o t h
t h e p r e s e n t
a n d
f u t u r e ; e . g . o i i K
t v B v g
d t p r / s u a i r b v o & S '
a i r i i p i
( a b i b o ) , d X X ' i p r i a o p a t
a i i r b v x a i I X t r d a i j i c o l t X i y % u > , — T h e t w o p r e s e n t f o r m s , o l x o p a i a n d
j J k m ,
a r e o f t e n t r a n s l a t e d
i n
E n g l i s h b y t h e
p e r f e c t v i z . d i x o f u u ,
I a m
g o n e a w a y , a n d i j i c w , / a m c o m e b u t o i x o p . a i p r o p e r l y m e a n s , I a m a w a y ,
a n d t j k o i , l a m p r e s e n t ( a d s u m ) ;
a s :
f i r j X u 7 r o 5 o n ' A p d a i r a g o f x e r a i t i g
r o i i g w o X e / t i o v g , t h a t A . i s o f f ( = t r a n s f u g i f ) t o t h e e n e m i e s . H t u v t K p C i v
K t v 9 j i i o v a
K a i
o k o t o v
i r i i X a g
X n r w v .
' Y / i t T g
f i o X t g
d t p i K v u a d i ,
' 6 k o i
l y / i t t j
i r d X a t
y K o / i e v .
5 .
T h e
P e r f e c t
( i n
t h e
i n d i c a t i v e )
p l a c e s a
p a s t
a c t i o n i n
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§
1 5 2 . ]
1 8 3
E R B .
t h e t i m e p r e s e n t
t o
t h e s p e a k e r .
T h e
a c t i o n
a p p e a r s
a s o n e
t h a t i s c o m p l e t e d i n t h e t i m e p r e s e n t t o t h e s p e a k e r .
T k y p a i p a ™ } v i i r w T o X r j v , I
h a v e w r i t t e n t h e l e t t e r , t h e
l e t t e r i s
n o w
w r i t t e n ,
i t m a t t e r s n o t w h e t h e r j u s t n o w , o r a l o n g t i m e a g o ; i r o X i g U r u i T a t ,
t h e c i t y
i s n o w b u i l t ,
s t a n d s
t h e r e n o w b u i l t .
R e m a r k 2 . M a n y G r e e k p e r f e c t s ( a n d p l u p e r f e c t s ) a r e t r a n s l a t e d
i n
E n g l i s h b y
t h e
p r e s e n t ( a n d i m p e r f e c t )
o f
o t h e r v e r b s w h i c h e x p r e s s
t h e
c o n d i t i o n
o c c a s i o n e d
b y t h e c o m p l e t i o n o f t h e
a c t i o n
a s n t y r i v a
( I
h a v e
s h o w n
m y s e l f ) , I
a p p e a r
;
o l l a ,
n o v i
{ I h a v e
s e e n , a s c e r t a i n e d ) , I
k n o w
;
r i d r j X a ( I h a v e
b l o o m e d ) , I b l o o m ; n i i r o i S a
{ I h a v e
c o n v i n c e d
m y s e l f ) , I
t r u s t ; / 3 f / 3 > / i c a ( I h a v e s t e p p e d o u t ) , I g o f i i n v r j / x m , m e m i n i ( I h a v e r e m i n d e d
m y s e l f ) , I
a m
m i n d f u l ; K E < c r r ; / i a i ( I h a v e p r o c u r e d f o r m y s e l f ) , I p o s s e s s
K u X j j p c u , ( Z h a v e b e e n
n a m e d ) ,
I a m c a l l e d ; a n d m a n y o t h e r s .
6 .
T h e
F u t u r e
( i n
t h e
i n d i c a t i v e )
p o i n t s o u t a n a c t i o n a s
f u t u r e i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e t i m e
p r e s e n t t o
t h e s p e a k e r . I n a c
c e s s o r y s e n t e n c e s , t h e
G r e e k s
v e r y o f t e n u s e t h e i n d i c a t i v e
F u t u r e ,
e v e n
a f t e r a n h i s t o r i c a l t e n s e , t o
e x p r e s s
t h a t w h i c h
o u g h t ,
m u s t ,
o r
m a y
h a p p e n ,
w h e r e
t h e
L a t i n s
u s e
t h e
c o n
j u n c t i v e
a l l
t h e f o r m s o f t h e F u t u r e
( e s p e c i a l l y
t h e
p a r t i c i
p l e )
a r e s o u s e d .
H o f i o v g v i r a p X a l i i i r o i o i r o v g , S i Z i v
T o i g f i i v
d y a S o i g t v r i u o g
K a l
I X e v B i p o g
o
f i l o g T r a p a f f K t v a t j O i i a t T a i , r o i g K a K o i g
r a i r u v o g
r e x a i
d X y t t v b g
K a t
d f 3 i < A > r o £
o
a l u i v
i w a v a n t t a e T a i .
—
' H y e p o v a g t X a p o v o i
a r p a T i d r m ,
o l
a i r o t i g d Z o v o i v , t v S t v e £ o u < 7 i r a I w i r v l u a .
7 .
T h e
F u t u r e
P e r f e c t
( i n
t h e
i n d i c a t i v e )
p o i n t s
o u t
t h e
a c t i o n a s p a s t ( c o m p l e t e d ) i n t h e f u t u r e
i n
r e l a t i o n
t o
t h e
t i m e
p r e s e n t t o t h e s p e a k e r .
K a i r o i g t a i c o i g u t u i t i r a i
l a d X a .
— ' H i r o X i r t i a
r e X i w g
K C K o a f t r i a i r a i ,
l & v 6 T o i o v r o g a { i T i ) v t i r i < r K 0 7 r p Q v X a i 6 r o u r w v l i r u r r r ) u u > v . — T h e f u t u r e
p e r f e c t
o f
t h o s e
v e r b s w h o s e
p e r f e c t
w e t r a n s l a t e
b y t h e
p r e s e n t o f
o t h e r
v e r b s ( s e e
R e m .
2 . ) , m u s t b e t r a n s l a t e d b y
t h e
s i m p l e
f u t u r e
a s n i / i v r i a o u m , m e m i n e r o ( 1 s h a l l h a v e r e m i n d e d m y s e l f ) , I s h a l l b e
m i n d f u l .
R e m a r k 3 . T h e f u t u r e p e r f e c t i s , i n o t h e r c a s e s , u s e d i n G r e e k ,
o n l y
i n
p r i n c i p a l s e n t e n c e s
a n d
t h o s e a c c e s s o r y
s e n t e n c e s w h i c h a r e i n t r o d u c e d
N
4
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1 8 4 E L E M E N T S
O F T I I E
S I M P L E
S E N T E N C E . [ c h a p .
b y 8 ™ a n d < l c ( t h a t ) . I n a l l o t h e r a c c e s s o r y s e n t e n c e s , t h e c o n j u n c t i v e
a o r i s t
( m o r e
r a r e l y
p e r f e c t ) i s
u s e d i n s t e a d ,
i n
c o n n e x i o n w i t h
a c o n
j u n c t i o n
c o m p o u n d e d
o f
d v ,
s u c h
a s
i d v ,
I n d v ,
i i r t i S d v ,
o r a v ,
i r p i v
d v ,
t a r d v , i s d v ,
& c .
a s
i d v
t o v t o
X e f p e ,
s i
h o c
d i x e r i s .
R e m a r k 4 . T h e c o n j u n c t i v e p r e s e n t a n d p e r f e c t , a s w e l l
a s
t h e a o r i s t ,
a l w a y s h a v e t h e
s i g n i f i c a t i o n o f
t h e
f u t u r e , i n r e l a t i o n t o
t h e t i m e p r e s e n t
t o t h e s p e a k e r .
8 . T h e A o r i s t ( i n t h e i n d i c a t i v e ) e x p r e s s e s t h e p a s t , s e p a
r a t e d f r o m t h e
t i m e
p r e s e n t t o t h e
s p e a k e r , a l t o g e t h e r
g e n e
r a l l y , w i t h o u t
a n y a c c e s s o r y r e l a t i o n a s
e y p a y f r a , I
w r o t e ,
6
K O p o s T r o W a
e d n j e v i K r j c r e v . I t f o r m s a c o n t r a s t
w i t h
t h e
o t h e r
t e n s e s
w h i c h d e n o t e a
p a s t t i m e , b u t
m a y b e u s e d i n
t h e p l a c e o f
a l l
t h o s e t e n s e s , i n a s m u c h
a s
i t d e n o t e s t h e p a s t
q u i t e
g e n e r a l l y .
9 .
T h e I m p e r f e c t ( i n t h e i n d i c a t i v e ) a l s o r e p r e s e n t s t h e
a c t i o n a s p a s t
i n d e e d ,
b u t a l w a y s a s s t a n d i n g
i n r e l a t i o n t o
a n o t h e r p a s t t i m e .
' E v o v t
T r a i f e f ,
e y u i t y p a t y o v .
—
O r e i y y i ) £ t ) < r a v
o l
f i d p f i a p o t ,
o l E \ X ) j -
v i g t p a x o v T O .
—
O r « o t
f i d p f i a p o i
i T r e X r j X v O e r T a v
( o r
i w t t X G o v ) , o i E X X q v £ £
I f t a x o v r o . — T o r t ( = i v r a v r t ) T y / * « x p )
E X X q v t s
O a p p a K t u r a r a
i f x a ^ o v r o .
1 0 .
H e n c e t h e
A o r i s t
( i n t h e
i n d i c a t i v e )
i s
u s e d
i n
h i s
t o r i c a l n a r r a t i o n , t o e x p r e s s t h e p r i n c i p a l
f a c t s ,
w h i l e t h e
I m p e r f e c t ( i n t h e i n d i c a t i v e ) i s u s e d t o d e n o t e t h e a c c o m
p a n y i n g
c i r c u m s t a n c e s .
T h e
A o r i s t
n a r r a t e s ,
t h e
I m p e r f e c t
d e s c r i b e s .
t o v g
i r i X r a o T a s
k d e % a
v t o o l j i d p f i a p o i
x a l
I p . d x o v T O ' I v i i
8 i y y i l S 5 o a v
o l o i r X X r a i , I t p d n o v r o ' ( c a t o l
w t X T a a r a i
i v 9 i s t X i r o v r o .
R e m a r k
5 .
T h e a o r i s t ( i n
t h e
i n d i c a t i v e )
i s
o f t e n u s e d
i n
g e n e r a l
s e n t e n c e s , w h i c h e x p r e s s a f a c t d r a w n f r o m
e x p e r i e n c e ,
a n d t h e n i s
t r a n s l a t e d i n E n g l i s h
b y
t h e
p r e s e n t
o r t h e v e r b t o
b e
a c c u s t o m e d
w i t h
t h e i n f i n i t i v e ;
a s :
k u X X o s y x p o v o s d v d X t o a t v , v o a o s i p . d p a v e v .
1 1 . T h e P l u p e r f e c t ( i n t h e i n d i c a t i v e ) p o i n t s o u t t h e a c t i o n
a s p a s t ( c o m p l e t e d ) b e f o r e
a n o t h e r p a s t
t i m e .
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§ 1 5 2 . ]
1 8 5
E R B .
E i r t i d f j o i
E X X j j v t f i
J T t X i j X u f l e c r a
v ,
o i i r o X i j i w i d i r n r t t j > t v y t o a v . — O T e
o t
t r v f i f t a x o i
t T r k r j t r i a Z o v , o i ' A O i j v c i i o i T o i g T l k p a a g I v t v i K i i K t o a v . — ' E y f -
y p a t p u v
t > ) v l i r i a T o \ i ) v
( w h e n
t h e
f r i e n d
c a m e ) .
R e m a r k 6 .
I t s h o u l d b e
o b s e r v e d , t h a t
w h e n t h e
r e l a t i o n o f
o n e
p a s t
t i m e t o a n o t h e r i s e a s i l y
p e r c e i v e d
f r o m
t h e c o n n e x i o n ,
a n d n o p a r t i c u l a r
s t r e s s l i e s u p o n i t
t h e
G r e e k s
a r e f o n d
o f u s i n g
t h e
a o r i s t i n s t e a d o f
t h e
p l u p e r f e c t ; a s :
i i r t i S r i
o i E X X i / v t £ l i r i j X B o v , o i v o X i / u o l d - K t i r i t y t i y t a a v .
I n f a c t , t h e a o r i s t i s o f t e n u s e d i n s t e a d o f t h e p e r f e c t , w h e n t h e r e l a t i o n
o f
t h e
p a s t t o
t h e
p r e s e n t
i s n o t
r e q u i r e d
t o b e e m p h a t i c a l l y
b r o u g h t
f o r w a r d .
1 2 . A s t h e A o r i s t ( i n t h e
i n d i c a t i v e ; r e p r e s e n t s
a f a c t o f
p a s t t i m e a s i s o l a t e d a n d e n d e d , n o t d e p e n d i n g u p o n a n o t h e r
p a s t t i m e w h i l e t h e I m p e r f e c t , o n t h e c o n t r a r y , c a u s e s t h e
a c t i o n t o
b e c o n s i d e r e d
i n i t s d u r a t i o n a n d
p r o g r e s s , s i n c e i t
a l w a y s r e f e r s a t r a n s a c t i o n i n t h e p a s t t o a n o t h e r p a s t t i m e ,
a n d i s u s e d i n d e s c r i p t i o n a n d r e p r e s e n t a t i o n : s o t h e o t h e r
m o o d s a l s o ( c o n j u n c t i v e , o p t a t i v e , a n d i m p e r a t i v e ) , t o g e t h e r
w i t h t h e
i n f i n i t i v e
a n d
p a r t i c i p l e , o f t h e A o r i s t , a r e u s e d
w h e n
t h e s p e a k e r w i s h e s
t o p o i n t
o u t
a n a c t i o n
a s e n d e d ,
i n
i t s e l f
b u t t h e m o o d s , w i t h t h e
i n f i n i t i v e
a n d
p a r t i c i p l e o f
t h e P r e s e n t , a s w e l l
a s
t h e o p t a t i v e o f t h e
I m p e r f e c t ,
w h e n
t h e
s p e a k e r w i s h e s t o e x h i b i t
t h e
a c t i o n
d e s c r i p t i v e l y ,
i n
i t s
d u r a t i o n
a n d p r o g r e s s .
I n t h i s w a y t h e
f o l l o w i n g f o r m s
s t a n d
c o n t r a s t e d
t o g e t h e r
a . T h e
C o n j u n c t i v e
A o r i s t , a n d t h e
C o n j u n c t i v e
P r e s e n t a s
< p v y < a p t v
a n d ( p i v y i a f i t v , l e t u s f l e e ; X t y u t , X v a ( i d O y g a n d t v a p a v Q d v p g , t h a t t h o u m a y e s t
l e a r n .
b . T h e I m p e r a t i v e
A o r i s t ,
a n d
t h e
I m p e r a t i v e P r e s e n t a s i p v y e a n d
< j > i v y t ) f l e e ; S o g a n d S i S o v
f i o i t o
/ 3 i / 3 X i W , g i v e .
c .
T h e
I n f i n i t i v e
A o r i s t , a n d
t h e I n f i n i t i v e P r e s e n t
a s W s X m Q v y i i v a n d
^ c u y f i v ,
I
w i s h
t o f l e e K t X e v u )
a t S o v v a i a n d
h d o v a t f i o i r b f i i f i X l o v
b u t
t h e
i n f i n i t i v e a o r i s t m a y a l s o
d e n o t e a p a s t t i m e ,
a n d
s u p p l y t h e
p l a c e o f
t h e
i n f i n i t i v e
p e r f e c t ,
w h e n
t h e
r e l a t i o n
t o
t h e
^ f i n i t e
v e r b
i s
n o t r e q u i r e d
t o
b e
p r o m i n e n t
a s r j y y e i X t r o i g i r o X t f i t o v g d i r o Q v y t i v a n d d i r o m f v y i v a t ,
n u n c i a v i t h o s t e s f u g i s s e .
d . T h e O p t a t i v e A o r i s t , a n d
t h e
O p t a t i v e I m p e r f e c t a s i X t y o v , I v a f i d S o i g
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1 8 6
E L E M E N T S
O F T H E S I M P L E
S E N T E N C E . [ c h a p .
I .
a n d X v a p a v Q a v o i f , i n o r d e r
t h a t
t h o u m i g h t e s t
l e a r n ,
u t d i s c e r e s
; i ' 8 e t q v t o
y i v o i r o a n d y i y v o i r o ,
O
t h a t
t h i s m a y
h a p p e n
T h e
O p t a t i v e
A o r i s t m a y
a l s o
s u p p l y
t h e p l a c e
o f
t h e
O p t a t i v e
P l u p e r f e c t ,
w h e n
t h e
r e l a t i o n t o
a n o t h e r p a s t t i m e d o e s n o t r e q u i r e t o b e
p r o m i n e n t
a s
y y y u X i v o n ,
i i r t i d t )
o i E X S . n v f t
i i r e X Q o i e v ,
o i
f i a p f i a p o t
T / f l i ; d i r o i p v y o i t v .
T h e P a r t i c i p l e o f
t h e A o r i s t
a l w a y s
d e n o t e s a
p a s t
t i m e ,
a n d
h e n c e
a p p e a r s i n c o n t r a s t w i t h t h a t o f t h e P e r f e c t , s i n c e t h e f o r m e r m e r e l y
p o i n t s
o u t t h e a c t i o n a s p a s t , w h i l e t h e
l a t t e r ,
o n t h e
c o n t r a r y , p l a c e s
i t ,
a t
t h e s a m e t i m e , i n
r e l a t i o n t o
t h e f i n i t e
v e r b a s
o i
a i r o p o X o i
y y y i
i X a v
t o v q i r o X i f i i o v s d i r o Q v y o v r a c a n d d i r o i r t i p t v y o r a c . .
§ 1 5 3 .
B . O n t h e M o o d s , i n D e t a i l .
1 .
W e
d i s t i n g u i s h
t h e t h r e e
f o l l o w i n g
m o o d s
t h e I n d i c a
t i v e ,
t h e C o n j u n c t i v e ( O p t a t i v e ) , a n d t h e
I m p e r a t i v e
( §
1 5 1 ,
2 . ) .
a . T h e I n d i c a t i v e i s t h e m o o d o f f a c t ; a s t o
p o B o v
d d W s i
— 6 i r a r r j p y £ y p a < f > s t t j v i m a r o X ^ v — o i
i r o X i f i i o i
a i r i -
< j > v y o v
—
o i
T r o X i r a i t o v s i r o \ s ( i ( o v s v i K i j a - o v a - t v
b . T h e C o n j u n c t i v e i s t h e m o o d o f c o n c e p t i o n . T h e C o n
j u n c t i v e o f t h e h i s t o r i c a l t e n s e s i s c a l l e d , i n G r e e k g r a m m a r ,
t h e O p t a t i v e ( § 7 3 ,
2 . ) .
a ) T h e C o n j u n c t i v e o f t h e
p r i n c i p a l t e n s e s ,
( t h e p r e s e n t
a n d
p e r f e c t , )
a s w e l l a s t h a t
o f
t h e a o r i s t , i n
G r e e k
a l w a y s
r e p r e s e n t s t h a t w h i c h i s c o n c e i v e d a s f u t u r e . H e n c e t h e
f u t u r e h a s n o C o n j u n c t i v e f o r m c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o
t h a t
o f t h e
I n d i c a t i v e . T h e
C o n j u n c t i v e
o f t h e p r i n c i p a l t e n s e s
i s
u s e d
i n p r i n c i p a l s e n t e n c e s — 1 ) i n t h e 1 . p e r s o n s i n g u l a r
a n d
p l u r a l
t o
d e n o t e
a n
e x h o r t a t i o n
o r
a d m o n i t i o n
—
2 )
i n
t h e
2 .
p e r s o n
s i n g u l a r a n d p l u r a l o f t h e a o r i s t ( n o t t h e p r e s e n t ) t o e x p r e s s a
p r o h i b i t i o n — 3 ) i n d o u b t f u l q u e s t i o n s ( i n p r i n c i p a l
s e n t e n c e s ,
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§
1 5 3 . ]
1 8 7
E R B .
a l m o s t e x c l u s i v e l y i n 1 .
p e r s o n s i n g u l a r a n d p l u r a l ;
i n
a c c e s
s o r y
s e n t e n c e s ,
t h r o u g h
a l l
t h e
p e r s o n s ) .
I u / i t v , e a m u s , l e t u s g o
M i )
i u / u v .
M » )
0 o / 3 i j 0 ? ? f , n e m e t u a s . T t
T r o t u f i e v
q u i d
f a c i a m u s
f
w h a t m u s t w e d o ? — I n a c c e s s o r y
s e n t e n c e s
o v k e x « > , ' o i r o i
r p a i r u p a t , n o n h a b e o
q u o
m e v e r t a m ,
w h e r e
t o
g o .
O w e e x £ < >
b j r o i
T p d i r t i T C U ,
0 ) T h e C o n j u n c t i v e o f t h e h i s t o r i c a l t e n s e s , — t h e
O p t a t i v e
o f t h e a o r i s t ,
i m p e r f e c t , a n d p l u p e r f e c t ,
a s w e l l a s
t h a t
o f t h e
f u t u r e
( §
1 5 2 ,
3 ,
< T ) ,
—
r e p r e s e n t s
w h a t
i s
c o n c e i v e d ,
e i t h e r
a s
p a s t , p r e s e n t , o r f u t u r e . T h e O p t a t i v e d e n o t e s a p r e s e n t o r
f u t u r e t i m e , o n l y i n c o n d i t i o n a l p r o p o s i t i o n s ,
a n d
s u c h e l l i p t i
c a l
p r o p o s i t i o n s a s a r e t h e n c e d e r i v e d ; a s
d
t i e % o i s ,
B o I t j s
a v ,
i f t h o u h a d s t a n y t h i n g , t h o u w o u l d s t g i v e i t .
T h e c o n d i t i o n ,
e X n e ^ o i s , a s w e l l a s t h e c o n s e q u e n c e , S o l r j s a v , i s h e r e e x
h i b i t e d a s a p r e s e n t m o s t l y , a s a n u n c e r t a i n f u t u r e , a n u n
d e t e r m i n e d p o s s i b i l i t y , a m e r e s u p p o s i t i o n , i d e a ,
o r
c o n j e c t u r e .
S e e
§
1 8 5 .
F r o m
t h i s
f o r m
o f
t h e c o n d i t i o n a l p r o p o s i t i o n ,
e l w i t h t h e O p t a t i v e , t h e e x p r e s s i o n o f a w i s h
w a s e v o l v e d ,
t h e c o n s e q u e n t p r o p o s i t i o n b e l o n g i n g t o
i t b e i n g
s u p p r e s s e d
a s
e l
t o v t o y i v o n o i f t h i s w e r e t o t a k e p l a c e
( t h e n
I
s h o u l d
b e
h a p p y , s v r v % r ) s a v e v q v ) . I n s t e a d o f t h e s i m p l e
e l
t h e s t r e n g t h
e n e d e X O e , e l y a p ,
O
t h a t , a r e g e n e r a l l y
u s e d
i n
s u c h
c a s e s ; a s
e l d s
( e l y a p )
i f w l 6
s o l r a v r r j v
t t j v B v v a f i i v
i r a p a O e l e v V e r y
f r e q u e n t l y ,
t h e
c o n s e q u e n t
p r o p o s i t i o n
i s
u s e d
e l l i p t i c a l l y ,
t h e c o n d i t i o n b e l o n g i n g t o i t b e i n g s u p p r e s s e d ; a s r ) M w s a v
a / c o v o r a i f i i ,
I
s h o u l d l i k e t o h e a r
( v i z .
i f i t w e r e a l l o w e d ,
e l
e ^ e l r f ) .
( C o m p a r e N o .
2 ,
c . ) W i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n
o f
t h e
c a s e s j u s t e n u m e r a t e d , t h e O p t a t i v e
a l w a y s
r e f e r s t o t h e
p a s t .
R e m a r k 1 .
I f a
w i s h i s t o b e
p o i n t e d o u t
a s
o n e
t o
t h e f u l f i l m e n t
o f
w h i c h t h e
s p e a k e r k n o w s h e c a n n o t
a t t a i n , t h e i n d i c a t i v e
o f
t h e
h i s t o r i c a l
t e n s e s
i s u s e d ;
a s :
i l d e t o v t o t y t y v t r o
O
t h a t
t h i s
m i g h t h a p p e n e W t
t o v t o l y i v t r o , O t h a t t h i s h a d h a p p e n e d
c . T h e I m p e r a t i v e i s t h e m o o d o f a n i m m e d i a t e e x p r e s s i o n
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1 8 8
E L E M E N T S
O F T H E
S I M P L E S E N T E N C E .
[ c h a p .
r .
o f t h e w i l l ; a s :
B o s
a n d B i B o v p o t t o f i i / i k i o v , g i v e ;
y p a ^ f r a T O )
a n d
y p c u f r i r a ) t t j v h r u r r o X r i v ,
s c r i b i t o , l e t h i m
w r i t e
o r h e s h o u l d
w r i t e . W i t h r e g a r d t o t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e
A o r i s t a n d
P r e s e n t
s e e
§
1 5 2 , 1 2 .
R e m a r k 2 . I n n e g a t i v e o r p r o h i b i t o r y f o r m s o f s p e e c h w i t h a p r e c e d
i n g p i i ( t i c ) , t h e G r e e k s u s e t h e i m p e r a t i v e p r e s e n t , n o t t h e i m p e r a t i v e
a o r i s t b u t , i n s t e a d o f t h i s l a t t e r , t h e c o n j u n c t i v e a o r i s t a s p i ) y p c u p t
o r u > ) y p a \ f o g ( b u t n o t u i ) y p a i f i o v ) .
R e m a r k s
u p o n
t h e
M o d a l
A d v e r b
a v .
2 . T h e d i s c u s s i o n
o f
t h e
m o d a l
a d v e r b a v i s
c l o s e l y
c o n
n e c t e d
w i t h t h e
s u b j e c t o f
t h e m o o d s . T h e p o w e r
o f
t h i s
p a r t i c l e c o n s i s t s i n
s h o w i n g
t h e r e l a t i o n
o f
a c o n d i t i o n a l a s s e r
t i o n t o
i t s
c o n d i t i o n , s i n c e
i t
i m p l i e s
t h a t
t h e
p r e d i c a t e
o f t h e
p r o p o s i t i o n c o n n e c t e d w i t h i t i s
c o n t i n g e n t
u p o n a n o t h e r p r o
p o s i t i o n , e i t h e r a c t u a l l y e x p r e s s e d
o r t o
b e s u p p l i e d ,
a n d
a c
c o r d i n g l y t h e
r e a l i s a t i o n
o f
t h i s
p r e d i c a t e
i s
d e p e n d e n t
u p o n
t h a t
o f a n o t h e r . A t h o r o u g h i n s i g h t i n t o t h e u s e o f a v
c a n
o n l y
b e g a i n e d h e r e a f t e r , f r o m t h e
a c c o u n t
g i v e n
o f
c o n d i
t i o n a l
p r o p o s i t i o n s
f o r
t h e p r e s e n t , t h e
f o l l o w i n g r e m a r k s
u p o n i t s c o n s t r u c t i o n w i l l b e s u f f i c i e n t . I t i s c o n n e c t e d —
a . W i t h t h e I n d i c a t i v e o f t h e h i s t o r i c a l t e n s e s , v i z . t h e
I m p e r f e c t ,
P l u p e r f e c t , a n d A o r i s t , f o r t h e f o l l o w i n g p u r
p o s e s .
a )
T o
d e n o t e a
c o n s e q u e n c e ,
t h e r e a l i t y
o r
p o s s i b i l i t y o f
w h i c h i s d e n i e d o r a n n u l l e d , i . e . i t i m p l i e s t h a t s o m e t h i n g
m i g h t
h a v e
t a k e n p l a c e o n
a
c e r t a i n
c o n d i t i o n , b u t d i d n o t
t a k e
p l a c e ,
b e c a u s e t h e c o n d i t i o n
w a s
n o t
f u l f i l l e d .
E t
T o v T o i X t y f Q
( t k t Z a g ) , f i f i a p r a v e g ( r i f i a p r i s ) a v , s i h o c d i c e r e s , e r r a r e s
( b u t I k n o w n o w , t h a t y o u w o u l d n o t
s a y i t ,
c o n s e q u e n t l y y o u d o
n o t
e r r ) . E t t o v t o
I X t J a p , t j / i a p r t s
a v , s i h o c d i x i s s e s , e r r a s s e s i a t h o c n o n
d i x i s t i ,
e r g o , n o n ,
e r r a s t i
( t h e
a o r i s t
h e r e
s u p p l i e s
t h e
p l a c e
o f
t h e
p l u
p e r f e c t ) . O r
w i t h o u t
a p r o t a s i s ;
a s :
I x ^ - p t c
a v ,
l a t a r e r i s
o r
l a t a t u s
f u i s s e s
( s c .
s i h o c
v i d i t s e s ) .
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§ 1 3 3 . ]
1 8 9
E R B .
/ 3 ) T o d e n o t e t h a t a n a c t i o n t o o k p l a c e ( w a s r e p e a t e d ) i n
p a s t t i m e u n d e r c e r t a i n c i r c u m s t a n c e s , c o n d i t i o n s , a n d r e l a
t i o n s .
E n g T i p S w r p d r t i i r t p i r o v d v T i X ' e y O i , I w t t t ) v v i r o Q e o i v i i r d v t i y e v d v
i r d v r a t o v X o y o v ( a s o f t e n a s a n y o n e c o n t r a d i c t e d ) .
R e m a r k
3 .
a v i s
n o t c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e i n d i c a t i v e o f t h e
p r i n c i p a l
t e n s e s .
b .
W i t h t h e C o n j u n c t i v e , i n o r d e r t o e x h i b i t t h e c o n c e i v e d
f u t u r e
e v e n t
w h i c h
t h e
G r e e k
C o n j u n c t i v e
d e n o t e s
( §
1 5 2 ,
R e m . 4 . ) , a s
c o n d i t i o n a l
a n d d e p e n d e n t u p o n c i r c u m s t a n c e s .
I n
o r d i n a r y l a n g u a g e t h i s c a s e
o c c u r s
o n l y i n a c c e s s o r y s e n
t e n c e s , a n d t h e n » t h e
m o d a l
a d v e r b d v u n i t e s
c l o s e l y
w i t h t h e
C o n j u n c t i v e
o f
t h e a c c e s s o r y s e n t e n c e , o r b l e n d s w i t h i t
i n t o
o n e
w o r d . T h u s t h e r e
a r i s e
l a v ( f r . s i
a v ) ,
o r a v ( f r . o r e a v ) ,
o V o r a v ( f r . S t t o t s
a v ) ,
n r p i v a v , 0 6 1 a v ,
o v
a v ,
o t t o v
a v , o l a v ,
o i r o b
a v ,
y
a v ,
o t t t )
a v ,
5 6 s v
a v ,
o i r o O e v
a v ,
a n d
a l s o
o s
a v
( q u i -
c u n q u e
o r s i
q u i s ) ,
o l o s
a v ,
o t t o i o s
a v ,
o c r o s
a v , o i r o a - o s a v ,
& c .
c .
W i t h
t h e O p t a t i v e ( v e r y s e l d o m w i t h t h e O p t a t i v e
F u t u r e ) , i n o r d e r t o e x h i b i t
a
p r e s e n t ( m o s t l y a f u t u r e ) u n c e r
t a i n e v e n t , — o r a n
u n d e c i d e d p o s s i b i l i t y ,
a m e r e
s u p p o s i t i o n ,
i d e a , o r
c o n j e c t u r e ,
— a s c o n d i t i o n a l . T h e O p t a t i v e
w i t h
a v
s h o u l d a l w a y s b e r e g a r d e d a s t h e p r i n c i p a l p r o p o s i t i o n o f a n
a n n e x e d c o n d i t i o n a l o n e , e v e n i f t h e c o n d i t i o n b e l o n g i n g t o i t
i s s u p p r e s s e d ( N o .
I ,
j 8 ) .
E i t o v t o X t y o i q ,
a / i a p r a v o t e a v ; —
w i t h o u t
p r o t a s i s , a s
x a ' P ° ' S v >
y ™
w o u l d , y o u m i g h t r e j o i c e
( v i z .
i f y o u h e a r d t h i s } ,
r i v o i r a v i r a v
i v t £
f u i K p y x p ° v V > i t m i g h t a l l h a p p e n .
A t y o i g a v , t h o u
m a y e s t
s p e a k
( s c . s i t i b i
p l a c u e r i t ) .
—
V e r y o f t e n ,
t h e
o p t a t i v e i s u s e d w i t h a v ,
w h e n t h e s p e a k e r
w i s h e s t o p u t f o r t h a s t r o n g a f f i r m a t i o n i n a m o d e s t w a y .
d .
W i t h t h e
I n f i n i t i v e a n d P a r t i c i p l e
( v e r y
s e l d o m w i t h
t h e I n f i n i t i v e a n d P a r t i c i p l e F u t u r e ) w h e n t h e
f i n i t e
v e r b , i f
p u t
i n t h e
p l a c e
o f t h e I n f i n i t i v e
a n d
P a r t i c i p l e , w o u l d b e
j o i n e d w i t h a v .
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1 9 0
[ c h a p ,
i l
T T R I B U T I V E
C O M B I N A T I O N .
E J
r i
< ? x « v , t y t i , S o v v c u a v ( o r a t . r e c t . t l
r i
i l x o v > t S u i K a a v ) . — E J
t ^ o t ,
t t p j ) ,
d o D v a i a v
( o r a t . r e c t . f r i t x o t / > i o i i / v — A q X o e i l a u a p r i v t a v
a v ,
l i
t o v t o
X e y o i j
( =
S r j \ 6 v
i a r i v ,
6 r i
a / i a p r d v o i c
a v ,
l l
r o v r o
R e m a r k 4 . S i n c e a v e x p r e s s e s t h e p r e d i c a t e a s
c o n d i t i o n a l ,
i t o u g h t
p r o p e r l y t o b e j o i n e d
t o
i t a s X i y o t f t i
a v ,
( X t y o v a v i t u s u a l l y ,
h o w e v e r ,
c o m e s
a f t e r
t h a t m e m b e r
o f t h e
s e n t e n c e w h i c h
i s t o
b e
b r o u g h t f o r w a r d
w i t h e m p h a s i s h e n c e i t
i s g e n e r a l l y j o i n e d
t o
t h o s e
w o r d s b y
w h i c h
t h e
s m o o t h u t t e r a n c e
o f t h e
s e n t e n c e
i s
a f f e c t e d ,
v i z . t o
n e g a t i v e a d v e r b s a n d
i n t e r r o g a t i v e s
a s o v k
a v ,
o v b
a v , o v i r o r a v , o v d i -
■ k o t
a v ,
& C .
—
r i g
a v ,
r i
a v ,
r i
I '
a v ,
r i
S r j r
a v ,
i r u i g
a v ,
v u g
y a p
a v ,
a p '
a v ,
& c .
f u r t h e r ,
t o a d v e r b s o f
p l a c e ,
t i m e , m a n n e r , a n d o t h e r s
b y
w h i c h
t h e e x p r e s s i o n o f t h e
p r e d i c a t e
i s
i n
m a n y
w a y s m o d i f i e d
a n d
m o r e
c l e a r l y
d e f i n e d
a s I v r a v O a a v , t o t a v , i U o r w g a v , i t t i a g a v , r a x a v ,
p a k u r r
a v , ( i k u t t a v , p a i t w g a v , t j U i o g a v ,
& c .
H e n c e l t
a l s o
h a p p e n s , t h a t
i t
i s
s o m e t i m e s
r e p e a t e d i n
a s e n t e n c e .
C H A P . I I .
§
1 5 4 . O n t h e
A t t r i b u t i v e
C o m b i n a t i o n .
1 . T h e a t t r i b u t i v e
c o m b i n a t i o n
s e r v e s t o d e f i n e m o r e c l e a r l y
t h e
i d e a
e x p r e s s e d b y
a
s u b s t a n t i v e a s :
t o
k o \ o v
p o S o v
6
f i e y a s i r a i s . I t i s f o u n d
i n
t h e f o l l o w i n g f o r m s
a . I n t h e f o r m o f a n a d j e c t i v e ; a s
t o
k o \ o v p o S o v .
b .
I n
t h e
f o r m o f
a
s u b s t a n t i v e
i n t h e g e n i t i v e
; a s o i
r o d
h i v & p o v K a p i r o L
c . I n t h e f o r m o f a p r e p o s i t i o n j o i n e d t o
a
s u b s t a n t i v e ; a s
T ) t r p O S T 7 ) V t t o X i v 6 S 6 s .
d .
I n
t h e
f o r m
o f
a n
a d v e r b
a s
o i
i w
a v O p a y i r o i .
e . I n t h e f o r m o f a
s u b s t a n t i v e i n
a p p o s i t i o n ; a s
K p o u r o s ,
6
^ a a C K s i i .
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§ 1 5 4 . ] A P P O S I T I O N . 1 9 1
R e m a r k . I f t h e s u b s t a n t i v e w h i c h
i s t o b e m o r e c l e a r l y
d e f i n e d b y t h e
a t t r i b u t i v e e x p r e s s e s
a
g e n e r a l
n o t i o n o r
o n e w h i c h c a n e a s i l y b e s u p
p l i e d
f r o m
t h e
c o n n e x i o n
o f
t h e d i s c o u r s e
o r , l a s t l y ,
o n e
w h i c h
m a y
b e
s u p p o s e d t o b e k n o w n b y
f r e q u e n t
u s e
i n
a p a r t i c u l a r c o n n e x i o n a s
a v d p t o i r o g , a v t i p { m a n , c o n s o r t ) , y v v r ] ( w o m a n ,
s p o u s e ) ,
i r a r y p , f i i j T t i p , v i o g , i r a t e
O v y d r n p , a l e X t y o g , T r p a y f i a ,
% p q j « a ,
e p y o v , x p o f o g , r i p k p a , \ i i > p a , y i j , 6 S 6 g , o U i a ,
o ' k o £ ,
& c . i t i s
o f t e n
o m i t t e d ,
a s
b e i n g t h e s u b o r d i n a t e
m e m b e r o f
t h e
a t t r i b u t i v e
c o m b i n a t i o n , a n d
t h e
a t t r i b u t i v e , g e n e r a l l y a c c o m p a n i e d
b y
t h e
a r t i c l e , i s t r e a t e d a s
a
s u b s t a n t i v e .
O i
d n v r o i ( s c . a v 8 p o i i r o i ) ,
m o r t a l e s , —
r d i j / t e r t p a ( s c .
x p y p a r a ) ,
r e s n o s t r a ,
—
v a r e p a i a
( s c .
i j ^ k p a )
—
i r o X e f i i a
a n d
< p t \ i a
( s c .
x ^ P a ) y
t h e
h o s t i l e
a n d f r i e n d l y c o u n t r y , — o i K o v i i i v n ( s c . y i j ) , t h e i n h a b i t e d e a r t h , t h e
h a b i t a b l e
g l o b e ,
—
r i j v
r a y i a r n v ( s c . o t o v ) , q u a m
c e l e r r i m e ,
— r i i m w ,
t h e
e v i l ,
— r d k c i k i ' i ,
t h e
e v i l s ,
—
' A X t K a v S p o g 6
$ M m r o v
( v i o g ) — i v t f S c v
( i i L K t f t )
t l v t t i —
t i g
S i S a o - K d X o v , t i g H X d r i o v o g
< p o i T a v ,
—
r d
r i j g t v \ i \ q , f o r t u n e
a n d
a l l
t h a t
b e l o n g s t o
i t , r d r i j g
w o X t w g , t h e
a f f a i r s o f
t h e
s t a t e ,
r d r o O
i r o X t p o v , t h e w a r
i n i t s w h o l e e x t e n t ,
o i v v v , o i r o r t ,
o i i r d X a i
( a v Q p u n r o i ) ,
r d
o I k o i ( v p a y p a r a ) ,
r e s d o m e s t i c a l ,
—
o i
K a 6 ' v p d g , o u r c o n t e m p o r a r i e s ,
—
o i A j u j i i o r i r t p i n v a , a p e r s o n w i t h h i s c o m p a n i o n s , d e p e n d a n t s ,
o r
d i s c i p l e s ,
o i
d / x i j i i
H e i a i a r p a r o v ,
P i s i s t r a t u s
w i t h
h i s
c o m p a n i o n s
o i
d / i Q i
O a A i j V , T h a l e s a n d h i s d i s c i p l e s .
2 .
A p p o s i t i o n i s
a f f i x e d
n o t m e r e l y , a s o t h e r
f o r m s o f
t h e
a t t r i b u t i v e , t o t h e s u b s t a n t i v e , b u t a l s o t o t h e s u b s t a n t i v e -
p r o n o u n
a s
^ / x e t s , o i o - o < p o i —
i / c s l v o s , 6 f t a c r C k e v s
a n d
e v e n t o t h e
p e r s o n a l
p r o n o u n i m p l i e d
b y
t h e v e r b .
O t / i i a T O K X ^ g
I j k i j ) i r a p a a t . — ' O M a i a g
r i j g
A r X a v T O g C i a K o v o v f i a i
a i r u i g
( i n s t e a d
o f
i y o )
6
M a i a g
S C . v i o g ) .
^
3 . W h e n a n a p p o s i t i o n i s a d d e d t o t h e p o s s e s s i v e p r o n o u n s ,
i t s t a n d s i n t h e g e n i t i v e , b e c a u s e t h e s e p r o n o u n s s u p p l y t h e
p l a c e o f t h e g e n i t i v e o f t h e p e r s o n a l p r o n o u n s .
' J Z p b g t o v d B X i o v
( 3 t o g
— r d f i a r o v S v o r r j v o v x a x d — < r i )
r i j g
K a X X i o r n g l i / i o p -
< p i a . —
I n
E n g l i s h
w e
g e n e r a l l y t r a n s l a t e t h e g e n i t i v e b y
a n
e x c l a m
a t i o n , s i n c e w e c o n n e c t t h e p e r s o n i m p l i e d b y t h e p r o n o u n a n d t h e
a d j e c t i v e i n
t h e
n o m i n a t i v e
w i t h o n e
a n o t h e r
a s
/ u n f o r t u n a t e ,
m y
l i f e , & c . U p o n t h e e x p r e s s i o n s
6 ^ f i ' t r t p o g ,
v f d r t p o g , a f t r t p o g a i / r u t v
i r a r l i p , s e e b e l o w , i n t h e a c c o u n t o f t h e p r o n o u n s .
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1 9 2 O B J E C T I V E
C O M B I N A T I O N . [ c h a p m .
C H A P .
I I I .
§ 1 5 5 .
O n t h e O b j e c t i v e C o m b i n a t i o n .
A s t h e a t t r i b u t i v e
c o m b i n a t i o n s e r v e s
t o d e f i n e t h e s u b j e c t
( a s u b s t a n t i v e - i d e a ) m o r e p a r t i c u l a r l y , s o t h e o b j e c t i v e s e r v e s
t o d e f i n e t h e p r e d i c a t e ( a v e r b a l i d e a ) m o r e
p a r t i c u l a r l y .
B y
t h e o b j e c t
w e
u n d e r s t a n d ,
i n a w i d e r s e n s e , e v e r y t h i n g
b y
w h i c h t h e p r e d i c a t e i s m o r e p a r t i c u l a r l y d e f i n e d , v i z .
a )
t h e
c a s e , i ) t h e p r e p o s i t i o n , c ) t h e
i n f i n i t i v e ,
d ) t h e p a r t i c i p l e , a n d
e )
t h e a d v e r b .
' K - j r i O v f i u i
r y e
a o Q i a Q — y p a f t o r i \ v
i m t T T o X T j V m
— e v x o f i a i t o X q f o o i c
—
t < J T i \
j r a p d T < p f i a a i X t l — i m B v / i d y p a f t i v
—
y t X i i v i l i r i v
—
K a X w s
I f i a y i a a T O .
O N T H E C A S E .
§
1 5 6 .
I . G e n i t i v e .
T h e
G e n i t i v e
i s t h e c a s e
d e n o t i n g
w h e n c e , a n d h e n c e
e x
p r e s s e s ,
—
a ) i n
a
l o c a l
s e n s e ,
t h e o u t - g o i n g o r r e m o v a l
a n d
s e p a
r a t i o n
o f
a n o b j e c t ,
s i n c e
i t p o i n t s o u t t h e o b j e c t o r p o i n t
f r o m
w h i c h
t h e a c t i o n o f t h e v e r b p r o c e e d s
;
a s
s i k s i v
6 S o O ,
c e d e r e v i a ; — b ) i n a c a u s a l s e n s e , t h e c a u s e , o r i g i n , o r a u t h o r ,
e s p e c i a l l y t h e
o b j e c t
w h i c h c a l l s f o r t h , e n g e n d e r s ( g i g n i t ) ,
e x
c i t e s ,
o r
o c c a s i o n s
t h e
a c t i o n
o f t h e
v e r b
a s
e i r i O v i M o
T r j s
d p e r r j s .
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§ 1 5 8 . ]
1 9 3
E N I T I V E .
§ 1 5 7 . A . L o c a l S e n s e . — S e p a r a t e G e n i t i v e .
T h e G e n i t i v e , i n a l o c a l s e n s e , i s f o u n d i n e x p r e s s i o n s o f
r e m o v a l , s e p a r a t i o n , a n d d i s j o i n i n g
;
— o f
c o m m e n c e m e n t a n d b e
g i n n i n g ; — o f r e l e a s i n g , k e e p i n g
o n e ' s
s e l f f r o m , a b s t a i n i n g
f r o m ,
d e s i s t i n g f r o m , c e a s i n g , k e e p i n g o f f f r o m , f r e e i n g f r o m ,
m i s s i n g ,
d e v i a t i n g f r o m , b e i n g
d i f f e r e n t
f r o m , a n d d e p r i v i n g .
O X T f S v A c u c i S a i f l o v i u y v v e i l n t p o i r o i £ i r p E ' j ^ V T ' i p o i Q a v v r v y x d v o v T i Q t i K O v o i
r i j c o l o v .
—
' A i r s x * '
T t S v
d p y v p t i u i *
l y y v r a r a
i r o X i g .
—
M i y a p a
t t o \ v
n X e t o v r w v
T r t V T a K o a i w v
t r r a d l o j v .
—
M y r r j p i r a t S b g t i p y t i p v T a v .
—
H a v o v
T 7 ) £ { j / 3 p £ W f . — ' H T r o X i g
r i \ e v 8 e p w 9 r j
t u j v
r v p d v v t o v .
— 0 1 T r o X i p i o i T O V Q
i r o X i r a g r i H v
d y a Q w v d T r t t r r e p q a a v .
— v t p
o i a v Q p w i r o i
S i a t p h p o v t r t
T t o v
d W t o v Z t a u > v . — k p x t o Q a i
n v o s
s i g n i f i e s t o b e g i n
s o m e t h i n g ,
g e n e r a l l y
a s a i v
r d i q B t o l g
d p x t o O a t X P $ i r a v r b s i p y o v b u t
a p x « > l S & p x t l v i
v i r a p -
a n d t c a r a p x t i v , s i g n i f y
t o
d o o n e
t h i n g
f i r s t a m o n g
o t h e r s , t o b e g i n ,
h e n c e a l s o , t o b e t h e
a u t h o r , a s
o t i r o X t p w i t j p £ a v d d i x u v
i p y m v .
—
O i
' A 0 i ; v a ( o i
k m
A a K t C a i p o v w i
v i r i j p ^ a v
r i j s
l \ t v 6 i p i a £ a n d a y r p ' H X X d d i ,
l i b e r t a t i s
a u c t o r e s
f u e r u n t .
§ 1 5 8 . B . C a u s a l S e n s e .
T h e G e n i t i v e , i n a c a u s a l s e n s e ,
l i k e w i s e
d e n o t e s a n o u t
g o i n g , y e t n o t , a s i n t h e l o c a l s e n s e , a m e r e
o u t w a r d
o n e , b u t
a n i n w a r d a n d a c t i v e o n e , s i n c e i t e x p r e s s e s t h e o b j e c t b y
w h o s e i n w a r d p o w e r t h e a c t i o n o f t h e s u b j e c t i s c a l l e d f o r t h
a n d
e n g e n d e r e d ( g i g n i t u r ) .
a .
T h e
G e n i t i v e a s a n
E x p r e s s i o n
o f A c t i v i t y g e n e r a l l y .
1 . I n t h e f i r s t p l a c e , t h e G e n i t i v e o f a c t i v i t y a p p e a r s a s t h e
g e n i t i v e
o f t h e
o r i g i n
o r
a u t h o r ,
a n d
i s
f o u n d
w i t h
v e r b s
o f
b e c o m i n g ,
a r i s i n g ,
h a v i n g b e c o m e o r a r i s e n , p r o d u c i n g , a n d
c r e a t i n g ; a s y i y v e o ~ 6 a i , < p v s i v , < j > v v a t , e l v a i .
O
7/23/2019 An Elementary Grammar of the Greek Langu
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1 9 4
[ c h a p . i n .
B J E C T I V E C O M B I N A T I O N .
' A p i o T i a v
d v S p i S v d p i a r a
P o v X i i i i a r a y
i y
v
t r a i . — T l a r p b i
p l v
f l i } X i y c r a t
6
K v p o s
y c v e t r d a i K a f i p v o o v , H t p a u i v
f l a e i X t w ; '
6 S i K a / i f i v t n j g
o t ; 7 - 0 £
r o v
H t p m i d u v
y ' t v o v Q
i j v ,
p n r p b s
i t
o f i o X o y t i r a i
N a v S a v i j e
y e -
v k o - Q a i .
2 . I n t h e s e c o n d
p l a c e ,
t h e G e n i t i v e
o f
a c t i v i t y
a p p e a r s
a s
t h e o b j e c t w h i c h h a s
a c q u i r e d
a n o t h e r ,
m a d e i t
i t s
o w n ,
a n d
p o s s e s s e s i t , — a s a n
o w n e r
o r p o s s e s s o r { G e n i t i v u s * p o s s e s s o r s ,
s .
p o s s e s s i v u s y
T h i s
g e n i t i v e i s f o u n d w i t h t h e v e r b s e h c u
a n d y s v d a 0 a i a n d w i t h t h e a d j e c t i v e s , i S c o s , o I k u o s , i e p o s ,
i c v p w s .
T r j g
t p v a i u Q
i i k y i a r o v
k o X X o q l a r i v . —
T o i S w K p a r o v c
t t o X X j ) r / v d p t r t ] .
H e n c e
t h e
g e n i t i v u s
q u a l i t i v u s ,
t o
w h i c h
i n E n g l i s h
w e a f f i x t h e s u b
s t a n t i v e s , b u s i n e s s ,
n a t u r e ,
c u s t o m ,
p r o p e r t y , d u t y ,
m a r k , & c . a s
d v S p o g
i t j T i v
d y a O o v l u i r o u i v t o v q Q i X o v q . — O t p X v
k i v S v v o i
t t o X X c l k u ;
t i o v i ) y € f i 6 v u / v i d i o t , p u r O b g c o v k t o r i v . — K v p o g r a v r i j g r i j f g \ u i p a g K v p i o g
l y k v t r o .
3 .
T h i r d l y ,
t h e
G e n i t i v e
o f
a c t i v i t y
a p p e a r s
a s
t h e
o b j e c t
w h i c h
i n c l u d e s a n d
h o l d s t o g e t h e r
o n e
o r m o r e o t h e r o b j e c t s ,
a s p a r t s b e l o n g i n g t o i t , — a s t h e w h o l e i n
r e l a t i o n
t o i t s p a r t s
( G e n i t i v u s t o t i u s ,
s . p a r t i t i v u s ) .
T h i s g e n i t i v e i s f o u n d —
a )
W i t h t h e
v e r b s e t v c u a n d
y i y v e c r d a t . *
' H v
K a i
6 S w K p a r i j c t i S v a / i 0 i W i X n T o v O T p a T C V 0 ) * e v i i > v . — ' H Z i X u a
i t r r i r i j f ' A a i a g . — T o v Q a v a r o v i i y o v v r a i i r a v r i g
o i a X X o i t i Z v
/ x t -
y i a r i o v
K a K u v
c l v a i .
I n
E n g l i s h
w e
g e n e r a l l y
m a k e
u s e
o f
t h e
p r e p o s i t i o n s ,
o f ,
a m o n g .
R e m a r k
1 . T h e p a r t i t i v e g e n i t i v e v e r y
o f t e n h a s
a n
a t t r i b u t i v e
f o r c e
— a )
W i t h
s u b s t a n t i v e s ; a s : a r a y o v e s
U S a r o s ,
o i A p a T o c
p i p o c . .
—
' / 3 ) W i t h
a d j e c t i v e s
u s e d
a s
s u b s t a n t i v e s , e s p e c i a l l y w i t h s u p e r l a t i v e s , a n d w i t h
s u b s t a n t i v e - p r o n o u n s
a n d n u m e r a l s
a s
o i
x p n v r o i t £ v d v d p a i r i a v ,
o i t v
Q p o v o v v T E Q
t w v d v 9 p u > i r w v . —
I l o X X o t ,
o X i y o i , n v i g t u j v d v B p i a i r t t i V . ( O n
t h e c o n t r a r y
o i O v n r o i d v B p w i r o i , b e c a u s e
t h e
p r o p e r t y o f m o r t a l i t y
b e l o n g s
t o
t h e w h o l e c l a s s v o X X o i o r
b X i y a t d v O p t o w o i e x p r e s s e s a
w h o l e ,
c o n s i s t i n g o f m a n y o r f e w , b u t i r o A A o i
o r
b X i y o i d v O p o i w u v d e n o t e s
t h e
m a n y o r f e w a s a p a r t o f t h e w h o l e )
y )
W i t h a d v e r b s , 1 ) o f p l a c e a s
o v f i a j i i j A i y v T z r o v . — O v k o l S a , 8 T r o t / y q £ t o r i v . —
H a v T a % o v
r i j c y i f e ,
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§ 1 5 8 . ]
1 9 5
E N I T I V E .
u b i q u e t e r r a r u m . — 2 )
o f t i m e
a s f y i
r r j s y p i p a s , t o v
x p o v o v , T i j c
i ) X i K i a i
— r p i g r i j s t ' l / i i p a e — i r o X X a K t g
r i j s i i p i p a g ,
b )
W i t h
w o r d s w h i c h
e x p r e s s
t h e
n o t i o n o f
p a r t i c i p a t i o n ,
s h a r e , c o m m u n i c a t i o n , a s s o c i a t i o n ; — t o u c h i n g ,
s e i z i n g ,
l a y i n g
h o l d
o f ,
b e i n g
c o n n e c t e d
; — o b t a i n i n g , r e a c h i n g , o r
s t r i v i n g t o
o b t a i n .
H o X X a K i g o i K a K o i d p x & v K a i T i p w v
f i t r i x o v a i v .
— Q a X m v g f i i v K a i t y > x V Q
K a i a W w v K a i t t o t i S v K a i i i r v o v d v a y x r ) K a i t o i q S o i X o i g p i T a S i i o v a i ,
T r o X e p i K r j z
d ' i i r i a T r t p r j g K a i p e X t r i j g o v f i t r a S o T t o v . — ' O o o f y b g
T t j c
v f i p t w c
d p o i p o g
£ ( t t i v . — A i r T t a G a t t t } q \ t i p o Q . — A i f i v t j i ^ E r a i ( b o r d e r s
u p o n ) t o v
a r t f i a r o Q
p t y a X n .
—
E p y o v
f ^ w / i t S a ,
o p u s a g g r e d i a m u r .
—
O
a r p a r n y o Q
T t S v a v r w v r o i g
f f r p a r i w r a i g a v v a i p i T a t
K i v S i v t a v . —
' E i r u d t l
B v t j t o v
a w p a r o g t r i / ^ f f , d O a v d r o v
S k i / w ^ ' / C i
T r a p a J
T i j g
i ^ i ' X * f f f
d B & v a r o v
p v r \ p r \ v K a T a X n r t i v .
—
T v y x d v t i v , X a y x a v t i v x p * l p d T ( i > v , e v r v x i a g — t v x & i v
T i X t v T T j c ,
6 v 6 p a T o g — ' O p t y t o 6 t o r
i < j > u < s 9 e T r j g
d p i T t j g .
4 .
F o u r t h l y , t h e
p l a c e
i n w h i c h , a n d t h e t i m e w h e n , a n
a n
a c t i o n
t a k e s
p l a c e , a p p e a r
a s
t h e
G e n i t i v e
o f a c t i v i t y .
T h e
d e e d
o r
e v e n t
b e l o n g s ,
a s
i t
w e r e ,
t o
t h e
p l a c e
a n d
t i m e ,
p r o
c e e d s i n a c e r t a i n m e a s u r e f r o m t h e m ,
a n d
i s d e p e n d e n t u p o n
t h e m .
T h e g e n i t i v e o f p l a c e i s r a r e i n p r o s e . A d v e r b s o f p l a c e w i t h a g e n i t i v e
i n f l e x i o n
o f t e n a p p e a r
a s o i ,
w h e r e ,
a i r o v ,
t h e r e ,
a t
t h a t
v e r y p l a c e ,
o i S a f i o v ,
n o w h e r e , & c . —
A v 8 r )
B d X X u
t o v t a p o c ,
t h e s p r i n g i s c o n s i d e r e d
a s t h e p r o d u c e r a n d
s u s t a i n e r
o f f l o w e r s . S o O e p o v c ,
x ( ' ^ v o ( ,
i j p t p a r ,
r i j s a v T r j c i / p i p a g , v v k t o q .
—
B a o i X t i g o v
f i a x i i r a t
S u a y p i p u v , w i t h i n t e n
d a y s .
5 . L a s t l y , t h e G e n i t i v e o f a c t i v i t y a p p e a r s a s t h e m a t t e r o f
w h i c h a n o b j e c t i s m a d e , f o r m e d , a n d , a s i t w e r e , p r o d u c e d .
T h i s
g e n i t i v e i s f o u n d — «
a ) W i t h v e r b s o f m a k i n g
o r
f o r m i n g
f r o m a n y
t h i n g : w i t h
e x p r e s s i o n s o f a b u n d a n c e o r w a n t o f a n y
t h i n g
w i t h
v e r b s o f
e a t i n g , d r i n k i n g , e n j o y i n g ,
h a v i n g
b e n e f i t o r
a d v a n t a g e ;
o f
s m e l l i n g ,
a n d
s m e l l i n g
o f
a n y
t h i n g .
X o X k o v j t £ j r o
i v a i a r i r d
d y d X p a r a .
—
' E a r p u f i t v r )
i a r i v
o l d g X i 9 o v .
H e n c e , w i t h a n a t t r i b u t i v e f o r c e : t K i r w p a Z i X o v — T p d i r i X , a a p y v p i o v —
O 2
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1 9 6
[ c h a p . I I I .B J F . C T I V E
C O M B I N A T I O N .
O T t t y a v o g v a K i v O u v . — ' H v a v g a t o a y j x ' t v i ) i \ v d v O p w T T i a v . — T a ' A v a £ a -
y o p o v f i i f i X i a y k f i e i a o Q u t v X o y t o v . — ' E v r a i > 6 a i j a a v K & f i a t i r o X X a i f i t a r a i
a i r o v K a i
o t v o v .
—
' A i r o p t l v ,
T r ' t v t a Q a i ,
o i r a v l Z & i v
r u i v
x p r i ^ L a T i a v .
—' E a Q i t i v K p t & v — K o p k a a o O a i Q o p f i i j g — i r i v t i v
o t v o v
— ' A i r o X a v e i v
i r a v T u i V T t a v d y a Q i a v . — T t v t a B a i T i p i j g . — y e p t i v n v d r i p . r j g . — O ^ t i v
w i v , f i v p o v i r v d v —
U p o a f 3 a X \ e
i v p . i p o v . — X l v i i v r p a y o v . — 0 £ f i v
K p o f i v i a v . — ' Q g t j S v
f i o i
i t p o a t T T v i v o ' t x o i p t i t a v
K p t & v .
R e m a r k 2 . T h e a c c u s a t i v e s t a n d s w i t h
v e r b s
o f e a t i n g a n d d r i n k i n g
■ w h e n
t h e s u b s t a n c e a ) i s c o n s u m e d a s a w h o l e o r
i n
a l a r g e m a s s , o r
6 )
i s
t o
b e p o i n t e d o u t a s t h e c u s t o m a r y f o o d w h i c h a n y o n e t a k e s a s
T r i v i a r b v
o l v o V f i r o X i i v o l v o v . — ' A T r o X a v t i v r i v o g t i s i g n i f i e s t o r e c e i v e g o o d o r
e v i l
f r o m
a n y
o n e .
5 )
W i t h
v e r b s o f s e n s a t i o n
a n d
p e r c e p t i o n , a s u k o v s i v ,
c u c p o a c r O a i , i r v v d d v s o ' O a i , a l c r d a v e c r B a i ,
6 a ( f > p a l v s a 0 a t ,
c v v i s -
v a i y
t o
u n d e r s t a n d ;
a n d
w i t h v e r b s o f r e m e m b e r i n g
a n d
f o r g e t t i n g .
K a i K U H p o i r o v v i r ) p . i ,
K a i
o i l t p i o v o v v r o g d i e o v a . —
' Q g
w a f p o v r o r a \ W T a
T w p
K a p q X w v o i X m r o i f K a i e l S o v a v r a g ,
b i z i a u ) a v k a r p t t y o v . — O v k a K p o i Z i -
p t v o t
r o v
a d o v r o g
c j p v v e r e
a S e t v
a p w r a .
—
A k o v h v
d i K r j c ,
t o
h e a r
a
c a u s e ,
a i a O a v i a B a t . K p a v y r j c , 6 o p v 0 o v ,
I w i f i o v X f j g .
F r e q u e n t l y
t h e t h i n g
i s
p u t
i n
t h e
a c c u s a t i v e , a n d o f t e n
a l s o t h e
a c c u s a t i v e o f
t h e
t h i n g i s u s e d
t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e g e n i t i v e o f t h e p e r s o n ;
a s :
6 ' A p p i v i o g , u g i j K o v e
r o v d y y s X o v t o . i r a p d r o v
K v p o v , t & i r X a y i j . —
O i d y a Q o i K a i
a i r o v r i a v
t u / v
t p t X a j v
f i k f i v r t v r a i .
— M r ) i i r t X a v Q d v o v t Q v t v i p y t a i i j i v .
c ) W i t h
e x p r e s s i o n s
o f b e i n g
a c q u a i n t e d w i t h a n d i g n o r a n t
o f , o f b e i n g s k i l l e d a n d
u n s k i l l e d
i n ,
o f b e i n g
e x p e r i e n c e d
i n
a n y
t h i n g ,
o f
a b i l i t y
a n d
d e x t e r i t y .
E p i r e i p o g a r i 7 T i . o - T r ) i i u ) v e i p i r r j g r i x v y g . — A i r a i b ' t v T o g a p t r r j g , p o v a i K t j g ,
i r v y y v & p b t v T i a v d v 9 p o > 7 r i v ( o v i r p a y p d r i a v . — ' A i r e i p u i g t % t i v T t v o g . —
' A i r o i r t t p a a Q a t y v w f i n g . — K a i
T r a p a a K t v a f t T i K b v
T t S v t i g r b v i r o X t -
j i o v r b v f f T p a r t j y b v
e l v a i X P ' I K a *
T r o p t a r i K b v t u v e i r i T r t c ' u w v
T o i g
a r p a r i h i T a i g .
d ) W i t h
v e r b s
o f s e e i n g , c o n s i d e r i n g , e x a m i n i n g ,
a n d
t h e
l i k e ,
e s p e c i a l l y ,
a d m i r i n g ,
p r a i s i n g ,
o r
b l a m i n g
s o m e t h i n g
i n
a n y
o n e ,
e .
g . a n y a c t i o n , e x t e r n a l m a n i f e s t a t i o n , o r p a r t i c u l a r
c i r c u m s t a n c e .
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§ 1 5 8 . ]
1 9 7
E N I T I V E .
T o p p a S v
K a i
/ l i W o v ,
o
p . i p - < p o v T a i
p a X w r a i j j i w v , f t ? ) a l a x i v t o B t . — E i
a y a a a i t o v i r a r p b g o a a / 3 i j 3 o v \ t v T a i q o a a
m T r p a x s , i r d v v n o t
a v p f i o v -
\ i v i a
t o v t o v
i i i p i i o B a i .
—
' E y < i K a i
t o v t o
i i r a i v H
' \ y n a i \ d o v ,
r o
T r p b g
t o d p t O K t i v r o l g
E X X j j f f i v v w i p i S i i v
t i ) v ( 3 a a i \ t u > Q % i v i a v . — T o p y i o v
f i a X t O T a
r a v r a
a y a p a t . — O B a v p
d £ w
t o v i r a i p o v , r o d e l a r ' t v . —
I l o X X d ' O p i i p o v l i r a i v o v f i e v .
R e m a r k 3 . W h e n t h e s e
l a s t - m e n t i o n e d v e r b s
a r e m e r e l y r e l a t e d t o
a t h i n g
w h i c h
o n e a d m i r e s , b l a m e s , o r
p r a i s e s
t h e y
g o v e r n
t h e a c
c u s a t i v e , s o m e t i m e s a l s o
t h e
a c c u s a t i v e o f
t h e
p e r s o n a l o n e l i r a t v i i v ,
i j / e y u v ,
j i i f i i p t a d a i r i v a S O
a l s o ,
d y a a B a t , B a v p a Z u v T t v d , t o
g a z e
a t a n y
o n e ,
t h e
p e r s o n
o r
w h o l e
b e i n g
o f
t h e
p e r s o n .
b . G e n i t i v e a s a n E x p r e s s i o n o f C a u s e ( O r . c a u s e s , G . c a u s a -
t i v u s ) .
6 .
T h e s e c o n d
d i v i s i o n
o f t h e
c a u s a l G e n i t i v e
c o m p r e h e n d s
t h e
g e n i t i v e w h i c h e x p r e s s e s
t h e c a u s e , i . e . t h e o b j e c t w h i c h
c a l l s f o r t h
a n d c a u s e s t h e
a c t i v i t y
o f t h e
s u b j e c t . T h e
E n g l i s h
a v a i l s
i t s e l f
o f v a r i o u s p r e p o s i t i o n s , a s t o w a r d s , f o r t h e s a k e
o f ,
o v e r . T h i s
g e n i t i v e
i s
u s e d
—
I . W i t h m a n y v e r b s w h i c h e x p r e s s a
c o n d i t i o n
o f t h e m i n d ,
a ,
f e e l i n g o f t h e s o u l { v e r b a a f f e c t u u m ) , v i z . a ) w i t h
v e r b s o f
l o n g i n g
a n d
d e s i r i n g ; — b )
o f
c a r e ;
—
c ) o f
p a i n ,
s o r r o w ,
a n d
c o m p a s s i o n ; — d ) o f b e i n g a n g r y
a n d
d i s p l e a s e d ; - — e )
w i t h
t p O o v s i v ( j l v L t w o s , d a t . o f t h e
p e r s o n
a n d g e n i t . o f t h e t h i n g )
— f ) o f a d m i r i n g ,
p r a i s i n g ,
c o m m e n d i n g , a n d b l a m i n g
( r i v d
t i v o s ,
a c c u s a t i v e
o f t h e
p e r s o n ,
a n d
g e n i t i v e
o f
t h e
t h i n g ) .
O v f i t i g
7 T 0 T 0 V
k i r t B v j u e 7 , d X X d x p n f f r o v t t o t o v ,
K a i o v
a t r o v , d W u x p y l 7 T ° v
f f i T O V i r d v T e g
y d p d p a T t a v
d y a B d i v
i i r i B v p L o v a i v . — T d
d v o p - o t o v
d v c -
f t o i t a v e i r t B v p . £ t
K a i
e p a \ — H e t v r j v t i Z v a t T u v , t w v
t t o t & v , t o v
t - j r a i -
v o v . —
O i
v o p o i
t o v
k o w o v d y a B o v t i r t p \ k \ o v T a t . — O i
y o v t i g
n i v B t K o i g
t \ x o v
r ° v T T a t S b g T t B v v K o r o g . —
I l o a t t S u i v K u i c X w 7 r o g
t i c e ^ o X w r o , o v
' O S v a a e b g
r j X d h j a z v . —
O t
K a K o i t p B o v o v a t
r o i g
d y a B o i g
T r j g
a o t p i a g . —
A y a
p a t a s
r i j g
d v S p i a g . —
Q a v [ i d £ o f j i s v r b v S t o K o d r i j r i j £ a o t p i a g . -
—
Z j j X w
a s
t o v
t t X o v t o v .
—
' E v d a t f i o v i ^ t o
a s
r w v
d y a B u t v .
—
A i v t H
a s
r r j g
n p o B v u - i a g .
R e m a r k 4 . T h e v e r b s
a y a w d v , t p i K s l v , a r i p y i t v ,
t o l o v e ,
a r e
j o i n e d ,
n o t
t o a g e n i t i v e , b u t a n a c c u s a t i v e .
T h e v e r b s
B a v p . d l . s i v a n d d y a a B a t
O 3
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1 9 8 [ c h a p . i n .B J E C T I V E C O M B I N A T I O N .
h a v e
t h e
f o l l o w i n g
c o n s t r u c t i o n s : — a )
a c c u s a t i v e o f t h e p e r s o n o r a c
c u s a t i v e o f t h e t h i n g a l o n e ,
w h e n t h e a d m i r a t i o n
e x t e n d s i t s e l f t o
t b e
w h o l e p e r s o n o r t h i n g , o r t h e w h o l e b e i n g o f t h e p e r s o n o r
t h i n g
a s
O a v p d Z t o ( d y a f i a i )
r i i v
a r p a r n y o v — Q a v f i d ^ i a T t j v a o t p i a y — b ) g e n i t i v e o f t h e
p e r s o n a n d
a c c u s a t i v e o f t h e t h i n g ,
w h e n I a d m i r e a n
a c t i o n , e x t e r n a l
m a n i f e s t a t i o n , o r
p a r t i c u l a r
c i r c u m s t a n c e
o f
a n y
p e r s o n a s
r o v r o
B a v p & Z u o o v —
O a v p a % u
( d y a f i a i ) a o v , S i 6 n o v k
d p y v p i o v i c a i
\ p v a i w
i r p o e i K o v Q n a a v p o i - Q K i K T i j a Q a i f i d W o v a o i p i a g . C o m p a r e 5 , d ; — c ) a c c u
s a t i v e o f t h e
p e r s o n a n d g e n i t i v e
o f t h e
t h i n g ,
w h e n
I a d m i r e a p e r s o n o n
a c c o u n t o f a
p r o p e r t y a s
0 a u / j d ? w
( d y a f i a i ) r b v
S u w p d r i ] r i / c
a m p i a g .
C o m p a r e
6 ,
1 .
I n s t e a d o f
t h e
g e n i t i v e
o f
t h e
t h i n g ,
a
p r e p o s i t i o n
m a y
a l s o
b e u s e d ,
g e n e r a l l y l i r i , w i t h t h e d a t i v e B a v f i d Z w a t l i r i r f j a o t p ' t a .
I I . T h e
G e n i t i v e
e x p r e s s i n g
t h e c a u s e
i s u s e d w i t h
v e r b s
w h i c h e x p r e s s t h e n o t i o n o f r e q u i t a l , v e n g e a n c e , a c c u s a t i o n ,
a n d c o n d e m n a t i o n .
T h e g e n i t i v e
p o i n t s
o u t t h e f a u l t
o r
c r i m e a s t h e c a u s e o f t h e r e q u i t a l , v e n g e a n c e , & c .
' O t v a a t i g I r i a a T O
t o v s
n v n O T t j p a s r i j t i n r t p f i a o i a q . — T i p w p i i o O a i
r i v a
t p o v o v . — > - , E T r a i T i d a 6 a i
T t v a Q o v o v .
—
M i X r i d d n v
o i
I ^ O p o i
t S i t o ^ a v
( J u d i c i a l l y
p u r s u e d )
r v p a v v i d o g T r j g I v X i p p o v i ' i t r t p .
—
T p d ( f > t a 9 a i n v a
( t o a c c u s e )
x a p a v o f i u v .
— Q t v y e i v ( t o b e a c c u s e d ) i c \ o i r i ] £ , 0 o v o u , d < r e -
f i t ' i a g . — K p i v t a O a i ( t o b e a c c u s e d ) d a t f i t i a g , — * A i x d Z o v e r i v o i Y l t p a a i
K a i i y K \ i ] i x a . T O £ , o t 5 t v t i c a d v O p i o w o t f i u r o v t n p e . v d \ \ r j \ o v g f i d k i o r a , d u c d -
Z , o v r a i 8 i
i ' l K t o r a ,
d x a p i a r i a g . — ' A X w v a t k X o t t j / c . —
T h e
p u n i s h m e n t
o f t h e c r i m e a l s o s t a n d s
i n
t h e g e n i t i v e a s O a v d r o v
K p i v u v ,
K p i v t a O a i .
c .
G e n i t i v e
t o
d e n o t e
c e r t a i n
I d e a s
o f E x c h a n g e .
7 .
T h e t h i r d d i v i s i o n o f t h e c a u s a l G e n i t i v e
c o m p r i s e s
t h e
g e n i t i v e b y w h i c h c e r t a i n i d e a s o f e x c h a n g e a r e e x p r e s s e d , i n
w h i c h o n e n o t i o n i s t h e c o n d i t i o n o f a n o t h e r , a n d t h u s , i n a
c e r t a i n s e n s e , c a l l s
i t f o r t h a n d
c a u s e s i t . A c c o r d i n g l y
t h e
g e n i t i v e i s f o u n d —
a ) W i t h v e r b s o f r u l i n g , p r e e m i n e n c e , s u r p a s s i n g , b e i n g p r o
m i n e n t ,
a n d t h e c o n t r a r y v i z . o f
b e i n g
s u b j e c t , y i e l d i n g t o , a n d
b e i n g
i n f e r i o r ,
' O \ 6 y o g
t o v
t p y o v I x p a r e i , f a m a s u p e r a b a t r e m i p s a m . —
T d
p o x O n p a
a v O p t i i i r i a 7 r a < r < 5 j ' , o f y i a i , r i v i i r i B o f x i i i v d i c p a r r j i a r i v . — I l o X X d i c i c \ i i r y
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§ 1 5 9 . ]
1 9 9
C C U S A T I V E .
v i r e p f i d X X e i
r b
d S t K t i v t o v
a S i K t i c Q a i .
—
O i i r o v n p o l
t j T T & v r a i r w v
t T T l O v f i l U I V .
8 ) W i t h t h e c o m p a r a t i v e d e g r e e ,
a n d
w i t h a d j e c t i v e s i n
t h e p o s i t i v e d e g r e e ,
w h e n
t h e n o t i o n
o f
t h e
c o m p a r a t i v e
i s
i n v o l v e d i n
t h e m ,
t h e o b j e c t o f c o m p a r i s o n s t a n d s i n t h e
g e n i t i v e . ( G e n i t i v u s c o m p a r a t i v u s . )
' O
v i b e j i t i Z w v I o t l
t o v
i r a r p o Q , g r e a t e r
t h a n t h e f a t h e r .
—
X p v a b q
K p i i a -
e u i v p v p i u v X 6 y u v
P p o r o i Q . —
T b ' E X X i j v i k o v O T p a T i v / i a ( p a i v t r a i n o X i
X a i r X d o - i o v i a t o O a i r o v ^ f i t r t p o v . —
O v S e v b g
d e v r e p O £ 9 ' % 0 T € p o g . —
T u v
A p K O V v r u v
i r i p i T T C t
K T r i a a o Q a i .
7 ) W i t h
v e r b s
o f
b u y i n g a n d s e l l i n g ,
o f
e x c h a n g e , a n d e x
p r e s s i o n s o f v a l u e ( a ^ w v v , a g i o s ) .
O i Q p a K t g
t t v o v v r a i r a g
y v v t u K a g
i r a p a r d v
y o v t t o v
x p T J i i d r w v
f t t y d X i a v .
— T w v i r o v t o v i r w X o v a i v f i f i i v n d v r a r a y & Q ' o i 6 e o L — O i
d y a 9 o l
o i t f i t v b g
a v K t p S o v g
t i j v r r j c
i r a r p i S o g
i X t v O t p i a v d v T a X X d % a v r o . — ' l a r p b g
T r o X X w v
a X X u i v d v T & X i o g i a n v . — E y w y i o M i v d v i a w r t p o v v o p i t Z u ) r i S v i v d v 9 p w -
T r o i g
e l v a i t o v r w v i f f t o v t o v t ( K a i c b v i c a i d y a Q b v d ^ i o v a O a t .
§ 1 5 9 .
I I . A c c u s a t i v e .
1 . T h e A c c u s a t i v e e x p r e s s e s w h i t h e r ,
a n d
d e n o t e s — a ) i n a
l o c a l s e n s e ,
t h e a i m
o r
p o i n t t o w h i c h t h e a c t i o n
o f t h e v e r b
m o v e s
h e r e ,
h o w e v e r ,
a
p r e p o s i t i o n
i s
g e n e r a l l y
a f f i x e d
i n
p r o s e , a s s i s a a r v e X . 8 s i v — b ) i n a c a u s a l s e n s e , t h e e f f e c t
( t h e r e s u l t , c o n s e q u e n c e ,
w o r k ) ,
a s t h e o b j e c t w h i c h
i s
p u t
i n t o a
s u f f e r i n g c o n d i t i o n , a f f e c t e d
a n d w o r k e d
o u t b y
t h e
a c t i o n .
a . A c c u s a t i v e o f E f f e c t .
2 .
T h e
A c c u s a t i v e o f
e f f e c t
i s
u s e d
a s i n
o t h e r l a n g u a g e s
a s
y p d < f > c 0
h n , o - T o \ ^ v .
I n
r e f e r e n c e
t o
t h e
G r e e k
l a n g u a g e ,
i t s h o u l d b e
r e m a r k e d ,
t h a t
v e r y
o f t e n a v e r b , w h e t h e r t r a n s
i t i v e o r
i n t r a n s i t i v e , i s c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e a c c u s a t i v e o f a
o
4
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2 0 0
[ c h a p , m ,
B J E C T I V E C O M B I N A T I O N .
s u b s t a n t i v e
w h i c h i s e i t h e r
f r o m
t h e s a m e
s t e m ,
o r
o f
a
k i n d r e d m e a n i n g . A n
a t t r i b u t i v e
a d j e c t i v e
o r
p r o n o u n i s
g e n e r a l l y j o i n e d t o t h e a c c u s a t i v e .
' E
t r i f i t X o v v r a t i r d c r a v
I
i r i p . k X e t a — o f i a i v f i i j U v S u c a i a v $ k t } 0 i v .
—
S o K a X d g
i r p d t u g
i r p d r r e t v , t p y d & a Q a i i p y o v K a X o v ,
d p x ^ t v d p x v v ,
S o v X t i a v S o v X e v t i v , i r o X f f t o v
i r o X f p e t v , v b a o v
v o a i i v .
—
O p K O v g
b f t v v v a i ,
d f f Q t v t i v
v o a p v , X J \ v ( 3 i o v .
R e m a r k
I . T h e a c c u s a t i v e a l s o
s o m e t i m e s
e x p r e s s e s
t h e
m e r e l y i n
t e n d e d e f f e c t , t h e
a i m
o f t h e
a c t i o n , m o s t l y , h o w e v e r , o n l y w i t h
p r o
n o u n s
a s r a v r a
a t k i r o r p v v i o , w h i l e , w i t h
a
s u b s t a n t i v e ,
a
p r e p o s i t i o n
i s
g e n e r a l l y
u s e d
a s
i f f *
n ) v
d p £ T t ) v
i i r o T p v v w
t r e .
* b . A c c u s a t i v e o f t h e s u f f e r i n g
a n d a c c o m p l i s h e d
O b j e c t .
3 .
W e
m e n t i o n
h e r e ,
f o r t h e m o s t p a r t , o n l y
s u c h
v e r b s
a s
i n t h e
L a t i n
a r e c o n s t r u e d w i t h
a n o t h e r
c a s e
t h a n
t h e a c c u
s a t i v e o r w i t h a p r e p o s i t i o n .
1 ) T h e
v e r b s d x p s X s i v ,
o v i v d v a t , b v ' w a u d a i
( X v a i r s X s l p
a l w a y s
w i t h d a t i v e ) t o b e n e f i t , p X a i r r e i v ,
a Z u c e l v , v f t p l f a v ,
\ v / j , a l v s c r 9 a i ,
X c o f t a c r d a L
e v a s f i s l v , a a s f i s l v X o ^ a v , i v s S p s v s i v ,
i n s i d i a r i ; r i p M p s l a O a t ,
O s p a i r e v e i v , B o p v < p o p e i v ,
h r t r p o i r e v e i v ,
t o
p u t u n d e r a
g u a r d i a n ;
K o X a i c e v e i v ,
B w i r e v u v ,
d a n r r u v ,
i r p o c r -
K v v e l v i r s l d s i v a f i s l f t e c r O a i , r e s p o n d e r e a n d r e m u n e r a r i ;
( ^ v k o T T S a d a i ,
e i i k a f i s i c r d a t ,
p L i ^ s u r d a v , f y j k o v v .
Q t p d n t v t
r o v g
d O a v d r o v g . —
M i )
Q H j i r r e r b v
K p a r o v v r a .
— ' A X K i f i i a S t i g
i i r t i Q e
r b
T r X i j Q o g . — T l X e i t T T a p x o v , r b v
A e w v i d o v ,
o v r a
f 3 a ( r i \ e a K a i
v k o v
t r i ,
l i r t T p o i r f v e v
b
T l a v a a v i a g .
—
M i )
K o X a K e v e
r o i t g
Q i X o v q ,
—
' Q Q & X f t
r o i i g Q i X o v g , i c a i
/ i i )
| 8 \ a i r r e r o v g i x O p o v g .
— M i )
a S i K i i r o i g
f i X o v g ,
—
M / )
v f t p t Z s r o v g 7 r a i S a g . - — n o W a i a g
K a i S o v X o t r i p o i p o v v r a t
r o v g
d d t K O v g
S e a i r o T a g . —
' K f i i i j i i t r B a i
r i v a p v d o i g , X o y o i g , — ' A f i s i f i e o O a t x d p i v ,
t v e p y e a i a v , O r
d f j t £ i l 3 e a 9 a i r i v a x a p i r t .
2 )
V e r b s w h i c h e x p r e s s
t h e
n o t i o n
o f c a u s i n g g o o d o r e v i l
t o a n y
o n e ,
e i t h e r
b y
w o r d o r d e e d .
A v Q p w m t
f i i j d p d
r o v g
r t Q v r j K o r a g K a K u t g .
—
M j ) x a x o v p y t i r o v g
f i X o v g .
—
E v e p y s r e t
r i ) v
i r a r p i S a .
—
E C
r r o i t i
r o i i g < p C X o v g .
—
E w
X i y c
r b v
i v X t y o v r a , K a i e v t t o U i
r b v
t v i r o i o v v r a . S o w e
s a y :
K a X d , K a x d
i r o u l v , X i y u v n v d . S e e t h e a c c o u n t
o f t h e
d o u b l e a c c u s a t i v e .
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§ 1 5 9 . ]
2 0 1
C C U S A T I V E .
3 ) V e r b s
o f p e r s e v e r i n g , a w a i t i n g ,
a n d t h e o p p o s l t e s o f
t h e s e ;
a s
i x e v s i v ,
B a p p s i v ; < f > s v y s i v , a i r o h i S p a c n c s i v , h p a i r s r s v e i v .
M r )
< p t v y e r b v
t i v l w o v .
—
X p r ) B a p p t i v O a v a r o v , n o n r e f o r m i d a r e m o r
t e m , — ' O E o v X o g
a i r i S p a r b v
f t e a i r o T q v , — O t
r t Z v
i r p a y n a r t a v
K a i p o i o i l
[ i s v o v a i r r ) v y f i t r k p a v f i p a S v r i j r a .
4 ) T h e v e r b s ,
t o b e
c o n c e a l e d ,
t o
c o n c e a l : X a v O d v s i v , i c p v -
t t t s i v ( c e l a r e ) , K p v i r r s a O a i ; —
a l s o
t h e
v e r b s ,
< $ > Q a v e t v
( a n t e -
v e r t e r e ) ,
\ s h r s i v ,
h r i k e l i r u v , d e f i c e r e
; — v e r b s
o f
s w e a r i n g a n d
o t h e r s .
Q t o v g
o v r s
\ a v 9 d v u v t
o v r s
f i i a f f a t r Q a t
S v v a r o v .
—
O t
x o X s f i w i
t i p B r i a a v
r o i g
' A S r i v a i o v Q
a c / M c o / i t v o i
e i ' s r b d a r v . —
' ' E i r i X t i i r t i
f i e
6 x p o v o s , y f i e p a .
—
O / i v v i i i i r d v r a Q r o i f
9 t o v Q
( I s w e a r b y ) .
5 ) V e r y m a n y v e r b s
o f
t h e
f e e l i n g s
a n d
a f f e c t i o n s , a s :
< £ > o / 3 « c r 0 a t , B s i a a i
a l e r y y v z a Q a i ,
a l B s l a d a i
a ^ d e a d a t
S w ^ s -
p a i v u v ; i / a r X f y r r s a d a i , K a r a i r X r i V T S c r B a i , o u c r s i p e t v , i K s e i v ,
b X o f y v p s o - O a i , a n d o t h e r s .
X p > )
a i t i t i o d
a t r o b g
G t o v Q .
—
A t ' t r ^ u
v o p a t
r b v
Q t o v ,
—
' O X o Q v p o v
r o i j g
i r i v n r a c .
6 )
S p a c e
o r d i s t a n c e s t a n d s i n t h e A c c u s a t i v e w i t h v e r b s
o f
m o t i o n , a s t h e s u f f e r i n g o b j e c t
s u b j e c t
t o t h e m o t i o n s o a l s o
t h e t i m e d u r i n g w h i c h a n a c t i o n t a k e s p l a c e ( i n a n s w e r t o
t h e q u e s t i o n s w h e n ? h o w l o n g
? ) a n d
t h e
s i z e a n d
w e i g h t
( i n a n s w e r t o t h e q u e s t i o n
h o w
m u c h ? ) .
B a l v t t v ,
r r t p d v ,
e p m i v ,
i r o p t v i a B a i
6 S 6 v
l i k e i t q u e
r e d i t q u e
v i a m .
—
X p o v o v ,
r b v
x p ° v 0 v i t i m e
l o n g ;
v v K r a , r / f i s p a v .
—
' H 2 u / 3 a o i £ i j i c p a Z e r o v r o v r b v
X p o v o v
p a X t a r a . —
' l a x v a a v
r i
t c a i Q n p a i o i
r o v g
r e X s v r a i o v g
r o v -
r o v a i
X P ° V 0 V £
f i e r i r r ) v
t v X i v K r p o i Q
f i & x y v .
—
M t A r t a c ^
a 7 T 6 7 r \ f t
T I a p o v
r r o \ i o p K T ] a a . Q t £
K a i
t i K O t r i v
t ) f i e p a s *
— T o
B a ( 3 v X u t v i o v r d X a v r o v
S v v a r a i E u / 3 o £ o ' a c t ( 3 8 o f i r ) K o v r a f i v a Q .
7 ) L a s t l y ,
t h e A c c u s a t i v e
o f t h e
s u f f e r i n g
o b j e c t
i s
f o u n d
w i t h
i n t r a n s i t i v e o r p a s s i v e v e r b s , a n d i n t r a n s i t i v e a d j e c t i v e s
o f
e v e r y
k i n d
i n
o r d e r
t o
p o i n t
o u t
t h e
o b j e c t
t o
w h i c h
t h e
s u b j e c t
d i r e c t s a n d r e f e r s i t s i n t r a n s i t i v e a c t i o n , e x p r e s s e d
b y
t h e v e r b o r
a d j e c t i v e
( A c c u s a t i v e o f m o r e
p a r t i c u l a r
d e f i n i t i o n ) .
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2 0 2
O B J E C T I V E C O M B I N A T I O N . [ c h a p .
m .
K d / i r n v r o i g i < p 9 a \ p o v t ; ,
r a g
p p i v a g v y i a i v t i v , i X y t t v
r o i g i r o S a g ,
t u l o u / t a T a , r a g i f / « x < i c
< w
i r t f v K t v a i .
—
A i a t y i p e t
y u v i )
a v l p b g
t t ) v
$ v a i v . — ' 0
a v O p u i j r o g
r b v
S o k t v X o v
A X y t X .
—
' A y a B b g
r k x v t ) v
T i v a .
—
A u f 9 a p p k v o g
t i ) v i | f v ^ ^ v .
—
T i g
o v k
a v r a i g t / S o v a i g S o v X e v i o v a i a x p & g
S i a T t O t i r i K a i t o t y t a p \ a j c a i r i ) v t y v x v v i — Q a v r j g K a X y v w p r j v i x a v b g ,
K a i r a i r o X i p u a a X x t p o g r i v . — ' A v i a r t ) Q i p a v X a g t o a u p
a o i x
a Q v r j g
x a i r i ) v
i ^ « x ' ) v I
a y i v v d i v l p i
i o t i c w g .
I n K n g l i s h , w e g e n e r a l l y
m a k e u s e o f v a r i o u s
p r e p o s i t i o n s ,
a s i n , o f , a s t o o r t u r n t h e a c
c u s a t i v e
o f t h e
t h i n g
i n t o a
p e r s o n a l s u b s t a n t i v e , a n d j o i n
t h e
a d j e c t i v e
t o
i t , a s
a n a t t r i b u t i v e , a s :
d y a O b g
r i x v r \ v ,
a g o o d
a r t i s t
; o r p r e f i x t h e
p r e p o s i t i o n s ,
o f , w i t h ,
t o
t h e s u b s t a n t i v e o f t h e
t h i n g ,
w i t h t h e
a t t r i
b u t i v e
a d j e c t i v e ,
a s
v t a v i a g
K a X d g
r i } j >
T f / v x ^ v ,
o f ,
o r
w i t h ,
a
n o b l e
s p i r i t .
R e m a r h 2 . I n t h i s w a y , m a n y a d v e r b i a l e x p r e s s i o n s a r e t o
b e e x
p l a i n e d ,
a s
t v p o g , i t y o c , p i y t Q o g , ( 3 a 9 o g , p i j i c o g , i r X i j Q o g , a p i B p o v , y i v o g ,
b v o p a ,
p i p o g ; a s : K X t a v S p o g
y t v o g r ] V Q i y a X i v g
a i r ' A p n a S i a g .
— M t r d
r a v r a
d ^ U o v r o
k n i
t o p
2 , a f } a r o v
i r o r a p o v t o e v p o g
T t r r a p t o v
7 r X £ 9 p < * t v .
§
1 6 0 . D o u b l e A c c u s a t i v e .
I n
t h e f o l l o w i n g c a s e s , t h e
G r e e k s c o n n e c t
t w o o b j e c t s
I n
t h e
A c c u s a t i v e
w i t h a
v e r b
—
a . W h e n , i n t h e
c o n n e x i o n m e n t i o n e d a b o v e ,
§ 1 5 9 , 2 „
t h e
v e r b
h a s
a
t r a n s i t i v e
m e a n i n g ,
a s
< j > i \ i a v
c f i t X e i v
;
t h e
n o
t i o n o f a c t i v i t y , f o r m e d b y t h e
c o m b i n a t i o n
o f t h e v e r b
a n d
t h e s u b s t a n t i v e ( t h e l a t t e r o f w h i c h g e n e r a l l y h a s
a n
a d j e c
t i v e ) , m a y a l s o
b e
e x t e n d e d t o a p e r s o n a l o b j e c t
a s
< p i \ &
f i e y d X r j v c f i i K l a v
(
—
f j J y a
^ > t \ < £ ) r b v w a i S a ,
k o X S >
a s t o v t o t o
o v o f i a .
b . T h e p h r a s e s , t o d o o r s a y g o o d o r e v i l , t a k e t h e o b j e c t
t o
w h i c h
t h e
g o o d
o r
e v i l
i n
w o r d
o r
d e e d
i s
d o n e ,
a s
a
s u f f e r
i n g o b j e c t , i n t h e A c c u s a t i v e a s i r o i s i v , T r p d - r r e u v , e p i y d £ e o - d a i ,
a n d o t h e r s ,
\ i y s i v , e h r s l v ,
a n d o t h e r s , a r y a O d ,
i c a i c d
r i v a .
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§ 1 6 0 . ]
2 0 3
C C U S A T I V E .
T o r t
i i )
o
B t / u t T T O K K i j e U e i v o v T t
K a i r o i t g K o p i v 8 l o v g i r o X X d
r e
K a i k u k u
I X e y t v . — O i S t i r u i r o r t
i n a v o v r o
i r o X X d k 8 k < x
r i p d g
i r o i o v V T t g .
c . F u r t h e r , t h e d o u b l e
A c c u s a t i v e
i s f o u n d i n t h e e x p r e s
s i o n s : t o
m a k e
s o m e b o d y s o m e t h i n g , a s i n v e r b s o f m a k i n g ,
c h o o s i n g , n o m i n a t i n g , c o n s i d e r i n g
a s a n y
t h i n g , d e c l a r i n g ,
e x
h i b i t i n g , r e g a r d i n g , k n o w i n g ,
s a y i n g ,
n a m i n g ,
a n d
o t h e r s .
' 0 K v p o g r o i g
i p i X o v g
l i r o i t f a t
i r X o v a i o v g . —
H a i t i t v u v T t v d
a o < p 6 v . — A ' p t i v
r i v d p t y a v . — H o p i Z t i v , f i y t i a B a i r i v a a v t i p a d y a O & v .
—
' O v o p d & i v T i v d
c o f y i a r i y v . — A X p t i a Q a i r i v a a r p a T t j y o v . — T d v T w f l p v a v a v v t i t i i r v o v i r a p t -
X a f i e v .
—
J l o X t t o g
i r X o v r o v
q y o v p a i
a v p p d x o v g ,
t t l o t i v , e v v o i a v .
R e m a r k 1 .
I n
t h e p a s s i v e
c o n s t r u c t i o n ,
t h i s
a c c u s a t i v e
b e c o m e s t h e
n o m i n a t i v e , a n d a g r e e s
w i t h
t h e s u b j e c t .
d . W i t h v e r b s — a ) o f e n t r e a t i n g , b e s e e c h i n g , d e s i r i n g , e n q u i r
i n g ,
a n d
a s k i n g , a s
a v r e i v ,
i r p a r r s i v ( t o d e m a n d ) ,
i r p d r r s a O a i ,
i p c o r a v ,
i g e r d Q i v , l a r o p s i v — Z > ) o f
t e a c h i n g ,
a s S i S d c r i c e i v ,
n r a i Z e v s w ; — c ) o f d i v i d i n g , d i s j o i n i n g ; — d ) o f d e p r i v i n g , a s
d < p a i p e i o - 6 a i ,
a T s p s i v ,
d i r o a - T s p s l v , a v X a v ,
a n d
o t h e r s ;
—
e ) o f
c o n c e a l i n g
o r
h i d i n g ; — f ) o f p u t t i n g o n a n d o f f .
H t p i p a g K a / i ] 3 » ( r i ) £ t i g
A l y u j n - o v
K t j p V K a , t j r f A p , a a i v O v y a r t p a . — A v T o v g
t K a r o v T a X a v T a
t T T p a Z a
v . - ~ - ' A p y v p i o v
i r p a T T t i v
n v d .
—
I I o X A d 5
d
a k
1
p t 6
i r o X i g
f i t o r o g .
—
H a i t i i v o v a i
r o i g w a T t i a g
r p l a p 6 v a .
— T X C b r r d v
T t
r y v ' A r T i K t j v
K a i
r p o i r o v g
t u i v
' A Q r } v a i w v I t i i t i a a K o v r o i g i r a i t i a g , —
T p t l g
p o i p a g 6
S i p Z t j g
i t i d a a r o i r d v r a
r o v 7 t e £ o V
a r p a r o v .
—
T t p v t i v , t i i a i p t X v
t i
p i p y ] , p o i p a g .
— ' O K v p o g t o a r p d r t v p a
x a r i v e
i p t t i w t i u c a p i p r ) . — T o y
f i o v o v
p o i
K a i
f i X o v
i r a i t i a
d ( p s i X e r o
r r / v
i p v x q v .
—
T f j v
r i p f j v
a i r
O G T t p t X
/ i f . — T d - q p i r t p a r i p d g d i r o a T t p i X 6 f r i X n r i r o g . — K p 6 » r r u > a t
t o d r v x n p a .
— T l a Z g f i t y a g , p i K p o v ? x w v X t r ^ ^ a ) ' t r t p o v - r r d i t i a p i K p o v , p t y a v t x o v r a
X i r & v a , i K t i v a a g a v r o v ,
t o v p t v
i a v r o v
I k i X v o v
p i p
i t
a t ,
r o v
I k e ' i v o v
a v r d g k v t t i v .
R e m a r k
2 .
I n
t h e
c h a n g e o f
t h e
v e r b s
m e n t i o n e d
u n d e r
d ,
f r o m
t h e
a c t i v e i n t o
t h e p a s s i v e , t h e
a c c u s a t i v e o f
t h e s u f f e r i n g
o b j e c t b e c o m e s
t h e
n o m i n a t i v e ,
b u t
t h e
a c c u s a t i v e o f
t h e
t h i n g r e m a i n s ( a c c o r d i n g t o §
1 5 0 ,
4 . ) ; a s :
i p i a r & p a i
t i ) v
y v w p n v ,
I
a m
a s k e d
m y
o p i n i o n .
—
H a i d t v o p a t ,
t i i t i d a K o / i a i p o v a i K r i v ,
I
h a v e m y s e l f t a u g h t , o r i l e a r n m u s i c .
—
r i j S i
K a i o U r j a t t g r d
a v r d
p i p n
t i i a v t p r j O - t j T o ) . — A t p a i p t O r j v a i ,
d i r o o r t p r j 9 i j v a t <
t i ) v
d p x i j v , —
Y L p v - K T O p a t
r o v r o t o i r p a y p a .
—
A p < p i t i > v v p a i x t r & v a .
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2 0 4
[ c h a p ,
u l
B J E C T I V E C O M B I N A T I O N .
R e m a r k
3 .
E v e n
w i t h
s o m e
v e r b s w h i c h , i n
t h e
a c t i v e ,
a r e c o n
s t r u e d
w i t h
t h e d a t i v e o f t h e p e r s o n a n d t h e a c c u s a t i v e o f t h e
t h i n g ,
t h e d a t i v e
o f t h e
p e r s o n
i s
c h a n g e d
i n t o
t h e
n o m i n a t i v e ,
b u t
t h e
a c -
s a t i v e o f t h e t h i n g
i s l e f t
u n a l t e r e d , w h e n
t h e y
a r e p a s s i v e . T h e f o l
l o w i n g a r e g e n e r a l l y t h u s t r e a t e d , I t t i t u t t u v , i i r i r p i i r u v ,
i i t i a r i X k u v
™
T t a s l i r i r p t T r o f i a t , l i r i r a T T O f i a i , i T r i r r r e X K o f i n i r t ) v < * > v \ a K r j v .
R e m a r k
4 . A s i n t h e n o m i n a t i v e
( §
1 4 7 .
R e m a r k 2 . ) , s o
a l s o i n
t h e
a c c u s a t i v e ,
w e
f i n d
t h e
a \ T j n a
K a 9 ' o \ o v
K a i
f i t p o g a s o i
i r o X i / u o i r o v y
v u X i r a g T o i > £ f t f v a i r ' t K T i t v a v r o t ' c $ k I d o v X u t o a v T O .
§ 1 6 1 .
I I I .
D a t i v e .
1 . T h e D a t i v e e x p r e s s e s
w h e r e , a n d
h e n c e i s
f i r s t
u s e d t o
d e n o t e —
a )
t h e p l a c e i n w h i c h a n a c t i o n o c c u r s . I n p r o s e ,
h o w e v e r , p r e p o s i t i o n s a r e g e n e r a l l y a n n e x e d , a s h > o p e i , i n
m o n t e ;
—
6 ) t h e t i m e i n w h i c h a n
a c t i o n
o c c u r s , a s r a v - r t j r y
r j p s p a , T y a v r f ) v v k t L , t t o W o i s s r s a i v h e r e , a l s o , h i i s o f t e n
f o u n d — c ) s o c i e t y , c o m p a n y ,
a n d
e s p e c i a l l y a ) t h e
d a t i v e
s i n g u l a r o f c o l l e c t i v e n o u n s ,
o r
a p p e l l a t i v e n o u n s
i n
t h e
p l u r a l , c o n n e c t e d w i t h a v e r b o f g o i n g
a n d c o m i n g ,
a s
' A ^ -
v a t o i f j X d o v T r X r f & e i o v k
6 \ v y a > ,
o r
7 r o X \ a i s
v a v c r l v , o r o T p a r m ,
o r
< T T p a T u i y r a b s , & c . —
/ 8 )
t h e d a t i v e c o n n e c t e d w i t h a v r o s ,
i n
t h e
d a t i v e ,
t o
e x p r e s s
t h e
n o t i o n o f
a t
t h e
s a m e
t i m e
w i t h ,
a s
o i 7 r o X i / i t o t i v s i r l p m p a G a v
r t j v i t o K i v
a v r o i s t o I s i s p o l s , t o
g e t h e r w i t h
t h e
s a n c t u a r i e s .
2 . S e c o n d l y ,
t h e D a t i v e i s u s e d t o d e n o t e
a n
o b j e c t w h i c h
i s s t r i v e n a f t e r , i n d e e d , b y t h e
a c t i o n
o f t h e s u b j e c t , b u t n o t ,
a s
i n
t h e
a c c u s a t i v e ,
o b t a i n e d , t o u c h e d , o r h i t ,
b u t
o n l y m a d e
t o
p a r t i c i p a t e
a n d b e c o n c e r n e d i n i t . H e n c e t h e d a t i v e i s
f o u n d
a ) W i t h e x p r e s s i o n s o f a s s o c i a t i o n a n d u n i o n ( D a t i v u s c o m -
m u n i o n i s ) . T o t h i s c l a s s b e l o n g e x p r e s s i o n s a )
o f
s o c i a l i n t e r
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§ 1 6 1 . ]
2 0 5A T I V E .
c o u r s e , a s s o c i a t i o n , a n d c o m m u n i c a t i o n — / 3 ) v e r b s o f g o i n g
t o w a r d s , m e e t i n g , a p p r o a c h i n g ,
a n d
t h e c o n t r a r y , a s r e t i r i n g
a n d
g i v i n g
w a y
;
—
7 )
y e r b s
o f
' f i g h t i n g ,
d i s p u t i n g ,
a n d
c o n t e n d
i n g ; — 8 ) v e r b s o f f o l l o w i n g , s e r v i n g ,
o b e y i n g ,
a n d a c c o m p a n y i n g ;
—
e ) v e r b s o f a d v i s i n g a n d e n c o u r a g i n g , a s i r a p a i v e l v , i r a p a -
K e k s v e a O a u
' O f i i X ' e t r o t g a y a Q o i Q a v 9 p u i i r o t g , — E 5 ^ « ( T 0 « t o I q O e o i g . — ' A i r a v r d v , 7 r X i j -
o i a K u v , l y y i Z t t v T t v i . — M i ) t i n t T t r o i q T r o X t f i ' w t g . — O l E X X i / y e j c a \ w £
i f i a x ^ f f a V T 0 t o T q H k p t r a t g . — O i o r p a r t w r a i a v r } K o v a r t ) a a v r o i g o r p u -
T t j y o i g . — U s t O o v r o t f v o / x o i f . — T p a p c r p c t K o X o v O t t o o £ a .
J )
W i t h e x p r e s s i o n s
o f
p r o b a b i l i t y a n d
i m p r o b a b i l i t y , o f
l i k e n e s s a n d u n l i k e n e s s , o f a g r e e m e n t a n d
d i f f e r e n c e .
O i i r a l o t c i p t p i p i o T a r o t t / a a v t < ? i r a r p ' t . — ' £ 2 7 r X t o - / j E v o t 7 r d » T £ f i j f f a i ' o i r t p l
t w K v p o v r o t f a i r o t f
r £ K v p t p
o i r X o t g .
c )
W i t h v e r b s o f a s s e n t i n g t o , a n d t h e l i k e ; o f r e p r o a c h
i n g : f x e / x t p s o - d a i ,
( w i t h a c c u s a t i v e , i t
s i g n i f i e s t o b l a m e ) ,
h r n i f i a v , i y K a X s l v , h r i K a X s i v
( j i v l
t i ) ,
e T T i / i f K r j T T S i v ,
6 v E i 8 l £ e i v ,
& c . o f
b e i n g a n g r y ,
o f e n v y i n g
:
< f > 0 o v s l v o f
h e l p i n g
a n d
b e
n e f i t i n g :
\ v a - V T s \ s l v , t r v / x t p s p E i v ,
a v f i i r p a T T e w ,
a n d o t h e r v e r b s
c o m p o u n d e d w i t h c r i i v , e x p r e s s i n g t h i s i d e a o f f i t t i n g , b e c o m
i n g ,
a n d
p l e a s i n g ,
a n d
m a n y o t h e r s ; t h e p e r s o n a l o b j e c t
s t a n d s i n t h e
D a t i v e .
T h e a c c u s a t i v e o f t h e t h i n g i s f r e
q u e n t l y f o u n d w i t h i t . T h e
d a t i v e
i s g e n e r a l l y u s e d w h e n
t h e a c t i o n t a k e s p l a c e , f o r t h e
b e n e f i t
o r i n j u r y o f a
p e r s o n
o r
t h i n g
( D a t i v u s
c o m m o d i
e t
i n c o m m o d i ) .
T l o a i w i Z v a < p 6 l p a i p t v i a t v i v ' O t v a a t i . — ' E 7 r u r X q r r c t v , 6 v t i S i Z c i v ,
t y t c a X t t v
T t v i
T t . — O v r o i g d p x e t v
f i o v X o f i t v o t g
f t i / i ^ O f i a t ,
d X X a r o i g
v i r c t K o v t t v i r o i p o T t p o i Q o v t r t v . — ' l i v u ^ X e i 6 Q i X i i r i r o g r o i g i A 9 r } v a i o t g . —
♦ O o v t T
v
t i v i . — ' A / i v v i S , o a o v
T r i p I v v a r o g
t l f u , T i p
v 6 / u f .
— ' O p e o r i j c ) ) 0 t -
\ r j < r t T i p t o p t t v i r a T p i , r r ) v
f i r j H p a
a i r o K T t i v a q .
—
' A ^ i X X f v c ; i r i f i w p r j a t
n a r p o n X y T t f t T a i p t p t o v t y o v o v . — ' H d p t r i ) a p t a
K i t
r o i g
d y a B o t g .
d ) L a s t l y , t h e D a t i v e i s
u s e d
t o
p o i n t
o u t t h e
p o s s e s s o r ,
w i t h
t h e v e r b s , s t v a i ,
{ m a p ) ( s i v ,
a n d
< y l y v e o - 0 a i , ;
a n d , i n g e
n e r a l , w h e r e a n a c t i o n i s p e r f o r m e d w i t h r e f e r e n c e ,
a n d
i n
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2 0 6
[ c h a p .
m .
B J E C T I V E
C O M B I N A T I O N .
r e l a t i o n , t o a p e r s o n , o r a t h i n g c o n s i d e r e d a s a p e r s o n a s
I t t o K p a r q s t o w v t o s w v T i / x f j s d ^ o o s
r \ v t t )
t t o X e l
/ x a X K o v ,
r j
O a v d r o v .
H e n c e
t h e
d a t i v e
o f t e n
s t a n d s ,
e v e n
w i t h
t h e p a s
s i v e ,
a n d r e g u l a r l y w i t h
v e r b a l
a d j e c t i v e s i n t s o s a n d t o s ,
i n s t e a d
o f i m b w i t h t h e g e n i t i v e ; a s : & s p , o i v r p o r e p o v S e B r j -
X / B T O t .
3 .
T h i r d l y ,
t h e D a t i v e , l i k e t h e L a t i n a b l a t i v e ( i n s t r u m e n -
t a l i s ) , i s
u s e d
t o d e n o t e t h e c a u s e , m a n n e r , a n d
i n s t r u m e n t
( h e n c e w i t h y j r q a d a i ) , t h e m o d e
a n d
w a y , t h e
m e a s u r e
( b y
w h i c h
t h e a c t i o n i s
l i m i t e d ) ,
c o n g r u i t y , a n d o f t e n
a l s o
t h e
m a t e r i a l .
O i 7 r o X £ / « o t < p 6 f i ( p a i r ^ X Q o v . — ^ K y & X X o f i a i r f j v u c y . — 2 r « p y w , a y a T r S b t o X q
v i r a p \ o v a i v a y a Q o i g . —
' O f B a X f i o i g b p u i p . e v ,
w f f l v
a K o v o f i t v .
— ' l a x v f i v
r i p f f w / i a r i . —
O t a T p a r u H r a i
a v f i f o p a '
f t e y a X y I x p q a a v T O .
— ' A X t Z a v S p o c
S i S a f f K a X i p
I x p r i t r a T O
A p i o T O T t X u . —
O t
i r o X s f i t o i
/ 3 i £ e t c r i ^ v
T r d X t v
H O r j e t r a v .
— O l
' A 9 > ] v a i o i t o v
M i X r i d S r i v
i r i v r i i K O V T a T a X a v r o i Q k ^ r t i i i u K s a v . —
' H
a y o p a
H a p l y X i Q t p i ] < T K r \ p k v r \ f j v .
§ 1 6 2 . O n t h e P r e p o s i t i o n s .
1 , A s t h e c a s e s d e n o t e t h e l o c a l
r e l a t i o n s
o f w h e n c e , w h i t h e r ,
a n d
w h e r e ,
s o
t h e
p r e p o s i t i o n s
e x p r e s s o t h e r
l o c a l r e l a t i o n s , i n
w h i c h t h e e x t e n s i o n ( d i m e n s i o n ) o f t h i n g s i n s p a c e , — t h e
c o n j u n c t i o n o f t h i n g s
( t h e i r
b e i n g t o g e t h e r , b e f o r e , b y , a r o u n d ,
o r
w i t h ) ;
— o r t h e l o c a l c o n t r a r i e s o f a b o v e , b e l o w , w i t h i n a n d
w i t h o u t , b e f o r e
a n d
b e h i n d , & c , a r e c o n s i d e r e d .
2 . T h e c a s e c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e
p r e p o s i t i o n ,
s h o w s i n
w h i c h
o f t h e t h r e e a b o v e - m e n t i o n e d l o c a l r e l a t i o n s o f w h e n c e , w h i
t h e r , a n d w h e r e , t h e l o c a l i d e a e x p r e s s e d b y t h e p r e p o s i t i o n i s
t o b e
c o n c e i v e d .
T h u s ,
e .
g . ,
t h e
p r e p o s i t i o n
- r r a p d
d e n o t e s
m e r e l y
t h e
l o c a l
i d e a
o f
n e a r ,
b y t h e s i d e ,
o r b y , b u t , i n
c o n n e x i o n
w i t h
t h e
g e n i t i v e , a s i J X O t i r a p a
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§
1 6 3 . ]
2 0 7
R E P O S I T I O N .
r o w ( 3 a s i \ i u > c , i t d e n o t e s ,
a t t h f t s a m e t i m e ,
t h e
r e l a t i o n o f w h e n c e
( h e
c a m e
f r o m
t h e s i d e o f t h e
k i n g ,
d e
c h e z l e
r o i ) i n c o n n e x i o n w i t h
t h e
a c c u s a t i v e , a s
p «
i r a p d i
t o v
/ S a o - i X t a ,
t h e
r e l a t i o n
o f
w h i t h e r
( h e
w e n t
t o
t h e
s i d e o f
t h e
k i n g ) a n d
i n
c o n n e x i o n w i t h a
d a t i v e ,
a s
t o r i j
n a p d r £
j 3 a m X { ( , t h e
r e l a t i o n o f w h e r e ( h e s t o o d
b y
t h e s i d e o f t h e k i n g ) .
3 .
T h e
p r e p o s i t i o n s a r e
d i v i d e d ,
a c c o r d i n g
t o
t h e i r c o n
s t r u c t i o n —
a ) I n t o p r e p o s i t i o n s w i t h t h e G e n i t i v e
a m i ,
a i r o , I k , i r p o ,
c v t x a .
b ) I n t o t h o s e w i t h
t h e
D a t i v e i v a n d a i v .
c )
I n t o t h o s e w i t h t h e A c c u s a t i v e d v d , t i e , i i c .
d )
I n t o
t h o s e
^ j t h
t h e
G e n i t i v e
a n d
A c c u s a t i v e
S i d ,
x a r d ,
v i r i p .
e ) I n t o t h o s e w i t h t h e G e n i t i v e , D a t i v e , a n d A c c u s a t i v e d f t f i , I w l , y a r d ,
i r a p d , i r i p i , i r p o q a n d v i r o .
4 . T h e l o c a l r e l a t i o n s o f
t h e
p r e p o s i t i o n s a r e m e r g e d i n t o
t h e r e l a t i o n s o f t i m e a n d c a u s a l i t y ( c a u s e ,
e f f e c t ,
& c . ) a s :
i n r b
T r j s y r j s
s l v a i a n d
i n r b < f ) 6 / 3 o v ( p s v y s i v s k T r j s
t t o X e c o s
d w e X O s l v
a n d
r j i x s p a s d t r e k O u v .
A . P R E P O S I T I O N S
W I T H
O N E C A S E .
•
§
1 6 3 . 1 . P r e p o s i t i o n s w i t h t h e G e n i t i v e
o n l y .
1 . ' A j r t , L a t . a n t e , o r i g i n a l
m e a n i n g ,
b e f o r e , i n t h e f a c e
o f ,
o v e r
a g a i n s t ,
t h e n ,
f o r ,
i n s t e a d
o f
i n
t h e
p l a c e
o f ;
a s :
o - r i j -
v a i
d v r l
t w o s
—
S o v X o s d v r l f i a o - i X e o i s
— d v r l
r j / j J p a s
v t i ^
k y i v s T O
— d v f f
o v , w h e r e f o r e .
2 .
T l p o , p r o ,
p r c e , b e f o r e , f o r , a g r e e s i n
a l l i t s s e n s e s
w i t h
d v r l ;
b u t i s u s e d i n m a n y v a r i o u s s e n s e s ; e . g . o - r f j v a i i r p b
r r r v X c b v , i r p b f j f i i p a s ( a v r l
i s
n o t u s e d
i n r e f e r e n c e
t o
t i m e )
— f i d y s a O a i ,
d i r o O a v e l v
i r p b T r j s
i r a r p l Z o s
— S o v X o s i r p b
S s a i r o T o v
;
—
i r p b
t w v S s ,
t h e r e f o r e ,
o n
t h a t a c c o u n t .
R e m a r k 1 . T h e r e a s o n w h y t h e p r e p o s i t i o n s
d v r l
a n d v p o
a r e
c o n
n e c t e d w i t h t h e g e n i t i v e i s , t h a t t h e G r e e k l a n g u a g e r e g a r d s t h e r e l a t i o n
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2 0 8
O B J E C T I V E C O M B I N A T I O N . [ c h a p .
n r .
o f b e f o r e , n o t m e r e l y a s l o c a l , b u t a s a * e l a t i o n o f
d e p e n d e n c e ,
i n a s m u c h
a s t h e g e n i t i v e d e n o t e s t h e
p l a c e
o r
o b j e c t t o
w h i c h a n o t h e r o b j e c t b e
l o n g s , a s i t w e r e . T h i s h o l d s g o o d i n r e f e r e n c e t o t h e p r e p o s i t i o n s v r r i p ,
j r p o f , l i d , a f i < p i , T r t p i , i i r i , a n d u i r o w i t h t h e g e n i t i v e b e c a u s e t h e g e n i t i v e
p o i n t s o u t t h e p l a c e o r o b j e c t a s t h e s u p p o r t e r o f t h e a c t i o n ( $ 1 5 8 , 4 . ) .
3 .
' A t t o , a b ,
o r i g i n a l
s e n s e ,
f r o m ,
a s :
a i r b
r r j s
i r o X s a s
r / \ -
6 a / ' ,
—
i n
r e f e r e n c e
t o t i m e ,
f r o m , s i n c e , a f t e r ,
a s :
a i r b
S s i i r v o v
i / x a x & c r a v T o
( a f t e r t h e
m e a l )
—
s l v a i ,
y t r / v s o - Q a i
a i r b
r i v o s , t o
d e s c e n d f r o m ; — T e a a i r b t o j v
i r o \ e p , i u ) v
( f > 6 j 3 a > ,
l i k e
m e t u s
a b
a l i q u o
; — i n r e f e r e n c e t o t h e m e a n s , f r o m , w i t h ,
r p d f a w
t o
v a v r i K o v
a i r b
i r p o o - b h w v
—
a i r b
t w o s
K a X s l c r d t L i .
4 .
' E / e , e g ,
e x ,
o r i g i n a l m e a n i n g , o u t o f , a s s k t t j s i r o k e a s
u - r r r ) X 6 e v
— i n r e f e r e n c e t o a n i m m e d i a t e s e q u e n c e
o f
t i m e ,
a f t e r ,
a s i f r j f i i p a s , e x q u o d i e s i l l u x i t , I k i r a i h m v , i f a l O p i a s
i s K a l v r j v s f i i a s < r v v i h p a p . s v s ^ a i r o v r j s v s t j y t ] — ' O o ~ b s • j r a r r j p
i v T r j S s T r j f i i a r i f i i p a i f a ( j > p o v o s
o - c b < f > p c o v
y s y i v r p - a i — s l v a i ,
y l y v s c r 6 a i s k t w o s , t o d e s c e n d f r o m ; — a c c o r d i n g t o , b y v i r t u e
o f ,
i n
c o n s e q u e n c e
o f ,
a s
s k
r f j s
o i j r s a s
r o v
o v s t p o v .
—
' O v o -
f i d & a O a i s k
t w o s .
5 . Y w s K a
( b e f o r e
o r a f t e r t h e g e n i t i v e ) , f o r
t h e
s a k e o f ,
i n
c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f , b y v i r t u e o f
R e m a r k 2 . F u r t h e r , s o m e a d v e r b s a n d
s u b s t a n t i v e s
a r e a l s o v e r y
o f t e n u s e d a s p r e p o s i t i o n s , a n d a r e , a c c o r d i n g l y ,
c a l l e d
i m p r o p e r p r e
p o s i t i o n s ,
a s i r p o a Q t v a n d t p . T r p o o G t v ,
b e f o r e ,
o i r i a Q t v , b e h i n d ,
a v t v
a n d
X ^ P ' C i
w i t h o u t ,
t t X i / v , e x c e p t ,
p t r a Z v , b e t w e e n ,
^ x P h u n t i l ,
x a p i v
( g e n e r a l l y
a f t e r
t h e
g e n i t i v e ) , g r a t i a ,
f o r
t h e
s a k e
o f
( i n s t e a d
o f
t h e
g e n i t i v e
o f
t h e
p e r s o n a l
p r o n o u n s ,
t h e p o s s e s s i v e p r o n o u n i n t h e s a m e
c a s e , g e n d e r ,
a n d
n u m b e r ,
i s
g e n e r a l l y
u s e d ,
a s i / u j v
a i ) v
x < * P ' v > m e a ,
t u a ,
g r a t i a ) .
§ 1 6 4 . 2 . P r e p o s i t i o n s w i t h t h e D a t i v e o n l y .
I . ' E j ;
d e n o t e s t h e
b e i n g
i n ,
u p o n ,
b y ,
a n d
t o g e t h e r
w i t h
;
i n
g e n e r a l , a n
a c t u a l
u n i o n w i t h a n o b j e c t
a n d
h e n c e f o r m s a
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§
1 6 5 . ]
2 0 9
R E P O S I T I O N
c o n t r a s t w i t h t i c , a s i v v q a t p , i v y f } , i v ^ i r d p T r ] , i v o t t X o i s , e v
r o b o t s
h i c u y a j v L ^ e a O a i ,
e v
i r p o f i d y p i s , e v r e 6 s o t s K a l
d v d p d n r o i s
h e n c e
b e f o r e , c o r a m ; u p o n
: J v o p e a i v , e v ' O m r o i s , i v
O p o v o i s
a t ,
b y , t h u s e s p e c i a l l y w i t h n a m e s o f t o w n s ,
a n d
i n a c c o u n t s
o f b a t t l e s , a s 1 7 i f M - a v r i v s l a
p - a y r ) ,
a t
o r
n e a r . I t i s u s e d i n
r e f e r e n c e t o t i m e , a s i v r o v r t o
t o o
y p o v m , e v a > , w h e n , w h i l e ,
h i T r i m s
r j p J p a i s .
A l s o i n r e f e r e n c e t o t h e m e a n s a n d i n s t r u
m e n t , w i t h t h e e x p r e s s i o n s , S r j X o v v , S ^ X w e l v a i , a i ) p u L v s w e v
n v i , a s
O T t
o i 6 e o l a s
' C K s m
r e , i c a l e v f i e v e l s i r i p v i r o v a i ,
x a l
e v
i s p o l s
B r j X o v
K a l
e v
o v p a v w i s
a r ) / t e u > i s .
R e m a r k
1 .
W i t h
s o m e v e r b s
o f
m o t i o n t h e G r e e k s g e n e r a l l y u s e
i v
w i t h
t h e
d a t i v e ,
i n s t e a d
o f « c
w i t h t h e
a c c u s a t i v e
a s r i O i v m ,
K a r a T i S i v a i ,
a v a r S i v m
( t o d e d i c a t e ) ,
a n d t h e l i k e .
2 . 2 , v v ( J ; v v , m o s t
f r e q u e n t l y i n
o l d A t t i c ) . T h e
o r i g i n a l
m e a n i n g o f a v v a g r e e s , a l m o s t t h r o u g h o u t , w i t h t h e L a t i n
c u m
a n d
t h e E n g l i s h w i t h , a s 6
a r p a r r f / b s
a v v r o l s a r p a n c t ) -
r a i s
i t
d e n o t e s
a s s i s t a n c e ,
a s
a v v 6 e w
a w
r d y j i ,
a v v
/ 8 t a
7 T 0 1 S I V T l .
R e m a r k
2 .
T h e i m p r o p e r p r e p o s i t i o n
t l / i a , a t
t h e
s a m e t i m e
w i t h ,
b e
l o n g s h e r e .
§ 1 6 5 . 3 . P r e p o s i t i o n s w i t h t h e A c c u s a t i v e o n l y .
1 . ' A v a , o r i g i n a l m e a n i n g ,
o n , u p o n .
I t
f o r m s
t h e
s t r o n g e s t
c o n t r a s t
w i t h K a r a f o l l o w e d b y a n a c c u s a t i v e . A s t h e l a t t e r
s e r v e s t o i n d i c a t e a m o t i o n f r o m a b o v e d o w n w a r d s , s o t h e
f o r m e r s e r v e s
t o
i n d i c a t e
a
m o t i o n f r o m
b e l o w
u p w a r d s ,
a s
a v a
t o v i r o r a p L o v ,
a v a
p o o v
t t X s i v , u p
t h e
s t r e a m .
( O n t h e
c o n
t r a r y
K a r a
r r o r a p A V ,
d o w n
t h e
s t r e a m . )
' A v a g e n e r a l l y
s e r v e s
t o
i n d i c a t e a
l o c a l
e x t e n s i o n f r o m b e l o w u p w a r d s ,
t h r o u g h o u t ,
t h r o u g h :
a v a r r j v ' E X X a S a
—
a v a
t o v i r o k i f i o v t o v t o v
( p e r ,
P
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2 1 0
[ c h a p . m .
B J E C T I V E
C O M B I N A T I O N .
d u r i n g ) t h u s
a v a t r a a a v T i ) v r / f i e p a v , t h r o u g h o u t
t h e
w h o l e
d a y ;
a v a
i r d v
t o
s t o s , t h r o u g h o u t t h e
w h o l e
g e a r ; h e n c e , w i t h
o u t
a r t i c l e
a v a
i r d a a v
r \ p A p a v ,
a v a
i r d v
e r o s ,
e v e r y
d a y ,
y e a r , d a i l y ,
y e a r l y ;
a v a v v / c r a , p e r n o c t e m ; a v a
x p o v o v , i n t i m e ;
—
t o
d e n o t e
t h e w a y
a n d
m a n n e r , a s : a v a K p a t o s , w i t h
a l l
o n e ' s m i g h t ; a v a
f i e p o s ,
a l t e r n a t e l y ; — t o e x p r e s s a d i s t r i b u t i v e
s e n s e , a s a v a
i r e v r e
- r r a p a a a r f / a s r t j s f j f i e p a s , J i v e p a r a s a n g s
d a i l y ; — a n d t o s t a t e n u m b e r s i n d e f i n i t e l y , l i k e t h e L a t i n -
c i r c a ,
a s
a v a ,
h i a K o m a a r d & i a .
2 .
E l s
( i s ,
o l d
A t t i c )
a l m o s t
e n t i r e l y
c o r r e s p o n d s
t o
t h e
L a t i n i n w i t h
a c c u s a t i v e , a n d t h e
E n g l i s h
i n t o , a s
l e v a *
e l s r r j v
t t o X i v ;
—
i n a h o s t i l e
s e n s e c o n t r a , a s : i o T p a r s v a a v
e l s r r j v
' A t t i k i j v
—
i n
n u m b e r s , u p t o ,
a s :
v a v s e l s r a s T s r p a i c o o - l a s
— i n
a d i s t r i b u t i v e s e n s e , a s e l s s k o t o v , c e n t e n i ; e l s S v o , b i n i ,
— c o r a m , w i t h t h e
n o t i o n o f w h i t h e r ,
\ 6 y o v s i r o i e l a O a i e l s r b v
S r j f i o v . — I n r e f e r e n c e t o t i m e
u n t i l ,
t o w a r d s ,
u p o n ,
e l s
s e n r e -
p a v ,
t o w a r d s
e v e n i n g ; e l s t t j v v a r e p a l a v , o n t h e f o l l o w i n g d a y ;
e l s
T p l r r j v r j i x i p a v .
—
I t
d e n o t e s
t h e a i m , i n t e n t i o n ,
o r
r e s p e c t ,
a s e ' X p j j a a T O
t o i s
x p r j f i a o - i v
e l s r f j v
7 r 6 \ i v ,
e l s
i c e p S o s t i S p a v
B i a t f > E p e i v r i v b s
e l s
a p e r r j v
e l s
n r a v r a , i n e v e r y r e s p e c t .
3 .
' U s , a d ,
t o , i s
o n l y u s e d
i n
r e f e r e n c e t o p e r s o n s , o r
t o
t h i n g s c o n s i d e r e d
a s p e r s o n s , a s l e v a i , i r i n i r s i v
m s f i a o - i k e a ,
7 ] k s w m s T r j v
M i X n T O v ( t o
t h e M i l e s i a n ) .
R e m a r k . F r o m
t h i s w c , w e
m u s t
d i s t i n g u i s h
£ > c i n
c o n n e x i o n
w i t h
u s ,
I r i ,
T r p o Q
w i t h t h e a c c u s a t i v e ( « £ i i ' c , & > t
i f ' ,
< > f f v p o g r i v a ) .
I n
t h i s
l a t t e r
c o n n e x i o n , < i e i s n o t a
p r e p o s i t i o n
b u t
e x p r e s s e s
a
d i r e c t i o n
t o a p l a c e
w h i c h i s
n o t
a c t u a l l y r e a c h e d ,
b u t
o n l y
s u p p o s e d ,
a n d
h e n c e ,
i n t e n d e d
t o
b e r e a c h e d a s a m - r t K i o v w f t t { r a g ' A 8 i \ v a s ( t h e y s a i l e d a w a y , a s t h e y
s a i d
o r w i s h e d , t o A t h e n s ) .
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§
1 6 6 . ]
2 1 1
R E P O S I T I O N .
B .
P R E P O S I T I O N S
W I T H
T W O C A S E S .
§
1 6 6 .
P r e p o s i t i o n s
w i t h t h e G e n i t i v e a n d t h e A c c u s a t i v e :
C i a , K a r a , v r r e p .
1 . A i d , o r i g i n a l m e a n i n g , t h r o u g h . —
A . W i t h
t h e G e n i
t i v e —
t h r o u g h
a n d o u t
a g a i n o r f o r t h , a s
h l - r f k a v v E t o v o - r p a -
t o v S i d t t ) s Q p a i c r j s s t t I
r f j v
' E W o S a
t h r o u g h ,
a s S i d i r s S i o v ,
p e r
c a m p u m ,
S i d
i r o \ s p . L a s
i r o p e v s a O a i .
S e e
§
1 6 3 ,
R e m .
1 .
I n
r e f e r e n c e t o t i m e , i t d e n o t e s t h e
c o u r s e o f
a s p a c e o f
t i m e
t h r o u g h , i n , p r o p e r l y , u p t o
t h e
e n d o f
t h e s p a c e
o f t i m e ,
t h r o u g h o u t , a s
S i
s t o v s , S i d t t o W o v , f x a K p o v , 6 \ v y o v y p o v o v ,
S i d i r a v r b s t o v ^ p o v o v r o i a v r a o v k s j s v s t o , t h r o u g h o u t t h e
w h o l e t i m e . S o , a l s o , i n r e f e r e n c e t o a n a c t i o n
r e p e a t e d
a f t e r
d e f i n i t e p o r t i o n s o f
t i m e ,
a s S i d
r p i r o v s t o v s
o v v y e c r a v , e v e r y
t h r e e
y e a r s ,
t e r t i o
q u o q u e
a n n o ,
a l i o a y s a f t e r
t h r e e
y e a r s
;
S i d
i r s f i T T T O v
s t o v s ,
S i d t t s v t s s t £ > v , q u i n t o
q u o q u e
a n n o ,
S i d
T p L r r j s
r i f i i p a s .
I t d e n o t e s t h e m e a n s , a s S i 6 ( p 6 a X p , u v o p d v t h e
m a n n e r a n d
w a y ,
a s
S i d
a v r o v S r j s ,
S i d
T a % o v s .
—
B . W i t h t h e
A c c u s a t i v e i n r e f e r e n c e t o t i m e , a s S i d u v / c r a , p e r
n o c t e m .
I t d e n o t e s t h e r e a s o n , t h e m e a n s , a s S i d t o v t o , r a v r a , o n t h i s
a c c o u n t , t h e r e f o r e ; S i d f i o v k d s , S i d f i r j v i v .
2 . K . a r d ,
o r i g i n a l m e a n i n g , f r o m
a b o v e d o w n w a r d s ( d e s u -
p e r ) .
—
A .
W i t h
t h e G e n i t i v e ,
a s
s p p v n T o v v
s a v r o i i s
K a r a
t o v
t e i % o v s k o t o )
—
d o w n w a r d s ,
a s K a T a S s S v K s v a i K a r a T r j s
6 a X d . T T r j s ' , — u n d e r , a s : / c a T a y f j s . — I t d e n o t e s t h e c a u s e , o r
a u t h o r :
d e ,
a s X e y e i v K a r a t w o s , d i c e r e d e a l i q u a r e ; e s p e c i a l l y
i n
a h o s t i l e
s e n s e ,
a s X i y e i v
K a r a t w o s , a g a i n s t a n y o n e ,
y f r s v S s o - d a i K a r a t o v d s o v . — B . W i t h t h e A c c u s a t i v e ,
K a r a
f o r m s
a
s t r o n g c o n t r a s t t o d v d ,
a s
f a r
a s
r e g a r d s
t h e
c o m m e n c
i n g p o i n t
o f t h e
m o v e m e n t
o f
t h e
a c t i o n ,
b u t
a g r e e s
w i t h
i t
i n d e n o t i n g
d i r e c t i o n t o
a n
o b j e c t a n d
e x t e n s i o n o v e r
i t .
T h e
u s e o f d v d i s n o t s o f r e q u e n t i n p r o s e a s t h a t
o f
i c a T c L — I t
p
2
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2 1 2
[ C H A P . 1 X L
B J E C T I V E C O M B I N A T I O N .
d e n o t e s a
l o c a l e x t e n s i o n f r o m
a b o v e d o w n w a r d s
:
t h r o u g h ,
t h r o u g h o u t ,
o v e r , a s n a f f
' E W a S a , K a r a
r r a a a v r r j v y i j v
i t
o f t e n s i g n i f i e s o v e r - a g a i n s t . — I n r e f e r e n c e t o t i m e , i t d e n o t e s
e x t e n s i o n
i n
t i m e , d u r a t i o n : d u r i n g , a s : K a r a t o p
a v r b v
x p o v o v ,
K a r a r b v
i r p o r e p o v
r r b X s f t o v . —
I t
d e n o t e s
t h e
a i m ,
t h e
i n t e n
t i o n , a s
K a r a 6 s a v t ) k s l v ,
s p e c t a t u m v e n i s s e
; c o n f o r m i t y { s e
c u n d u m ) , t h e r e s p e c t , t h e r e a s o n ,
a s
K a r a
v b f w v ,
K a r a \ 0 7 0 v ,
a d
r a t i o n e m , p r o r a t i o n e , k o t o ,
^ v d > p , r ) v
r r ) v k p , r ] v
K a r a ,
r o v r o ,
h o c r e s p e c t u , h e n c e , p r o p t e r h o c ; K a r a , c p v c n v , s e c u n d u m n a t u -
r a m ;
K a r a
B v v a p . i v , a c c o r d i n g t o
o n e ' s
s t r e n g t h ;
K a r a
K p d r o s ,
f o r c i b l y , w i t h f o r c e ;
K a r a
( w e p a v ,
n e a r l y ,
b y l i t t l e
a n d
l i t t l e ;
K a r d v O p w r r o v ,
i n
a
m a n l y
m a n n e r
; — i t d e n o t e s
a n
i n d e f i n i t e
q u a n t i t y ,
a s
K a r a e ^ K o v r a e r i j ;
—
i t
d e n o t e s
t h e w a y
a n d
m a n n e r , a s : K a r a r d j f p s , K a r a a v v r v y i a v , c a s u ; —
i t d e n o t e s
a
d i v i s i o n , a s : K a r a K c o f i a s , v i c a t i m ;
K a r a
p , r ) v a , m o n t h l y ; K a f f
■ t j f i i p a v ,
d a i l y
; K a r S r o s , y e a r l y ; K a 6 '
s i r r d ,
s e p t e n i .
3 .
T i r s p , s u p e r , o v e r ,
a b o v e .
— A .
W i t h t h e
G e n i t i v e ,
a s
i n r s p
y f j s .
—
I t
d e n o t e s
t h e c a u s e
f o r ,
t o
t h e
g o o d
o f
s o m e
o n e ,
a s
p A y e o - Q a i
i n r s p
r r ) s
r r a r p l h o s , t o f i g h t s t a n d i n g
o v e r
a s i t
w e r e ; b i n r s p
r r j s ' E W d S o s
Q d v a r o s .
— B .
W i t h
t h e A c c u s a
t i v e
o v e r ,
b e y o n d , a s p L r r r s w i n r s p r b v B b p , o v , o v e r t h e h o u s e ;
i n r s p
' E W r j c n r o v r o v o I k s l v ,
b e y o n d , i .
e .
a c r o s s t h e
H e l l e s p o n t
i n r s p
r r j v r f K i K i a v , i n r s p S v v a f i i v , i n r s p d v O p r o i r o v , i n r s p r d r s r -
r a p a K O v r a s r r j .
C . P R E P O S I T I O N S W I T H T H R E E C A S E S .
§
1 6 7 .
P r e p o s i t i o n s
w i t h
t h e
G e n i t i v e , D a t i v z ,
a n d A c c u s a t i v e :
d f i t p i , r r s p i , h r L ,
f i e r d ,
i r a p d ,
i r p b s , i n r b .
1 . A u < f > l d e n o t e s t h e e n v i r o n s o f t h i n g s ( o f t w o s i d e s ) , t h e i r
b e i n g
n e a r
o n e
a n o t h e r
a n d
t o g e t h e r .
—
A .
W i t h
t h e
G e n i t i v e ,
s e l d o m
i n r e f e r e n c e t o p l a c e ,
a s
d p j p l r r j s
T r b \ s a ) s
o I k s I v
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§ 1 6 7 . ]
2 1 3
R E P O S I T I O N .
( § 1 6 3 , R e m . l . J . — I n
r e f e r e n c e t o
t h e c a u s e :
a b o u t ,
f o r , a s :
/ X d ^ s a O a i
d f i < f > l
t w o s .
—
B .
W i t h
t h e
D a t i v e
a s
w i t h
t h e g e n i
t i v e .
— C . W i t h t h e A c c u s a t i v e , a s : a / t $ l
t t ) v
i r o k w .
I n
r e
f e r e n c e t o t i m e
a n d
n u m b e r , i n i n d e f i n i t e s t a t e m e n t s , a s d p j p l
s e n r i p a v ,
d / j , < f > l t o v s
f i v p t o v s .
2 .
U s p t d e n o t e s t h e
c i r c u i t o f t h i n g s
r o u n d a b o u t , a b o u t
( c i r c u m f e r e n c e ) . — A .
W i t h t h e G e n i t i v e .
I n
a
l o c a l
s e n s e ,
i t
i s
n o t f o u n d
i n
p r o s e ,
b u t
p r o p o r t i o n a t e l y
o f t e n e r i n
t h e
c a u s a l
s e n s e ,
t o
d e n o t e
t h e
c a u s e
f o r , a b o u t ,
f o r
t h e
s a k e
o f ;
a s f i d ^ s o - d a i , d i r o O a v s l v i r s p l r r j s i r a r p l S o s , \ & y e i v i r s p l t w o s ,
( p o f t s i a O a i i r s p l i r a r p t h o s ' ,
— t o d e n o t e
a
v a l u a t i o n ,
i n t h e
p h r a s e s :
i r s p l i r o X K o v , i r s p l i f K s l o v o s , i r s p l
i r X s l a r o v ,
i r s p l o K v y o v ,
i r s p l
o v h s v b s
i r o i s l a d a i o r r p / s t c r O a i
n ,
t o v a l u e ,
e s t e e m h i g h l y ,
m o r e h i g h l y , & c . — B . W i t h t h e D a t i v e a b o u t , o n , n e a r , a s
i r s p l T a t s K S < f > a \ a l s e l ^ p v T i d p a s , i r s p l T r j % s i p l y p v a o w S a j e r v -
\ w v ( p f y s w , — i n a c a u s a l s e n s e : a b o u t , f o r , o n a c c o u n t o f , a s :
B s B i s v a i , i r s p l
t w i .
—
C .
W i t h
t h e
A c c u s a t i v e
a b o u t ,
a t ,
o n ,
t h r o u g h , a s w k o w Q o w i k s s i r s p l i r d a a v t t j v
X i k s X I u v ,
p e r t o t a m
S i c i l i a m . — I n r e f e r e n c e t o t i m e
a n d n u m b e r i n i n d e f i n i t e s t a t e
m e n t s ,
a s i r s p l t o v t o v s t o v s
x p o v o v s , i r s p l
f i v p l o v s
o - T p a T i c o r a s .
— I n a c a u s a l s e n s e ,
i t
d e n o t e s w i t h
r e s p e c t t o ,
a s : a a x p p o v s w
i r s p l T o i l s B s o v s .
3 . ' E m ' h a s t h e
o r i g i n a l m e a n i n g ,
u p o n , a t .
—
A . W i t h t h e
G e n i t i v e ,
a s
t u
a % # » ?
o l
f i s v
d v B p s s
i i r l
t & v
K s c p a X & v
( p o p o v a w ,
a i B s
y v v a i K S s i i r l
t £ > v w / a c o v ( a c c o r d i n g
t o § 1 6 3 , R e m .
1 . )
p J v s w i i r l
T r j s d p % f i s , s i r l r f j s
j v t o f i r j s , t o
r e m a i n
i n ; o l h r l
t w v
i r p a y p A T e o v , m e n o f b u s i n e s s , c i v i l o f f i c e r s . I t m e a n s t o w a r d s , i f i t
i s t o b e
i m p l i e d t h a t a n y o n e s t r i v e s
t o r e a c h
a
p l a c e , a s : i r \ s w
i i r l
L d f J b o v
( a c c o r d i n g t o
§ 1 5 8 ,
3 ,
b ) .
—
I n
a t e m p o r a l
s e n s e ,
i t
d e n o t e s
t h e t i m e
i n , o r
d u r i n g w h i c h ,
a n y
t h i n g
t a k e s p l a c e ,
a s
i i r l
K v p o v
f i a c r i k s v o v r o s ,
d u r i n g
t h e
r e i g n
o f
C y r u s .
—
I t
d e n o t e s t h e o c c a s i o n
a n d
t h e
a u t h o r ,
a s K a X s u r O a i h r l t w o s ,
t o
b e
n a m e d a f t e r
a n y
o n e ; c o n f o r m i t y , a s K p w s w t l h r l t w o s ,
t o j u d g e
a c c o r d i n g
t o a n y t h i n g . — B .
W i t h
t h e D a t i v e
: u p o n ,
P
3
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2 1 4
[ c h a p , i i l
B J E C T I V E C O M B I N A T I O N .
a t , b y , a s : h r l r o l s
B o p a a i
p o i a s s l ^ o v ■ x p v o - a . s ; o I k e w h r l
B d X a T T t ) .
—
I t
d e n o t e s
d e p e n d e n c e ,
a s :
h r l
t w o
s l v a t ,
p e n e s
a l i -
q u e m
e s s e
; y l r y v e o - O a i h r l r m , t o c o m e i n t o t h e p o w e r o f s o m e
o n e ;
— t h e c o n d i t i o n ,
a i m ,
i n t e n t i o n ,
d e s t i n a t i o n ,
a s
h r l t o v t w ,
h a c
c o n d i t i o n e
;
h r l
K a i c a > a v d p a n r o v o - i h r ^ p o s
a v s v p y y r a i , i n
p e r -
n i c i e m h o m i n i s
; — t h e r e a s o n , a s y a l p u v h r l t i v i . —
C . W i t h
t h e A c c u s a t i v e u p o n , u p , t o w a r d s , o v e r t h i t h e r ( t o b e d i s t i n
g u i s h e d
f r o m
h r l
w i t h g e n i t i v e ,
s i n c e ,
w i t h t h e a c c u s a t i v e ,
m e r e l y d i r e c t i o n t o
a p l a c e i s d e n o t e d ) , a g a i n s t , a s
a v a f t a i -
v e w
e < \ >
h r i r o v h r a v O p a m o v s
( a m o n g ) .
—
I n r e f e r e n c e t o t i m e ,
u n t i l :
e t f h a r r e p a v ;
f o r ,
d u r i n g ,
p e r ,
i i r l i r o W a s
f j i x s p a s . —
I t d e n o t e s t h e a i m o r i n t e n t i o n , a s h r l 6 r ) p a v U v a i , v e n a -
t u m
i r e ; i n a h o s t i l e s e n s e ( a g a i n s t ) , a s c r p a T S v s a d a i , h r l
l l s p c r a s .
4 .
M e r a
d e n o t e s
t h e
m i d d l e o f t h i n g s ,
a n d
c o r r e s p o n d s
t o
t h e E n g l i s h w i t h . I t i s d e r i v e d f r o m p i c r o s , a s t h e G e r m a n
m i t
c o m e s f r o m
m i t t e n .
—
A .
W i t h
t h e
G e n i t i v e
i t
d e n o t e s
a s s o c i a t i o n
a n d
c o m m u n i c a t i o n ,
a n d a c o m m u n i o n i n a n i n
t e r n a l s e n s e , a n i n t e r n a l
c o n n e x i o n ,
a s p e r a v Q p a m w v s i v a i ,
a m o n g
m e n
; s l v a i p s r r a
t w o s , a b
a l i c u j u s p a r t i b u s s t a r e ;
i f u v o l i r p o y o v o u t o v t o
t o y s p a s
S K T r j a a v r o i c a i K a T s k i i r o v f i S T a
• j r o W a i v K a l p s y a X w v k i v B v v o o v — i t d e n o t e s c o n f o r m i t y : p s r a
t 5 > v
v o p r o v ,
a c c o r d i n g
t o
t l i e
l a w s
( t w v
v o p c o v
h ^ o p s v o s ,
l e g i b u s
a d h e r e n s ) ;
p E T a
t o v
\ 6 y o v ,
a c c o r d i n g
t o
r e a s o n .
—
B .
W i t h
t h e
D a t i v e , o n l y p o e t i c a l i n t h e
m i d s t
o f , a m o n g , a s p e r a . 6 a v a ~
r o t s . — C . W i t h t h e A c c u s a t i v e , i n p r o s e a l m o s t e x c l u s i v e l y i n
r e f e r e n c e t o s u c c e s s i o n i n ' s p a c e ,
t i m e , a n d
a r r a n g e m e n t , a s
e T r s a - 6 a i
p E T a
T i v a , a f t e r ; p s r a t o v
f i l o v ,
a f t e r l i f e ; T r o T a p b s
p s y i o r o s p s T a * l o ~ T p o v a n d i n t h e p h r a s e p s r a ^ s l p a s a y e w
n ,
t o
h o l d a n y
t h i n g b e t w e e n , i n t h e h a n d s .
5 .
T l a p d d e n o t e s t h e
s i d e
o f t h i n g s b y , n e a r .
—
A .
W i t h
t h e
G e n i t i v e
i t
s h o w s a
r e m o v a l f r o m
t h e s i d e o f a p e r s o n
f r o m , a s s X B s l v i r a p a
t w o s ,
l i k e t h e F r e n c h d e c h e z q u e l q u ' u n .
— I t d e n o t e s t h e a u t h o r , a s : i r s p c p O r j v a t , i r a p a t w o s
( §
1 5 0 ,
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§ 1 6 7 . ]
2 1 5
R E P O S I T I O N .
K e r n . 4 . ) , d y y s K o i , i r p e c r f i s i s i r a p d t w o s ,
d y y i W s w i r a p d t w o s ,
t o .
i r a p d t w o s ,
t h e
c o m m i s s i o n s ,
c o m m a n d s ,
& c ,
o f s o m e
o n e
;
—
f i a v O d v e i v i r a p d t w o s , d / c o v s w i r a p d t w o s .
—
B . W i t h t h e
D a t i v e , i t
d e n o t e s
a
q u i e t
r e s t i n g
n e a r
a p l a c e o r o b j e c t , a s
s a r - q i r a p d t & > f 3 a a i \ s i . — C . W i t h t h e A c c u s a t i v e , i t d e n o t e s a
d i r e c t i o n o r m o v e m e n t t o w a r d s t h e s i d e o f a p e r s o n o r t h i n g ,
a s : a < p i K E o - 0 a i i r a p d K p o t o w ; — a d i r e c t i o n o r m o t i o n p a s t a
p l a c 3 , b y , c l o s e b y , a l o n g ,
a s
i r a p d T - q v H a f 3 v \ a > v a i r a p i i v a i ,
b y B a b y l o n . H e n c e
i r a p d
B o ^ a v , p r a t e r o p i n i o n e m
; i r a p
i X i r l B a , i r a p d < f > v o - w , i r a p d t o S t i c a i o v , i r a p d t o v s o p i c o v s , i r a p d
B v v a f i w a l s o , e x c e p t , p r c e t e r , i r a p d
T a v r a ,
p r a t e r h c e c ;
—
i t d e n o t e s a
l o c a l
e x t e n s i o n
b y
t h e s i d e o f
a n
o b j e c t ,
a l o n g ,
a s :
i r a p d
t o v ' A c r a n r o v ,
a l o n g
t h e A s o p u s . — I n
a t e m p o r a l
s e n s e , i t
d e n o t e s
t h e e x t e n s i o n
o f t i m e , a s i r a p '
r ) p A p a v ,
i r a p d
t o v i r o K e -
f i o v ,
d u r i n g
; i r a p d t t j v i r b a w , i n t e r p o t a n d u m .
S o
a l s o i n r e
f e r e n c e
t o
i m p o r t a n t p e r i o d s o f t i m e d u r i n g w h i c h
a n y
t h i n g
t a k e s
p l a c e ,
a s
i r a p '
a v r b v
t o v K w h v v o v ,
i n i p s o d i s c r i m i n e . -
—
I n a c a u s a l s e n s e , i t d e n o t e s a c o m p a r i s o n ,
a s
f j k l o v e t c k e t y s i s
i r v K V O T S p a t
T j a a v i r a p d T a e k t o v i r p \ v y j p o v o v p , v r ) [ w v s v b -
f i s v a .
6 . T l p o s ( a r i s i n g f r o m i r p o ) d e n o t e s t h e p r e s e n c e o f t h i n g s
b e f o r e . —
A . W i t h
t h e
G e n i t i v e ,
i t d e n o t e s a
d i r e c t i o n
o r
m o t i o n
f r o m t h e
p r e s e n c e o f a n
o b j e c t , e s p e c i a l l y i n r e f e r e n c e t o
t h e
s i t u a t i o n
o f a
p l a c e ,
a s
o u c e i v
i r p b s
v o t o v
d v s f i o v
( t o w a r d s
t h e
s o u t h ) , l i k e a b o r i e n t e . S o m e t i m e s i t i s t o b e t r a n s l a t e d
b y
a c c o r d i n g t o
t h e
j u d g m e n t o f
s o m e
o n e ( p r o p e r l y b e f o r e s o m e
o n e ) ,
a s
6 t i h u c a d r r a T o v
i c a l
i r p b s O e w v k o X i r p b s a v O p d y i r c o v ,
t o v t o i r p d j f w , — f u r t h e r ; t o t h e a d v a n t a g e o f s o m e o n e , o n t h e
s i d e o f s o m e o n e ,
f o r
s o m e o n e ,
a s
S o / e e t y f i o i t o v \ 6 y o v i r p b s
i f i o v \ s y e w . — I t d e n o t e s t h e c a u s e , o c c a s i o n , o r a u t h o r , h e n c e
w i t h p a s s i v e o r i n t r a n s i t i v e v e r b s , a s d , T i f i d % e o - 6 a i i r p b s n « -
o - i o r p a T o v i n s w e a r i n g , a s i r p b i 0 e w v , p e r d e o s , p r o p e r l y , b e
f o r e t h e g o d s . — B . W i t h t h e
D a t i v e ,
i t
d e n o t e s
a l o c a l ,
r e s t i n g
b e f o r e
o r n e a r a n
o b j e c t , a s i r p b s
T j j i r o X e t , b e f o r e , n e a r ;
i r p b s
P 4
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2 1 6
[ c h a p .
m .
B J E C T I V E C O M B I N A T I O N .
t o I s K p i T a i s , b e f o r e ;
e l v a i ,
y l r y v s a - O a i i r p o s
t i v i , t o
b e e a r n e s t l y
o c c u p i e d w i t h a n y t h i n g ,
a s i r p b s
i r p d y / M o a t ,
i r p b s
r q > \ 0 7 0 j .
T h e n
c l o s e
b y ,
b e s i d e s ,
a s
i r p b s T o v r t p ,
i r p b s t o v t o i s ,
p r a t e r
e a .
— C . W i t h t h e
A c c u s a t i v e , i t d e n o t e s
t h e l o c a l
a i m ,
t h e
d i r e c t i o n ,
o r
m o t i o n b e f o r e a n
o b j e c t ,
b o t h i n
a
f r i e n d l y
a n d a h o s t i l e
s e n s e , a s
S \ 6 s i v
i r p o s
r i v a , t o ; d i r o / 3 X J i r s w
i r p o s t w o , u p o n
;
X e y e i v i r p o s r i v a , t o ; a v f i f m ^ i a v i r o i z i a Q a i i r p o s T w a s , w i t h ;
( t d x e t r d a i , i r o \ s p , e w i r p o s r i v a , a g a i n s t ; i r p o s n e a r i f i ^ p i a v , t o
w a r d s ; a S s w i r p b s a v h b v , t o . — I t
d e n o t e s
a n i n d e f i n i t e s t a t e
m e n t
o f
t i m e ,
a s
i r p b s r j p J p a v ,
t o w a r d s
d a y b r e a k . S i m i l a r l y
i n o t h e r i n d e f i n i t e s t a t e m e n t s .
—
I n a c a u s a l s e n s e , i t d e n o t e s
t h e
a i m , a s
i r a v r o S a i r a ,
e v p ^ j f i s v a
r a l s i r o \ s o ~ i
i r p b s < $ > v K a K T ] v
k o X & a ) T T ) p L a v — c o n f o r m i t y : c o n f o r m a b l y , a c c o r d i n g t o , a s
i r p b s r r } v o i ] r i v , r a v r r j v r b v y d f i o v t o v t o v e o - i r s v a a . T h u s
K p l v e i v
t i
i r p o s t u F u r t h e r i r p b s
f i i a v ,
f o r c i b l y , a g a i n s t t h e
w i l l , i r p b s d v a y i c r j v ,
h e n c e
o n a c c o u n t o f ,
p r o p t e r ,
a s i r p b s
T a m a , p r o p e r l y , c o n f o r m a b l y t o t h i s , h e n c e ,
o n
t h i s a c c o u n t ,
f o r
t h e
s a k e o f
t h i s ;
—
h e n c e ,
i t d e n o t e s a
c o m p a r i s o n l i k e c o n t r a ,
a n d
w i t h
r e s p e c t t o ,
i n g e n e r a l ,
a s a i c o i r s w ,
f i X s i r s w i r p o s
t i ,
& i a < p e p e w
i r p b s d p s r q v .
7 .
T i r o ,
s u b ,
o r i g i n a l m e a n i n g ,
u n d e r .
— A .
W i t h
t h e G e n i
t i v e , i t d e n o t e s
a m o t i o n f r o m o u t
o f t h e
d e p t h
:
f o r t h
f r o m
u n d e r , a w a y f r o m u n d e r , a s v i r b d i r r j v q s \ v u v i r i r o v s ; — i t
d e n o t e s a q u i e t r e s t i n g u n d e r a n o b j e c t ( § 1 6 3 , R e m . 1 . ) , a s
v i r b
y f j s
o l i c e w .
—
I t
d e n o t e s
t h e
a u t h o r ,
w i t h
p a s s i v e
a n d
i n
t r a n s i t i v e v e r b s ,
K r s w s o - 8 a i
v i r b
t w o s , d i r o Q a v f w
b i r o
t w o s
;
—
t h e
c a u s e ,
o c c a s i o n , a n d
a c t i n g i n f l u e n c e ,
a s
v i r b
K a v p , a T o s ,
f o r
t h e
h e a t ;
i n r
b p y r j s ,
o u t
o f a n g e r ;
— i t d e n o t e s
t h e m e a n s
a n d
i n s t r u m e n t ,
e s p e c i a l l y
i n
r e f e r e n c e t o t h e
a c c o m p a n i m e n t
o f m u s i c a l i n s t r u m e n t s , a s i f f T p a r s v o v r o v i r b a a X i r v y y c o v , v i r
a i / \ o v x p p s v e w . — B . W i t h t h e D a t i v e , a s v i r b y f j e w a i , & c ,
a s
w i t h
t h e
g e n i t i v e .
—
C .
W i t h
t h e A c c u s a t i v e ,
i t
d e n o t e s
d i
r e c t i o n o r m o t i o n d o w n w a r d s , a s l e v a i v i r b y r j v e x t e n s i o n
u n d e r
a n o b j e c t , a s
v t t s o - t w
o i K i j p , a T a v i r b y t ) v . — I t d e n o t e s
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§ 1 6 8 . ]
2 1 7
E R B A L
A D J E C T I V E S .
a n a p p r o a c h t o a p o i n t o f t i m e ,
a s
v n r o
v v i c r a ,
s u b n o c t e m , t o
w a r d s
;
i t
d e n o t e s
t h e
e x t e n s i o n
o f
t i m e ,
a s
v t t o
t t j v
v v i c r a ,
d u r i n g .
R e m a r k .
W h e n
t h e a r t i c l e i n
c o n n e x i o n w i t h
a
p r e p o s i t i o n , e i t h e r
a l o n e
o r w i t h a s u b s t a n t i v e ,
e x p r e s s e s a
s u b s t a n t i v e - i d e a , a n d
t h e p r e
p o s i t i o n i v o u g h t t o b e u s e d t h i s
p r e p o s i t i o n
i v i s
a t t r a c t e d ,
a s i t w e r e ,
b y t h e v e r b w h i c h i s i n t h e s e n t e n c e ( o r t o b e s u p p l i e d ) , i f i t i m p l y t h e
r e l a t i o n
w h e n c e ,
a n d c h a n g e d i n t o
d i r o
a n d t K a s o i
i i c
r i / f
d y o p a c
d v Q p w -
i r o i c n r e t p v y o i 1 , i n s t e a d
o f
o i i v r p d y o p a
d v G p u t i r o i
T t j g
d y o p d c
d i r i f v y o v .
§
1 6 8 . R e m a r k s
u p o n
t h e C o n s t r u c t i o n o f V e r b a l A d j e c t i v e s
i n t e o s , T e a , r i o v ,
a n d o f t h e C o m p a r a t i v e a n d S u p e r l a t i v e .
1 . V e r b a l a d j e c t i v e s
d e r i v e d
f r o m t r a n s i t i v e
v e r b s ,
i . e . s u c h
a s
g o v e r n
t h e
a c c u s a t i v e ,
a r e
e i t h e r
u s e d
i m p e r s o n a l l y
l i k e
t h e
L a t i n
g e r u n d i n t h e n e u t e r f o r m s t s o v o r r i a ( § 1 4 7 , c ) ) ,
o r p e r s o n a l l y l i k e t h e L a t i n p a r t i c i p l e i n - d u s b u t t h o s e d e
r i v e d f r o m i n t r a n s i t i v e v e r b s a r e a l w a y s u s e d i m p e r s o n a l l y .
2 . T h e v e r b a l a d j e c t i v e , w h e n u s e d i m p e r s o n a l l y , t a k e s i t s
o b j e c t i n t h a t c a s e w i t h w h i c h
i t s
v e r b i s
u s u a l l y c o n n e c t e d .
T h e a g e n t
s t a n d s
i n t h e d a t i v e ( § 1 6 1 , d ) ) .
' A t n c n r i o v
( o r
—
r l a )
t o r t ' < r o i r r j v a p e r i ' i v . — i i u B u p i j T t o v t o r i < r o t r i j £ d p e r i j c
—
i i r i x i t p n r e o v i a r i
a o t T i p t p y t p
—
K o X a f f T t o v ( o r — T e a )
t o r i
c o t
t o v
d v Q p w i r o v .
S o f r o m
d e p o n e n t v e r b s a s p t u q r e o v ( o r
- H a )
i a r i
a o t
t o v c d y a Q o v c ( f r . f i i f i t l a Q a i T i v a ) .
R e m a r k 1 . B u t n o t u n f r e q u e n t l y , a m o n g t h e A t t i c s , t h e p e r s o n a l s o
i s d e n o t e d
b y
t h e a c c u s a t i v e , b e c a u s e t h e i d e a o f t h e i m p e r s o n a l v e r b l i t
w i t h t h e i n f i n i t i v e ,
i s
i n v o l v e d
i n
t h e
v e r b a l a d j e c t i v e
a s : t o v ( i o v \ 6 -
f i t v o v t v d a i f i o v a e t v a t a u t t p p o a v v n v d i u i K T e o v
K a l d a K i j H o v
( — t o v
/ 3 o w \ o -
f t t v o v — c t Z S l w k s i v ) .
3 .
W h e n
t w o
o b j e c t s
a r e
c o m p a r e d
w i t h
o n e
a n o t h e r , t h a t
w h i c h i s
e m p l o y e d
a s t h e o b j e c t o l c o m p a r i s o n
s t a n d s ,
e i t h e r
i n t h e
g e n i t i v e
( § 1 5 8 , 7 , / 3 ) ) , o r i s
c o n n e c t e d
b y t h e c o n j u n c
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2 1 8 O B J E C T I V E
C O M B I N A T I O N . [ c h a p .
l i t
t i o n » J ,
t h a n
; a s : 6 i r a T r j p
f i e i t y o v
« m t o v v l o v ,
o r
6 i t . f i . l o - r i v
r j
o
v i o t .
R e m a r k 2 . T h e f i r s t f o r m i s a l w a y s u s e d
w h e n t h e s u b j e c t
i s c o m
p a r e d
w i t h
i t s e l f , i .
e .
w h e n
i t i s t o b e r e p r e s e n t e d t h a t
t h e s u b j e c t
a t
a n y
t i m e
s h o w s a q u a l i t y i n a h i g h e r d e g r e e t h a n u s u a l . I n t h i s c a s e ,
t h e G r e e k s a n n e x t h e g e n i t i v e o f t h e r e f l e c t i v e p r o n o u n s , i f u w r o v ,
f f i a v r o v ,
i a v r o v ,
t o t h e
c o m p a r a t i v e ,
a n d
a v r o g
i s j o i r i e d
t o
t h e p r o n o u n o f
t h e
3 .
p e r s o n a s
( i i k r i u i v
t l p i
i u a v r o v
— f i e X r i t o v
t l
a e a v r o v — f l t X r i u v
i a r i v a i r o e i a v r o v . T h e s u p e r l a t i v e i s a l s o u s e d i n
a
s i m i l a r w a y , i n
c o n n e x i o n w i t h
a i i r o e
a n d
t h e
g e n i t i v e
o f t h e
r e f l e c t i v e p r o n o u n s , w h e n
t h e
s u b j e c t
i s
t o
b e
r e p r e s e n t e d
a s a t
a n y
t i m e
e x h i b i t i n g
a
q u a l i t y
d w e l l i n g i n h i m i n t h e h i g h e s t d e g r e e ( i n a h i g h e r d e g r e e t h a n a t a n y
o t h e r t i m e ) a s d p i a T O Q a v r o c i f i a v r o v i t f i t .
R e m a r k 3 . W h e n t w o q u a l i t i e s i n a n o b j e c t
a r e c o m p a r e d w i t h o n e
a n o t h e r , b o t h
a r e d e n o t e d
b y
t h e
c o m p a r a t i v e o f
t h e a d j e c t i v e ,
a n d
c o n n e c t e d b y a s B a r r o i v a o < p w r e p 6 e i a r i v , c e l e r i o r q u a m p r u d e n t i o r ,
h e i s m o r e q u i c k t h a n p r u d e n t . S i m i l a r l y w i t h a d v e r b s
a s
t o v t o B d r r o v ,
a o t p u r c p o v
i i r o i r i a a Q , c e l e r i u s
q u a m p r u d e n t i u s .
§ 1 6 9 . R e m a r k s u p o n
t h e
U s e
o f t h e P r o n o u n s .
1 .
T h e s u b j e c t ,
p r e d i c a t e , a t t r i b u t e , a n d o b j e c t a r e
e x
p r e s s e d b y p r o n o u n s ,
w h e n t h e s e
p a r t s
o f
t h e s e n t e n c e a r e n o t
t o
b e
r e p r e s e n t e d
a s i d e a s
o f
o b j e c t s
o r
q u a l i t i e s ,
b u t
i t i s
o n l y
t o b e s h o w n t h a t a n o b j e c t o r q u a l i t y i s r e l a t e d e i t h e r t o t h e
s p e a k e r
h i m s e l f ,
o r a n o t h e r ( s e c o n d a n d t h i r d ) p e r s o n o r t h i n g
( § 5 5 . ) .
2 . A l l t h e r u l e s g i v e n u p o n t h e
s u b s t a n t i v e a n d
a d j e c t i v e
r e l a t e
a l s o t o
s u b s t a n t i v e - a n d a d j e c t i v e - p r o n o u n s t h e r e
a r c ,
h o w e v e r ,
a f e w r e m a r k s
u p o n t h e u s e o f
p e r s o n a l p r o n o u n s
t o
b e
a d d e d h e r e .
3 .
B o t h
t h e
s u b s t a n t i v e - p e r s o n a l
p r o n o u n s
i n
t h e
n o m i n a
t i v e — e y a > , a v ,
a v r o i ( f i , o ) , f i j x e l s ,
& c ,
— a n d t h e
a d j e c t i v e -
p o s s e s s i v e )
p r o n o u n s a s a t t r i b u t i v e s , e . g .
e f w s
i r a r r j p , —
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§ 1 6 9 . ]
2 1 9
R O N O U N .
a r e , i n G r e e k a s i n L a t i n , u s e d o n l y w h e n a p a r t i c u l a r s t r e s s
l i e s
u p o n
t h e m ,
h e n c e
e s p e c i a l l y
i n a n t i t h e s e s ;
a s :
x a l
< r i >
T a v r a h r p a ^ a s i c a l
< r b s
i r a r r j p a i r e d
a v s v
— i y a >
f i e v
a i r e i / u ,
( r v B e f i s v e .
B u t w h e n t h i s
i s n o t
t h e c a s e , t h e y a r e
o m i t t e d ,
t h e s u b s t a n t i v e - p r o n o u n s
b e i n g
s u p p l i e d b y t h e v e r b a l e n d
i n g s ,
a n d
t h e a d j e c t i v e - ( p o s s e s s i v e ) o n e s b y t h e a r t i c l e p r e
f i x e d
t o
t h e s u b s t a n t i v e ;
a s
y p d c p c o , y p a < f > u s , y p a f a t , — 1 7 / M ^ r t j p
e l i r e j i o i ( m y m o t h e r )
—
o i y o v e i s
o T e p y o v o - t , t o , r i x v a
( t h e i r
c h i l d r e n ) .
( S e e
a b o v e § 5 6 . a n d § 5 9 . )
R e m a r k 1 .
T h e
d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e
a c c e n t e d
a n d t h e
e n c l i t i c a l
f o r m s o f t h e
p e r s o n a l p r o n o u n s ,
a s
i j j t o v
a n d / * o u , l i e s i n t h e g r e a t e r o r
l e s s
e m p h a s i s w i t h w h i c h t h e y
a r e
u t t e r e d i n d i s c o u r s e .
T h u s ,
i n a n
t i t h e s e s , e . g . ,
t h e
a c c e n t e d f o r m s
a r e n a t u r a l l y
u s e d
a s
l / i o v
p l v
K a r t -
y i \ a a f ,
o e l e
i i r y v t a t v . U p o n
t h e u s e
o f
t h e g e n i t i v e o f t h e s u b s t a n t i v e -
p e r s o n a l p r o n o u n
i n s t e a d o f
t h e
a d j e c t i v e - ( p o s s e s s i v e ) o n e , s e e
a b o v e ,
§
1 4 8 . R e m . 3 . a n d §
5 9 .
U p o n t h e
a p p o s i t i o n t o
t h e p o s s e s s i v e p r o n o u n s
i n
t h e g e n i t i v e , a s i j / u r t p o e
a v r i i v
i r a r n p ,
s e e
R e m . 3 .
4 . T h e r e f l e c t i v e
p r o n o u n s
a r e a l w a y s u s e d i n s u c h a m a n
n e r t h a t t h e y r e l a t e t o a p e r s o n o r t h i n g a l r e a d y m e n t i o n e d ,
t h i s
b e i n g p u t i n o p p o s i t i o n
t o
i t s e l f
a s a n
o b j e c t ( i n t h e
g e n i
t i v e , d a t i v e , o r a c c u s a t i v e , o r
i n
c o n n e x i o n w i t h a p r e p o s i t i o n )
o r a s a n
a t t r i b u t i v e .
' O a o t p o Q l a v r o v K p a r t l — a i a e a v r i f a p ' t a K U Q — 6 7 r a i £
i a v r o v
i i r a i v t t
—
o i
y o v i i g
a y a i r C j m
t o v q
e a v r u i v i r a Z S a g
—
y v ( Z 9 i
a e a v r o v
—
o ^ j t o q 6
a v t ) p
i r a v r a l i e a v r o v f i e n d 9 > i K t v
—
6 o r p a T q y o g » J r d t & v k a v r o v a r p a n o i T u i v
a - i t i Q a v t v .
5 . T h e p e r s o n o r t h i n g m e n t i o n e d , t o w h i c h t h e r e f l e c t i v e
p r o n o u n s
r e f e r ,
i s
a ) T h e s u b j e c t o f
t h e
s e n t e n c e ,
a s i n t h e
e x a m p l e s
i n
N o . 4 .
b ) A n o b j e c t
o f
t h e s e n t e n c e ; a s K v p o s B w r j v e y i c e t & v a X K m v
^ a a i X J w v ,
t & v
a p x a s B C e a v T & v
/ c r r j a a f i e v r n v
—
f x i a o v j j , e v t o v s
a v d p d m o v s t o v s ( p d o v o v v r a s e a v r o l s — c u r b a a v T o v i y d > e g
B i B d l j c o .
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2 2 0
O B J E C T I V E C O M B I N A T I O N . [ c h a p ,
n t
6 . T h e
r e f l e c t i v e p r o n o u n s
m a y , i n G r e e k a s i n L a t i n ,
b e
a l s o
u s e d
i n
t h e
a b o v e
c a s e s ,
w h e n
t h e y
a r e
c o n n e c t e d
w i t h
a n i n f i n i t i v e ( a c c u s a t i v e w i t h i n f i n i t i v e ) , o r w i t h a p a r t i c i p l e
a n d
e v e n w h e n t h e y s t a n d
i n a
s u b o r d i n a t e p r o p o s i t i o n .
T h e E n g l i s h l a n g u a g e , i n s u c h
c a s e s , m a k e s u s e o f t h e p e r
s o n a l p r o n o u n s , h i m , h e r , i t ,
i n s t e a d
o f t h e 3 . p e r s o n o f t h e
r e f l e c t i v e .
' O r v p a v v o g v o p i Z t i r o i g i r o K i r a g
v i r n p t T t i v t a v r i f .
— I I o X X i S j ' i O v i a v y j p K e v
6 K v p o g o v & i a v T y o f t o y X u t T T t t i v o v t w v , o u r e
a W f t X o t Q .
—
' O
K a r i j y o p o g
i $ r \
r o v
S t o K p a T q v
a v a - K t i Q o v r a
r o i i g
v t o v g ,
u t g
a i i r b g
t i t }
f f o Q u y r a r o g
r e
x a i
d W o v g i K a v t a r a r o g i r o i r j a a i f f o i p o v g , o v r t o S i a r t O e v a i r o i t g c c v t $
o - v v o v r a g ,
H a r t
/ H i S a p o v T r a p ' a v r o i g
r o v g
d W o v g t t v a i i r p o g
i a v r o v ,
p r < E s e , i n
c o m p a r i s o n w i t h h i m .
7 . O n t h e
c o n t r a r y ,
t h e
d e p e n d e n t
c a s e s o f t h e p r o n o u n ,
a v r o s , r \ , 6 a v r o v , r j s , a v r p , f j , a v r o v , r j v , 6 ,
a v r & v ,
& C , o r
e v e n o f a d e m o n s t r a t i v e p r o n o u n , a r e a l w a y s u s e d , i f a n o b
j e c t i s
s e t i n o p p o s i t i o n , n o t t o i t s e l f ,
b u t
t o a n o t h e r a s o
r r a r r ^ p a v r m ( t o h i m ,
t o
t h e s o n )
e 8 a > / c e t o
( S i f i X l o v
—
a r s p y e o
a v r o v
( h i m ) ,
a i r s ^ o f i a i a v r o v
( f r o m
h i m ) .
T h e p r o n o u n a v r o v
i s h e r e n o t h i n g m o r e t h a n t h e p e r s o n a l p r o n o u n o f t h e t h i r d
p e r s o n .
R e m a r k 2 .
T h e p e r s o n a l
p r o n o u n ,
o f , o T , & c , r e g u l a r l y
h a s , a m o n g
t h e
A t t i c s ,
a
r e f l e c t i v e
m e a n i n g .
B u t i t i s g e n e r a l l y
u s e d ,
o n l y w h e n
t h e
r e f l e c t i v e
f o r c e r e l a t e s ,
n o t
t o
t h e
o b j e c t s t a n d i n g n e x t ,
b u t
t o
t h e
m o r e
d i s t a n t
o n e
a s
6
r v p a v v o g
v o f i i ^ u
r o v e
T r o k i r a g
V T r r j p e r t X v
o i
( b u t
n o t
i r v p a v v o g x a p i Z t r a i o i ) . T h e f o r m s o i a n d o f l m ( r a r e l y a f d g ) h a v e
s o m e t i m e s a l s o t h e m e a n i n g o f t h e p e r s o n a l p r o n o u n o T , t o h i m , t o h e r ,
o $ i m , t o t h e m ( o < p d g , t h e m ) . H o w e v e r , w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e u s e o f t h i s
p r o n o u n i t s h o u l d b e r e m a r k e d , t h a t t h e c o m p o u n d r e f l e c t i v e p r o n o u n
( a v r o v , f j g , & c , i s
g e n e r a l l y
u s e d , b y
t h e
A t t i c s , f o r t h e r e f l e c t i v e
s i g n i
f i c a t i o n , a n d
t h e
c o r r e s p o n d i n g f o r m s o f a v r o g f o r t h e s i g n i f i c a t i o n o f a
p e r s o n a l p r o n o u n o f t h e 3 . p e r s o n . T h e f o r m s e a n d , p a r t i c u l a r l y , o f ;
a r e
v e r y
r a r e o i i s
f o u n d f a r m o r e f r e q u e n t l y , a n d o i p i i g ,
a f H v ,
o - Q i a i ,
o t p d g
p r e t t y
o f t e n .
8 . I n t h e c a s e s m e n t i o n e d i n N o . 6 . , t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g f o r m s
o f a i i r o s a r e v e r y o f t e n u s e d i n s t e a d o f t h e r e f l e c t i v e p r o n o u n
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§ 1 0 9 . J
2 2 1
R O N O U N .
a n d
t h i s a l w a y s t a k e s p l a c e w h e n a m e m b e r o f a s e n t e n c e , o r
a
s u b o r d i n a t e
s e n t e n c e , i s
r e p r e s e n t e d
a s
p r o c e e d i n g ,
n o t
f r o m
t h e
m i n d
o f
t h e
p e r s o n
t o
w h o m
t h e
p r o n o u n
i s
r e l a t e d ,
b u t
f r o m
t h a t
o f t h e s p e a k e r ( t h e a u t h o r ) .
K v p o g I f i e i r o r o w
X a i c a T r d v r b i Q f f r j f i a t v e i v a v r t p
b i r o r e
l y x t o p o i r j
t i a i t v a t
i r p o g
t o v
i r a i r r r o v ,
C y r a s
r o g a b a t
S a c c a m
u t i n d i e a r e t s i b i
q u a n d o
t e m p e s t i v u m
e s s e t .
—
O i T r o X t p i o i t v 9 v £
d Q y a o v o i
r r \ v X t i a v , i r r i i f i a v X f i t i t o i r i v a q l i r
a v r o v t ;
I X a v v o v r e q
( c o n t r a s e ) . — T i j v t a v r o v
y v w p n v
d i r t Q a t v t r o ^ u i K p d r r j Q
i r p b g
t o v q
o p i X o v v r a g a v r t p .
—
S w c p a r j / g
t y v w t o v
t r i
t o r t O v a v a i
a i i r i p K p t i r r o v t l v a i .
9 .
I n
t h e
c o m p o u n d
r e f l e c t i v e
p r o n o u n s ,
a i r r o s
e i t h e r
k e e p s
i t s
e x c l u s i v e p o w e r ,
o r g i v e s i t u p .
a ) A U a i o v l a r i
Q t X o v g
u l v i r o u l a O a t r o v g b p o i w g a v r o i g r e
( o r
a < p i f f t T t
a v r o i g ) K a l t o i q d X X o i g ^ p w p ; t v o i » f ,
< p o f i t i a 9 a i
K a i f i t f i t i v a i
r o v e
r r p u q
a < p a g n ' t v a v T o v g
( o r
i a v r o v g ) o i K t i o r a r a f i t a i c t t p s v o v G , r r p o Q r o v g
d X X o v g d X X o r p i i o g ( s e i p s i s a n d s e i p s o s ) . — i ) O i f f r p a r t w r a i i r a p t i x o p
i a v r o v g
( o r o p a g a v r o v g )
a v f i p t i o r d r o v g
( s e ~ ) .
—
O t
T r o X e f i t o i
w a p e -
f i o a a v i a v r o v g
( o r o Q a g
a v r o v g )
r o t g E X X i j f f i v ( & & ) •
R e m a r k
3 .
T h e
r e f l e c t i v e
p o s s e s s i v e
p r o n o u n s
a r e
e i t h e r
u s e d
s i m p l y ,
a s :
p t r a f i ' i f i t D p i a o i r u i v i p & v x p t i p d r w v — f i u c a i b r e p o v i a r i r a i / p e r t p a i j p a g
t X * l v h r o v r o v g
—
v p t i g u i r a v r t g
r o v g
v p t r ' t p o v g i r a t f i a g d y a n d r t — o t i r o X t r a t
r a o - t p h e p a
o w & t v I m i p U v r o , o r w i t h t h e a d d i t i o n o f t h e
g e n i t i v e
o f a i r 6 s
( a c c o r d i n g t o § 1 5 4 , 3 . ) o r
t h e g e n i t i v e
o f
t h e c o m p o u n d
s u b s t a n t i v e -
r e f l e c t i v e , i s u s e d i n s t e a d o f
t h e
p o s s e s s i v e ; a n d , i n g o o d w r i t e r s ,
t h e
l a t t e r f o r m
i s
a l w a y s u s e d i n
t h e s i n g u l a r
o f
t h e
p r o n o u n , a n d
i n t h e
3 . p e r s o n p l u r a l
m o r e
c o m m o n l y ; b u t t h e
f o r m e r
o n e i n t h e
p l u r a l
( e x c e p t t h e 3 . p e r s o n ) . T h u s i n t h e f o l l o w i n g m a n n e r —
S . d
i f i a v r o v
( a z a v r o v ,
i a v r o v )
w a r r i p ,
n o t
d t p o g ( a o g , i d s ) 7 1 * .
T t / v i p a v r o v ( o c a V T O v , i a v r o v ) p t j r i p a , n o t t i ) v t p i ) v
( a i ) v ,
i > ) v ) p .
r o i j i p a v r o v ( a t a v r o v ,
e ' a u r o S )
X o y o i g ,
n o t
r o i f
i p o i g ( o o i g , t o t e )
X .
P .
d r / u e T t p o g a v r w v
i r a r y p , s e l d o m d i i p w v
a v r w v r r .
t t ) v v p e r k p a v a v r w v p n r i p a , s e l d o m r i ) v i p w v a v r w v
p . .
r a
» / f t 6 r f p a
a v r w v
d p a p r t ) p a r a , s e l d o m
r a
7 ' i p u i v a v r w v
d .
6 o f k r t p o g a v r w v i r a r r i p , m o r e f r e q u e n t l y d i a v r w v T r a r r j p .
b u t n e v e r 6 o Q w v a v r w v r r .
H e r e ,
a l s o ,
t h e
p r o n o u n
o A r d e
e i t h e r
k e e p s
i t s
e x c l u s i v e
f o r c e ,
o r g i v e s
i t
u p
— a )
o
w a i t v f i p i & i t o v i a v r o v
n a r i p a ,
s u u m
i p s i u s
p a t r e m , v p t i g t ' / S p t ' S t r e
r o u e
v p - t r i p o v g a v r w v
r r a r t p a g ,
v e s t r o s i p s o r u m
p a t r e s , o i
i r a l f i t c v j 3 p i
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2 2 2
[ c n A P . m .
B J E C T I V E C O M B I N A T I O N .
Z a v a t r o i ' f * a v r w j ' v a r i p a g ,
s u o s
i p s o n l m p .
—
6 )
S r p a r o v H e q v , r i j v
k a v r o v
6 £ i \ f r ) v , l i S u i m T i v O y , s v a m s o r o r e m .
R e m a r k 4 . T h e p r o n o u n a i r o e , i n t h e r e f l e c t i v e s i g n i f i c a t i o n , i s r e
g u l a r l y
p l a c e d
a f t e r
b o t h
t h e
s u b s t a n t i v e -
a n d
a d j e c t i v e -
( p o s s e s s i v e )
p e r s o n a l p r o n o u n s ,
w h e t h e r
i t s e x c l u s i v e
f o r c e
b e p r o m i n e n t o r s u p
p r e s s e d
a s
r / f i u i v a v r w v , v / u i ' a v r o X g , o Q d c
a v r o v g , 6
v p t r f p o Q a v r u i v i r a r r i p ,
& c .
B u t
w h e n t h e
p e r s o n a l p r o n o u n s
a r e
u s e d
w i t h o u t
r e f l e x i o n , a i r o g
m a y b e p l a c e d e i t h e r
b e f o r e
o r
a f t e r
t h e p e r s o n a l p r o n o u n , p r o v i d e d i t
h a v e a n
e x c l u s i v e f o r c e :
— a )
a v r o v
e / i o u ( j i o v ) ,
a i i T < p
i f t o i
( / * o i ) ,
a i r o v
I p ' t ( / x f ) , a v T o v q
i 7 / t a £ , & C .
a s : a u r q i k f t o i ( o r f i o t ) r o v r o o ' v t w q l - ^ n v d o n e i
— K a i a v T t Z v u / i w v
K a T i t y p 6 v r \ a a v
o i n - o X i / i i o i .
—
f t ) s p o i l a v r o v , e / i o i a v r $ o k
a h r 6 v % r i p u i v a v r u c , & C .
a s :
i r o Q f v a K k o Q i v l a \ v p b g y ' & y o v e v T r a p ' r j f i b i v
a i r u v
$ i X i 7 r 7 r o c ;
—
r o i J
9 s p o v g 6
i j \ i o g
v i r i p
r / f i t S v
a v r t i i v K a i
r u i v
o - r s y J p
i r o p e v o f u v o Q f f K i d v T r a p i \ u .
§
1 7 0 .
O n t h e I n f i n i t i v e .
T h e i n f i n i t i v e d e n o t e s t h e i d e a o f t h e v e r b
a s a n
a b s t r a c t
s u b s t a n t i v e - i d e a ,
b u t
d i f f e r s
f r o m
t h e
s u b s t a n t i v e
i n
s o
f a r
r e t a i n i n g t h e c h a r a c t e r o f t h e v e r b
a s ,
o n t h e o n e h a n d , t o i n
c l u d e
w i t h i n i t s e l f t h e q u a l i t y o f t h e
a c t i o n
— c o n t i n u a n c e ,
c o m p l e t i o n ,
a n d
f u t u r i t y ,
—
a s :
< y p d < f > s i v , y e y p t u p s v a i ,
y p d y f r a i ,
y p d y f r s c v
o n t h e o t h e r , t o r e t a i n t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n
o f
t h e
v e r b , i . e . t o g o v e r n t h e c a s e o f t h e v e r b ,
a s
y p d f a i v h r i a r o -
\ r j v , h r i O v f i s l v T 7 ) s
d p s T r j s ,
s v a v r b o v c r O c u
r o l s
i r o K e f i l o i s
;
a n d
t o
t a k e t h e
a t t r i b u t i v e
d e f i n i t i o n
i n
t h e
f o r m
o f
a n
a d v e r b ,
a s
K c t i u S i s
d i r o d a v s l v
( o n t h e c o n t r a r y i c c t X b s d d v a r o s ) .
W e
s h a l l
c o n s i d e r t h e
i n f i n i t i v e ,
f i r s t w i t h o u t
a r t i c l e ,
a n d
t h e n
w i t h
t h e
a r t i c l e .
§ 1 7 1 .
A . I n f i n i t i v e w i t h o u t A r t i c l e .
1 . T h e i n f i n i t i v e w i t h o u t a r t i c l e a p p e a r s , f i r s t , a s t h e s u b
j e c t .
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§
1 7 2 . ]
2 2 3
N F I N I T I V E .
O v K a K b v
( i a f f i X t v u v . — ' A « j j € t f
t o 7 q
y k p o v t r i v
t v
p a B t i v . —
M 6 \ B o g p M y i a r o g
y i j g
i r a T p i a g
O T t p t o B a i .
2 .
T h e
i n f i n i t i v e
a p p e a r s , s e c o n d l y ,
a s
t h e
e x p r e s s i o n ,
e i t h e r o f
t h a t
w h i c h i s
d o n e a n d
e f f e c t e d ,
o r
d e s i r e d , i n t e n d e d ,
a b o u t
t o
b e d o n e , a n d e f f e c t e d ; —
o f
t h e
i n t e n t i o n , a i m ,
a n d
c o n s e q u e n c e , i n t h e
o b j e c t i v e r e l a t i o n o f
t h e a c c u s a t i v e t o t h e
f o l l o w i n g c l a s s e s o f v e r b s a n d
a d j e c t i v e s
—
a ) V e r b s w h i c h d e n o t e t h e
i d e a
o f
a n a c t i o n
o f t h e w i l l ,
a s : w i s h i n g , d e s i r i n g ,
l o n g i n g ,
v e n t u r i n g ,
a s k i n g ,
c o m m a n d i n g ,
a d v i s i n g ,
p e r m i t t i n g
( e a v ) ,
f e a r i n g ,
d e l a y i n g ,
k e e p i n g
f r o m .
—
b ) V e r b s
w h i c h
d e n o t e t h e i d e a
o f
a n a c t i o n
o f
t h e t h i n k i n g
f a c u l t y o r i t s m a n i f e s t a t i o n , a s : b e l i e v i n g , t h i n k i n g ,
h o p i n g ,
s e e m i n g , l e a r n i n g , s a y i n g , d e n y i n g . — c )
V e r b s w h i c h d e n o t e
t h e i d e a
o f
b e i n g
a b l e ,
e f f e c t i n g , o r h a v i n g p o w e r , o f s t r e n g t h ,
o r
c a p a b i l i t y . —
d )
M a n y
o t h e r
v e r b s
a n d
a d j e c t i v e s ,
i n
o r d e r
t o e x p r e s s a d e s t i n a t i o n o r a i m , a c o n s e q u e n c e o r e f f e c t .
B o v X o p a i t p k X X u ) y p d ( p t t v — t T t i B v p S )
i r o p t v i v Q a i —
r o X p t i v 7 r o p i v t t v
t q v
k i v S v v o v
—
i r a p a i v i a t r o t y p c u p u v
—
o f
T o g r o i i g S o v X o v g i t r i w t v I m B i o Q a t
r o l g
S t a T r o -
r a i g
— r y
a X X r j
G T p a r i q .
a p a i r a p t G K t v a & T O f i o r j B e i v i i r * a v r o v g
—
k u X v o )
a s
T C L V T a
i r o i t i v
—
Q o t o v p a i
S u X k y x a v a e —
v o / u f a
d p a p r t i v
— e X t t i ^ g }
t v T v x w -
t n i v — i r o X i g i K i v f i v v t v a s T r a a a S u t ^ B a p r j v a i — t f r j e l v a i
a r p a T T j y o g
— X t y u j
t i d k v a i r a v r a — p a v O d v u t i T r i r & v u v — S i S a a K d ) f f s y p a t p t t v — S v v a p a i t t o u i v
T a v r a — 7 r o u < J a t y t X a v —
a % i 6 g
t o n S a v p c & e a B a t — y K o p t v p a v O a v t t v .
R e m a r k .
I t
i s a
p e c u l i a r i t y
o f t h e G r e e k , a s
o f
t h e
E n g l i s h ,
t h a t w i t h
t h e s e a d j e c t i v e s i t g e n e r a l l y p u t s
t h e i n f i n i t i v e
a c t i v e o r m i d d l e , i n
s t e a d
o f
t h e
p a s s i v e
a s
k o X o c
i a r i v
i S i i v ,
i . e .
i t
i s
b e a u t i f u l
t o
s e e
;
a W c
h a r t
S a v p a o c a
— X o y o g d v v a r o g t o r t
K a r a v o i j o a i ( c a n
b e
u n d e r s t o o d ) .
§
1 7 2 . N o m i n a t i v e , G e n i t i v e , D a t i v e , a n d A c c u s a t i v e ,
w i t h
t h e
I n f i n i t i v e .
1 .
M o s t v e r b s w h i c h t a k e t h e i n f i n i t i v e
h a v e a l s o
a p e r
s o n a l o b j e c t
;
a s f j y o v f i a i
a s d f i a p r s t p ,
o r r j y o v / i a i
a s
s i / B a t -
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2 2 4 O B J E C T I V E C O M B I N A T I O N . [ c h a p . m .
f i o v a t h a t . T h i s p e r s o n a l o b j e c t s t a n d s i n t h e c a s e w h i c h
t h e v e r b r e q u i r e s ; a s : S d o f i a i a o v i X d e l v — a v f i f i o v K e v a )
a o i ,
a c o i p p o v e i v
—
i - r r o r p v v m
a s
p . d % s a 9 a i
—
t c s X e v t o
a s
y p d c p s i v .
2 .
B u t w h e n t h e p r i n c i p a l v e r b i s
o n e t h a t g o v e r n s
t h e
a c c u s a t i v e , v e r b u m s e n t i e n d i o r d e c l a r a n d i ,
a n d
t h e s u b j e c t o f
t h i s p r i n c i p a l v e r b
i s
a l s o t h e o b j e c t
o f i t
( o r
w h e n
i n
E n g l i s h
t h e s u b j e c t o f t h e p r i n c i p a l s e n t e n c e i s , a t t h e s a m e t i m e , t h e
s u b j e c t o f t h e
s u b o r d i n a t e
o n e
a l s o ,
a s ,
/ t h i n k t h a t
/
h a v e
m a d e a m i s t a k e ) , t h e a c c u s a t i v e o f t h e p e r s o n a l p r o n o u n i s
n o t
a n n e x e d
t o
t h e
i n f i n i t i v e ,
a s
i n
L a t i n ,
b u t
e n t i r e l y
o m i t t e d a s o i o f i a i ( o t e i , o i s r a t ) d f u z p r s l v ( i n s t e a d o f o i o / m u
S f j i a i r r o v d f i a p r s l v , o i s i a s a v r b v d p , . , o i s r a i s a v r b v d p , . , c r e d o m e
e r r a s s e , c r e d i s t e e r r a s s e , c r e d i t
s e
e r r a s s e ) .
3 .
W h e n a n a d j e c t i v e
o r
s u b s t a n t i v e i s j o i n e d t o t h e i n f i n i
t i v e a s a p r e d i c a t e , i t s t a n d s i n t h e s a m e c a s e a s t h e p e r s o n a l
o b j e c t , v i z .
e i t h e r i n
t h e
g e n i t i v e ,
d a t i v e , o r a c c u s a t i v e a n d
i f t h e s u b j e c t o f a v e r b u m s e n t i e n d i o r d e c l a r a n d i i s , a t t h e
s a m e t i m e , t h e o b j e c t o f i t ( o r i f i n E n g l i s h t h e s u b j e c t o f
t h e p r i n c i p a l s e n t e n c e i s , a t t h e s a m e t i m e , t h e s u b j e c t o f t h e
s u b o r d i n a t e
o n e
a l s o ) ,
i n t h e
n o m i n a t i v e ( A t t r a c t i o n
w i t h t h e
I n f i n i t i v e ) .
N o m . w i t h I n f i l l . ' O o r p n r i j y i c i r p o O v f i o Q
t l v m
i m t o t i 9 t i v ,
G e n . w i t h
I n f i n . A t o f i a i
a o v i r p o G i i f i o v
t l v a t .
D a t . w i t h I n f i n . 2 v p € o v \ t v u > a o i v p o O v / i i p t l v a t .
A c c . w i t h
I n f i n . ' E t r o r p i v t a a t
T p & Q v u o v
t l v a t .
—
* J E 0 i ; a t
t i S a i / i o v a
t l v a t .
R e m a r k 1 .
I f
i n t h e
c a s e w h e n
t h e s u b j e c t o f t h e g o v e r n i n g
v e r b i s
t h e
s a m e a s t h a t o f
t h e
i n f i n i t i v e ,
t h e
s u b j e c t o f
t h e
i n f i n i t i v e i s t o b e r e n
d e r e d
e m p h a t i c a l l y p r o m i n e n t ,
a s e s p e c i a l l y o c c u r s i n
a n t i t h e s e s ; t h e
a c c u s a t i v e s t a n d s
w i t h t h e
i n f i n i t i v e , a s i n
L a t i n
a s o l A l y v i r n o t
i v o -
f i i t o v i a v r o v Q w p t i i r o v c y t v t a d a t
v a v r t a v
a v Q p u i T w v ( s e , n o n a l i o s
h o
m i n e s ) .
K p o T a o e
t v o f t t ^ t v t a v r b v
t l v a t T r d v r w v
o X S t u r a r c v .
R e m a r k
2 .
T h e
p r e d i c a t i v e
d e f i n i t i o n s
a n n e x e d
t o
t h e
i n f i n i t i v e ,
a n d
r e l a t i n g t o t h e o b j e c t o f t h e g o v e r n i n g
p r i n c i p a l
v e r b , v e r y
o f t e n s t a n d ,
n o t i n t h e c a s e i n w h i c h t h i s o b j e c t s t a n d s , b u t i n t h e a c c u s a t i v e .
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§
1 7 3 . ]
2 2 5
N F I N I T I V E ,
a )
I n s t e a d o f
t h e g e n i t i v e ;
o l < r v p p a \ o i i S i r j O r i a a v ' A Q r j v a i w v i a v r o i g
^ o r j & o v Q y t v i a Q a i .
—
' A v d p t o v o w t p p o v i o v
p X v
t t r r i v , U p t j a S i K o v v r a i ^
7 ] o u \ a Z u v t
d y a B w v
I f ,
a S i K o v / i e v o v e
t £
e ^ ) l / v i j c
w o X e p t t v .
6 ) I n s t e a d o f t h e d a t i v e ; ' E v e n l X a T o t o i q S u p a i r o v a i \ a € 6 v r a g a i i r b v
d i r o K T e i v a i .
—
Z Z t v i q ; t f i c t i v
i r a p r i y y e i \ e . \ a € 6 v r a r o v g & v d p a g .
R e m a r k
3 . W h e n
t h e
i n f i n i t i v e a p p e a r s a s
t h e
s u b j e c t ( §
1 7 1 ,
1 . ) , a n d
a s u b j e c t o r p r e d i c a t e i s j o i n e d t o s u c h a n i n f i n i t i v e , b o t h t h e s u b j e c t a n d
t h e
p r e d i c a t e
a r e
p u t i n
t h e
a c c u s a t i v e a s : v i r e p
T t j e
v a r p i d o e p a % o p . i -
v o v q d i r o B a v f l v K a K o v I g t i v .
R e m a r k 4 . T h e G r e e k s a r e f o n d o f
c h a n g i n g
t h e i m p e r s o n a l c o n
s t r u c t i o n
w i t h
t h e
i n f i n i t i v e i n t o
t h e
p e r s o n a l , b y
m a k i n g t h e s u b j e c t
o f
t h e
d e p e n d e n t i n f i n i t i v e t h e
s u b j e c t o f
t h e p r i n c i p a l v e r b , a n d r e f e r r i n g
t h e
i m p e r s o n a l
e x p r e s s i o n , a s a p r e d i c a t e ,
t o
t h i s s u b j e c t ;
a s :
S t K a i o g
t i p i t o v t o n p & T T t i v ,
i n s t e a d
o f M k c u o v i a r i p i t o v t o v p a r r u v . — A I k a t o g
d p i
t l v a i
i X t i O f p o s . — A i u i t l a p . e v
r o v y t y t v r i p & v o v
i r p a y p a r o g t o v t o v
a i r o K a i a a i
t i d y a Q o v ,
§ 1 7 3 . B .
I n f i n i t i v e
w i t h
t h e A r t i c l e .
1 T h e i n f i n i t i v e w i t h t h e a r t i c l e
( t o )
i s t r e a t e d , i n l a n
g u a g e , e x a c t l y l i k e a s u b s t a n t i v e , s i n c e , b y m e a n s o f t h e a r t i
c l e , i t m a y b e d e c l i n e d t h r o u g h e v e r y c a s e , a n d i s c a p a b l e o f
e x p r e s s i n g
a l l
t h o s e r e l a t i o n s
w h i c h
t h e c a s e s o f t h e
s u b s t a n
t i v e d e n o t e .
O n
t h e o t h e r
h a n d , i t s
v e r b a l n a t u r e
a p p e a r s
i n
t h i s
u s e o f
i t ,
j u s t
a s
i n
t h a t
w i t h o u t
t h e
a r t i c l e ( §
1 7 0 . )
a s
t o e T r i a r o X r j v y p d t p e i v , t o
i c a X c o s
y p d c p u v s 7 r i a T o \ i j v , & c . t o
k o K & s d i T o Q v r \ a K . u v , t o
x m s p
T v j y i r a r p t S o s d i r o O a v s i v . I n t h i s
w a y , b y p r e f i x i n g t h e
a r t i c l e , w h o l e s e n t e n c e s
m a y b e
e x
p r e s s e d i n t h e f o r m o f
o n e
e x t e n d e d s u b s t a n t i v e - i d e a .
2 . W h e n a
s u b j e c t
a n d p r e d i c a t e a r e
j o i n e d
t o t h e
i n f i n i
t i v e ,
w h e t h e r
i t a p p e a r a s s u b j e c t
o r
o b j e c t , b o t h t h e f o r m e r
a n d
l a t t e r a r e
p u t i n
t h e a c c u s a t i v e ,
a s i n
t h e c a s e o f t h e
i n f i n i t i v e w i t h o u t a r t i c l e . I f , h o w e v e r , t h e s u b j e c t
o f
t h e
i n f i n i t i v e i s n o t d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h e p r i n c i p a l s u b j e c t o f t h e
s e n t e n c e , i t i s
n o t e x p r e s s e d
a n d
t h e p r e d i c a t e a p p e a r s
i n
Q
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2 2 6
[ c h a p . r r r .B J E C T I V E C O M B I N A T I O N .
t h e s a m e c a s e a s t h e
p r i n c i p a l
s u b j e c t
o f
t h e s e n t e n c e , L e . i n
t h e n o m i n a t i v e ,
b y
m e a n s o f
a t t r a c t i o n ( §
1 7 2 , 2 .
a n d
3 . ) . I n
E n g l i s h ,
w e
m u s t
g e n e r a l l y
t r a n s l a t e
t h e
i n f i n i t i v e
w i t h
t h e
a r t i c l e , b y a s u b o r d i n a t e s e n t e n c e w i t h t h e c o n j u n c t i o n s , t h a t ,
b e c a u s e , i n o r d e r t o , & c .
T o
i ' n r o 9 a v t X v T i v a
v i r i p
T r j g i r a r p i S o Q K a X j ;
T i g T v % r i .
— T o
d p - a p T a v e i v
a v 8 p u i n o v (
o v r a g
o i S i v ,
o l / i a i ,
B a v p a a T o v . — K A c a p x o s
f w c p b v i Z k t p v y t
r o w K a T a i T i T p t o O r i v a i . — ^ u t K p d r r j g i r a p t K a X u
l i r i f i t K i i o B a i
r o v
d i f
Q p o v t f i u i T a T o v t l v a i
K a i i i ^ t X i f i b i r a T o v .
— V e r y o f t e n r o t ;
o r
r o v
f i r i i s u s e d w i t h t h e i n f i n i t i v e
t o
d e n o t e a p u r p o s e o r a i m ; a s :
S v v a p i v i r a p a a K i v a & T a t
r o v
/ l i ) d S i K e i a B a i .
—
O i d v O p u m o i i t a v r a f i r i -
\ a v i Z v T a i
l i r i T $ f
i i r i > x f
—
O K E p o e S i d t o
Q i X o p - a B r / g t l v a i 7 r o \ X < l
r o v e
T T a p o v T a g a v r j p t l t T a , K a i
o a a
a v r o g v i r
a X K t a v ( a v i j p w r a T o ) S i d t o
a y % t v o v g e i v a t T a x i d i r e K p i v t T O .
§ 1 7 4 .
O n t h e P a r t i c i p l e .
1 . T h e p a r t i c i p l e i s
j o i n e d
t o v e r b s o r a d j e c t i v e s , — 1 ) t o
c o m p l e t e t h e
i d e a e x p r e s s e d , a s % a i p a >
t o p < f > t X o v a x p s k t f c r a s ,
I r e j o i c e i n h a v i n g a s s i s t e d t h e f r i e n d ; — 2 )
i t
s e r v e s n o t m e r e l y
t o d e n o t e
a
s i m p l e
a t t r i b u t i v e
d e f i n i t i o n , a s : t o
O d W o v p o B o v
o r t o
p o h o v
t o O a W o v ,
t h e
b l o o m i n g
r o s e ,
b u t
m a y a l s o , a s t h e
e n l a r g e d
a t t r i b u t i v e o f a
s u b s t a n t i v e ,
e x p r e s s
t h e
a d v e r b i a l
r e l a t i o n s
o f
t i m e , c a u s a l i t y ,
m a n n e r ,
a n d
w a y ,
a n d ,
i n
g e n e r a l ,
e v e r y a c c e s s o r y i d e a .
2 . T h e p a r t i c i p l e . e x p r e s s e s t h e n o t i o n o f t h e
v e r b
a s a n
a d j e c t i v e - i d e a , a n d a g r e e s
w i t h
t h e a d j e c t i v e
b o t h i n
r e s p e c t
o f
i t s f o r m a n d a t t r i b u t i v e u s e
;
b u t , l i k e t h e
i n f i n i t i v e , r e t a i n s
t h e i n d i c a t i o n o f t h e n a t u r e o f t h e
a c t i o n
( < y p d < p a ) v , < y e y p a x p e o s ,
y p a t y a f , y p d t j r c o v ) , a n d t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e v e r b ( y p d f p a v
h r u r r o \ r \ v ,
k o X & s y p d q b m v ) . A s t h e p a r t i c i p l e h a s a n a t t r i
b u t i v e
f o r m
a n d
s i g n i f i c a t i o n ,
i t
c a n
n e v e r a p p e a r
s t a n d i n g
a l o n e ,
b u t a l w a y s
d e p e n d s u p o n a s u b s t a n t i v e , s i n c e i t t a k e s
t h e
s a m e
g e n d e r ,
n u m b e r , a n d
c a s e
a s
t h e
s u b s t a n t i v e .
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§ 1 7 5 . ]
2 2 7
A R T I C I P L E .
§ 1 7 5 . A .
P a r t i c i p l e
a s t h e C o m p l e m e n t o f a
V e r b a l
I d e a .
1 .
A s t h e p a r t i c i p l e
i s
a n a t t r i b u t i v e , a n d
a c c o r d i n g l y
e x p r e s s e s
t h e a c t i o n
a s
a l r e a d y a t t a c h i n g t o
a n
o b j e c t , o n l y
t h o s e v e r b s c a n r e c e i v e t h e i r
c o m p l e t i o n
i n t h e f o r m o f a
p a r t i c i p l e , w h i c h r e q u i r e a n a c t i o n a s t h e i r c o m p l e m e n t , a n d
t h a t a c t i o n a t t a c h e d a s a n a t t r i b u t e t o a n o b j e c t i n
s u c h
a
m a n n e r , t h a t t h e o b j e c t
s e e m s
t o b e i n s o m e a c t i o n o r c o n d i
t i o n .
T h e r e
a r e t h e f o l l o w i n g
c l a s s e s a )
V e r b a
s e n t i e n d i ,
i . e . o f s e n s a t i o n o r p e r c e p t i o n ,
a s
h e a r i n g ,
s e e i n g ,
o b s e r v i n g ,
k n o w i n g , u n d e r s t a n d i n g , e x p e r i e n c i n g ,
r e m e m b e r i n g , a n d
f o r -
j e t t i n g ; — J )
V e r b a
d e c l a r a n d i , a s s h o w i n g , r e v e a l i n g , a p p e a r
i n g , b e i n g k n o w n o r e v i d e n t ; — c ) V e r b a a f f e c t u u m , i . e . o f t h e
c o n d i t i o n s o f t h e m i n d , a s r e j o i c i n g , s o r r o w i n g , b e i n g c o n t e n t e d ,
d i s p l e a s e d , a s h a m e d , a n d r e g r e t t i n g ; — d ) V e r b s o f n e g l e c t i n g ,
e n d u r i n g ,
p e r s e v e r i n g a n d b e i n g w e a r y
( j r s p i o p a v ,
h r u r p s t r s u v ,
a v s ^ s c r O a i ,
K a p r s p s i v ,
i c d f i v s i v *
a n d
o t h e r s ;
b u t
s a v
a l w a y s
w i t h
i n f i n i t i v e ) ;
— e ) o f
b e g i n n i n g ,
c e a s i n g , c a u s i n g t o c e a s e , o m i t t i n g ,
a n d n e g l e c t i n g ; — f ) o f b e i n g f o r t u n a t e ,
d i s t i n g u i s h i n g
o n e ' s
t e l f , e x c e e d i n g ,
b e i n g
i n f e r i o r ,
b e n e f i t i n g , e r r i n g ,
e n j o y i n g , b e i n g
f u l l o f
o r
f i l l e d w i t h
a n y
t h i n g .
R e m a r k I . I n E n g l i s h ,
t h e
p a r t i c i p l e i s o f t e n t o b e t r a n s l a t e d b y
a s u b s t a n t i v e , o r a
s u b o r d i n a t e
s e n t e n c e w i t h t h a i , o r a n i n f i n i t i v e
m o o d .
2 . T h e c o n s t r u c t i o n i s
s e l f - e v i d e n t .
T h e p a r t i c i p l e s t a n d s
i n t h e s a m e c a s e a s t h e s u b s t a n t i v e - o b j e c t o f t h e p r i n c i p a l
v e r b a n d t h i s o b j e c t , a s a m a t t e r o f c o u r s e ,
s t a n d s
i n t h e
c a s e
w h i c h t h e
p r i n c i p a l
v e r b r e q u i r e s .
B u t w h e n
t h e s u b
j e c t
o f
t h e p r i n c i p a l v e r b i s ,
a t
t h e s a m e t i m e , i t s o b j e c t a l s o ,
a s o l h a ( s y d ) ) s / m l v t w O v r j T o v o v r a t h e p e r s o n a l p r o n o u n ,
w h i c h e x h i b i t s t h e s u b j e c t a s a n o b j e c t , i s n o t e x p r e s s e d , a n d
t h e p a r t i c i p l e i s p u t i n t h e s a m e c a s e a s t h e s u b j e c t o f t h e
p r i n c i p a l
v e r b ,
i . e . t h e n o m i n a t i v e ,
b y
m e a n s o f
a t t r a c t i o n
( c o m p a r e § 1 7 2 , 2 . ) .
Q 2
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2 2 8
O B J E C T I V E
C O M B I N A T I O N . [ c h a p . m .
O p u r o v d v O p u n r o v r p t x ° V T a — o l S a
d v O p t i t i r o v
Q v n r o v
b v r a
—
o l S a
O v n r o Q t o v
—
a x o v u )
a v r o v
X t y o v r o g —
o l ' A 9 n v a i o i t f a i v o v r o v i r t p a x Q t o Q t v r t g
r y
M i X i ) r o v
d X u t a t i
—
p q l i t v c
I X t y x Q y o y
i p t v f i o p t v o c
—
o l
Q t o l
x a l P o v a i
r i p - w p t v o i
v i r o
r i o v
a v Q p M T T i i t v
—
x a i p u j
< r o i i X Q o v r i . —
o i
i r o X I r a t T r t p i t l S o v
r t j v y r j v
v i r o r w c T r o X t p ' t u v
r p n O t i a a v
—
w a v t i )
a t d d i K o v v r a — i r a v o p a i a t
d S i K w v —
d p x n p a i X i y u t v — t v t i r o i n a a c .
d t p i x o p t v o Q
— d p a p r d v t i q r a v r a n o i u t v —
i r X i ' i p t j c t l p i r a v r a B t u p e v o g .
R e m a r k 2 .
W h e n
t h e g o v e r n i n g
v e r b a n d
t h e p a r t i c i p l e
h a v e
t h e
s a m e s u b j e c t ,
a n d i t i s r e q u i r e d t o b e m a d e e m p h a t i c a l l y
p r o m i n e n t ,
a t t r a c t i o n i s o m i t t e d ; i . e .
t h e a c c u s a t i v e
o f
t h e p e r s o n a l
p r o n o u n
a n d
p a r t i c i p l e
i s
e x p r e s s e d ( c o m p a r e $ 1 7 2 ,
B e r n .
1 . ) a s i r t p i t i d o v a v r o i e
y i l f i Q d S v v d r o v g y t v o p ' s v o v c .
R e m a r k 3 .
W i t h a v v o i d a a n d a v y y i y v w a n u i l u a v r i p t h e p a r t i c i p l e
m a y
e i t h e r b e m a d e t o a g r e e
w i t h t h e
s u b j e c t i m p l i e d b y
t h e
v e r b ,
o r
w i t h
t h e
a c c o m p a n y i n g r e f l e c t i v e p r o n o u n a n d a c c o r d i n g l y s t a n d s ,
o n
t h e f i r s t
s u p p o s i t i o n , i n t h e n o m i n a t i v e o n t h e l a t t e r , i n t h e d a t i v e a s a v v o i S a
( f f u y y t y
v w ( t k w )
t p a v r i p
t v i r o t i ) a a g ,
o r a v v o i f i a i p a v r i j j
t v
i c o i i p T a v r i . B u t
w h e n
t h e
s u b j e c t i s n o t , a t
t h e s a m e
t i m e ,
t h e
o b j e c t a l s o ; e i t h e r t h e
o b j e c t ,
w i t h
i t s
p a r t i c i p l e , s t a n d s
i n
t h e
d a t i v e , a s a v v o i S d a o i t v
i r o i i ) -
a a v r i ,
o r
b o t h
a r e
p u t
i n
t h e
a c c u s a t i v e ,
a s
a v v o i l d
a t
t v
i r o i i ] a a v r a .
R e m a r k 4 .
S o m e
v e r b s o f
t h e a b o v e - m e n t i o n e d
c l a s s e s
a r e a l s o
c o n
s t r u e d w i t h t h e i n f i n i t i v e i n a s o m e w h a t d i f f e r e n t s e n s e .
a ) a K o i t i v , w i t h t h e p a r t i c i p l e , i m p l i e s
a n
i m m e d i a t e
p e r c e p t i o n w i t h
t h e i n f i n i t i v e , o n e
t h a t i s
n o t
i m m e d i a t e ,
b u t
d e r i v e d
f r o m h e a r s a y
a s
u k o v u ) a v r o v
d i a X t y o p t v o v ,
e . e j u s s e r m o n e s a u r i b u s m e i s p e r c i p i o b u t I S t T v
l i r t O v j i t t
6
' A a r v d y n e r o v T / L v p o v ,
o n
y i c o v t ( e x
a l i i s a u d i v e r a t )
K a X o v x d y a B o v
a v r o v
t l v a i .
b )
t l S k v a i ,
i m a r a a Q a i ,
w i t h t h e p a r t i c i p l e , t o k n o w ; w i t h t h e
i n f i n i t i v e ,
t o .
k n o w
k o w
t o
d o
s o m e t h i n g
( t o
b e
a b l e ) a s
o U a
( s i r i a r a p a i ) O t o i c
a t -
( i o f i t i ' o c , 1
k n o w
t h a t I h o n o u r
t h e
g o d s ; b u t a t / 3 t a 8 a i , I k n o w h o w t o
h o n o u r t h e g o d s .
c )
p a v O d v t i v , w i t h t h e p a r t i c i p l e , t o u n d e r s t a n d ; w i t h t h e i n f i n i t i v e , t o
l e a r n ; a s : p a v 9 d v u >
a o t p b q u > v , I
k n o w t h a t I a m w i s e ; a o ( p o £ t l v a i ,
I
l e a r n
t o b e w i s e .
d ) y i y v d i o - K t i v , w i t h t h e p a r t i c i p l e , t o k n o w ; w i t h t h e i n f i n i t i v e , t o l e a r n ,
t o j u d g e , t o
c o n c l u d e
;
a s :
y i y v t o a i c w d y a 9 o v c
o v r a e r o i f
o r p a r m r a i Q r o v e
d y t S v a g , I
k n o w ,
I u n d e r s t a n d t h a t c o n t e s t s a r e b e n e f i c i a l b u t d y a B o v s i i v a i ,
I
j u d g e ,
I
c o n s i d e r
t h a t , & c .
e ) p t p v r j a Q a t , w i t h t h e p a r t i c i p l e , t o
b e m i n d f u l ;
w i t h t h e i n f i n i t i v e , t o
t h i n k
o f
d o i n g s o m e t h i n g ,
t o
e n d e a v o u r ,
t o
i n t e n d ; a s p ' t p v n r a i
t v
■ K o i i i a a e
7/23/2019 An Elementary Grammar of the Greek Langu
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§
1 7 5 . ]
2 2 9
A R T I C I P L E .
T o i g m X i r a e , h e r e m e m b e r s
h a v i n g
d o n e g o o d ; t v
i r o r f o a i ,
h e s t r i v e s
( h e
w i s h e s ) t o d o .
f )
( p a i v t o Q a i , w i t h t h e p a r t i c i p l e , t o a p p e a r , a p p a r e r e , t o s h o w o n e ' s s e l f ;
w i t h t h e i n f i n i t i v e , t o s e e m ,
v i d e r i ;
a s i f a i v t r o k X c i u o v a n d t k a i t i v .
g ) a y y i X X t i v , w i t h t h e p a r t i c i p l e ,
d e n o t e s
t h e
a n n o u n c e m e n t o f
a
r e a l
e v e n t w i t h
t h e
i n f i n i t i v e , o f
t h i n g s u n c e r t a i n
a n d m e r e l y
c o n c e i v e d
a s
o ' A a a v p i o c t i g r r ) v x w p a v I p f i d X X w v u y y e X X t r a t ( a f a c t ) ,
t p f l a X X t t v d y y t X -
X t r a i
( w h e t h e r
h e
h a s a l r e a d y
a c t u a l l y i n v a d e d
t h e
c o u n t r y i s
u n
c e r t a i n ) .
h ) d e i K v v v a i a n d d i r o t p a i v t i v , w i t h t h e p a r t i c i p l e , t o s h o w , t o p r o v e ; w i t h
t h e
i n f i n i t i v e ,
t o
t e a c h
;
a s :
t S t i l Z a
a t
d ^ i K r j t r a v r a
—
j 3 u v X t )
A i a x i v n v
< a i
i r p o S o r n v
i l v a i K a i k u k o v o v v v p . t v
a T r e i p a i v e v ( d o c u i t ) .
i )
T t o i i i v ,
w i t h t h e p a r t i c i p l e , t o r e n d e r ; w i t h t h e i n f i n i t i v e , t o c a u s e
a s i r o i t o
a t y t
X u i v T a —
i r o i u i
a t y t X d v .
h )
a i a x v v t a Q a i a n d
a i d t t a O a i ,
w i t h t h e p a r t i c i p l e , t o b e a s h a m e d
o f
a
t h i n g
w h i c h o n e
d o e s
w i t h t h e i n f i n i t i v e ,
t o
b e
a s h a m e d , t o
f e a r t o d o a
t h i n g , t o o m i t s o m e t h i n g
o u t
o f f e a r o r s h a m e a s a i a x v v o f i a i i c n i c d r r p a T T w v
t o v t p ' t X o v , a n d a l a x v v o j i a i K a i c d i r p a x T t i v t o v § i \ o v .
I )
d p x t o Q a i ,
w i t h t h e
p a r t i c i p l e ,
t o b e i n
t h e
b e g i n n i n g o f a n
a c t i o n
w i t h
t h e
i n f i n i t i v e ,
t o
b e g i n
t o
d o
s o m e t h i n g
( s o m e t h i n g
i n t e n d e d )
a s
y p K a v r o r d n i x i
o u c o S o p o v v r e c .
a n d o U o S o p . H v .
R e m a r k 5 .
I n s t e a d o f
t h e i m p e r s o n a l
p h r a s e s
S i j X o v
t a r t , < p d v t p 6 v t a n ,
i p a i v t r m ,
a p p a r e t ;
t h e
G r e e k s
m a k e u s e o f t h e
p e r s o n a l , a n d m a k e
t h e
p a r t i c i p l e a g r e e w i t h t h e s u b j e c t , w h i c h n o w a p p e a r s i n a d e f i n i t e f o r m
( § 1 7 2 . R e m a r k 4 . ) a s S i j X o Q t i f u , f a v e p d c t i / t t , < p a i v o p a i t > ) v i r a r p w a t v
i r o i r i a a c .
3 . L a s t l y , t h e p a r t i c i p l e
s t a n d s
a s a c o m p l e m e n t w i t h t h e
f o l l o w i n g
v e r b s
—
a )
t v f ) ( 6 m > ,
I a m
a c c i d e n t a l ;
b )
X a v d a v t o ,
I
a m c o n c e a l e d ; c ) B i a r s K a ) , S i a y v y v o f j u a i , S i d y c o , w h i c h e x p r e s s
a c o n t i n u a n c e ; d ) < j > 0 d v a > , I c o m e b e f o r e ; e ) o i ^ o f i a i , I h a v e
h a s t e n e d a w a y . T h e E n g l i s h l a n g u a g e q u i t e c h a n g e s t h e
c o n s t r u c t i o n i n t h e c a s e o f t h e s e v e r b s s i n c e i t e x p r e s s e s t h e
a c t i o n
d e n o t e d b y t h e p a r t i c i p l e , b y m e a n s o f a f i n i t e v e r b ,
a n d t h a t d e n o t e d b y t h e a b o v e v e r b s , g e n e r a l l y b y a m e r e
a d v e r b .
K p o i < r o f < p o v ' t a t o v j r a i M e i X d
v 9 a v t p o a x u i v ( u n k n o w i n g l y ,
w i t h o u t k n o w
i n g i f ) . — A i d y w , S t a r t X w , B t a y i y v o / i a i K a X i i r o i w v ( p e r p e t u a l l y , c o n t i n u a l l y ,
a l w a y s ) . — U i x 1 * 0 f t v y t a v ( q u i c k l y , i n h a s t e ) , < £ x
v r
o d - n o i t X i o v T t
f ,
Q 3
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2 3 0
[ c h a p .
m .
B J E C T I V E C O M B I N A T I O N .
u i x » / < n i i j i i p u v , c e l e r i t e r a b s t u l i . — E t v x o v o w X i r a i i v r y d y o p f K a 6 -
t u l o v r t s w c
i r e v r i i i c o v T a ( J u s t ;
r v y x a v u i
i s
u s e d
i n
e v e r y
c a s e i n
w h i c h
a n
e v e n t
i s
b r o u g h t
o n ,
n o t w i t h
o u r
i n t e n t i o n ,
b u t
b y
t h e
c a s u a l
c o o p e r a t i o n o f e x t e r n a l c i r c u m s t a n c e s , o r t h e n a t u r a l c o u r s e o f t h i n g s
g e n e r a l l y , h o w e v e r ,
i t
c a n n o t
b e t r a n s l a t e d i n E n g l i s h ) .
—
X a X t n o v r / v
u W o v f d a a a i r o D r o
j r o i t y f f a v r a
( e a r l i e r , b e f o r e ) .
§
1 7 6 .
B .
T h e
P a r t i c i p l e
a s
t h e
E x p r e s s i o n
o f
A d v e r b i a l
R e
l a t i o n s a n d A c c e s s o r y I d e a s .
1 . S e c o n d l y , t h e
p a r t i c i p l e
d e n o t e s t h e a d v e r b i a l r e l a t i o n s
o f t i m e , c a u s e , c o n d i t i o n ,
m a n n e r ,
a n d w a y ;
a l s o t h o s e o f i n
t e n t i o n a n d
a i m
; a n d ,
i n
g e n e r a l , e v e r y
a c c e s s o r y i d e a
w h i c h
w e t r a n s l a t e
b y
t h e r e l a t i v e , w h o , w h i c h , a s t h e e n l a r g e d a t t r i
b u t e o f a s u b s t a n t i v e .
2 .
I n
t h e
c o n s t r u c t i o n
o f
p a r t i c i p l e s ,
w e
d i s t i n g u i s h
t w o
c a s e s .
T h e s u b j e c t o f t h e p a r t i c i p l e e i t h e r c o i n c i d e s w i t h
t h a t
o f
t h e p r e d i c a t e
o f
t h e
s e n t e n c e ,
o r i s d i f f e r e n t f r o m i t .
I n t h e f o r m e r c a s e , t h e p a r t i c i p l e m u s t a g r e e w i t h t h e s u b
j e c t o f t h e p r e d i c a t e , a s
a n
a t t r i b u t i v e p a r t i c i p l e , i n g e n d e r ,
c a s e , a n d n u m b e r , a s 6 K . v p o s < y e X a > v s h r e v , o i w a l B s ? j s T U b v -
T f y e h r o v , & c . ; i n t h e l a t t e r c a s e , t h e p a r t i c i p l e s t a n d s w i t h
i t s
s u b j e c t
i n
t h e
g e n i t i v e , a s
r o d
i r a i B o s
y e X e o v r o s 6
K v p o s
s h r e v , a n d t h i s c o m b i n a t i o n
i s
c a l l e d i n
g r a m m a r ,
t h e g e n i t i v e
a b s o l u t e .
R e m a r k
I . I n E n g l i s h ,
t h e d e n n i n g
p a r t i c i p l e i s s e l d o m u s e d , s i n c e
w e e m p l o y i n s t e a d o f i t , e i t h e r a n a c c e s s o r y s e n t e n c e w i t h t h e c o n j u n c
t i o n s , a s , s i n c e , a f t e r , w h i l e , b e c a u s e , i f , a l t h o u g h , & c . o r a s u b s t a n t i v e
w i t h a p r e p o s i t i o n , a s i n r o 9 a . v 6 v T O £
r o v
K v p o v ,
a f t e r t h e
d e a t h , Q t v y w v ,
i n
f l i g h t ; o r
a n
a d v e r b ,
a s : r a v r a
K o t y a a g , t h e r e u p o n . V e r y o f t e n ,
w e
u s e
t h e
f i n i t e
v e r b
i n s t e a d
o f
t h e
p a r t i c i p l e ,
a s
o i
7 r o \ e p . w i
< p v y 6 v r i £
l $ u l > x 8 r ) a a v ,
f l e d a n d w e r e p u r s u e d . B u t i n
t h e c o m b i n a t i o n o f
s e v e r a l t r a n s a c t i o n s i n t o
o n e w h o l e , t h e G r e e k d i s t i n g u i s h e s t h e
p r i n c i p a l
o n e , w i t h g r e a t
p r e c i s i o n ,
f r o m t h e c o n c o m i t a n t s u b o r d i n a t e c i r c u m s t a n c e s ; i n a s m u c h a s
i t
e x .
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S
1 7 6 . ]
2 3 1
A R T I C I P L E .
p r e s s e s t h e f o r m e r b y t h e f i n i t e v e r b , b u t t h e l a t t e r b y t h e p a r t i c i p l e .
I l o W o i
r a
x p i i / i a r a a v a X i o o a v r i
f ,
t o y T r p o o O i v
a w t i x o v r o
K t p C u i v ,
a i a x p d
v o / i i Z o v r t g
t i v a t ,
t o u t u i v
o v k
a i r i x o v r a i ,
i . e .
a f t e r
h a v i n g
w a s t e d
t h e i r
m o n e y . — T o i l l a p o g
i K B o v r o c ,
r d d v 8 n d d X A c i .
—
A i j i ' ^ o / i e v o t { j w ,
r a p t u
v i v u r t t .
—
I l o X X y
r t x v y x P < , / « > ' O f
r o v e
T t o X t f i i o v c
i v t i c n a t v .
— E i ' f A t X ^ o i f
i r o p t v t T a t
X n o o p i v o Q T t f X P 1 T 1 P ' V > o r a c v l u m c o n s v l l u r u s . — ' X o v v a r o v v o W d r e x v i l i -
/ i c v o v d v O p u n r o v
i r d v r a
i c a X w c t t o u X v .
I n
o r d e r t o a m o r e p a r t i c u l a r
d e
f i n i t i o n o f
t h e p a r t i c i p l e , t h e
f o l l o w i n g p a r t i c l e s
a r e s o m e t i m e s
a d d e d
l u r a i i { d u r i n g ) , i l f i a { a t t h e s a m e t i m e ) , K a t , t c a i w e p
( a l t h o u g h ) .
3 .
I n s t e a d o f t h e g e n i t i v e a b s o l u t e , t h e a c c u s a t i v e i s a l s o
s o m e t i m e s
u s e d ,
a n d ,
i n d e e d ,
a l m o s t
a l w a y s
w h e n
t h e
p a r t i
c i p l e s t a n d s
w i t h o u t
a n y d e f i n i t e s u b j e c t c o n s e q u e n t l y ,
i n
t h e c a s e o f
i m p e r s o n a l v e r b s , a s
1 %
o v
( f r o m e l - e a r i , i t
i s
a l l o w e d )
o r i m p e r s o n a l p h r a s e s , a s a l o - ^ p b v o v ( f r o m a l a - ^ p o v s o t l v ,
i t
i s
d i s g r a c e f u l ) .
H a p o v a i i T ( f
f i a a i X t a y t v i a B a i , a X X i p w t p u B n i c e t o K p a r o c . — ' A f o X ^ o c r d v o r ,
o i S t v
S i o v ( q u u m
f a s n o n e s s e t , f i e r i
n o n d e b e r e t ) ,
y i y o v a .
—
S o : S o K a v
o u r o i f ,
q u u m
i i s
v i s u m
s i t ,
e s s e t ,
I o k o v v
( q u u m
v i d e a t u r ,
v i d e r e t u r )
a v a -
X < » p i i v i r p o a i j K o v , q u u m d e c e a t , d e c e r e t ; H 6 v , q u u m l i c e a t , l i c e r e t .
—
F u r
t h e r , p a s s i v e
p a r t i c i p l e s 5 t f i o y p . k v o v ,
q u u m d e c r e t u m s i t , e s s e t ; t l p r j p L -
v o v , q u u m d i c t u m s i t , e s s e t . — T h i r d l y ,
a d j e c t i v e s w i t h
o v ,
a s :
a l a x p o v
o v ,
q u u m t u r p e s i t , e s s e t d d i j X o v
o v , d v v a r o v o v ,
a d u v a r o v
o v .
R e m a r k
2 .
T h e
p a r t i c l e o f c o m p a r i s o n ,
w c , i s
j o i n e d ,
b o t h t o
a
s i m p l e
p a r t i c i p l e , a n d o n e t h a t i s c o n n e c t e d w i t h a s u b j e c t
( g e n i t i v e
o r a c c u s a
t i v e a b s o l u t e ) ,
w h e n w h a t i s
e x p r e s s e d
b y
t h e
p a r t i c i p l e i s t o
b e
d e n o t e d
a s
s o m e t h i n g s e t
b e f o r e t h e
m i n d , a s a s u b j e c t i v e v i e w o f
t h e
a g e n t . I n
E n g l i s h ,
i t
m a y
b e
t r a n s l a t e d
b y ,
a s i f , b e c a u s e
f o r s o o t h ,
b e c a u s e ,
w i t h t h e
i n t e n t i o n ,
u n d e r
t h e i d e a ,
& c .
a . S i m p l e
p a r t i c i p l e .
O t d p x o v n c , k & v o i r o a r o v o v v x p o v o v
a p x o v r i Q
S i a y i *
v u i V T a i , S a v p a K o v r a i , w f
a o f o ' i r e
K a i l i r v x t i c
y i y i v n p ' i v o i . —
' A y a v a K T O v a i v ,
£ ) { p t y d X u i v T i p w v d w i a T e p / i i v o i
( i . e .
r j y o i f i i v o t
( i t y . r . d i r e o T t p r j a B a t ) .
—
0 1 i r o X t p i o i
a r t I K a t t p v r j Q
i T w r i o o v r i Q
a v S p d i r o d a
7 r o X X a t X a G o v .
b . G e n i t i v e a b s o l u t e . T l a p r j y y u X t v a i i T o l s i r a p a a K e v u £ t a 9 m ,
i f
f i d x i c
l o o / i e v n s
( i . e .
v o p i f a v
p ^ x n v
i a i a O a i ) . —
' E c q p v T T O v
s S i l v a i
i r d v r a s Q i j C a i -
o v q ,
w g
r w v
T v p d v v i t ) v
T t 9 v i u T h ) v ,
q u i a
t y r a n n i
m o r t u i
e s s e n t .
—
' - ' A r t
t z v k v o v
o v t o q
t o v
d X a o v g , o i > x e w p w v
o i i v r o g r o v e
I k t o c .
R e m a r k 3 . A p e c u l i a r u s e o f t h e g e n i t i v e a b s o l u t e i n c o n n e x i o n w i t h
i c , o c c u r s w i t h t h e v e r b s , l i d i v a i , i m a r a a B a i , v o t i v , t x v y v i i f t n v , S u u c e i o B a i
Q 4
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2 3 2
[ c h a p .
h i .
B J E C T I V E
C O M B I N A T I O N .
T r t v
y v u / i i j v ,
Q p o v r i Z t i v , a l s o s o m e t i m e s
w i t h \ k y i t v
a n d
s i m i l a r v e r b s , w i t h
w h i c h t h e a c c u s a t i v e
w i t h
t h e i n f i n i t i v e o u g h t p r o p e r l y
t o s t a n d ,
i n s t e a d
o f
t h e g e n i t i v e
a b s o l u t e .
T h e
c o n s e q u e n c e
p r o c e e d i n g
f r o m
t h e
g e n i t i v e
i s u s u a l l y
d e n o t e d
b y o v t i o p r e f i x e d t o
t h e p r e d i c a t e , a s : < i < ; I p o v o S v
i o v r o g ,
o t t i j
a v K a i v f i t i c , o ' v T t a t t j v
y v t o f i n v t ^ f r e ,
—
' O f
S i S a K r o v
o v a t i s r i f f a p t r i j g , \ i y t i .
§ 1 7 7 .
O n t h e
A d v e r b .
1 . T h e
o b j e c t i v e r e l a t i o n i s e x p r e s s e d , l a s t l y , b y a d v e r b s .
A d v e r b s d e n o t e t h e r e l a t i o n o f
p l a c e , t i m e , a n d
m a n n e r o f a
p r e d i c a t e o r a t t r i b u t e ; a s : s y y v O e v ^ \ 6 e v ,
x @ * s
a i r i e r ) ,
K a \ S i s a i r i O a v s v .
2 .
B e s i d e s t h e a d v e r b s o f p l a c e , t i m e , a n d
m a n n e r ,
l a n g u a g e
p o s s e s s e s o t h e r a d v e r b s
w h i c h
d o n o t ,
l i k e
t h e
a b o v e - m e n
t i o n e d ,
m o r e
p a r t i c u l a r l y d e f i n e
w h a t
i s
e x p r e s s e d
( t h e
p r e d i
c a t e ) ,
b u t
t h e m o d e o f e x p r e s s i n g
i t ( t h e
c o p u l a , t h e
r e l a t i o n
o f
t h e
p r e d i c a t e
t o
t h e
s u b j e c t ) .
T h e y
d e n o t e c e r t a i n t y o r
u n c e r t a i n t y ,
a f f i r m a t i o n o r
n e g a t i o n .
W e s h a l l
h e r e
c o n s i d e r
o n l y
t h o s e w h i c h e x p r e s s
n e g a t i o n
o v ( b e f o r e a
c o n s o n a n t
o w e b e f o r e a v o w e l
w i t h
t h e s o f t b r e a t h i n g
o i r %
b e f o r e a
v o w e l w i t h t h e
r o u g h )
a n d f i r \ .
3 . O v ( a s w e l l a s i t s c o m p o u n d s , o i h i , o v t s , o v S e c s , & c . ) i s
u s e d
w h e n
s o m e t h i n g
i s d e n i e d s i m p l y , a b s o l u t e l y , i n i t s e l f ;
f i r ) ( a n d
i t s
c o m p o u n d s ) , o n t h e c o n t r a r y , w h e n s o m e t h i n g i s
d e n i e d i n
r e f e r e n c e
t o t h e
c o n c e p t i o n
o r w i l l o f t h e s p e a k e r , o r
s o m e o t h e r p e r s o n . B o t h a r e
r e g u l a r l y
p r e f i x e d
t o
t h e w o r d
w h i c h i s t o b e n e g a t i v e d .
B e t n a r k 1 .
I n E n g l i s h w e
e m p l o y
t h e
w o r d s
n o o n e , n o b o d y ,
e v e n w h e n
t h e n e g a t i o n b e l o n g s t o t h e w h o l e s e n t e n c e ;
i n t h i s
c a s e , n o t
o v S t i c
( / i q f o i ' c ) ,
b u t
o v
( f i r ) )
i s
u s e d
i n
G r e e k
a s
t h e r e
i s
n o
g o o d
m a n ,
o v k
H o t i v
a y a 9 b ( a v B p w i r o s
t h e r e i s
n o o n e w h o ,
o v k
l a r i v , f o n t h e
a f f o r d s
m e n o
h e l p , o v T r a p t \ u p o i / 3 o r ) 9 t i a v ,
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§ 1 7 7 . ]
2 3 3
D V E R B .
4 .
H e n c e o i s t a n d s i n a l l s e n t e n c e s
o f
a s s e r t i o n , w h e t h e r
t h e y
b e
e x p r e s s e d
b y t h e i n d i c a t i v e
o r
t h e o p t a t i v e , a s :
o v
y t r / v s r a i ,
o v k
e y s ' v s T O ,
o i
y s v r / a s T a i
t o v t o
—
o v k a v y v y v o i r o
r a i n a ;
f u r t h e r , i n s u b o r d i n a t e s e n t e n c e s w i t h o t i , m s ,
t h a t , a s :
o l S a ,
o n r a v r a o v k k y i v s r o i n t h o s e o f t i m e w i t h o r e , h r e i B r j ,
& c . o f c a u s e
w i t h o t i ,
S i o t i , & c . a n d
o f e f f e c t w i t h
w c r r e
f o l l o w e d b y t h e i n d i c a t i v e , a s : o t s o v k r ) X 6 s v — e i r s l r a v r a
o v k s y i v s r o l a s t l y , w h e n t h e n o t i o n o f a s i n g l e w o r d i n t h e
s e n t e n c e i s t o b e
n e g a t i v e d
a b s o l u t e l y , a s o v k a y a 6 6 $ , o i
K a K & s ,
o v r e m a i n s ,
e v e n
i f
t h e
n a t u r e
o f t h e
s e n t e n c e
w o u l d
o t h e r w i s e r e q u i r e f i r ] ,
a s
s i
o v h w a s i ( r e c u s a b i t ) .
5 . M r } ,
o n
t h e
c o n t r a r y ,
s t a n d s w i t h t h e
i m p e r a t i v e a n d
t h e c o n j u n c t i v e u s e d i n
a n
i m p e r a t i v e s e n s e ,
a s
f i r ) y p d c p e ,
f i r )
y p d i f r r / s
; w i t h
w i s h e s a n d
e x h o r t a t i o n s ,
a s
f i r ) y p d ( p o i s , f i r j
y p d j x o f i s v i n
a l l
s e n t e n c e s o f p u r p o s e w i t h t v a , & c , a n d s e n
t e n c e s
e x p r e s s i n g a c o n d i t i o n w i t h e l , s d v , o r d v , s i r d v ,
e c o ? ,
d v ,
& c ,
a s
X s y t o
v a
f i r )
y p d ^ r j s
—
e l
f i r )
y p d c f y e i s ;
i n
s e n t e n c e s
o f e f f e c t
w i t h w o r e
a n d t h e
i n f i n i t i v e ,
a s o i
T r o X i r a i
d v S p s l o j s
e f i a y e o - a v r o ,
w a r s
f i r ) t o v s
i r o X s f i i o v s
s i s r r ) v i r o k i v s l a / 3 a \ s i v
i n a l l r e l a t i v e s e n t e n c e s w h i c h i n v o l v e w i t h i n t h e m a
c o n d i t i o n
o r i n t e n t i o n , a s :
b s f i r )
d y a 6 6 s
s a r i ,
t o v t o v o v < f > i X o v f i s p ( i . e .
s t t i s f i t ] a y . i . ) i n
i n t e r r o g a t i v e
s e n t e n c e s w h i c h
e x p r e s s a n
a n x i e t y o n t h e
p a r t
o f t h e s p e a k e r ,
a n d
h e n c e e x p e c t a n e g a
t i v e
a n s w e r ,
a s
f i r )
v o c s h
d p a
f i r )
v o a s h
;
y o u
a r e
n o t
i l l ,
a r e y o u ? ( i n o t h e r i n t e r r o g a t i v e s e n t e n c e s
o v
i s u s e d ) g e n e
r a l l y
w i t h
t h e i n f i n i t i v e a l s o , a n d , l a s t l y , w i t h p a r t i c i p l e s a n d
a d j e c t i v e s
w h i c h m a y b e r e s o l v e d b y a c o n d i t i o n a l s e n t e n c e ,
a s 6 f i r ) t t l o - t s v g o v , s i
q u i s
n o n c r e d i t ( b u t 6 o i t t i o t s v o w = i s
q u i n o n c r e d i t ,
o r
q u i a
n o n
c r e d i t ) .
6 . W h e n i n d e f i n i t e p r o n o u n s , a s , a n y
o n e ,
a n y h o w , a n y
w h e r e ,
a t
a n y
t i m e , & c ,
s t a n d
i n
a
n e g a t i v e s e n t e n c e t h e y
a r e a l l
e x p r e s s e d n e g a t i v e l y .
T h e
n e g a t i o n s
m u s t
b e o f t h e
s a m e k i n d t h r o u g h o u t , i . e . a l l c o m p o u n d e d , e i t h e r w i t h o v k
o r
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2 3 4
[ c h a p . i n .
B J E C T I V E
C O M B I N A T I O N .
f i t ) a s f u x p a < f > v c r i s
o i / B s v
f i s y a o v S h r o r e o i i h i v a
o v r s i Z i d r r r j v
o v r s i r o \ i v B p a .
7 . A f t e r e x p r e s s i o n s o f f e a r ,
d r e a d ,
a n x i e t y , u n c e r t a i n t y ,
d o u b t ,
m i s t r u s t
—
d e n i a l — h i n d e r i n g ,
f o r b i d d i n g , a n d p r e v e n t i n g ;
t h e i n f i n i t i v e w i t h f i r ] i s u s u a l l y e m p l o y e d , i n s t e a d o f t h e i n
f i n i t i v e w i t h o u t f i r ) a s k c o X v c o
e r e
f i r ) r a v r a i r o i s l v , I h i n d e r
y o u f r o m d o i n g t h i s .
R e m a r k
2 . W h e n
/ i t ) w i t h
t h e
i n d i c a t i v e a n d
c o n j u n c t i v e
( o p t a t i v e )
f o l l o w s e x p r e s s i o n s o f
f e a r ,
a n x i e t y , d o u b t , a n d t h e l i k e , i t s h o u l d b e
t r e a t e d
a s
a n
i n t e r r o g a t i v e ,
n u m n e ,
w h e t h e r
n o t
;
a s
S i l a a c a ,
/ i
a i r o B d v y ,
m e t u o n e m o r i a t u r ; i d t S o i i c e i v , / t i )
t n r o Q d v o t ,
m e t u e b a m , n e m o r e r e t u r ; £ i -
c o i k u , / i r j r i d v q K t v , n e m o r t u u s s i t , I a m a f r a i d w h e t h e r h e i s n o t d y i n g , o r
d e a d
= 1
f e a r h e
i s
d y i n g , i s
d e a d . M r ) o v , w i t h
t h e
i n d i c a t i v e a n d
c o n j u n c
t i v e ( o p t a t i v e ) ,
o n
t h e c o n t r a r y , a r e u s e d a f t e r t h e
a b o v e - m e n t i o n e d
e x
p r e s s i o n s , w h e n i t i s i n t i m a t e d t h a t t h e o b j e c t o f f e a r d o e s
n o t
t a k e p l a c e ,
o r h a s n o t t a k e n p l a c e . A i S o i K a , p . r ) o v k a - n o B d v y , n e n o n m o r i a t u r , t h a t h e
i s n o t
d y i n g
; i S t d o U t i v , f i t ) o v k a i r o B d v o i ,
n e
n o n m o r e r e t u r , t h a t
h e
w o u l d
n o t
d i e S i S o i K a , o v
r i O v n i c t v , n e n o n
m o r t u u s
s i t , t h a t h e i s n o t
d e a d .
8 . o v w i t h t h e i n f i n i t i v e S t a n d s
i n s t e a d
o f t h e i n f i n i t i v e
w i t h o u t n e g a t i o n ,
w i t h
e x p r e s s i o n s o f
h i n d e r i n g ,
d e n y i n g , m i s
t r u s t i n g ,
a n d
o t h e r s , w h e n t h e n e g a t i o n o v p r e c e d e s , a n d , i n
g e n e r a l , a f t e r
a l l
n e g a t i v e e x p r e s s i o n s .
O v S i v K w K i u
a t j i i )
o v k
q . i r o f ) a v i i v , n o t h i n g
h i n d e r s
y o u f r o m
d y i n g ;
o v l t i e
d p v n r a i ,
T t j v d p t r f i v f i f /
o v
K a X r j v
e i v a i , t h a t v i r t u e i s g o o d o v k d t r t a x o -
u n v
p i } o v r a v r a
X i y n v , J
c o u l d n o t r e f r a i n
f r o m s a y i n g
t h i s
R e m a r k 3 . T h e
p a r t i c l e s o v m a y
a l s o f o l l o w a i a x v v t v Q a i , a n d o t h e r
e x p r e s s i o n s o f t h i s s o r t , w i t h o u t a p r e c e d i n g n e g a t i o n a s i r a m v a f o x u v n
r \ v u f i
o v
o v a i r o v t i a Z u v ,
a l l
w e r e
a s h a m e d
n o t t o b e
a c t i v e a t t h e
s a m e t i m e
( o n t h e
c o n t r a r y
r r .
a l a x - r y » / > a v c r t r . , a l l w e r e
a s h a m e d t o
b e a c t i v e a t t h e
s a m e
t i m e , a c c o r d i n g
t o N o . 7 . ) . A f t e r e x p r e s s i o n s
o f
a b i l i t y ,
w i t h a p r e
c e d i n g
n e g a t i o n , / l o ) o v
a r e
l i k e w i s e t o b e
t r a n s l a t e d
b y n o t ; a s o v
S v v a -
f i a i
( o r
d d i v o T o c t i f u , o v x o l o g
t t i f i t )
o v t o v t o X i y t i v , n o n p o s s u m n o n
d i c e r e , f a c e r e n o n p o s s u m q u i n h o c d i c a m , I c a n n o t h e l p s a y i n g t h i s .
9 .
O v
f i r )
( u s u a l l y
w i t h
t h e c o n j u n c t i v e
o r
i n d i c a t i v e
f u t u r e )
a r e e l l i p t i c a l , i n a s m u c h a s a v e r b o f a n x i e t y
o r
f e a r , w h i c h
i s
s o m e t i m e s e x p r e s s e d , i s
t o
b e s u p p l i e d w i t h o i
a n d f i r ] m u s t
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1 7 8 . ] C O O R D I N A T I O N . 2 3 5
b e
r e f e r r e d
t o t h i s v e r b . O u
f i r j
a r e a c c o r d i n g l y u s e d w h e n w e
w i s h t o e x p r e s s , i t i s n o t ( p i > )
t o
b e f e a r e d o r a p p r e h e n d e d , t h a t
( j i r j ) s o m e t h i n g
w i l l t a k e
p l a c e ,
a s o v f j , r ) y ^ m j r a i t o v t o , n o n
v e r e o r ,
n e
h o c f i a t ,
t h a t c e r t a i n l y
w i l l n o t h a p p e n .
S Y N T A X
O P T H E
C O M P O U N D
S E N T E N C E ,
O R A C C O U N T O F
T H E C O N N E X I O N O F
S E N T E N C E S .
C H A P . I V .
§ 1 7 8 . A
C O O R D I N A T I O N .
1 . I n t h e c o n j u n c t i o n o f
t w o
o r m o r e s e n t e n c e s s t a n d i n g i n
c l o s e c o n n e x i o n w i t h
e a c h
o t h e r ,
t h e r e
a r e t w o
k i n d s
o f r e l a
t i o n
t o
b e
d i s t i n g u i s h e d .
E i t h e r t h e
s e n t e n c e s
a r e
s o
r e l a t e d
t o o n e a n o t h e r t h a t
t h e y
p r e s e n t t h e u n i t y o f a t h o u g h t i n
d e e d ,
b u t
e a c h
s t a n d s
b y t h e s i d e o f t h e o t h e r i n d e p e n d e n t l y ,
t o a c e r t a i n e x t e n t ,
a s
S o c r a t e s w a s v e r y w i s e , P l a t o , a l s o ,
w a s
v e r y
w i s e
;
o r
i n
s u c h a
m a n n e r
t h a t
t h e y
a r e
e n t i r e l y
m e r g e d i n t o o n e a n o t h e r , i n a s m u c h a s t h e o n e c o m p l e t e s
a n d
d e f i n e s
t h e o t h e r , o r a p p e a r s a s a d e p e n d e n t
m e m b e r o f
t h e
o t h e r , a s : w h e n t h e s p r i n g i s c o m e , t h e t r e e s b l o s s o m . T h e
f i r s t k i n d o f
c o n n e x i o n
w e c a l l
c o o r d i n a t i o n ,
t h e l a s t ,
s u b o r d i
n a t i o n .
2 . C o o r d i n a t i o n c o n s i s t s ,
e i t h e r
i n e x t e n d i n g
o r
h m i t i n g
t h e t h o u g h t . T h e f o r m e r
w e c a l l
c o p u l a t i v e ,
a n d
t h e l a t t e r ,
a d v e r s a t i v e
c o o r d i n a t i o n . C o p u l a t i v e c o o r d i n a t i o n i s e i t h e r
a r r a n g e m e n t i n
a
s e r i e s ,
o r
e n h a n c e m e n t
3 . A r r a n g e m e n t i n a s e r i e s i s m a d e , — a )
b y
k o X , a n d , e t ,
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2 3 6
[ c h a C . I V .
O M P O U N D S E N T E N C E .
m o r e r a r e l y , i n
p r o s e ,
b y
t £ ( e n c l i t i c ) ,
a n d , q u e , a s ^ c o K p d r r j s
K a L
n X a r w v ;
—
b )
b y
K a i
—
K a i ,
e t
—
e t ,
b o t h —
a n d ,
m o r e
r a r e l y t e
—
a s : K a i a y a t i o l i c a l i c a / c o t ;
—
c )
b y
r e
—
K a L ,
b o t h
— a n d ,
a s : k u K o s
t s k o i
a r y a f l o s , % p r } < 7 T o £
r e
i c a l
T r o v v p o i .
R e m a r k 1 .
K a i h a s a l s o t h e s i g n i f i c a t i o n , a l s o ,
e t i a m , t o
w h i c h t h e
n e g a t i v e o v c i ,
n o t
e v e n ,
n o t s o
m u c h a s , n e — q u i d e m , c o r r e s p o n d s a s
K a i
o v r a v r a
t X t Z a g — o v C *
c v
T a u r a t \ t $ a £ .
4 . E n h a n c e m e n t i s e x p r e s s e d b y t h e s i m p l e K a i , a n d y e t
m o r e d e f i n i t e l y , b y a )
o v
p , 6 v o v
— d X K a
K a i ( d \ \ '
o i / B e ) ;
— b )
o v %
u t i ( o t t o s ) , o r f j , i ) o r e , / x f j m r a > s ( i . e .
o x j k
e p a > , o t l , f t r j T ^ y s ,
o T t )
—
d \ \ a K a i
( a X A , ' o i B e ) , n o t o n l y — b u t a l s o ( b u t n o t e v e n ) ,
w h e n t h e
l e s s
i m p o r t a n t m e m b e r p r e c e d e s t h e m o r e i m p o r t a n t ;
— c ) o v %
o t t w s
o r / j , t ) o t l ( o 7 r t o i ) — a \ \ a
/ c a t
( a W ' o i / B s ) , n o t
o n l y n o t — b u t e v e n ( b u t n o t s o m u c h
a s ) ,
w h e n e i t h e r t h e m o r e
i m p o r t a n t m e m b e r
p r e c e d e s
t h e
l e s s
i m p o r t a n t ,
o r
w h e n t w o
s t r o n g l y c o n t r a s t e d i d e a s a r e
o p p o s e d
t o o n e a n o t h e r .
2 t A > i c p d T t ] Q
o v f i o v o v < r o 0 o f
a X X a
K a i
a y a 9 o Q .
—
K a i p t ) v
v T T t p a i r o Q v i i -
( t k h v
y s
p o v o v
W k X o v a i v
o l e p u i p T t g , o i l
p . 6 v o v
o n
a v d p c g ,
d \ \ d
K a i
y v v a i K S Q ( n o n m o d o — s e d e t i a m ) . — O v y , o t t w q t o v s i r o X t f i i o v g i r p t y a v r o
o i E X X i ^ f c , a X X a K a i t i ) v v w p a v
a v r w v
t K a K t a o a v . — A i f f \ i v i j Q o v % o i r t o g
X a p t v T u l g ' A d r j v a i o i Q e i ^ t r , a \ \ d p i o - Q d x r a g t a v r b v K a r a r o v r u t v i t i r o -
X i T i i i r o
( n o n m o d o
n o n — s e d e t i a m ) . — M i ) o w w q 6 p \ u o Q a i i v p v B p f ,
d X X ' o i l s '
o p d o v o B a i
i l v v a v r o
( n o n
m o d o n o n )
5 .
A d v e r s a t i v e
c o o r d i n a t i o n
c o n s i s t s
e i t h e r
i n
r e s t r i c t i o n
o r
e n t i r e
a b r o g a t i o n ; a s :
h e
i s p o o r ,
i n d e e d ,
b u t b r a v e - —
h e
i s n o t
b r a v e , b u t c o w a r d l y . R e s t r i c t i o n
i s
g e n e r a l l y ,
a n d
m o s t f r e
q u e n t l y ,
e x p r e s s e d b y
B e ,
a u t e m . T o t h i s
B e ,
t h e c o n j u n c t i o n
p A v ,
i n t h e
p r e c e d i n g
c o n t r a s t e d s e n t e n c e , g e n e r a l l y c o r r e
s p o n d s ,
w h i c h
o r i g i n a l l y s i g n i f i e d ,
i n d e e d ,
b u t h a s c o m m o n l y
a w e a k e r
s i g n i f i c a t i o n ,
s o t h a t i n E n g l i s h i t i s
s c a r c e l y
t o b e
t r a n s l a t e d a s t o
t i e v
w ( f > e \ i p x > v
k o X o v ,
t o B e
/ 3 \ a / 3 e p b v
a l a y p o v
s c t t i v .
M e V
—
o V i s e s p e c i a l l y u s e d i n d i v i s i o n s , a s o l
p , s v
—
o l B e ,
s o m e
— o t h e r s , t o p , e v
—
t o B e ,
o n t h e
o n e
h a n d — o n t h e
o t h e r h a n d
; a n d
a l s o
i n t h e
r e p e t i t i o n o f
t h e s a m e w o r d i n
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§ 1 7 8 . ]
2 3 7
O O R D I N A T I O N .
t w o d i f f e r e n t s e n t e n c e s , a s i y a > a v v u / u p . s v d s o i s , a v v e i f i t S '
d v 0 p < ) 7 T o i s r o t s d y a O o l s .
6 .
T h e
f o l l o w i n g
a l s o
a r e
w o r t h y
o f
r e m a r k
—
a i i ,
g e n e r a l l y
i n c o n n e x i o n w i t h h e ( S 1 a v ) , r u r s u s , a g a i n , o n t h e c o n t r a r y ,
K a i r o i ,
h o w e v e r ,
v e r u m , s e d t a m e n ; f x e v r o i , h o w e v e r
;
o f i w s ,
n e v e r t h e l e s s ,
y e t ; a n d
d X k d ,
w h i c h , a c c o r d i n g
t o
t h e
n a t u r e
o f t h e p r e c e d i n g m e m b e r , e i t h e r d e n o t e s j u s t t h e o p p o s i t e o f
t h a t w h i c h i s e x p r e s s e d i n t h e f o r m e r m e m b e r , s o t h a t t h e
f o r m e r i s a n n u l l e d b y t h e l a t t e r , a n d t h e o n e c a n n o t e x i s t
w i t h
t h e o t h e r
a t
t h e
s a m e
t i m e
( b u t ) ,
a s
0 1 %
o l
t t X o v -
c r i o i e i i h a i f i o v e s s l c r i v , d \ \ ' o l d r y a O o l ;
o r
m e r e l y s o m e t h i n g
d i f f e r e n t f r o m w h a t i s s e t f o r t h i n t h e f o r m e r m e m b e r i s
e x p r e s s e d i n t h e l a t t e r ,
s o
t h a t t h e f o r m e r i s o n l y p a r t l y a n
n u l l e d b y t h e l a t t e r ,
t .
e . i s
o n l y r e s t r i c t e d ( s t i l l ,
h o w e v e r , b u t ) ,
a s t o v t o t o
t r p a y f i a a x p e ' X i f i i o v
f i i v
e o r t v ,
d W ' 0 1 1 k o X o v .
7 . T h e a r r a n g e m e n t o f n e g a t i v e s e n t e n c e s i n a s e r i e s i s
m a d e b y - o u t s — o v t s ( p - r f r e — A 7 T £ ) > n e c — n e c > n e i t h e r — n o r ;
a s
o v t s d e o i , o v t s a v 9 p ( o i r o i .
O i h i e i t h e r e x p r e s s e s a
c o n
t r a s t
( b u t
n o t ) ,
o r
s e r v e s f o r t h e a n n e x i n g o f a n e w a d d i t i o n a l
s e n t e n c e
( a n d
n o t , a l s o n o t ) .
R e m a r k 2 . W h e n a n e g a t i v e s e n t e n c e f o l l o w s a p o s i t i v e ,
i t i s
r e g u l a r l y ,
i n p r o s e , i n t r o d u c e d b y K a l
o v
o r K a i f x i ] a s t p a t v o f t a i \ a p i T o g T t T v x > l K ( o < ; ,
K a l o v
f i e / u p t u g ,
o v S i r i / i u p i a g .
8 . D i s j u n c t i v e c o o r d i n a t i o n c o n s i s t s
i n
c o m b i n i n g i n t o o n e
w h o l e , s e n t e n c e s ,
t h e
o n e
o f
w h i c h
e x c l u d e s
t h e
o t h e r ,
s o t h a t
t h e o n e c a n o n l y b e
c o n s i d e r e d
a s e x i s t i n g ,
w h e n
t h e o t h e r
i s
c o n s i d e r e d
a s
n o t e x i s t i n g .
T h i s
r e l a t i o n ( d i s j u n c t i o n ) i s
e x
p r e s s e d
b y
m e a n s o f t h e
( d i s j u n c t i v e )
c o n j u n c t i o n s
j ?
— a u t
— a u t , o r v e l — v e l , e i t h e r — o r ; s i t s — e i r s
( w i t h
i n d i c a t i v e ) ,
i d v r e — i d v r s ( o r r ) v r s — r j v r e ) ( w i t h c o n j u n c t i v e ) , s i v e — s i v e ,
w h e t h e r i t b e t h a t — o r t h a t ; a s r ) 6 T r a r r j p r ) 6 v i o s d i r W a v e v
( t h e
f i r s t
f j
m a y
a l s o
b e
o m i t t e d ;
a s
6
T r a r r j p
r j
6
v l b s
d i r . )
—
s i r s K a w a s i r s T r a X a i a r a v r d i c r n v . — s d v r e i r a r r j p y p d y j r r j ,
s d v
r e
f i i j T T j p .
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2 3 8 C O M P O U N D S E N T E N C E —
S U B O R D I N A T I O N . [ c h a p . v .
9 . L a s t l y , s e n t e n c e s m a y a l s o b e a r r a n g e d t o g e t h e r , t h e
l a t t e r o f w h i c h d e n o t e s e i t h e r t h e c a u s e
o r
t h e e f f e c t , o f
t h e p r e c e d i n g .
T h e
s e n t e n c e d e n o t i n g t h e c a u s e i s e x p r e s s e d
b y y a p , f o r , e n i m ,
n a m ; a n d t h a t
d e n o t i n g
t h e e f f e c t ,
b y o v v ,
t h e r e f o r e ;
a p a ,
t h e n , c o n s e q u e n t l y ; t o L v w , t h e r e f o r e , t h u s t h e n ;
r o t r / a p , e r g o ,
t h e r e f o r e
; r o v y a p r o i , j u s t f o r t h a t a n d n o o t h e r
r e a s o n
; r o i y a p o v v , o n t h i s a c c o u n t , t h e n ; a s 6 a v p , d % o p , e v t o v
^ c o K p a r r } d v r j p
y a p
J ) V K a X b s i c a l d r y a 0 6 s . ~ ' 2 i . a v r / p r \ v K a h b s
k o X d y a d o s Q a v p . w C p p . s v a p a a x r r o v .
C H A P .
V .
B . S U B O R D I N A T I O N .
§
1 7 9 . P r i n c i p a l a n d A c c e s s o r y S e n t e n c e .
1 . W h e n s e n t e n c e s w h i c h , i n c o n j u n c t i o n , p r e s e n t t h e
u n i t y o f o n e t h o u g h t , a r e s o c o n n e c t e d , a s t o t h e i r c o n t e n t s ,
t h a t t h e o n e a p p e a r s a s a
d e p e n d e n t a n d m e r e l y
c o m p l e t i n g
m e m b e r
o f
t h e
o t h e r ; t h e i r c o n n e x i o n m a y
b e e x p r e s s e d ,
e i t h e r
b y
c o o r d i n a t e
c o n j u n c t i o n s ,
a s ,
8 / ,
y a p , a p a ,
& c ,
a s
t o t a p
r f k 6 e , t o .
B s S s v B p a 6 d X X e i
o r
i n s u c h a m a n n e r t h a t
t h e
s e n t e n c e
w h i c h ,
a s
t o i t s
c o n t e n t s ,
f o r m s a
m e r e c o m p l e
m e n t t o t h e o t h e r ,
a p p e a r s
e v e n e x t e r n a l l y , i n r e s p e c t
o f
f o r m ,
e v i d e n t l y t h e m e r e c o m p l e t i n g
m e m b e r
o f t h e o t h e r , a s o r e
t o s a p r j X 0 s , t o , S e v S p a d d W e i .
T h i s m o d e
o f c o n n e x i o n
w e c a l l t h e s u b o r d i n a t e .
2 .
T h e s e n t e n c e
t o w h i c h
t h e o t h e r s b e l o n g a s c o m p l e t i n g
m e m b e r s ,
w e
c a l l
t h e
p r i n c i p a l
s e n t e n c e ,
b u t
t h e
c o m p l e t i n g
o n e ,
t h e a c c e s s o r y s e n t e n c e
; a n d t h e
t w o t o g e t h e r ,
a c o m p o u n d
s e n t e n c e ; e . g . , i n t h e c o m p o u n d s e n t e n c e o t s t o s a p r j K d s , r a
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§
I S O . ]
2 3 9
U B S T A N T I V E - S E N T E N C E S .
B s v S p a O a X K e i , t h e s e n t e n c e
r a
B s v S p a O d X X s i i s t h e p r i n c i p a l
s e n t e n c e ,
a n d
t h e
s e n t e n c e
o t s t o s a p r j \ 6 s , t h e a c c e s s o r y -
s e n t e n c e .
3 .
A c c e s s o r y s e n t e n c e s e x p r e s s e i t h e r t h e s u b j e c t ,
o r
t h e
a t t r i b u t e ,
o r t h e
o b j e c t
o f t h e w h o l e s e n t e n c e a n d
h e n c e a r e
t o
b e r e g a r d e d
a s s u b s t a n t i v e s , a d j e c t i v e s , o r a d v e r b s f o r m e d
i n t o s e n t e n c e s . W e a c c o r d i n g l y d i s t i n g u i s h t h r e e s o r t s o f
a c c e s s o r y
s e n t e n c e s :
s u b s t a n t i v e - s e n t e n c e s ,
a d j e c t i v e - s e n
t e n c e s ,
a n d
a d v e r b i a l s e n t e n c e s .
T h u s ,
e .
i n
t h e
s e n t e n c e ,
T h e
v i c t o r y
o f
C y r u s
o v e r
t h e
e n e m y
w a s
a n n o u n c e d , t h e s u b j e c t m a y b e e x t e n d e d
i n t o
a n a c c e s s o r y s e n t e n c e
t h a t C y r u s h a d c o n q u e r e d t h e e n e m y , w a s a n n o u n c e d , o r i t w a s a n
n o u n c e d ,
t h a t C y r u s , & c . ; f u r t h e r ,
i n
t h e s e n t e n c e S i n g
t o
m e ,
O
M u s e , t h e f a r - w a n d e r i n g m a n , t h e
a t t r i b u t i v e ,
f a r - w a n d e r i n g ,
m a y b e
e x t e n d e d i n t o
a n
a c c e s s o r y s e n t e n c e
w h o
h a s w a n d e r e d f a r . C o m
p a r e ,
H e
a n n o u n c e d
t h e
v i c t o r y o f C y r u s o v e r
t h e e n e m y ,
w i t h
H e
a n n o u n c e d , t h a t C y r u s h a d c o n q u e r e d t h e e n e m y : I n t h e s p r i n g t h e
f l o w e r s
b l o o m , w i t h W h e n t h e s p r i n g i s c o m e , t h e f l o w e r s b l o o m .
§ 1 8 0 . I . S u b s t a n t i v e - S e n t e n c e s .
1 . S u b s t a n t i v e - s e n t e n c e s a r e s u b s t a n t i v e s f o r m e d i n t o s e n
t e n c e s
o r i n f i n i t i v e m o o d s ,
a n d
a p p e a r ,
l i k e
s u b s t a n t i v e s ,
b o t h
a s t h e s u b j e c t
a n d
a s t h e
o b j e c t
o f t h e s e n t e n c e .
A .
S u b s t a n t i v e -
S e n t e n c e s i n t r o d u c e d b y o r e o r a s , t h a t .
2 . S u b s t a n t i v e - s e n t e n c e s i n t r o d u c e d
b y
t h e c o n j u n c t i o n s
6 t «
a n d
t o y ,
t h a t , d e n o t e
t h e o b j e c t ( a c c u s a t i v e )
o f
v e r b s b e
l o n g i n g t o t h e c l a s s v e r b a s e n t i e n d i e t d e c l a r a n d i , i .
e .
t h o s e
w h i c h
e x p r e s s
s e n s a t i o n
o r
p e r c e p t i o n , a s o p a v ,
d i c o v s i v , v o s i v ,
i x a v d d v e i v ,
j t y v c o o - K S i v , & c , o r t h e m a n i f e s t a t i o n o f a
s e n s a t i o n
o r p e r c e p t i o n , a s K e y s i v , h s i K V v v a i , c v y y i K k e i v , B r j X o v s l v a i , & c .
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2 4 0
C O M P O U N D S E N T E N C E — . S U B O R D I N A T I O N . [ c h a p .
v .
3 .
T h e p r e d i c a t e o f t h e s e s u b s t a n t i v e - s e n t e n c e s m a y b e e x
p r e s s e d a ) i n
t h e i n f i n i t i v e , b ) i n t h e o p t a t i v e , c ) i n t h e
o p
t a t i v e
w i t h
d v ,
d )
i n
t h e
i n d i c a t i v e
o f
t h e
h i s t o r i c a l
t e n s e s
w i t h d v .
•
4 . T h e i n d i c a t i v e o f
a l l t e n s e s
i s u s e d w h e n w h a t i s e x
p r e s s e d
i s t o
b e
s e t f o r t h a s a f a c t , a s s o m e t h i n g c e r t a i n o r
a c t u a l . T h e i n d i c a t i v e
i s
e s p e c i a l l y u s e d w h e n
t h e v e r b
o f
t h e
p r i n c i p a l
s e n t e n c e i s a p r i n c i p a l
t e n s e
p r e s e n t , p e r f e c t ,
o r
f u t u r e .
5 .
T h e
o p t a t i v e ,
o n
t h e
c o n t r a r y ,
i s
u s e d ,
w h e n
t h a t
w h i c h
i s e x p r e s s e d i s e x h i b i t e d a s
s o m e t h i n g
m e r e l y c o n c e i v e d ,
a n d
t h e r e f o r e ,
e s p e c i a l l y
w h e n w h a t i s
q u o t e d f r o m
t h e
s e n t i m e n t s
o f a n o t h e r i s
t o
b e
p o i n t e d
o u t a s s u c h .
* £ X f y o f , o n d p K T O i t t o W o v q y S t j
T r X r j m d a a v r a g
S i e f Q t i p a v .
—
O r e d r j r a v r a
i p t Q v ^ i o v f i f 9 a f o v T b > Q
t y i y v u i G K O f i t v i r t p i
a v r t a v , o » f
d v Q p i a i r t p
m t p V K o r i
i r a v ~
r w v n i j v
d W o ) v p a o v
t i r j £ < a w p
a v 9 p u 7 r u > v
a p % e i v .
R e m a r k 1 . O n i s a l s o u s e d
w h e n t h e
w o r d s o f
a n o t h e r a r e
q u o t e d i n
t h e
s a m e
f o r m
a s .
t h e y
w e r e
e x p r e s s e d
b y
h i m ,
w h e r e
w e
a r e
s a t i s f i e d
w i t h
m e r e l y
i n v e r t e d
c o m m a s ,
o r t h e c o l o n a s e l m v , o n
E i ' s
x a i p o v
i j i c t i g ,
h e s a i d ,
Y o u
a r e c o m e a t
t h e
r i g h t t i m e .
6 . T h e o p t a t i v e w i t h
d v i s u j e d , w h e n
w h a t
i s e x p r e s s e d
i s t o
b e p o i n t e d
o u t a s a c o n d i t i o n a l
s u p p o s i t i o n ,
c o n j e c t u r e , o r
u n d e t e r m i n e d p o s s i b i l i t y . ( §
1 5 3 , 2 ,
c . )
A t y w ,
o n , e i r a v r a \ t y o i £ ,
a p a p r d v o t s d v .
— M e f i v r j p a i
a K o v o a g
r r o r i
f f o v , o n
f c u c o Y t o c a v t e a l T r a p d B t t S v T r p a K T i K c o r e p o g t i i ] , i o u i r t p t e a l i r a p a d v Q p w T r d j v ,
o o - n g
f i r ) ,
o V o r f
i v
d - r o p o i Q
T o r e '
K o X a n t v o i ,
d X X '
o n
r d
d p u s r a
v p d r r o i ,
T o r t \ i a k i a r a r t S v O e t S v f i s f i v a S r o .
7 . T h e
i n d i c a t i v e
o f t h e h i s t o r i c a l t e n s e s w i t h d v i s u s e d
w h e n w h a t i s e x p r e s s e d i s t o b e p o i n t e d o u t a s s o m e t h i n g
c o n d i t i o n a l , t h e a c t u a l i t y
o r
p o s s i b i l i t y o f w h i c h i s d e n i e d
( § 1 5 3 ,
2 , a ,
a ) ) ;
a s
h f j X o v k a r t v ,
o r e , d
r a v r a
e ' X a y s s , f ) f i d p ~
r a v e s
d v .
R e m a r k
2 .
I m p e r s o n a l
p h r a s e s
a r e o f t e n
c h a n g e d
i n t o
p e r s o n a l
o n e s ,
a s :
d i j \ 6 s t i p u ( < p a v t p 6 g
t i / i i ) ,
o n
r a v r a i v I n - p a ^ a , i t
i s
e v i d e n t
t h a t I
—
S r j X o l ( i a i v , o n r a v r a t X i l a v . C o m p a r e $ 1 7 2 , R e m a r k 4 . a n d § 1 7 6 ,
R e m a r k 5 .
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§ 1 8 1 . ]
2 4 1
I N A L
S U B S T A N T I V E - S E N T E N C E S .
§ 1 8 1 . B . F i n a l S u b s t a n t i v e - S e n t e n c e s i n t r o d u c e d b y
( o s , i v a , S f c .
1 . T h e s e c o n d k i n d o f s u b s t a n t i v e - s e n t e n c e s a r e f i n a l s e n
t e n c e s , w h i c h d e n o t e a n i n t e n t i o n o r
a i m . T h e s e
s e n t e n c e s
a r e i n t r o d u c e d b y t h e f o l l o w i n g c o n j u n c t i o n s
w s ,
o t t c o s , ' I v a ,
t a s f i r ) , o t t w s f i x ) , v a f i i j .
2 . T h e m o o d o f f i n a l s e n t e n c e s i s r e g u l a r l y t h e c o n j u n c t i v e
o r
o p t a t i v e .
W h e n
t h e
v e r b
o f
t h e
p r i n c i p a l
s e n t e n c e
i s
i n
a
p r i n c i p a l t e n s e
—
p r e s e n t , p e r f e c t ,
o r
f u t u r e ,
o r a n
a o r i s t w i t h
p r e s e n t
m e a n i n g
( § 1 5 2 , 1 2 . ) — t h e c o n j u n c t i v e
f o l l o w s
t h e
f i n a l c o n j u n c t i o n s ; b u t w h e n t h e v e r b o f t h e p r i n c i p a l s e n
t e n c e i s i n a n
h i s t o r i c a l
t e n s e
—
i m p e r f e c t , p l u p e r f e c t , o r
a o r i s t
— t h e o p t a t i v e f o l l o w s t h e m .
T a v r a y p d i p w , y i y
p a f y a ,
y p a i j w ,
X v
t X 9 r > g , i d v e n i a s ,
t h a t t h o u m a y s t
c o m e
\ t £ o i ' , t v i i ' £ w ,
d i e ,
u t s c i a m , s a y , t h a t I m a y k n o w
—
r a v r a i y p a t p o v ,
t y i y p d r
i j > u v ,
t y p a i f / a ,
1 v
t X O o i f ,
i d
v e n i r e s , t h a t
t h o u m i g h t s t c o m e . '
—
' E k
r i j c
r a n /
H e p a u i v i X e v B e p a g
c e y o p d e .
K a X o v p e v n g r d f i t v w v i a
K a i c t
d y o p a l o i a 7 r £ X j j *
X a v r a i t i c
d \ \ o v t o t t o v ,
i l f
f t ) } i n y v i n r a i
t o v t i d v r v p f i n r p t w v
m - T r a i d t v f i i v u i v i v K o a f i l q . — I v a o a t y ' i o T t p o v E t j X w O r j i r d a a U i p o i Z v T r o X i r i i a ,
f i i K p d v
i i r d v u f i i ( p a u c i s r e p e t a m ) . — K a n f i v a n c
r o v
K v p o v d i r i K a X n ,
o i r w e r & i v I l i p t r a i e . i m - ^ i a p m i i r i r t X o i n .
R e m a r k 1 . T h e c o n j u n c t i v e o f t e n f o l l o w s a n h i s t o r i c a l t e n s e ,
i n a s m u c h
a s
t h e w r i t e r ,
i n
a
l i v e l y
m o d e o f d e s c r i p t i o n , r e g a r d s t h e p a s t a s p r e s e n t ,
a n d
t h e
p u r p o s e s t h e n
e n t e r t a i n e d ,
a s
f a l l i n g
i n
t h e
t i m e
p r e s e n t
t o
h i m
a n d e x i s t i n g i n i t f r e q u e n t l y ,
a l s o , w h e n t h e
e f f e c t i s t o
b e
r e p r e s e n t e d
a s l a s t i n g a n d c o n t i n u i n g u p t o t h e p r e s e n t t i m e , i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e s p e a k e r ,
2 6 X ( o v
d n s S r i f i i j a e v t r i f
d & i c a , % v a
d i )
p . i ]
r i v a T t S v v o f i u t v d v a y i e a a G y X v t r a i
u t v t O t r o ( i n s t e a d o f
o w e
t O t r o ) . —
^ v X X o y o v
T l t p o u i v t & v a p i a r t a v j i r o t c T r o ,
X v a
y v d j u a g T €
i r v Q r j r a i a v r t o v K a i a v r b g
k v i r a f f i v € i 7 r p , &
i O k X t i .
3 . T h e f i n a l c o n j u n c t i o n s , a > s a n d o V t o y , a n d a l s o v a , a r e
s o m e t i m e s f o l l o w e d b y t h e
m o d a l
a d v e r b a v ,
w h i c h
r e f e r s t o
a c o n d i t i o n
( g e n e r a l l y
n o t
e x p r e s s e d ,
b u t
t o
b e
s u p p l i e d ) ;
a s ;
Z i a T r j s c r r \ s
% < o p a s a ^ s i s
f i f i a s o t t c h s a v
s i B & f i s v , a
r e S s 2 < p i X i a
K a i T r o \ s / j , i a
v o f i i t p i v ,
i . e . t h a t w e , w h e n w e h a v e s e t o u r f o o t
u p o n t h e l a n d , m a y k n o w , & c .
B
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2 4 2 C O M P O U N D
S E N T E N C E S — S U B O R D I N A T I O N .
[ c h a p .
v .
4 .
A f t e r
v e r b s
o f a n x i e t y ,
c o n s i d e r a t i o n , e n d e a v o u r i n g ,
s t r i v i n g ,
e f f e c t i n g ,
a n d
a d m o n i s h i n g ,
a s
£ T r i / j , e \ s 2 o - 0 a i ,
< f > p o v r i -
% S I V ,
< p v \ a T T £ l V ,
C T K O T T S I V , / 3 o v \ s V £ a 0 a i , 6 p a V , T T O L S I V , I T p a T T S i V ,
c u r a r e , f i r ] ^ a v a c r 6 a i , i r a p a / c a X s t v , T r a p a r y y s X k e i v , n r p o w r r s i v ,
a v n u H k u , a y e , a n d t h e l i k e , t h e c o n j u n c t i o n
o t t c o s
( o V t w y ^ - q )
f o l l o w s , e i t h e r w i t h t h e
c o n j u n c t i v e
a c c o r d i n g t o N o . 2 . , o r
( a n d i n d e e d g e n e r a l l y , ) w i t h t h e i n d i c a t i v e f u t u r e ; n o t o n l y
a f t e r a p r i n c i p a l , b u t a l s o v e r y o f t e n a f t e r a n h i s t o r i c a l t e n s e
i n
t h e
l a t t e r
c a s e ,
t h e f u l f i l m e n t o f
t h e
i n t e n t i o n
i s
c e r t a i n
a n d c o n t i n u i n g .
O l W t p a i K o i v o f i o i e T T L [ i e \ o v r a i , o i r b ) C
r i j v
a p x v v P V t o i o v t o i t f f o v r a t o l
i r o X T r a i ,
o t o i T r o v q p o v a i a \ p o v
t p y o v I t y U a & a i .
—
Z K O i r z l a d t
t o v t o , w
A v S p t
g
A G t ]
v a i o i , o 7 T t o
g p i t
\ 6 y o v g e p o v f f i
f i o v o v
o i T r a p ' r j f i u t v i r p i o f i t i g ,
a X k a K a l t p y o v
r i
h t i K v m i v e Z o v a i v .
R e m a r k 2 .
O m a g o r o i r u g
p . r i w i t h 2 . p e r s o n i n d i c a t i v e , f u t u r e , o r
c o n j u n c t i v e ,
i s
s o m e t i m e s d e p e n d e n t
u p o n
o p a , 6 ( a r t , v i d e , v i d e t e ,
u n d e r -
s t o o d , i n
o r d e r t o
d e n o t e a n
a d m o n i t i o n
o r w a r n i n g a s o i r w g o v v i a t a d e
a v S p i g d f i o i r i j g
l \ t v 9 e p i a g ,
b e h a v e y o u r s e l v e s , t h e n , a s m e n w h o a r e w o r t h y
o f f r e e d o m .
5 .
T h e f i n a l c o n j u n c t i o n s , v a
a n d c o s ( m o r e r a r e l y o t t o u s ) ,
a r e
c o n n e c t e d
w i t h t h e i n d i c a t i v e o f t h e h i s t o r i c a l t e n s e s ,
w h e n a p u r p o s e i s t o b e e x p r e s s e d ,
w h i c h
i s n o t a t t a i n e d , o r
n o t
t o
b e a t t a i n e d .
' E x p i i v T l n y d t r o v
£ r i / £ a t
i r r t p o v , ' o i r i o g e i p a i v o v r o i g 9 t o i g r p a y u c w -
T t p o g .
§
1 8 2 .
I I . A d j e c t i v e -
S e n t e n c e s .
1 . A d j e c t i v e - s e n t e n c e s a r e
a d j e c t i v e s
o r p a r t i c i p l e s
f o r m e d
i n t o s e n t e n c e s ,
a n d
d e n o t e
a
m o r e
p a r t i c u l a r
d e f i n i t i o n
o f t h e
i d e a
e x p r e s s e d
b y
t h e
s u b s t a n t i v e
a s
o l
T r o X e f J u o i ,
o t
s k
r r j s
i r o K e w s a j r i c p v y o v
( =
o l
i r o ' X j f i i o i s k t .
t t . a / r r o a b v y o v r s s ) . T h e y
a r e i n t r o d u c e d b y t h e r e l a t i v e p r o n o u n s , o s , r j , o , o a n s , t f n s ,
o t i , o l o s ,
& c .
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§ 1 8 2 . ]
2 4 3
D J E C T I V E - S E N T E N C E S .
2 .
T h e r e l a t i v e
p r o n o u n a g r e e s
i n
g e n d e r a n d n u m b e r w i t h
t h e s u b s t a n t i v e
i n
t h e
p r i n c i p a l
s e n t e n c e
t o
w h i c h
i t
r e l a t e s ,
a s t h e a t t r i b u t i v e a d j e c t i v e
w i t h
i t s s u b s t a n t i v e ; b u t i t s c a s e
i s d e t e r m i n e d b y t h e p r e d i c a t e i n t h e a c c e s s o r y s e n t e n c e a s
6 d v r j p , b v s l S s s —
9 7
d p s T r ) ,
f j s
i r d v r s s
o l d y a d o l s i r i O v f i o v a i v
—
o i
( T r p a T u o T a t ,
o t s
f x a ^ p i x s O a , & c .
R e m a r k 1 . W h e n , i n t h e a c c e s s o r y s e n t e n c e , t h e r e l a t i v e w i t h a n
i n f i n i t i v e
o r p a r t i c i p l e
i s d e p e n d e n t u p o n
a
f i n i t e
v e r b , w e g e n e r a l l y
c o n n e c t t h e r e l a t i v e
w i t h
t h e f i n i t e v e r b , i n t r a n s l a t i n g
i n t o
E n g l i s h a s
o
< j > t X o e ,
o v
a - T r o B a v u v
i f y o v u - n v ,
t \ X 8 e
t r a p
i / i i ,
w h o m
I
t h o u g h t
t o
b e
d e a d ;
6 0 i ' X o f , o v o l S a T t Q v n i c o r a , w h o m
I
k n o w
t o b e d e a d .
R e m a r k 2 . W h e n t h e r e
i s
a p r e d i c a t i v e s u b s t a n t i v e i n t h e a d j e c t i v e -
s e n t e n c e ,
v e r y o f t e n t h e
g e n d e r
a n d
n u m b e r o f
t h e r e l a t i v e a r e c o n
f o r m e d ,
n o t
t o t h o s e o f i t s o w n
s u b s t a n t i v e , b u t ,
b y
m e a n s
o f
a s o r t
o f
a t t r a c t i o n , t o t h o s e
o f t h e p r e d i c a t i v e
s u b s t a n t i v e . T h e v e r b o f
t h e
a d
j e c t i v e - s e n t e n c e i s u s u a l l y a v e r b o f b e i n g
o r
n a m i n g ; a s
o S ' o q
j r p o c
t w
T p t j r t r a i g
0 K a X t i r a t T l n X o u a t o v O T O f i a .
—
' A i c p a a t K a X o v v r a i
i c X e T d e g
T t j g
l L v - K p o v .
—
U e p f f i K o v
% i < p o c ,
o v
a K i v a t c n v
K a X o v a i v .
—
A o y o t
f i j j v
l i a i v
i v
t K a a r o i Q y p i i o v , t i g I X i r i S a Q
6 v o f i a £ o [ i t v .
R e m a r k 3 .
A
d e v i a t i o n , i n
r e s p e c t
o f n u m b e r , t a k e s p l a c e i n t h e
f o r m u l a :
t a r i v o ' i , e . g . , X i y o v a t , s u n t ,
q u i d i c a n t .
T h i s f o r m u l a
i s t r e a t e d
e x a c t l y
l i k e
a
s u b s t a n t i v e - p r o n o u n
( i v w i ,
n o n n u l M ) , i n a s m u c h
a s n e i t h e r
t h e
n u m b e r o f
t h e
r e l a t i v e h a s a n y i n f l u e n c e u p o n
t h e
v e r b
i a n v ,
n o r
d o e s
t h e
t e n s e
u n d e r g o a n y c h a n g e ,
w h e n
t h e d i s c o u r s e
r e l a t e s t o
t h e
p a s t o r f u t u r e .
N o m .
i o r i v
0 ( =
i v i o i ) i v i i p v y o v .
G e n .
t a r t y
u t v
0 = i v t w v )
a i r k i r x t T O .
D a t . t o r
i v
o l f ( = I v ' i o i q ) o v x
o S r w e
Z B o Z t v ,
A c c .
t t s r i v
o i ) e ( = s v i o v g ) a i r ' z K T H v i v .
3 .
T h e p e r s o n o f t h e v e r b i n t h e a d j e c t i v e - s e n t e n c e i s d e
t e r m i n e d b y t h e s u b s t a n t i v e , o r t h e p r o n o u n e x p r e s s e d
o r
u n d e r s t o o d ,
t o
w h i c h
t h e r e l a t i v e
r e l a t e s .
' E 7 & > ,
b s j p d a i c o —
o v , b s < y p c u p e i s —
6
d v r j p o r s k s i v o s ,
b s y p d x p s i . H e n c e
t h e
s e c o n d p e r s o n s t a n d s
r e g u l a r l y a f t e r t h e
v o c a t i v e a s
a v d p a n r e ,
b s r ) i M a s r o i a v r a i c a / c c i i i r o v r j c r a s .
4 .
W h e n
t h e r e l a t i v e r e l a t e s
t o
t w o o r m o r e
o b j e c t s , i t
i s
p u t
i n t h e p l u r a l ; a n d , w h e n t h e s u b s t a n t i v e s a r e o f
l i k e
E 2
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2 4 4 C O M P O U N D
S E N T E N C E S —
S U B O R D I N A T I O N .
[ c h a p . v .
g e n d e r , h a s t h e s a m e ; b u t i t i s f r e q u e n t l y i n t h e n e u t e r ,
w h e n t h e s u b s t a n t i v e s d e n o t e o b j e c t s w i t h o u t l i f e .
J 5 v i x t i v y T i ; < p o i v y r e
K a i r $ T p o m p
t X e y o v ,
i v
o l v n e p i T t 9 p d f i u , r j v .
—
' O p u i a i i T u v K £ K o t r [ i J i f i e v o v K a i e t y Q a k p u i v v i r o y p a t y i j ,
K a i x p d i f i a r o g
i v r p t y e t ,
K a i
K o f i a i g i r p o f f G i T o i g , &
v A p i j i a
i j v
i v
M * ; $ o « ; .
5 .
I f
t h e s u b s t a n t i v e s h a v e d i f f e r e n t
g e n d e r s ,
t h e
r e l a t i v e
p r o n o u n
i s p u t
i n
t h e m a s c u l i n e , r a t h e r t h a n t h e f e m i n i n e ,
w i t h l i v i n g b e i n g s , b u t i n t h e n e u t e r , i n . t h e c a s e o f
t h i n g s
w i t h o u t
l i f e .
' O d v T / p K a i y v v i ' i , o t n a p u a l
) ) \ 9 o v .
—
H K o p e v i K K \ n m a £ , o v T e g i r t p i r e
i r o X t f i o v K a i e i p y v T j Q , d p i y ' w T n v
d v v a j i i v
i v T t p r w v d v 0 p u > i r u ) v
/ 3 t y .
6 .
W h e n t h e r e l a t i v e o u g h t p r o p e r l y t o s t a n d i n t h e a c c u
s a t i v e ,
a n d
r e l a t e s t o a s u b s t a n t i v e i n t h e g e n i t i v e o r d a t i v e ,
i t u s u a l l y t a k e s t h e f o r m o f i t s
a n t e c e d e n t ,
i f t h e
a d j e c t i v e -
s e n t e n c e r e t a i n s a l m o s t e n t i r e l y t h e f o r c e o f a n a t t r i b u t i v e
a d j e c t i v e o r p a r t i c i p l e t .
e .
t h e
r e l a t i v e
a p p e a r s i n t h e c a s e i n
w h i c h i t s a n t e c e d e n t s t a n d s .
' A p i u i v S i Q i p a p f i o v i r p & T O Q
d v B p i i i r o i v
o i v
r i p e l c
l a p i v
e i r o i n o t v ( i n s t e a d
o f
o u f
t o p . e v ) ,
o f t h e
m e n k n o w n t o u s . —
' O
o r p a T i i y o Q r i y t r r / v t r r p a r i a v
& 7 T O T & V 7 r 6 \ £ U ) V b i V
£ 7 T F l < T £ V
(
=
T W V 7 T { l < x 9 H < J u t v ) .
—
2 v V
T O I Q Q l ) U a V ~
p o i Q o \ q 6 i r a r i / p K a r i X n r e v ( = r o i g v i r o t o v T r a r p o Q K a r a X t i f Q i T o i v ' ) .
— K v p o e 7 r p o a i j \ 9 t v a v v $ t l ^ f S v v a p . l i . — ' E y £ > a o i v m a x v o v f i a i , j j v
o
9 i o q
t v
S i d f , a v f f i v d v i / i o i
S a v t i a y g ,
d W a
t t X u o v o q
d £ i a
t v t p y t -
r i t < y & i v .
7 . T h e r e l a t i v e s , o l o s , o c r o s , o a n c r o v v a n d r ) \ w c o s , u n d e r g o
a t t r a c t i o n , n o t o n l y
i n
t h e
a c c u s a t i v e
b u t
a l s o i n t h e n o m i n a
t i v e , w h e n t h e v e r b
s l v a i
a n d a p a r t i c u l a r l y e m p h a t i c s u b j e c t
a r e
i n
t h e r e l a t i v e s e n t e n c e ,
a s
o l o s
c r v
s i ,
o l o s
s k b I v o s
o r
6
^ c o K p d r r j i '
s a r i v ; a n d
i n t h e f o l l o w i n g m a n n e r t h e d e m o n
s t r a t i v e i n t h e
g e n i t i v e ,
d a t i v e , o r
a c c u s a t i v e ,
t o
w h i c h
t h e
r e l a t i v e r e l a t e s , i s o m i t t e d , b u t t h e r e l a t i v e i s p u t
i n
t h e
c a s e
o f t h e p r e c e d i n g s u b s t a n t i v e
o r
( o m i t t e d ) d e m o n s t r a
t i v e u s e d a s a s u b s t a n t i v e t h e
v e r b o f
t h e r e l a t i v e
s e n t e n c e ,
e l v a t , i s l i k e w i s e o m i t t e d , a n d t h e s u b j e c t o f t h e r e l a t i v e s e n
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§ 1 8 2 . ]
2 4 5
D J E C T I V E - S E N T E N C E S .
t e n c e i s p u t
i n t h e c a s e o f t h e r e l a t i v e . S u c h a
b l e n d e d
o r
a t t r a c t e d
a d j e c t i v e - s e n t e n c e
a s s u m e s
e n t i r e l y
t h e
f o r m
o f
a n i n f l e c t e d a d j e c t i v e
a n d
t h e c o n n e x i o n o f t h e a d j e c t i v e -
s e n t e n c e w i t h i t s s u b s t a n t i v e
b e c o m e s
s t i l l m o r e
p e r f e c t ,
a n d
i n t i m a t e , w h e n t h i s
s u b s t a n t i v e
i s r e c e i v e d i n t o t h e a d j e c t i v e -
s e n t e n c e
e . g . f r o m ^ a p l ^ o / m i d v S p l
t o i o v t o i ,
o l o s
a i i s i
a r i s e s
X a p i ^ o ^ a i
a v B p l o i q > a o i , o r ,
b y
t r a n s p o s i t i o n , ^ a p i f o / x a t o m
c r o l a v S p l . I n E n g l i s h
w e
t r a n s l a t e t h e r e l a t i v e b y , a s .
G e n .
D a t .
A c c .
G e n .
D a t .
A c c .
i p w
o t o v
g o v
d v S p 6 c .
X C t p i Z f i p a t o t t p
a o i d v o p i .
t - j r a i v S t
o \ o v
a i
d v f i p a .
l p £ t o t u t v v f i t o v d v S p u v .
\ a p i l ^ o p a i o t o i g
v f i i v d v d p d a i v .
i w a i v w
o t o v c t ^ a f
a v t i p a Q ,
e p u >
o t o v
( r o i l .
\ a p i t . o p a i o ' t t f i r r o i .
t i r a i v & t
o \ o v
< r e ,
I p u t
o t u v
v [ i £ j v .
X a p i Z o j i a i o t o i g v p t v .
I t r a i v S i o t o v g v p d g .
R e m a r k 4 . A t t r a c t i o n
t a k e s
p l a c e ,
e v e n w h e n
o w g r t
s t a n d s
i n s t e a d
o f w o r e w i t h t h e i n f i n i t i v e , i n t h e s i g n i f i c a t i o n , l a m s o d i s p o s e d , s o f o r m e d ,
o f s u c h a
h i n d , t h a t , i s
s u m
q u i
w i t h t h e c o n j u n c t i v e ; h e n c e ,
/
c a n ; a s :
i u K k \ 9 i f v
S r w V V y
r o i o u r y
o t t p
p r j T i
X v i r t T a O a t ,
p i ] T
o p y i Z t a Q c t t ,
w h o
c a n
n e i t h e r
b e
g r i e v e d n o r
i r r i t a t e d . T h e
d e m o n s t r a t i v e i s g e n e r a l l y o m i t t e d
a s :
p o v n v T i ) v t w v a v 9 p u ) 7 r t o v
y X w r r a v
i i r o i n a a v
o i
6 e o i o t a v
a p O p o v v
t i ) v
< t > w v i ] V .
R e m a r k
5 .
S o m e t i m e s
t h e
a r t i c l e i s
p l a c e d b e f o r e t h e
a t t r a c t e d
0 I 0 4 ,
y X i K o e , a n d
t h e
a d j e c t i v e - s e n t e n c e a s s u m e s q u i t i j
t h e
c h a r a c t e r o f a n i n
f l e c t e d w o r d a s x a p i Z o p a i r i y o t u 0 0 1 a v l p i , i n s t e a d o f a v l p l r o t o v T i p ,
o X o q
o v t l .
N o m .
G e n .
D a t .
A c c .
0 o i o q o v a v i \ p .
t o v o t o v a o v a v S p o g .
T t j i o X i p o o i a v S p i .
r b v o \ o v
o l
d v d p a .
0
o l o i
v p t t c a v e p t e .
£ i V o t i o v v p t o v a v d p w v .
r o t e o t o i g v p i v d v S p d o i v .
r o v £ o X o v g
v p a e
d v 8 p a £ .
R e m a r k
6 . S o m e t i m e s , w i t h a d j e c t i v e - s e n t e n c e s , t h e r e
i s a n
a t t r a c
t i o n d i r e c t l y
t h e
r e v e r s e o f
t h e
a b o v e m e n t i o n e d
i n
w h i c h
t h e r e l a t i v e
d o e s n o t t a k e t h e i n f l e x i o n o f i t s s u b s t a n t i v e , b u t t h e s u b s t a n t i v e t h a t
o f t h e r e l a t i v e r e l a t i n g t o i t ( a t t r a c t i o
i u v e r s a ) ;
a s : t i ) v o i o t a v i j v
K a H X i i r e
r i p
v h j S ,
o i
t t K i w v o q
d £ i a
l o r i v .
T h i s
i n v e r t e d
a t t r a c t i o n
i s
v e r y
f r e q u e n t w i t h o v d i i s o o t i q
o v
( n o o n e w h o
n o t
= e v e r y o n e ) a f t e r
t o r i o m i t t e d
B
3
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2 4 6 C O M P O U N D S E N T E N C E S —
S U B O R D I N A T I O N .
[ c h a p . v .
N o m . o v t i t i g S f f T i f o v k c i v T a v r a i r o i i i a m v .
G e n . o v o t v o c o t o v o i l K a r t y t k a a t v .
D a t .
o i i i v i
o r t p o v t i n r i K p i v a T o .
A c c .
o i S i v a o v r i v a
o i
K a r U X a v a c v .
8 . W i t h r e g a r d t o t h e u s e o f t h e m o o d s i n a d j e c t i v e - s e n
t e n c e s , t h e f o l l o w i n g i s
t o
b e o b s e r v e d —
a ) T h e I n d i c a t i v e i s '
u s e d
w h e n t h e a t t r i b u t i v e d e f i n i t i o n
i s p o i n t e d o u t a s a f a c t a s 1 7 i r o K i s , r j k t i & t c u , f j g i c r i a O r ) , r )
K T i a O r j c r e T a i .
T h e
i n d i c a t i v e
f u t u r e i s v e r y
o f t e n
u s e d
( e v e n
a f t e r a n
h i s t o r i c a l
t e n s e , § 1 8 8 ,
5 . ) i n r e f e r e n c e
t o t h a t
w h i c h
c e r t a i n l y
m u s t
h a p p e n
a s
o - r p a r r r y o v s
a i p o v v r e u ,
o i
r a >
4 > t \ t 7 T 7 r & ) T r o X s f i r i a o v a i v . A l s o a f t e r n e g a t i o n s , t h e G r e e k s
u s e t h e i n d i c a t i v e ,
w h i l e
t h e L a t i n l a n g u a g e , i n s u c h c a s e s ,
e m p l o y s t h e c o n j u n c t i v e ; a s : t r a p
s / x , o l
o v S s l s , o c t t i s
p , r j
i i c a v o s e c r r i v l a a i r o i e l v
s f i o l ,
n e m o , q u i n o n p o s s i t .
b )
T h e
r e l a t i v e i n c o n n e x i o n w i t h a v
o s a v ,
f )
a v , b a v ,
o c r r t i
a v , & c ,
i s j o i n e d
w i t h
t h e C o n j u n c t i v e
w h e n
t h e p r e d i
c a t e
o f t h e
p r i n c i p a l
s e n t e n c e
i s
a
p r i n c i p a l
t e n s e
( p r e s e n t ,
p e r f e c t , o r f u t u r e ) , i f t h e a t t r i b u t i v e d e f i n i t i o n i s t o b e p o i n t e d
o u t a s m e r e l y c o n c e i v e d . H e n c e , a l s o , i n i n d e f i n i t e r e p r e s e n t
a t i o n s o f
c h a r a c t e r o r
s i z e ; a n d a l s o i n d e s c r i p t i o n s
o f
a n i n d e
f i n i t e f r e q u e n c y . T h e a d j e c t i v e - s e n t e n c e m a y g e n e r a l l y b e
r e g a r d e d a s a c o n d i t i o n a l s e n t e n c e , a n d t h e r e l a t i v e
w i t h
a v
r e s o l v e d i n t o t h e c o n j u n c t i o n l a v
w i t h
r l s o r s o m e o t h e r p r o
n o u n
a n d
t h e c o n j u n c t i v e
m o o d .
O i > c a v
/ 3 f X n ' o « c
t i v ' i q i a v r & v r ) y r ) i r u ) V T a i , r o u r o i f i r o W a K i g K a i a v e v
a v a y K t i i i 9 i \ o v < r t T r i
' S t a O m .
~ — A v 9 p o > T r o i l i r o v l t v a g f t d W o v
a v v i o T a v r a i ,
l i r i t o v t o v q , o O c
&
v
a t a & O i V T a i ,
a p x t l v a v r u t v
k i r t x e t p o v v r a G .
*
c ) T h e
r e l a t i v e
( w i t h o u t
a v )
i s j o i n e d w i t h
t h e O p t a t i v e ,
f i r s t ,
i n
t h e
s a m e s i g n i f i c a t i o n
a s
w i t h
t h e c o n j u n c t i v e , b u t
i n
r e l a t i o n t o
a n h i s t o r i c a l t e n s e . H e n c e i n g e n e r a l a n d i n
d e f i n i t e a c c o u n t s a n d
a l s o
i n a c c o u n t s
o f a n
i n d e f i n i t e f r e
q u e n c y
; i n w h i c h c a s e , t h e
p r e d i c a t e
o f t h e p r i n c i p a l s e n t e n c e
g e n e r a l l y s t a n d s i n t h e i m p e r f e c t .
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§ 1 8 3 . ] 2 4 7
D V E K B I A L S E N T E N C E S .
0 1
T r o X i / i w t
v a v r a g f £ i } < , ' ,
o r i j i t v r v x o i t v , K a i
i r a i b ' a q
K a i
y v v a i K a g I k t h v o v .
—
& t X o v g ,
O f f o v g i r o i r j f f a i T O
K a i i v v o v g
y v o i n
o v r a g , K a i i K a v o t i g
K p i v n t
o v v t p y o v g
( I n n ,
3 r i
r v y x d v o i
/ 3 o u X 6 / i t v o c
K a r t p y d ^ t a B a i ,
t y i o -
X o y t i r a i T r p b g v d v r w v
K p a n a r o e
y t v i a B a i
O e p a i r e v t i v .
d ) S e c o n d l y ,
t h e
O p t a t i v e
i s u s e d w h e n t h e a t t r i b u t i v e d e
f i n i t i o n
i s t o
b e r e p r e s e n t e d
a s a
p r e s e n t
o r
f u t u r e u n d e t e r m i n e d
p o s s i b i l i t y ,
m e r e
s u p p o s i t i o n , o r c o n j e c t u r e .
T h e
a d j e c t i v e -
s e n t e n c e a p p e a r s a s a n
u n c e r t a i n d o u b t f u l c o n d i t i o n
( §
1 5 3 ,
1 ,
/ S )
) ,
o r
f o r m s
p a r t
o f
a
w i s h .
T o i a v r o v
X t y u v ,
f i t /
a a c j i u i e
l i t
t i l l ,
^ i S t a B a i
I t i ,
h e
o u g h t
t o
r e f r a i n
f r o m
s a y i n g a t h i n g ,
w h e n ,
p e r h a p s , h e d o e s
n o t
t h o r o u g h l y k n o w i t . —
E p S o i 7 1 Q , j } v
e x a o r o Q
t l d t t q r t ^ i / t y r .
e ) T h e O p t a t i v e i s u s e d w i t h a v , w h e n t h e a t t r i b u t i v e d e
f i n i t i o n i s t o
b e r e p r e s e n t e d a s
a
c o n t i n g e n t s u p p o s i t i o n , c o n j e c
t u r e , c o n c e p t i o n , o r
u n d e t e r m i n e d
p o s s i b i l i t y
( § 1 5 3 , 2 , e . \
T o v g X a p f i d v o v r a g T r ) g o j i i X i a c f i u r & o v a v S p a i r o S i f f T d g
t a v r w v
a i r t K a X t i S w i c p a -
r i j c ,
S i d
r b
d v a y K a i o v
a v T o i g
t l v a i
c ' l a X i y i a Q a i ,
T r a p '
Z v
d v
X d f i o i t v
r u v
f i w d o v .
—
O v k t a r t y
o n
a v
T i g
f i t i Z o v r o v r o v k o k o v i t d B o i .
f ) T h e I n d i c a t i v e o f t h e h i s t o r i c a l t e n s e s ( i m p e r f e c t , p l u
p e r f e c t ,
a n d
a o r i s t )
i s u s e d
w h e n
i t i s
t o
b e i n t i m a t e d t h a t
t h e
a t t r i b u t i v e
d e f i n i t i o n
c o u l d o n l y b e
r e a l i s e d
o n a c e r t a i n
c o n
d i t i o n , b u t w a s n o t r e a l i s e d , b e c a u s e t h e c o n d i t i o n w a s n o t
f u l f i l l e d ( §
1 5 3 ,
2 ,
a , a ) ) ; a s : 1 ) i r o k i s , r j v o l T r o X j / M L o i o v k a v
l i r b p 6 i ) o - a v ,
s i
o l
a r p a r i G n a i
e f i o r j & w o - a v ,
q u a m
h o s t e s
n o n
d i -
r u i s s e n t ,
s i
m i l i t e s a u x i l i o v e n i s s e n t .
§ 1 8 3 . I I I . A d v e r b i a l S e n t e n c e s .
A d v e r b i a l
s e n t e n c e s
a r e
a d v e r b s ,
o r
p a r t i c i p l e s
u s e d
a d
v e r b i a l l y , f o r m e d
i n t o
s e n t e n c e s ( § 1 7 6 , 1 . ) ; a n d
d e n o t e ,
l i k e
a d v e r b s
o r p a r t i c i p l e s , a n
a d v e r b i a l o b j e c t , i . e .
o n e
w h i c h
E
4
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2 4 8 C O M P O U N D S E N T E N C E S —
S U B O R D I N A T I O N ,
[ c h a p .
v .
m e r e l y d e f i n e s t h e n o t i o n
o f
t h e p r e d i c a t e
( n o t ,
a s t h e o b j e c t
e x p r e s s e d
b y
t h e
s u b s t a n t i v e - s e n t e n c e ,
c o m p l e t e s
i t )
a s
o r e
T o s a p r j k d s , r a .
a v f f r )
d d W s i ( = t o v i a p o s s K B o v t o s ) .
A . A d v e r b i a l S e n t e n c e s
o f
T i m e
a n d
P l a c e .
1 .
A d v e r b i a l s e n t e n c e s
o f p l a c e ,
a r e
i n t r o d u c e d b y
t h e r e
l a t i v e a d v e r b s o v , f t , 0 7 1 7 7 , o t t o v ,
s v O a ,
Z v a , u b i ; o O s v , s v B s v ,
u n d e ;
6 1 ,
o i r o i , 7 7 , 0 7 1 7 7 ,
q u o
; a n d e x p r e s s ,
l i k e
a d v e r b s o f
p l a c e , t h e t h r e e l o c a l r e l a t i o n s
o f
w h e r e ,
w h e n c e ,
a n d w h i t h e r .
T h e
u s e
o f t h e
m o o d s ,
i n
a d v e r b i a l
s e n t e n c e s o f
p l a c e ,
e n t i r e l y
a g r e e s w i t h
t h a t
i n
a d j e c t i v e - s e n t e n c e s .
2 . A d v e r b i a l s e n t e n c e s o f t i m e , a r e i n t r o d u c e d b y t h e f o l
l o w i n g
c o n j u n c t i o n s
—
a . I n a c c o u n t s
o f
s i m i l a r i t y o f t i m e
:
O r e , o 7 r o r f i w f , t i v i x a , w h i c h d e n o t e a p o i n t o f t i m e ; a n d l v , t w e ,
w h i l e ,
w h i c h d e n o t e
a s p a c e
o f
t i m e .
b .
I n
a c c o u n t s
o f p r e c e d e n c e
:
' E t t b ,
i i r u S t i ,
p o s t q u a m ; i £ o v ,
t £
o r o v , ' e x q u o ; a n d d i p '
o v ,
s i n c e .
c t I n a c c o u n t s o f s u c c e s s i o n :
T I p i v ,
p r i u s q u a m ; t a i c ,
e u > £ o v , t i g t o r e , p k x p i o f t
p i x P 1
o r o v , p - i x P 1 -
3 . W i t h
r e g a r d t o t h e u s e o f
m o o d s ,
t h e f o l l o w i n g
s h o u l d
b e o b s e r v e d —
a )
T h e
I n d i c a t i v e
i s
u s e d
w h e n
t h e
p r e d i c a t e
i s
t o
b e
r e
p r e s e n t e d a s
a f a c t ; h e n c e i n
n a r r a t i o n o f
d e e d s .
' Q
£ i j f i t p a r a x u r T a l y t y o v t i
a i r i j X B o v
( a > £
r a x ~ a ,
q u u m p r i m u m ,
a s
s o o n
a s ) . — O i t i r p o r t p o v i i r a v a a v r o , i r p i v t o v r e i r a r k p a I k
t o v
C T p a r o i r e S o v
f i s T e i r s p y p a T O i
i c a i r w v
t p i X w v a v r o v
t o v q f i l v
a i r t K T t i v a v , r o v e o °
I k
t y i q
T r o X e a t Q
t % k { S u X o v . —
' E f i a x o v T O ,
f i e x p 1
o i
' A O r j v a i o i d v e i r X t v a a v .
b ) T h e C o n j u n c t i v e
i s
u s e d w h e n t h e p r e d i c a t e
i s e x p r e s s e d
a s
s o m e t h i n g
c o n c e i v e d ,
a n d
r e l a t e s
t o
a
p r e d i c a t e
o f
t h e
p r i n
c i p a l s e n t e n c e , s t a n d i n g i n o n e o f t h e p r i n c i p a l t e n s e s . T h e
c o n j u n c t i o n s t a k e t h e m o d a l a d v e r b a v —
o r a v ,
o i r o r a v , r j v i i c
a i > , e i r a v
{ e r r r j v ) , s i r s i o a v ,
t r p w a v , z < o s a v , ^ X P 1 a v >
s a T
a v '
7/23/2019 An Elementary Grammar of the Greek Langu
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§ 1 8 3 . ]
2 4 9
D V E R B I A L S E N T E N C E S .
A c c o r d i n g l y ,
t h e c o n j u n c t i v e i s
u s e d w i t h
t h e a b o v e c o n j u n c
t i o n s f r o m o t o v t o
i r p i v
a v , w h e n t h e s t a t e m e n t o f t i m e i s a l s o
t o
b e
p o i n t e d o u t a s t h e
c o n d i t i o n
u p o n
w h i c h
t h e p r e d i c a t e
o f t h e p r i n c i p a l s e n t e n c e i s r e a l i s e d . B u t w i t h t h e c o n j u n c
t i o n s w h i c h s i g n i f y
u n t i l ,
t h e c o n j u n c t i v e e x p r e s s e s a n e x
p e c t e d
a n d
i n t e n d e d
a i m .
T h e c o n j u n c t i v e i s a l s o u s e d t o
d e n o t e a n i n d e f i n i t e f r e q u e n c y .
' E i r t i f i a v a i l f 3 o v \ y d i a \ e y e o 6 a t , ( i s l y i i S v v a p a i e i r t o B a i , r o r t a o t S i a X i ^ o / i a i .
—
O v
i r p o r t p o v i r a v f f o f i a t y i r p i v d v « X w r e K a i i r v p & o t a r a g ' A B r j v a g . —
E < o g
a v
a w K r i r a i t o
o x a Q o g ,
t 6 t £
X P $
K a i
v a v r q v
K a i
K v f S c p v r j r i j v
w p o G v -
f i o v g
t l v a i
( d u m s e r v a r i
p o s s i t ) . — ' O i r o r a v
( a s
o f t e n
a s )
o r p a T o i r t S f i w v T a i
o l
[ } a p f 3 a p o t
( 3 a a i \ t i £ , r a t p p o v
i r e p i p d W o v r a i
t i n r i T & g S i d
t $ v i r o X v
X t i p l a v ,
c ) T h e
O p t a t i v e i s
u s e d —
a )
w h e n w h a t
i s s u p p o s e d i s r e l a t e d
t o a n h i s t o r i c a l t e n s e i n t h e p r i n c i p a l s e n t e n c e . W h e n t h e
o p t a t i v e i s
u s e d
i n r e f e r e n c e t o a n i n d e f i n i t e f r e q u e n c y , t h e
i m p e r f e c t
m o s t l y
s t a n d s
i n
t h e p r i n c i p a l s e n t e n c e ,
a n d
t h e
c o n j u n c t i o n s o r e ,
e t r s l , & c , a r e t o b e t r a n s l a t e d b y , a s o f t e n
a s ; — / 3 ) w h e n t h e a c c o u n t
o f t i m e
i s a l s o t o b e r e p r e s e n t e d a s
a c m d i t i o n
o f
t h e p r i n c i p a l
s e n t e n c e ,
a n d
s u c h
a
c o n d i t i o n
a s
a p p e a r s
a p r e s e n t o r f u t u r e u n c e r t a i n t y , a m e r e
s u p p o s i t i o n ,
c o n j e c t u r e ,
o r u n d e t e r m i n e d p o s s i b i l i t y
( §
1 5 3 , / 8 ) . W i t h t h e
o p t a t i v e , t h e
c o n j u n c t i o n s
a r e u s e d
w i t h o u t
a v ; a s
o r e ,
h r e l ,
& c . ( n o t o t o v , s i r d v , & c . )
O i
i r p o T i p o v c i r a v a a r o ,
i r p i v
i X o i t i
K a i
i r v p w a n e
r a g
' A B l p i a g .
—
' O i r o r t
( a s
o f t e n a s ) a T p a T o i r t S t v o i v r o o i ( 3 d p ( 3 a p o i f i a o i X t X g , r d f p o v i r e p u f i d X X o v r o
e v i r e r w Q S i d t ? ) v i r o X v x t i p i a v . — ' O t t o t e t o t p i X o a o i p t X v a l t r x p o v r i y r j t r a i f i T j v
e l v a t ,
o v S ' a v d v B p u i i r o v
v o p i o a i f u
i p a v r o v
t l v a i
( i f
I
t h o u g h t ) .
—
S o
a l s o ,
o r e p i ] , w i t h
t h e
o p t a t i v e , n i s i .
R e m a r k . T h e c o n j u n c t i o n i r p i v i s a l s o c o n s t r u e d w i t h t h e
I n f i n i t i v e ,
e s p e c i a l l y
a f t e r a f f i r m a t o r y s e n t e n c e s
h a v i n g
a
p r i n c i p a l
t e n s e ,
w h e n
t h e
a c t i o n
i s
t o b e p o i n t e d o u t a s a c a s u a l i n d i c a t i o n o f a p o i n t o f t i m e . T h e
s u b j e c t
w i t h
t h e
i n f i n i t i v e
s t a n d s
i n
t h e
a c c u s a t i v e .
( U p o n
a t t r a c t i o n ,
s e e $
1 7 2 , 3 . ) A a p t X o g , i r p i v
a l x f i a X i l i T O v g
y t v i a B a i
t o v q ' E p i r p u a g , i v t X -
% t v a v T o l g S e i v o v x ° ^ o v ' ~
' H f f a v
A a p i i t p , i r p i v ( i a a t X t v a a i , y e y o v o r t g
T p t X g
i r a X S e g .
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2 5 0 C O M P O U N D S E N T E N C E S —
S U B O R D I N A T I O N .
[ c h a p . v .
B .
C a u s a l
A d v e r b i a l
S e n t e n c e s .
§
1 8 4 .
a . A d v e r b i a l S e n t e n c e s e x p r e s s i n g t h e C a u s e .
T h e r e a r e t w o c l a s s e s o f a d v e r b i a l s e n t e n c e s e x p r e s s i n g t h e
c a u s e —
a )
T h o s e w h i c h a r e
i n t r o d u c e d
b y t h e t e m p o r a l
c o n
j u n c t i o n s ,
o r e ,
o t t o t s , W ? ,
s i r
e l , q u o n i a m , p u i s q u e , s i n c e , t h e
c a u s e
b e i n g c o n s i d e r e d , e i t h e r
a s
c o n t e m p o r a n e o u s w i t h t h e
p r e d i c a t e o f
t h e p r i n c i p a l
t e n s e ( o r e ,
b i r i n e , d > s ) , o r p r e c e d i n g
i t
( e i r e i , e w e i B i j ) .
T h e p r e v a i l i n g
m o o d i n t h e s e a d v e r b i a l
s e n t e n c e s
i s
t h e i n d i c a t i v e ;
a s :
M ? } f i e
k t e I v , s i r
s i
o i r % o / t o -
y d a r p i o s F i i c r o p o s
e l
f i t , q u o n i a m
—
s u m . —
O t s
r o i v v v
T a r i f f
o v r a s
£ % £ f ,
i r p o a ^ K S L
i r p o O v f i t o s
i d e X e i v
a x o v s i v .
b ) T h o s e w h i c h a r e
i n t r o d u c e d b y
t h e c o n j u n c t i o n s
S r i
a n d
S l o t i ,
b e c a u s e . T h e p r e v a i l i n g m o o d i n t h i s c a s e a l s o , i s
t h e
i n d i c a t i v e ;
a s :
a p a
t o
o c r i o v ,
o n
o a i b v
e c r T i ,
< p i \ e i T a i i n r b
T & v
d e c b v , r j , o n ( p i X e i r a i , o c r i o v
i c r r i v .
§ 1 8 5 .
b .
C o n d i t i o n a l A d v e r b i a l
S e n t e n c e s .
1 .
T h e s e c o n d
k i n d
o f
c a u s a l a d v e r b i a l
s e n t e n c e s
a r e , c o n
d i t i o n a l s e n t e n c e s , w h i c h e x p r e s s a c o n d i t i o n , a n d a r e i n t r o
d u c e d b y t h e c o n j u n c t i o n s e l a n d e d v
( t f v , d v ,
w h i c h m u s t
n o t
b e
c o n f o u n d e d w i t h t h e m o d a l a d v e r b d v ) . T h e p r i n c i p a l
s e n t e n c e
e x p r e s s e s
t h a t
w h i c h
i s
s u b j e c t
t o
t h e c o n d i t i o n
s t a t e d
i n t h e a c c e s s o r y s e n t e n c e , o r t h a t
w h i c h
f o l l o w s f r o m , a n d i s
t h e e f f e c t o f , t h e a c c e s s o i y s e n t e n c e . A s t h e
c o n d i t i o n
p r e c e d e s
t h a t
w h i c h
i s
s u b j e c t t o
t h e
c o n d i t i o n ,
w e
c a l l
t h e a c c e s s o r y
s e n t e n c e t h e
a n t e c e d e n t c l a u s e ,
a n d t h e
p r i n c i p a l
s e n t e n c e t h e
c o n s e q u e n t c l a u s e .
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§
1 8 5 . ]
2 5 1
D V E R B I A L
S E N T E N C E S .
2 . T h e
G r e e k l a n g u a g e h a s t h e f o l l o w i n g f o u r d i f f e r e n t
c o n d i t i o n a l c o m b i n a t i o n s —
1 ) I n t h e a n t e c e d e n t c l a u s e e l s t a n d s w i t h t h e I n d i c a t i v e
a n d t h e I n d i c a t i v e ( o r I m p e r a t i v e ) s t a n d s
a l s o
i n t h e c o n s e
q u e n t c l a u s e .
T h e n ,
b o t h t h e c o n d i t i o n ,
a n d
t h a t w h i c h i s
s u b j e c t
t o i t ,
a r e r e p r e s e n t e d
a s m a t t e r
o f
f a c t ,
a n d h e n c e , a s
c e r t a i n .
E i r o v r o \ e y u c , a i x a p r a v t i q .
—
E i
U a l
P u i f i o t , e l a i c a t
6 e o L
—
E i
l a r i Q t & q t
a o i p o z i o n v .
— E i
r a v r a i m r o i n K a Q ,
{ i r a i v t i a Q a i d ^ i o g e l . —
E l
n e i x f »
K a l
i S i C o v .
—
E i '
I f i p o v r n o e ,
K a i
i j a r p a i p e v .
—
E i
r a v r a
i m m i i f t t i ,
i j / t a p r q c c i .
—
E i r o v r o X f £ f i f d f i a p r i j f f r i . — E t n e \ e t c , ^ f f *
2 ) I n t h e a n t e c e d e n t c l a u s e , e l s t a n d s
w i t h
t h e I n d i c a t i v e
o f
a n h i s t o r i c a l
t e n s e ;
i n
t h e c o n s e q u e n t c l a u s e , t h e I n d i c a t i v e
o f a n h i s t o r i c a l t e n s e s t a n d s
a l s o ,
b u t i n c o n n e x i o n
w i t h a v .
T h e
G r e e k
l a n g u a g e
e m p l o y s t h i s f o r m ,
w h e n
t h e r e a l i t y ,
b o t h o f t h e c o n d i t i o n a n d t h a t w h i c h i s c o n t i n g e n t u p o n i t , i s
t o
b e
d e n i e d . I t
i s
r e p r e s e n t e d
t h a t
s o m e t h i n g
m i g h t
h a v e
h a p p e n e d o n c e r t a i n c o n d i t i o n s , b u t d i d n o t h a p p e n b e c a u s e
t h e c o n d i t i o n w a s n o t f u l f i l l e d .
E
r i & x ( v > t t t t o v
a v ,
s i q u i d h a b e r e t , d a r e t
( n u n c
a u t e m n i h i l h a b e t ; e r g o
n i h i l d a r e
p o t e s t )
i f
h e
h a d
a n y t h i n g ,
h e w o u l d
g i v e
i t ( b u t n o w
h e h a s
n o t h i n g c o n s e q u e n t l y
h e c a n
g i v e
n o t h i n g ) . —
E i r o v r o t X e y e s
( t X f £ « c )
T i / i d p r a v e s
( i ' l p a p r e c )
a v ,
s i h o c d i c e r e s , e r r a r e s . —
E i r o v r o Z k e % a { ,
t j p a p r t g a v
( a o r i s t
i n s t e a d
o f
t h e
p l u p e r f e c t ) , s i
h o c
d i x i s s e s , e r r a s s e s ,
i f
y o u
h a d
s a i d
t h i s
y o u w o u l d
h a v e e r r e d
( b u t
n o w
y o u
h a v e
n o t
s a i d
i t ;
c o n s e q u e n t l y t h o u c a n s t
n o t
h a v e e r r e d ) .
—
E i l i t t i a 9 t ] v ,
o v k
a v t ) p p £ > a r o v v ,
s i o b e d i s s e m , n o n c e g r o t a r e m .
3 ) I n t h e a n t e c e d e n t c l a u s e , e a v s t a n d s w i t h t h e C o n j u n c
t i v e a n d i n t h e c o n s e q u e n t c l a u s e , t h e I n d i c a t i v e p r e s e n t ,
c o m m o n l y
t h e f u t u r e
( a l s o
t h e I m p e r a t i v e ) . T h e c o n d i t i o n
i s t h e n d e n o t e d a s a
s u p p o s i t i o n ,
t h e
a c c o m p l i s h m e n t
o f w h i c h
i s s t i l l
e x p e c t e d ;
t h a t
w h i c h
f o l l o w s f r o m t h e a c c e s s o r y s e n
t e n c e i s r e p r e s e n t e d a s
c e r t a i n
a n d
n e c e s s a r y .
' E a v
( r ; y ,
a v )
r o v r o X e - y p c ,
a u . a p r r j a r i ,
i f t h o u
s a y e s t
t h i s t h o u
w i l t
e r r .
( W h e t h e r t h o u w i l t r e a l l y
s a y
t h i s ,
I d o n o t y e t k n o w b u t I
e x p e c t ,
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2 5 2
C O M P O U N D
S E N T E N C E S
—
S U B O R D I N A T I O N .
[ c h a p .
v .
I
p u t
t h e
c a s e ,
t h o u
w i l t
s a y i t , a n d ,
a c c o r d i n g l y ,
t h e n e c e s s a r y
c o n
s e q u e n c e i s , t h a t t h o u e r r e s t ) . — ' E a v t i e \ < a p e v , S w a o p t v . — ' E a v r i j e
a p t T i j c
o p i y n o & e ,
e i i S a i p o v t i T e .
—
' E a v
t o v t o
X t j p f ,
d p a p r r i o r i ,
s i
h o c
d i x e r i s ,
e r r a b i s .
4 )
I n
t h e a n t e c e d e n t c l a u s e , e l
s t a n d s
w i t h t h e O p t a t i v e
;
a n d
t h e O p t a t i v e s t a n d s a l s o i n t h e c o n s e q u e n t c l a u s e , b u t i n
c o n n e x i o n w i t h d v . ( T h e O p t a t i v e f u t u r e i s n o t u s e d
i n
t h i s
c a s e . ) B y
t h i s
f o r m , b o t h t h e c o n d i t i o n a n d t h a t w h i c h i s
c o n t i n g e n t u p o n i t ,
a r e r e p r e s e n t e d
a s a
p r e s e n t ,
m o s t l y f u t u r e ,
u n c e r t a i n t y , a s
a n
u n d e t e r m i n e d
p o s s i b i l i t y ,
m e r e
c o n j e c t u r e ,
c o n c e p t i o n ,
o r
s u p p o s i t i o n ,
w i t h o u t
a n y
r e g a r d t o
r e a l i s a t i o n
o r
n o n - r e a l i s a t i o n , p o s s i b i l i t y o r i m p o s s i b i l i t y .
E I
t i e x n i q ,
S o i n t a v , i f t h o u
h a d s t
a n y
t h i n g ,
t h o u
w o u l d s t
g i v e — E i t o v t o
X e y o i f , a p a p r a v o i Q a v . — O u * a v v i r e v e y K a i p e v o v r t r b K a v p a , o i r e t o < ^ x ° £ >
t i
i £ a i r i v t i Q
y i y v o i T o .
— E i d v a y n a l o v t i l ) a S i x t i v d c m t i a d a i , i \ o i p i ) V
a v
p a K X o v d S i K e l a B a i a d u c s i v .
R e m a r k
1 .
T h e
O p t a t i v e w i t h
a v
o f t e n f o l l o w s
t i
w i t h
t h e
I n d i c a t i v e ,
o r i d v
w i t h
t h e C o n j u n c t i v e ,
a s e l
t o v t o
X e y u c ,
a p a p r a v o t c
a v ,
i f t h o u
( r e a l l y )
a s s e r t e s t t h i s ,
t h o u m a y s t
e r r , i d v
t o v t o X e y y c , d p a p r d v o i c a v ,
i f
t h o u ( a s
I
e x p e c t ) a s s e r t e s t t h i s , t h o u m a y s t e r r ; o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h e
I n d i c a t i v e s o m e t i m e s f o l l o w s e l w i t h t h e O p t a t i v e , a s : e i t o v t o
X e y o i g ,
d p a p r d v e i Q ,
i f
t h o u
s h o u l d s t a s s e r t t h i s ,
t h o u
w o u l d s t
c e r t a i n l y e r r .
R e m a r k 2 . F r e q u e n t l y , e i w i t h t h e O p t a t i v e i s u s e d i n s t e a d o f a t e m
p o r a l c o n j u n c t i o n
( §
1 8 3 , 3 , c ) ,
i n r e f e r e n c e
t o a n i n d e f i n i t e f r e q u e n c y
i n
p a s t
t i m e . T h e n e l i s t o b e
t r a n s l a t e d
b y a s o f t e n a s , a n d t h e I n d i c a t i v e
o f
t h e h i s t o r i c a l
t e n s e s s t a n d s i n
t h e p r i n c i p a l s e n t e n c e ,
g e n e r a l l y
t h e
i m p e r f e c t , w i t h o r w i t h o u t a v ;
a s :
e l
r i g a v r i f
v o k o i i ) t u v T r p b g t o v t o
T e r a y p i v u i v f i X a n e v e i v , e i r a i e v a v . —
E t T i g
S a t K p a T U i r e p i r o v
d v n X i y o i ,
i i r i
r i j v v T r o O e o i v l n a v r \ y e v
d v i r a v r a
r o v X o y o v .
R e m a r k 3 .
W i t h t h e
I n d i c a t i v e o f
t h e
h i s t o r i c a l t e n s e s , d v i s o m i t t e d
i n t h e
c o n s e q u e n t
c l a u s e ,
i n e x p r e s s i o n s
w h i c h i m p l y n e c e s s i t y , d u t y ,
j u s t i c e , p o s s i b i l i t y ,
f r e e d o m ,
a n d i n c l i n a t i o n
;
t h u s , e . g . , w i t h x p t f v ,
e d e t ,
u i i p e X o v , v e r b a l
a d j e c t i v e s i n
t w q ,
w p o a i j i c e ( v ) ,
K a i p b c r ) V ,
u k o q
i f v ,
x a X b v r j v ,
a h x p b v
r \ v ,
K a X u t g
e l ^ e
( v ) ,
i K i j v ,
i f i o v \ 6 p r ) v ,
a s
e i
a i o ~ x p o v
t i
t p e X X o v
i p y d a a o B a i , O a v a r o v d v r a i i T o v i r p o a i p t r e o v r \ v , m o r s
p r a f e r e n d a
e r a t .
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§ 1 8 6 . ]
2 5 3
D V E R B I A L S E N T E N C E S .
§
1 8 6 .
c .
A d v e r b i a l
S e n t e n c e s
o f
C o n s e q u e n c e
o r
E f f e c t .
1 . A d v e r b i a l
s e n t e n c e s
o f
c o n s e q u e n c e o r
e f f e c t a r e i n t r o
d u c e d b y t h e c o n j u n c t i o n & o t s ( m o r e
r a r e l y
c o s ) . W i t h
r e g a r d
t o t h e u s e o f t h e m o o d s , t h e f o l l o w i n g s h o u l d
b e
o b s e r v e d —
a )
T h e
I n d i c a t i v e i s u s e d
w h e n t h e c o n s e q u e n c e
o r e f f e c t
i s t o b e r e p r e s e n t e d a s a c t u a l a n d
c a r r i e d i n t o
e f f e c t ; t h e I n
f i n i t i v e ,
o n
t h e
c o n t r a r y ,
w h e n
i t i s
t o
b e
r e p r e s e n t e d
a s
m e r e l y t h o u g h t o f , n o t
c a r r i e d
i n t o e f f e c t , b u t m e r e l y p o s s i b l e o r
i n t e n d e d , o r a s t h e c o n d i t i o n a l r e s u l t o f w h a t i s e x p r e s s e d i n
t h e p r i n c i p a l s e n t e n c e ( o n c o n d i t i o n t h a t , o r s u p p o s i n g t h a i ) .
A p y o Q d v S p G i v i x i \ p w Q r \ o v t o i c , w o r e o i
o * o i i X o t
a v r u t v t f f ^ o v
i r a v r a
r d i r p d y -
f i a T a . - — E w K p a r q c T r p o Q t o - p i r p i m v S l i a O a i T r i i r a i i ' t v p - ' i v o Q r \ v o v r u i r , a i a r e
w a v v f U K p d K i K T r t i i t v o Q t t u v v
p a S L i o g t % e t v
a p t c u v v r a
( f o r ,
i n t h i s c a s e , t h e
c o n s e q u e n c e
i s
n o t
c a r r i e d i n t o e f f e c t ,
b u t o n l y f o u n d e d u p o n t h e
c h a r a c t e r o f S o c r a t e s ) .
H i m a r k I .
I f t h e
I n f i n i t i v e a f t e r
& a r t h a s
a d i f f e r e n t s u b j e c t f r o m
t h a t o f t h e p r i n c i p a l s e n t e n c e , t h i s s u b j e c t
i s
p u t i n t h e a c c u s a t i v e b u t
i f t h e s u b j e c t o f b o t h i s t h e
s a m e ,
a t t r a c t i o n t a k e s p l a c e ( §
1 7 2 ,
3 . ) .
b )
T h e O p t a t i v e
i s
u s e d
i n
c o n n e x i o n w i t h a v , w h e n t h e
c o n s e q u e n c e o r e f f e c t i s t o b e r e p r e s e n t e d a s a c o n t i n g e n t c o n
j e c t u r e , s u p p o s i t i o n , o r
c o n c e p t i o n
( § 1 5 3 , 2 , c ) .
c )
L a s t l y ,
t h e
I n d i c a t i v e
o f
t h e
h i s t o r i c a l
t e n s e s
w i t h
a v ,
o r t h e I n f i n i t i v e
w i t h a v , i s
u s e d ,
w h e n
i t i s t o b e i m p l i e d
t h a t t h e c o n s e q u e n c e
o r
e f f e c t w o u l d t a k e
p l a c e ,
o n l y o n c e r
t a i n
c o n d i t i o n s
( § 1 5 3 , 2 , a . a )
a n d
d . ) .
r o Z i K r j v K a i i a r p i K i ' j V K a i f i a v n K r l v ' A i r o W w v a v e i p e v , i m B v i i i a q K a i t p o i r o e
I ' l y i / x o v i v a a v T o s , & a r i
K a i o v t O £
E p i o r o s a v t i n
f i a B n r r i Q . —
H a v r e
£ o i
j r o X I r a i T r o X t p i c d o i r X a K a r e a K t v a ^ o v , H a r e
r i / v
i r o K i v o v r w s y y r i a w a v
t t o X e ^ o u i p y a a r r i p i o v
t l v a i ( s c .
u f l f o c ) . — O i 9 t o i o v r i t i g p o i i v t o I q U p o i Q
l a r j f i n v a v , m a r t K a i i S n o T n v a v y v u v a i , o n T r j g f i o v a p x i a g a i r e x t a O a i u s
l i i , s o t h a t e v e n a p r i v a t e i n d i v i d u a l ( i f h e h a d b e e n p r e s e n t ) w o u l d h a v e
u n d e r s t o o d .
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2 5 4 C O M P O U N D S E N T E N C E S — S U B O B D I N A T I O N . [ c h a p . v .
R e m a r k 2 . I n s t e a d o f w o r e w i t h t h e I n f i n i t i v e , i n t h e s i g n i f i c a t i o n e a
c o n d i t i o n e u t , o r i t a v t , i < p ' y r t i s u s e d , e i t h e r w i t h t h e I n d i c a t i v e f u t u r e ,
o r
w i t h
t h e
I n f i n i t i v e a s
i v i
t o v
T i p
v T r i K i a r a f i a i
r r j c
A - p x A S ^
V T t
o u f a v b g t l f u a v
d p K o / i a t .
d . A d v e r b i a l S e n t e n c e s o f C o m p a r i s o n .
2 . C o m p a r a t i v e a d v e r b i a l s e n t e n c e s o f w a y
a n d
m a n n e r , a r e
i n t r o d u c e d b y t h e r e l a t i v e a d v e r b s ,
t o s ,
w a r s , m o i r e p , o t t w s ,
a s , j u s t
a s .
T h e
u s e o f t h e
m o o d s i n t h e s e
a d v e r b i a l s e n t e n c e s
a g r e e s w i t h
t h a t i n
t h e
a d j e c t i v e - s e n t e n c e s
( § 1 8 2 , 8 . ) .
3 .
C o m p a r a t i v e
a d v e r b i a l s e n t e n c e s
o f
q u a n t i t y
o r
d e g r e e ,
a r e
i n t r o d u c e d b y
t h e r e l a t i v e o a a > ( o a o v ) a n d t o t h i s , t h e
d e m o n s t r a t i v e t o c t o v t w ( t o o - o v t o v ) c o r r e s p o n d s i n t h e p r i n c i
p a l s e n t e n c e , s o m u c h — a s ; w i t h a
c o m p a r a t i v e o r
s u p e r l a t i v e ,
t h e — t h e .
T o a o v r o v S i a Q k p u v > / / i a £ £ e i r & v f i o v X w v ,
o u o v
o t
f i t v
$ o v \ o t a K o v r t g T o i g
S e G i r o r a t g v i r r j p t T O v f f i v . — O a y
( o a o v )
a o c p w r e p o g r i g t o r i , T o a o v r t p ( r o c o u -
r o v )
a w i p p o v i a T e p o Q
t o T i v .
—
O a i f
( ( S o w )
o t x p w r a T o g
r i g
i t s r i ,
T O O O V T t p ( r o a o v -
r o v )
a i o Q p o v t f f r a T o g
l o r i v .
§ 1 8 7 .
O n I n t e r r o g a t i v e S e n t e n c e s .
1 .
Q u e s t i o n s a r e e i t h e r i n d e p e n d e n t
o r
d e p e n d e n t u p o n
a p r e
c e d i n g
s e n t e n c e ;
a s :
I s
t h e
f r i e n d
c o m e ?
a n d :
I
k n o w
n o t ,
w h e t h e r t h e f r i e n d i s c o m e . T h e f o r m e r , w e c a l l d i r e c t , a n d t h e
l a t t e r ,
i n d i r e c t
q u e s t i o n s .
B o t h
t h e l a t t e r
a n d
t h e f o r m e r e i t h e r
c o n s i s t
o f o n e
m e m b e r ,
o r o f
t w o
o r
m o r e
m e m b e r s
a s : I s t h e
f r i e n d c o m e , o r i s h e n o t y e t c o m e ? — K n o w e s t t h o u w h e t h e r h e
i s c o m i n g o r n o t
c o m i n g .
L a s t l y , a c c o r d i n g a s t h e q u e s t i o n
r e l a t e s t o a n o b j e c t ( a
t h i n g o r
p e r s o n ) , o r t o t h e p r e d i c a t e ,
q u e s t i o n s
a r e
d i v i d e d
i n t o n o m i n a l
a n d
p r e d i c a t i v e q u e s t i o n s
a s :
W l x o
h a s
d o n e
t h i s ?
a n d :
H a s t
t h o u
w r i t t e n
t h e
l e t t e r ?
2 .
N o m i n a l
q u e s t i o n s a r e i n t r o d u c e d
b y
s u b s t a n t i v e - o r
a d j e c t i v e - p r o n o u n s o f
i n t e r r o g a t i o n , a s r i s , i r o l o s , i r o o - o s ,
e .
g .
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§
1 3 7 . ]
2 5 5
N T E R R O G A T I V E S E N T E N C E S .
r l s r a v r a s i r o i t j a s v p r e d i c a t i v e q u e s t i o n s , b y a d v e r b i a l i n t e r
r o g a t i v e p r o n o u n s , a s
a p a ,
e . t j . ,
a p a
r a v r a k i r o i r j c r a s
R e m a r k
1 .
P r e d i c a t i v e
q u e s t i o n s
a r e f r e q u e n t l y
k n o w n
b y
t h e m e r e
a c c e n t u a t i o n a n d p o s i t i o n o f
t h e w o r d s , i n a s m u c h a s t h e
p r e d i c a t e , o r
t h a t w o r d u p o n w h i c h
t h e
s t r e s s o f
t h e
s e n t e n c e
l i e s ,
o c c u p i e s
t h e
f i r s t
p l a c e i n
t h e
s e n t e n c e .
T h u s
e s p e c i a l l y i n n e g a t i o n s ; a s : o v k W i X t i g
I t v a i
3 . W i t h
r e g a r d
t o
t h e u s e o f
i n t e r r o g a t i v e s ,
t h e
f o l l o w i n g
s h o u l d b e o b s e r v e d —
1 )
* H ,
g e n e r a l l y
i n
c o n n e x i o n
w i t h
o t h e r
p a r t i c l e s ,
i n v o l v e s
w i t h i n
i t
a n a s s e r t i o n , s i n c e
i t r e p r e s e n t s t h e o b j e c t o f t h e
q u e s t i o n
a s a c t u a l l y
e x i s t i n g , a s o v t o i i r o \ k p , m i t ' u n v — t t o v , n u m . f o r t e ,
y e t n o t
p e r h a p s ,
w h e n
t h e
q u e s t i o n e r e x p e c t s
a
n e g a t i v e a n s w e r ,
a s
t t o v T t r 6 \ n i ) K
t p y o v
a l a x i O T O v T o S t
—
y a p ,
i s i t n o t
t r u e f a s y a p , u ' l 7 n r i a ,
i d v
t i
i p i o r t i
a t ^ u n c p d r i j c ,
a i r o K p i v u
2 ) ' A p a i s p r o p e r l y
u s e d i n
d o u b t f u l , u n c e r t a i n , w o n d e r i n g q u e s t i o n s
b u t o f t e n , a l s o , w i t h a c e r t a i n m o d e s t y i n
d e f i n i t e
q u e s t i o n s , e .
g . , u p '
o l a O d
r i v a c ,
o l a w < / > f X t t £ u v r t c w 0 c X i ' / f o u f d v v a v r a i Q i X o v t ; T r o u t o Q a
3 )
O i
o r
n i l
i s
a n n e x e d
t o
a p a ,
a c c o r d i n g
a s
t h e
q u e s t i o n e r e x p e c t s
a
d e f i n i t e l y a f f i r m a t i v e
o r n e g a t i v e a n s w e r a s
a p ' o v k t o r t v d a B t v l j Q n o n n e
a g r o t a t ? J E g r o t a t .
— a p a
i a r t v
d a 9 t v r ) s n u m n a m
a g r o t a t f ( h e i s n o t
i l l p e r h a p s
? ) N b n
a e g r o t a t .
4 ) M i ) , y e t n o t p e r h a p s , a l w a y s
e x p r e s s e s
a n x i e t y o n
t h e p a r t
o f
t h e
q u e s t i o n e r a n d h e n c e
i m p l i e s
t h a t
a
n e g a t i v e a n s w e r i s
e x p e c t e d
a s
a X X d f i r ) a p x i r t i c r u t v
/ 3 o t » X e i
y t v s o Q a i
—
O u ' k o v v t y m y \
t t j t r i . H f i n i m e
g e n
t i u m .
— ' A X X d
/ i t ) y f < D / i e r p r ] s
i m B v f i t i g ,
i f t ) , y t v i a d a i a y a B o g ; —
O v S i y t w p i -
r p t j c , l < p 7 ] ,
k .
r . X . •
5 )
M C i v
( a r i s i n g
f r o m
t h e
i n t e r r o g a t i v e
f i t )
a n d
o i v )
c o r r e s p o n d s
e n
t i r e l y t o
t h e L a t i n , n u m ,
y e t n o t p e r h a p s
; a n d h e n c e
a l w a y s i m p l i e s
t h a t
a n e g a t i v e
a n s w e r
i s e x p e c t e d
a s :
p & v
T t r o \ p , t ) K a c
r a v r a S p d a a i F o r t h e
s a k e
o f
c l e a r n e s s , t h e p a r t i c l e s o v v a n d a r e
o f t e n a d d e d
— i i d v o v v ,
v , t i v f i t ) — a s n & v o v v r e r o X ^ i j i c a e —
o r
p . u v
f i r ) T t T o k p t f i c a g
—
B u t
w h e n
t h e
n e g a t i v e o v i s a d d e d t o u u v ,
t h e
q u e s t i o n b e c o m e s a f f i r m a t i v e
( n o n n e )
a s f i w v o v T t r o X f t r j K a g
— n o n n e
a u s u s e s
—
f
6 ) O v , n o n ,
n o n n e
f a n d
o v k o v v ,
w i t h
t h e a c c e s s o r y n o t i o n o f a c o n
s e q u e n c e
f r o m
w h a t h a s
p r e c e d e d ,
n o n o r
n o n n e
e r g o ? a l w a y s e x p r e s s
a n a f f i r m a t i v e q u e s t i o n a s
o » « o i v
y i X t o g r j S i o T o c t i c e x ^ p o i c y t \ d v
7 )
E l r a
a n d
i i r t i r a
a r e u s e d
i n q u e s t i o n s
o f d i s p l e a s u r e a n d w o n d e r ;
a n d e x p r e s s a n o b j e c t i o n : a n d y e t ; s i n c e t h e y i m p l y t h a t a n u n e x
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2 5 G
C O M P O U N D
S E N T E N C E S
— S U B O R D I N A T I O N . [ c h a p .
v .
p e c t e d
c o n s e q u e n c e i s d r a w n
f r o m
w h a t h a s p r e c e d e d
a s
e i r e i r
o v k
o t t i
Q p o v T i & w
Q e o v c
d v O p w T T M v
8 )
D i r e c t d o u b l e
q u e s t i o n s a r e
i n t r o d u c e d
a ) b y i r l r e p o v
( i r o T f p a )
—
u t r u m
—
a n , a s
T r o r e p o v o i r o i v f i p t o r a i
c i m v ,
^ i X o E e v o t
( j r o r t p o v , i n
t h e
f i r s t m e m b e r , i s
s o m e t i m e s
o m i t t e d ; )
—
J . ' A p o
— n e
— a n ; —
c )
M y —
y e t n o t
i n d e e d ; —
o r , d ) A X k o
n
( i n s t e a d
o f
d X X o
n y ' e v o i r '
d v ,
? / ) a n d
d X X o n ,
n o n n e ,
a s : d X X o
r t X f t V e r a i
t o
i v r e v d e v
i p o i
K i v l v v t a v b p e y i a r o g ; n o n n e r e l i n q u i t u r m i h i — ? — A X X o n
o v v
o ' t y e t p i X o K e p d e l g t f t i X o v c i t o K e p S o g
9 )
S i m p l e i n d i r e c t
q u e s t i o n s a r e
i n t r o d u c e d
a )
b y
t h e i n t e r r o g a t i v e p r o n o u n s , ' b a n c ,
b i r o l o e , o j t o o - o c ,
b i r b r t p o t , o i t u t Q ,
o i r o v ,
o T r t j f
b i r b r e ,
& c .
( $ 6 2 ,
R e m a r k
1 . ) ;
a s : o v k
o t S a ,
' b o r i c l a r ' t v
—
o v k
o l S a , 0 7 r w c t o i r p a y p a t i r p n ' ^ t v .
R e m a r k 2 . B u t f r e q u e n t l y ,
t h e
d i r e c t i n t e r r o g a t i v e s , r i g , i r o t o g , i r & g ,
& c ,
s u p p l y t h e
p l a c e o f
t h e
i n d i r e c t ,
t h e i n d i r e c t
q u e s t i o n a s s u m i n g
t h e c h a r a c t e r o f t h e d i r e c t a s o v k o l d a , H g r a v r a e T r p a % e v ( i n s t e a d o f
i i f f T i g ) ,
b ) E i
( s i ) ,
w h e t h e r , i s
p r o p e r l y
u s e d ,
l i k e
o n l y i n d o u b l e
q u e s t i o n s ,
a n d d e n o t e s a
v a c i l l a t i o n
b e t w e e n t w o p o s s i b i l i t i e s b u t f r e q u e n t l y o n l y
o n e m e m b e r
i s
e x p r e s s e d , w h i l e t h e
o t h e r i s p r e s e n t
t o t h e
m i n d
o f t h e
s p e a k e r . T h u s , a f t e r v e r b s
o f
c o n s i d e r i n g , d e l i b e r a t i n g , e n q u i r i n g ,
a s h i n g ,
t r y i n g ,
k n o w i n g ,
s a y i n g ,
b p a v , o K o i r e i v ,
O K O T r u o Q a i , t i S k v a i , < p o / 3 e T a 6 a i , a n d
t h e l i k e — i r e i p d o B a t , l i r i v o e t v ,
I p u i r d v — X l y e i v ,
f p d & i v , & c . a s O K t ^ i a i ,
e i
b ' E \ \ i ) v w v v b p o g K a X X i o v ? x « .
A l s o
l a v ,
w i t h t h e
c o n j u n c t i v e , i s u s e d i n
s u c h q u e s t i o n s , w h e n t h e d i s c o u r s e i s a b o u t e x p e c t e d c i r c u m s t a n c e s , a n d
t h o s e w h i c h a r e y e t t o b e p r o v e d a s a n i ^ i a i , l a v r o d e 0 0 1 p a S X o v
d p l t j K y .
c ) M » i ,
a s i n d i r e c t q u e s t i o n s , — w h e t h e r h o w e v e r n o t , a f t e r e x p r e s s i o n s
o f
a s k i n g ,
c o n s i d e r i n g ,
d e l i b e r a t i n g ,
e n q u i r i n g ,
a n d
q u e s t i o n i n g , a s
w e l l
a s
a f t e r t h o s e
o f
a n x i e t y
a n d f e a r , w h i c h l i k e w i s e i n v o l v e
w i t h i n
t h e m
t h e
n o t i o n o f d e l i b e r a t i o n . I n E n g l i s h , t h i s 1 1 1 )
a f t e r
v e r b s o f
a n x i e t y
a n d
f e a r , i s t r a n s l a t e d b y
t h a t ,
e . g . ,
b p a ,
p i ) t o v t o o v r w g i x « . — < p / > o j > W £ a > , p r )
K p a r i O T O v
y
p o t a i y d v .
1 0 )
A n i n d i r e c t
d o u b l e
q u e s t i o n i s i n t r o d u c e d
b y
a )
m r e p o v ( w b r e p a )
— a s
o v k
o l d a , i r b r e p o v Z f i T l Q v r j K e v . — 6 ) e l — q , = i r b r e p o v —
w i t h t h i s
d i f f e r e n c e , h o w e v e r , t h a t
e i —
e x p r e s s
u n c e r t a i n t y a n d
c h o i c e .
—
c ) e l r e —
e l r e ,
i n t h e s a m e s i g n i f i c a t i o n a s e i — o n l y t h a t e l r e
—
e ' i r e ,
d e n o t e
t h e
c o r r e s p o n d i n g
r e l a t i o n
o f
t h e
t w o
m e m b e r s
a s
K a i
B e i Z t i g r d x a ,
e i r
e v y e v r ] g i r k f v K a g , e i r '
l a O X S v K a K i ) .
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§
1 8 8 . ] I N D I B E C T
S P E E C H . 2 5 7
R e m a r k 3 . W i t h r e g a r d
t o
t h e u s e o f t h e m o o d s , t h e f o l l o w i n g s h o u l d
b e
o b s e r v e d
t h e
I n d i c a t i v e
i s
e m p l o y e d
i n
d i r e c t
a n d
i n d i r e c t q u e s t i o n s ,
a s i n E n g l i s h t h e C o n j u n c t i v e
o r O p t a t i v e
i s
u s e d i n d o u b t i n g q u e s
t i o n s ,
a c c o r d i n g t o t h e
t e n s e o f
t h e p r e d i c a t e
i n
t h e
p r i n c i p a l
s e n t e n c e
a s :
o v m t \ t a ,
o j r o i
t p a v i a f x e u a n d o i l * t l x o v i o t t q i
r p a w o t f i t i v
1 5 3 , 1 ,
6 ) .
U p o n t h e i n d i c a t i v e a n d
o p t a t i v e
o f t h e h i s t o r i c a l
t e n s e s
w i t h
d v , s e e
§
1 5 3 ,
2 , a , a ) a n d c .
R e m a r k 4 . T h e a n s w e r i s e x p r e s s e d
a . - B y t h e r e p e t i t i o n o f t h e w o r d s t a n d i n g i n t h e q u e s t i o n
a s :
i p d e
p e , S i a i r o i v , ( i f i \ < n , r o v a O X t o v — ' O p d . A n e g a t i v e a n s w e r a n n e x e s t h e
n e g a t i o n ;
a s :
o t o f f
o v v
j 3 p o r o t g
8 f
K a O i a r t i K t v
v o f i o g ;
—
O i « o l S a .
b . B y f r / p i , f r i i i l y e i , i y w y f n e g a t i v e ,
o v
f i p i ,
o v k
l y m y t , 0 6 .
c .
V e r y
o f t e n ,
b y y i , e q u i d e m ,
u l i q u e ,
a s s u r e d l y , b y a l l m e a n s ,
w h i c h
i m p l i e s t h a t t h e
a n s w e r c o m p l e t e s
t h e
t h o u g h t
o f t h e q u e s t i o n ,
e x t e n d s
i t f u r t h e r , a d v a n c e s ,
s t r e n g t h e n s ,
a n d e n h a n c e s i t , o r r e s t r i c t s a n d c o r r e c t s
i t , b y
a n a d d i t i o n a l
s e n t e n c e . T h u s , a l s o , b y
y a p ,
w h i c h
i s
s t r o n g e r ,
h o w e v e r .
d .
B y v a i , v f )
r o v
A l a , i r a v v , t c d p r a , t v y t , a n d t h e
l i k e .
§ 1 8 8 .
O n t h e F o r m o f
O b l i q u e
o r
I n d i r e c t
S p e e c h .
1 . T h e w o r d s o r t h o u g h t s o f a
p e r s o n
— w h e t h e r h e b e a
s e c o n d
o r
t h i r d p e r s o n ,
o r
e v e n
t h e
s p e a k e r
h i m s e l f
—
m a y
b e
g i v e n
a g a i n , e i t h e r u n a l t e r e d , i n
t h e
s a m e
f o r m
i n
w h i c h
t h e y
a r e u t t e r e d
b y
t h e p e r s o n , — a n d t h e n
h i s
d i s c o u r s e ( t h o u g h t )
a p p e a r s i n d e p e n d e n t o f t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f t h e n a r r a t o r , a n d
i s c a l l e d d i r e c t s p e e c h ( o r a t i o r e c t a ) ; a s : I t h o u g h t : a l l m e n a r e
m o r t a l ;
h e
a n n o u n c e d : p e a c e i s c o n c l u d e d ;
a n d
w i t h o u t a p r e
c e d i n g v e r b : a l l m e n a r e m o r t a l ; — o r m a y b e m a d e t o r e l a t e t o
t h e
r e p r e s e n t a t i o n
o f t h e
s p e a k e r
o r
a n o t h e r ,
a n d
s o c o n s i
d e r e d d e p e n d e n t u p o n a v e r b o f p e r c e p t i o n o r c o m m u n i c a t i o n
( v e r b u m s e n t i e n d i o r d e c l a r a n d i ) i n t h e p r i n c i p a l s e n t e n c e . T h e
p r e d i c a t e i s q u o t e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e v i e w o f t h e p e r s o n s p o k e n
8
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2 5 8 C O M P O U N D S E N T E N C E S — S U B O R D I N A T I O N .
[ c h a p .
v .
o f — a s t h o u g h t o f i n h i s m i n d .
T h i s
f o r m o f s p e a k i n g i s
c a l l e d i n d i r e c t
o r
o b l i q u e
s p e e c h
( o r a t i o
d b l i q u a )
;
a s
h e
a n
n o u n c e d t h a t p e a c e w a s c o n c l u d e d .
2 . P r i n c i p a l
s e n t e n c e s o f
d i r e c t
s p e e c h , i .
e . t h e
g r a m m a t i
c a l s e n t e n c e s t o w h i c h t h e l o g i c a l l y s u b o r d i n a t e s e n t e n c e s ,
i n t r o d u c e d
b y t h e
c o o r d i n a t e c o n j u n c t i o n s y a p ,
o v v ,
j c a t r o i ,
& c ,
b e l o n g ,
a r e e x p r e s s e d
i n o b l i q u e
s p e e c h ( i f t h e y
c o n t a i n
a s e n t i m e n t ) , e i t h e r
b y
t h e a c c u s a t i v e w i t h t h e I n f i n i t i v e
( § 1 7 2 , 2 . ) o r b y o t i a n d c o s w i t h t h e f i n i t e
v e r b
( § 1 8 0 , 2 . )
o r b y t h e p a r t i c i p i a l
c o n s t r u c t i o n
( § 1 7 5 ,
1 . )
a s h r r i y y e i X s
t o v s t t o X s / m l o v s a T r o c f u r y s l v — o n
o l i r o \ s f i i , o i .
a i r o c p v y o i s v
o r a i r e -
< f > v y o v — r o i l s T r o X s f i w v s d T r o < p i r y 6 v r a s — o r
b y
t h e I n f i n i t i v e ,
w h e n t h e y e x p r e s s c o m m a n d s ,
w i s h e s ,
o r d e s i r e s ( § 1 7 1 ,
2 . ) ;
a s e K i l j s t o w
a r p a T U O T a i s
s T r i O s a d a i r o l s i r 6 \ s f i i o t s . ( o r .
r e c t a :
b r W e o - e e ) .
3 . A c c e s s o r y s e n t e n c e s o f d i r e c t s p e e c h ,
d o
n o t a l t e r t h e i r
f o r m
i n
i n d i r e c t
s p e e c h ,
e x c e p t
t h a t ,
a s
w e
s h a l l
s e e ,
t h e y
p u t
t h e O p t a t i v e
i n
t h e p l a c e o f t h e I n d i c a t i v e a n d C o n j u n c t i v e .
4 . W h e n , e .
g . ,
t h e a s s e r t i o n o f t h e g o v e r n i n g p r i n c i p a l s e n
t e n c e i s e x p r e s s e d b y
a n h i s t o r i c a l t e n s e , t h e O p t a t i v e n e c e s
s a r i l y
s t a n d s ,
e i t h e r i n s t e a d o f t h e I n d i c a t i v e , o r C o n j u n c t i v e
o f d i r e c t s p e e c h i f t h e
i n d i r e c t
s p e e c h i s t o b e r e p r e s e n t e d a s
s u c h .
T h u s ,
e . g . ,
f r o m :
i i x v
r o v r o
X i y y g ,
a f i a p r r j a y
—
a r i s e s :
t X t £ e
< r t ,
e i
t o v t o
X t y o t g , a f i a p T T i G t f f Q a i . — T e X s v r i o v t X t y t v o a a d y a Q a K v p o g t l s p r r a g 7 T f -
i r o i r j K o i ( f e c i s s e i ) . —
T M T a a Q t p v r j g w f i o a f v ' A y i / < r t \ a y , t i ( T i r s i a a i r o ,
e u ) g
I X B o t t v , o t ) g
j r e / i i ^ f i e i r p o g f i a a i X s a d y y t X o v g ,
$ i a i r p a $ t a Q a i a v r i p
d t p t G r j v a i
a v T o v o f i o v g r a g
i v
r i j ' A a i q . i r o X t i g ' E X A i j v t f l a f .
5 . V e r y f r e q u e n t l y , h o w e v e r , o b l i q u e s p e e c h , i n G r e e k , a s
s u m e s t h e c h a r a c t e r o f t h e d i r e c t m o d e o f e x p r e s s i o n , i n a s m u c h
a s , i n t h e a c c e s s o r y s e n t e n c e s , i t r e t a i n s t h e I n d i c a t i v e a n d
C o n j u n c t i v e o f d i r e c t s p e e c h , e v e n i n t h e i n d i r e c t , a n d o f t e n
u s e s
t h e I n d i c a t i v e o f t h e p r i n c i p a l
t e n s e s
a n d t h e C o n j u n c
t i v e , e v e n a f t e r a n h i s t o r i c a l t e n s e i n t h e
p r i n c i p a l s e n t e n c e .
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§ 1 8 8 . ] I K D I E E C T S P E E C H . 2 5 9
T h e a c t i o n s a n d t h o u g h t s , i n t h e a c c e s s o r y s e n t e n c e s , w h i c h
b e l o n g
t o
t h e
p a s t ,
a r e t r a n s f e r r e d
t o
t h e
t i m e
p r e s e n t
t o
t h e
s p e a k e r . T h e u s e o f t h e I n d i c a t i v e h a s
b e c o m e
a r u l e , w h e n
t h e
a s s e r t i o n
o f t h e
g o v e r n i n g
p r i n c i p a l s e n t e n c e i s p l a e e d i n
t i m e
p r e s e n t w i t h
r e g a r d t o
t h e s p e a k e r ,
a s X e y c o o t i 6 a v -
d p a n r o s
O w j T O i s c r T i v ;
o r i t
i s
e x p r e s s e d
b y
t h e a c c u s a t i v e
w i t h
t h e I n f i n i t i v e i n s t e a d o f o t * w i t h t h e
f i n i t e
v e r b , X e y e o , t o v
a v 6 p u n r o v 0 v t ] t 6 v s l v a i .
' A e i
l i r i u i X t i r o
o K v p o g , o i r o r e a v a t r ] v d i t v , o i r i a q
i v x a p u r r o r a T O t
X o y o i
i f i f i \ 7 i 9 i i a o v T a t .
—
E d o Z t r < j > S t i / i i p
r p i d i c o v T a e X e a G m ,
o t r o i g i r a r p i o v g
v o p . o v g
f f v y y p d ^ o v t r i ,
K a 9 ' o t g
i r o X i r e v a o v a i v . —
' O p K t o t g
f i t y d X o i g
K a r t i x o v T O ' A Q r j v a Z o i ,
f i e i c a
t r r j
x p y p n a B a i
v o p o i g , o v g
a v
a v r o i g X o X a j v
B i j T a i . — T o i g
X i r i r ' t a g
l i c & X t v f f e T L v p o g t p v X a r r e i v r o v g
a y a y o v r a g ,
s w j a v
T i g < r i j / j j j i ' j j .
6 . T h e G r e e k
l a n g u a g e
h a s a l s o t h e l i b e r t y o f u s i n g t h e
a c c u s a t i v e w i t h t h e I n f i n i t i v e , i n s t e a d o f t h e
f i n i t e
v e r b , i n a l l
k i n d s
o f
a c c e s s o r y
s e n t e n c e s .
S i c v Q a g
0 a < r i
r o w s
v o j i d l a g ,
l i r t i
a t r o t { A a p t l o v
t i a f l a X t l v t i g
T t j v
x w p a v ,
f t i r a r a v r a / l e u p v s v a i a v r o v r i a a a O a t , e . p o s t q i i a m i n v a s i s s e t .
T H E E N D .
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Ε ϋ Β Υ Θ Ρ Ο Τ Τ Ι Β ν ν ο Ο υ Β 4 Ν Π
Ν Β » - 8 Τ Ε Ε Β Τ β ^ ϋ Α I ( Κ .
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Β Ι Β Ι . Ι Ο Τ Ε Ο Α
Ο Ε Ο Α Τ Α Ι , υ Ν Υ Α
1 0 0 1 9 2 8 1 5 7
- Β Ι Β Ι Ι Ο Τ Ε [ Α
Ο Ε Ν Τ Κ Α Ι
• Κ ^ 0 · ^
Ρ Μ : / ν » Ε 5 Τ ΐ Γ
\ Ί
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